Chuẩn nén video ứng dụng trong truyền tải

D';'I HQC ouoc GIA HA NQI TRUONG D';'I HQC C6NG NGU¢
Mai Thi Lan Oanh

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cAc CHuAN NEN vA irNG DUNG TRUYEN VIDEO

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TREN MANG INTERNET

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KHoA LU~N TOT NGHI¥P D~I HQC H¥ CHiNH QUY

N ganh : Di~n Til - Vi~n Thong.

HANQI-2005

Mai Th] Lan Oanh -K46DB-

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D';'I HQC ouoc GIA HA NQI TRUONG D';'I HQC C6NG NGH-t

Mai Thi Lan Oanh

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cAc CHuAN NEN vA irNG DUNG TRUYEN VIDEO

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TREN MANG INTERNET

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KHoA LU~N TOT NGHI¥P D~I HQC H¥ CHINH QUY

N ganh : Difn Til - Vi~n Thong.

Can bQ hU'6ng din: TS. Ngo Thai Tr]

Can bQ dAng hU'6ng din: TS. Dinh Quile TuAn

HANQI-2005

D_J! HOC C6NG NGH$


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LiJ] CAM aN

Em xin bay to long kinh trong va bi~t an sdu sdc toi thay gido, TS.Ngo Thai Tri, nguoi thay ila true ti~p day va huang dan em nit tdn tinh, cho em nhiing dinh huang va y ki~n quy bdu vJ ciing ngh~ truyen hinh. Em ding xin bay to long bi~t on sdu sdc toi TS. Dinh Qu6c Tudn, nguoi thay ila giup ilfJ em rtit nhieu, cho em rtit nhiJu ki~n thuc b6 ich trong thai gian em thuc tdp tai Phong Cong Ngh~ Thong Tin - DTHVN ding nhu trong thai gian em lam ludn van. D6ng thai, em xin gu-i loi cam on chan thanh. tai ttit ca cac Anh, cac Chi tai Trung Tam Tin H(Jc va Do luang - DTHVN ila tao iliJu kien va giup ilfJ em rtit tdn tinh trong thai gian em thuc tdp tai trung tam.

Em xin chan thanh cam an ttit ca cac thay co trong Truong Dai H(Jc Cong Nghe- Dai H(Jc Qu6c Gia Ha N6i ila nhiet tinh giang day va giup ilfJ em trong thai gian em hoc t(ip tai trutmg.

Can xin gu-i il~n B6 M{? va gia ilinh tinh thuong yeu va long bi~t on. B6 M{? va gia ilinh luon ld ngu6n il6ng vien cua can va ld ch6 dua vfmg chdc cho cuoc ilai can. Tiii xin cam on cac ban cung lop ila il6ng vien va giup ilfJ toi trong thai gian thuc hien lu(in van nay.

Vi thai gian co han , bai ludn van cua em khong tranh khoi khiem khuyet. Rtit mong nhdn duac S1! gop Y cua thay co va cdc ban.

Ha N6i 30/5/ 2005

Sinh vien

Mai Thi Lan Oanh.


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TOM TAT NOI DUNG

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Trong ky thuat truyen hinh, viec nen Video la rn9t vAn d~ qua trong cho viec truyen tai cac chuang trinh truyen hinh. Va no da tro thanh vAn d~ nong h6i khi truyen hinh s6 ra doi, voi tin hieu Video sau khi s6 hoa (8 bit) co t6c d9 bit b~ng 216 Mbitls, khong th~ truyen tren rn9t kenh truyen hinh thong tlnrong n~u khong duoc nen, Khi do, chuan nen MPEG-2 voi t6c d9 rna hoa ill 4Mbitls d~n 30Mbitls da ducc dua ra d~ thuc hien nhiem vu tren, Ngay nay, khi truyen hinh tren mang Internet duoc phat trien, chuan nen Video H.264IMPEG -4 Part 10 dircc dua ra, voi t6c d9 rna hoa 1.5Mbitls va co kha nang nrong tac toi rung d6i urong , phil hop voi moi tnrong truyen tai tren mang Internet hi~n nay. Nghien ciru cac chuan nen MPEG (MPEG -1, MPEG -2, MPEG -4, MPEG -7) - ducc gioi thieu trong chuang 1 va chuang 2 va d~c biet la chuan nen H.264/MPEG -4 Part 10 cho irng dung nen Video truyen tren mang Internet- ducc gioi thieu trong chuang 3. Chuang 3 se noi chi ti~t each rna hoa, giai rna video va cac iru viet cua MPEG -4 Part 10 so voi cac chuan nen tnroc do.


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DANH sxcn cAc CHUVIET TAT

ADSL : Asymmetric Digital Subcriber Line.

CABAC: Context-based Apdaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding. CAVLC: Context-based Apdaptive Variable Length Codinh.

DCT : Discrete Cosine Transform .

DVB : DVB - Terrestrial DVB-C : DVB - Cable

DVB-S : DVB - Satellite

DVB- T : Digital Video Broadcasting

ES : Elementary Stream.

FMO : Flexible Macro-Block Ordery.

GOP : Group of Picture.

IEC : International Electrotechnical Commission (Part of the

ISO)

ISO : International Standard Organization

ITU : Inernational Telecommunication Union

MB : Macro-Block.

MPEG : Moving Picture Expert Group

NTSC : National Television System Committee.

PAL : Phase Alternative Line

RLC : Run Length Coding

RVLC : Reversible Variable Length Codes.

SAD : Summation of Absolute Difference

SI : Switching Intra Picture

SIF : Source Intermediate Format

SP : Switching Prediction Picture

VLC : Variable Length Coding

VO : Video Object


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1. DANH sAcH cAc HINH

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mob 1: Cio true dong Bit MPEG Video 5

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mob 2: Cin true anh MPEG 7

mob 3: Nen MPEG 8

mob 4: Giii nen MPEG 9

Hinh 5: Qua trinh bi@n d6i sang dinh dang SIF va kich thutrc mang cac di@rn

allll 12

Hinh 6: Tinh to an gia tr] cho cac di@rn anh trong bi} If}c th,p phan 12

?

mob 7: Chuan nen MPEG -2 16

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mob 8: Giii rna phan cap theo SNR 17

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mob 9: Giai ma phan cap tbeo khfmg gian 18

Hinh 10: S1]' t6 hQ'P khung hinh trong MPEG -4 22

Hinh 11: C§u true cua bi} rna hoa va giai rna Video MPEG -4 ...••.••.......••.••... 23

mob 12: Profile va Level trong MPEG -4 25

mob 13: Pham vi ciia MPEG -7 28

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mob 14: Truyen binb trl}'c tuyen tren mang 32

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mob 15: Cflu true cua b{) ma boa Video H264 36

Hinh 16: Cac ph§n rna hoa rieng cua Profile trong H264 ......••.......••.••......... 37 Hinh 17: SO'd6 rna hoa Video cua H264/MPEG Part 10 ...••.••.......••.••....••.••. 39

mob 18: Cac mode trong MPEG-4 42

Hinh 19: Ph an chia Macro-Block cho biI chuy@n di}ng 43

Hinh 20: BiI chuy@n di}ng nhi@u Frame - ngoai Vector chuy@n di}ng, cac tharn sA

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tbam ebieu anh (A) eiing dU'Vc truyen di 45

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mob 21: Anb n{)i suy B (dll doan bai ehieu) ......••.••.......••.••....••.••.......••.••. 46

mob 22: cbuy@n d6i sir dung anh SP 49

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mob 13: So' do kboi ella CABAC 55

Hinh 24: Tac dung ciia bi} If}C tach khAi dAi vO'i anh dU'f}'c nen nhi@u 56

Hinh 25: SO'd6 giai rna Video H264/MPEG -4 Part 10 57

, , '.it

Hinh 26: Vi dy. ve Ma hoa chieu dai bien doi ngU'f}'c 59

2. DANH SACH cAc BANG BIEU

Bang 1: Tinh chat cac djnh d"ng iinh SIF co biin: 13

Bang 2: Tham sa theo tieu chuan MPEG -1: 15

Bang 3 :Biing thong sa chinh Profiles va Levels cua tin hifU chuan MPEG -2 20

Mai Thj Lan Oanh -K46DB-

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MUCLUC

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LaI cAM ON iii

T6M TAT NOI I?UNG .:: ': ,; iv

DANH SACH CAC CHt)' VIET TAT v

1. DANH sACH cAc HINH vi

2. DANH sACH cAc BANG BIEU vi

LCHMODAu 1

Chirong I:A , KHAI QUAT VE NEN TiN HIeU VIDEO 3

vA CHUAN NEN MPEG 3

1.1. Muc dich nen Video 3

1.2. Chuan nen MPEG 4

1.2.1. Khdi quatvJ nenMPEG 4

1.2.2. cdu true dong bit MPEG video 5

1.2.3. Cac loai anh trong chudn MPEG : 7

1.2.4. Nguyen lynenMPEG 8

1.2.5. Nguyen ly gidi nen MPEG ; ~ 9

ChuongII: cAc CHUAN NEN MPEG 11

2.1 Chuan nen MPEG-l 11

2.1.1 Giai thieu khdi quat 11

2.1.2 Dinb dang trung gian SIF (Source Intermediate Format) 11

2.1.3 cdu true dong bit va cac tham s6 cua MPEG-1 14

2.2 Chuan nen MPEG-2 16

2.2.1 Giai thieu vJ MPEG-2 16

2.2.2 Mii hod va giai mii video 16

2.2.3 Profiles va Levels 18

2.2.4 MPEG -2 viii phdt song va san xudt chuang trinh 21

2.3 Chuan nen MPEG-4 21

2.3.1 Khai quatvJMPEG-4 21

2.3.2 Cong ngh? mii hod va giai mii video trong MPEG-4 22

2.3.3 Cac Profiles va Levels trong chudn MPEG-4 24

2.4 Tieu chuan MPEG- 7 26

2.4.1 Gioi thi?u vJ chudn MPEG-7 26

2.4.2 D6i tuong (Objectives) va each mieu ta dif li?u cua MPEG -7 27

2.4.3 Pham vi ung dung cua tieu chudn MPEG-7 28

ChuongIII: CHuAN NEN VIDEO MPEG-4 vA UNG Dl)NG TRONG TRUYEN HINH

TREN M~NG INTERN"ET 29

3.1 Gioi thieu tAng quan vB truyen hinh tren Internet 29

3.2. Lira chon H.264/ MPEG -4 part 10 cho truyen hinh tren mang Internet 33

3.2.1 Gioi thi?u chung vJ H264 IMPEG-4 part 10 33

3.2.2 Tinh ki thiea cua chudn nen H264IMPEG- 4 part 10 35

3.3. Tieu chuan H.264IMPEG - 4 Part 10 35

3.3.1. LOp truu tuong mang NAL (Network Abstaction Layer) 35

3.3.2. Cac Profile va cac Level 36

3.3.3. Ky thud: md hod video 39


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3.3.3.2. Cac anh va bu chuyen di}ng dung trong R264IMPEG Part 10 .40

3.3.3.3. Xac dinh Vector chuyen di}ng (Motion Estimation) .49

3.3.3.4. Nen video 51

3.3.3.5. Bi} IQc tach kh6i 55

3.3.4. Ky thudt giai rna video 57

3.3.4.1. Bu chuyen dong 57

3.3.4.2. Khoi phuc 16i (Error Resiliency) 57

3.3.5 So sanh hiiu qua rna hod cua H2641MPEG Part 10 vai cae tieu chudn truac

do 59

KET Ll!A.N ; 61

T AI LI:eU TRAM KHAO 63


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LOIMonAu

Truyen hinh Vi~t Nam da trai qua nhieu giai doan phat trien, ill truyen hinh den triing, truyen hinh mau va hien nay truyen hinh s6 dang phat trien manh me tren tAt ca moi linh Vl!C: truyen hinh cap, truyen hinh s6 m~t dAt DVB- T, truyen hinh s6 qua v~ tinh. Khi Internet phat trien manh va tro thanh h~ thong c6 quy md toan cAu, tro nen ph6 c~p rAt nhanh trong moi linh Vl!C, b~ng viec k~t n6i cac chirong trinh hinh voi h~ th6ng vi~n thong - Internet, mot cong nghe truyen hinh moi ra dai d6 1a truyen hinh Internet.

Thuc t~ hien nay, c6 rAt nhieu hang 0 Vi~t Nam va tren th~ gioi dang cung cAp dich vu truyen hinh true tuyen (Online Television), khan gia chi cAn truy c~p vao dia chi Web- Site cua nha cung cAp dich vu la c6 th~ xem true ti~p cac chirong trinh truyen hinh theo thai thuc real-timefcon goi la phirong tlnrc Dowload and P1ay)hay c6 th~ tai File cac chuang trinh truyen hinh v~ may tinh ca nhan (goi la phirong thirc Dowload Stream-File).

N6i v~ ky thuat truyen hinh thi c6 rAt nhieu ky thuat nhir: ky thuat ghi hinh, ky thuat dung hinh, cac ky thuat nen Video, ky thuat truyen tai., trong khuon kh6 bai luan van nay, em xin duoc tim hi~u ky thuat nen Video. VAn d~ nen Video trong truyen hinh khong phai la mQt vAn d~ moi me. Voi m6i cong nghe truyen hinh moi ra doi, se c6 met cong nghe nen Video phil hop, Nen Video ill nhimg nam 1950 dircc thuc hien b~g cong nghe wong tu voi tY s6 nen thAp. Ngay nay cong nghe nen dat duoc hieu qua cao hon nho chuyen d6i tin hieu Video ill tuong 1\T sang s6. V oi d~ tai "Cac chuan nen va irng dung truyen Video tren mang Internet", muc dich cua bai khoa luan cua em la tim hi~u mQt s6 cac chuan nen MPEG irng dung nen video da diroc sir dung, d~c bi~t la chuan nen H264/MPEG Part 10 . NQi dung cua bai gAm 3 chuang:

Chuang 1: Ly do phai nen tin hieu Video va nen MPEG (Moving Picture Expert Group) la nh6m chuyen gia v~ hinh anh, voi nhiem vu xay dung tieu chuan cho tin hieu Audio va Video s6. Trong viec nen video, MPEG da dat dircc mQt tY s6 nen t6t hon so voi cac chuan nen truce d6 nhir JPEG, M-JPEG, DV ...

Chuang 2: Gioi thieu khai quat v~ cac chuan nen rna nh6m MPEG da xay dung d~ nen video va hru bit. Trong d6, MPEG -1 voi muc dich 1a rna hoa Video va am thanh kern theo trong cac moi tnrong hru bit nhu rna CD-ROM, rna quang ... voi t6c dQ bit 1a 1.5 Mbitls; MPEG -2 c6 k~ thira cac tieu chuan cua MPEG -1 va muc dich nham h6 tro vi~c truyen Video s6 t6c dQ bit trong khoang 4 - 30 Mbitls; sau d6 khi truyen hinh Internet ra dai thi chuan nen wong img 1a MPEG -4 voi nhiem vu nham


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phat trien cac chuan xu ly, rna hoa va hien thi anh dQng, audio va cac t6 hop cua chung, Con MPEG -7 la mot chuan dung d~ mo ta nQi dung Multimedia, chir khong phai la mQt chuan dung d~ nen va rna hoa audio hay anh dQng nhir cac chuan tnroc do.

Chuang 3: la nQi dung chinh cua bai khoa luan. Em da nghien ciru va tim hieu ky thuat rna hoa Video/ anh dQng sir dung chuan nen H.264/MPEG -4 Part 10 irng dung cho truyen hinh tren mang Internet. H264/MPEG Part l O co nhieu iru viet trong viec nen Video so voi chuan MPEG-2 - da rAt thanh cong trong viec nen video trong truyen hinh ky thuat s6 da ra dai tnroc do.

PhAn cu6i la phAn k~t luan, la phAn t6ng k~t lai nhilng gi rna em da lam duoc trong bai khoa luan nay. Dang thai, Em cling neu len mQt vai nhan dinh cua minh v~ huang phat trien ti~p thea cua d~ tai,


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Chuang 1: Khai quat vJ nen tin hieu Video va chutin nen MPEG

ChU'O'Dg I:

KHAI QUAT vI: NEN TiN HI~U VIDEO vA CHuAN NEN MPEG

1.1. My.c dich nen Video

Tin hieu video sau khi duoc s6 hoa 8 bit co t6c dQ 216 Mb/s. D~ co th~ truyen trong mQt kenh truyen hinh thong thuong, tin hieu video s6 cAn phai ducc nen trong khi v~n phai dam bao chAt hrong hinh anh,

Nen video trong nhfmg nam 1950 ducc thuc hien b~ng cong nghe wang tu voi tY s6 nen thAp. Ngay nay cong nghe nen dff dat dircc nhfmg thanh tuu cao han b~ng vi~c chuyen d6i tin hieu video ill tuong tu sang s6. Cong nghe nen s6 (Digital Compressed) doi hoi nang hrc tinh toan nhanh. Song ngay nay voi str phat trien cua cong nghe thong tin, di~u nay khong con tro ngai,

Nhu chung ta bi~t tin hieu video co dai ph6 ill 0 - 6 MHz, tuy nhien trong nhieu tnrong hop nang hrong ph6 chu y~u t~p trung a mien tAn s6 thAp va chi co rAt it thong tin chua dung a mien tAn s6 cao.

D6i voi tin hieu video s6, s6 hrong bit ducc sir dung d~ truyen tai thong tin d6i voi m6i mien tAn s6 khac nhau, co nghia la: mien tAn s6 thAp, noi chua dung nhieu thong tin, diroc sir dung s6 hrong bit 16n han va mien tAn s6 cao, noi chua dung it thong tin, ducc sir dung s6 hrong bit it han. T6ng s6 bit cAn thi~t d~ truyen tai thong tin v~ hinh anh se giam mot each dang k~ va dong dfr li~u ducc "nen " rna chAt hrong hinh anh v~n dam bao, Thuc chAt cua ky thuat "nen video s6" la loai bo di cac thong tin du thira, Cac thong tin du tlnra trong nen video s6 thuong la:

+ DQ dir thira khong gian gifra cac pixel;

+ DQ dir thira thai gian do cac anh lien ti~p nhau;

+ DQ dir thira do cac thanh phAn mau bi~u di~n nrng pixel co dQ wang quan

cao;

+ DQ dir tlnra thong ke do cac ki hieu xuAt hien trong dong bit voi xac suAt xuAt hi~n khong d~u nhau;

+ DQ dir thira tam It thi giac (cac thong tin n~m ngoai kha nang cam nhan cua m~t).vv ...

Nhir vay, muc dich cua nen tin hi~u video la :

Giam t6c dQ dong bit cua tin hieu g6c xuong mQt gia tri nhAt dinh du d~ co th~ tai tao anh khi giai nen;

Giam dung hrong du li~u trong hru tm cling nhir giam bang thong cAn thi~t;


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Ti~t kiem chi phi trong luu trfr va truyen d§n dfr lieu trong khi vfin duy tri chAt hrong anh a mire chAp nhan duoc.

V oi nguyen nhan va muc dich cua viec nen tin hieu diroc trinh bay nhir a tren, ngay nay co nhieu cac chuan nen da ra dai nhir: JPEG, M-JPEG, MPEG, DV ... Trong do chuan nen MPEG diroc sir dung nhieu trong nen video trong truyen hinh voi thanh cong cua chuan nen video MPEG-2 trong truyen hinh s6 va chuan nen MPEG-4 trong truyen hinh tren mang Internet.

1.2. Chuin nen MPEG

1.2.1. Kha; quat v2 nen MPEG

- MPEG (Moving Picture Expert Group) la nhom chuyen gia v~ hinh anh, duoc thanh l~p ill thang 2 nam 1988 voi nhiem vu xfiy dung tieu chuan cho tin hieu Audio va Video s6. Ngay nay, MPEG da tro thanh mQt ky thuat nen Audio va Video ph6 bi~n nhAt vi no khong chi la mQt tieu chuan rieng biet rna tuy thuoc vao yeu cAu cu th~ cua nrng thi~t bi se co met tieu chuan thich hQ'P nhimg vfin tren cung mQt nguyen ly th6ng nhAt.

Tieu chuan dAu tien diroc nhom MPEG dira ra la MPEG-l, muc tieu cua MPEG-l la rna hoa tin hieu Audio-Video voi t6c dQ khoang 1.5Mb/s va hru trfr trong rna CD voi chAt hrong tuong duong VHS.

Tieu chuan thir 2 : MPEG-2 ducc ra dai vao nam 1990, khong nhu MPEG-l chi nham hm bit hinh anh dQng vao rna voi dung hrong bit thAp. MPEG-2 voi "cong cu "rna hoa khac nhau da ducc phat trien, Cac cong cu do goi la "Profiles" ducc tieu chuan hoa va co th~ sir dung d~ phuc vu nhieu muc dich khac nhau.

Tieu chuan ti~p thea rna MPEG dira ra la MPEG-4, ducc dua ra vao thang 10 nam 1998, da tao ra mot phirong tlnrc thiet l~p va nrong tac moi voi truyen thong nghe nhin tren mang Internet, tao ra met phuong thirc san xuAt, cung cAp va tieu thu moi cac nQi dung video tren co so nQi dung va huang d6i nrong (content/object-based).

- MPEG-7: la mot chuan dung d~ mo ta cac nQi dung Multimedia, chir khong phai la mot chuan cho nen va rna hoa audio/anh dQng nhu MPEG-l, MPEG-2 hay MPEG-4. MPEG-7 sir dung ngon ngft danh dAu rna rQng XML(Extansible Markup Language) d~ hru ttit cac sieu dfr lieu Metadata, dinh kern timecode d~ g~ the cho cac str kien, hay d6ng bQ cac dfr lieu. MPEG- 7 bao g6m 3 bQ chuan

sau:


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D4! HOC CONG NGH$


+ BQ cac sa d6 d~c ta (Description Schemes) va cac d~c ta (Description). + Ngon ngfr xac dinh DDL (Description Definition Language) d~ dinh nghia cac sa d6 d~c tao

+ Sa d6 rna hoa qua trinh d~c tao

Viec k~t hop MPEG-4 va MPEG- 7 se tao ra cac giai phap It urong cho cac dich vu Streaming Media, cac h~ thong luu trfr va san xuAt Streaming Media trong thai gian toi,

1.2.2. Cdu true dong bit MPEG video

Seq Seq ••• 1 Seq 1
/
/ ...... ~ .....
__ "
Seq SC Video Bitstream QTs, GOP ••• GOP
Params Params Mise
'~

GOPSC Time GOP Pict ••• Pict
Code Params
-------- --------
PSC Type Buffer Encode Slice ••• Slice
Params Params
-------- -.....,
"-.....
'"
SSC Vert Qscale MB MB
Pos •••
-------- --------
Addr Type Motion Qscale CBP bO b5
Iner Vector ••• Hlnh l:ciu true dong Bit MPEG Video

Trong d6:

.:. Sequence: Thong tin v~ chu6i bit

• Video Params: chua thong tin v~ chieu cao, b~ rQng, ty l~ khuon hinh cac

phAn ill anh,

• Bitstream Params: Thong tin v~ t6c dQ bit va cac thong s6 khac,

• QTs: c6 2 loai QTs :

o N en trong anh (anh I - I Frame)

o Nen lien anh (anh P - P Frame)


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D4! HOC CONG NGH$


Doan video va thong tin dAu doan tao thanh mot dong bit ducc rna hoa goi la dong cO' sa (Elementary Stream) .

• :. GOP (Group Of Picture): Thong tin v~ nh6m anh

La t6 hop cua nhieu cac khung I, P, B. cAu true nh6m anh gam 2 tham s6 la: m va n (tham s6 m xac dinh s6 khung hinh B va P xuAt hien giira 2 khung hinh I gAn nhau nhAt, tham s6 n xac dinh s6 khung B xuAt hien gifra 2 khung P). M6i mQt nh6m anh b~t dAu b~ng mQt khung I va xac dinh di~m b~t dAu d~ tim kiem va bien t~p.

Cac tham s6 cua doan mao dAu cua GOP:

• Time code: rna dinh thai, xac dinh gio, phut, giay, anh,

• GOP Params: mieu ta cAu true GOP .

• :. Pict: thong tin v~ anh, cac tham s6 trong phAn mao dAu cua Pict:

• Type: Cho phep bQ giai rna xac dinh anh duoc rna hoa la anh I, P hay B.

• Buffer Params: thong tin v~ Buffer( chi tlnr tu truyen khung d~ bQ giai

rna c6 th~ s~p x~p cac loai anh thea mQt tlnr tu dung),

• Encode Params: chua thong tin v~ dang bQ, dQ phan giai va pham vi cua

vector chuyen dQng .

• :. Slice: Mang bao gam mQt vai cAu true kh6i k~ nhau.

Kich thuoc Ian nhAt cua mang c6 th~ bao gam toan bQ birc anh va kich thuoc nho nhAt cua mang la mQt cAu true kh6i. Cac thong s6 cua doan mao dAu cua Slice gam:

• Vert PoS: Slice b~t dAu ill dong nao,

• Qscale: Thong tin v~ bang hrong nr.

Kich thuoc thong tin dAu cua mang ducc xac dinh b~ng s6 l6i cho phep xuAt hien trong mang d6i voi met irng dung nhAt dinh, do d6 bQ giai rna c6 th~ bo qua cac mang c6 nhieu l6i va xac dinh b~g tinh hieu qua cua phirong phap nen anh, Do d6 h~ s6 can b~g hrong ru c6 th~ ducc di~u chinh thirong xuyen voi vi~c sir dung cac mang c6 kich thuoc nho han. H~ s6 DCT tham chien dung trong rna h6a DPCM se ducc so chuan tai m6i mango

.:. MB (Macroblock)

MQt cAu true kh6i la mQt nh6m cac kh6i wang irng voi hrong thong tin chua dung trong kich thurrc l6x 16 di~m tren birc anh,

Cac tham s6 cua doan mao dAu cua nh6m MB:

• Addr Iner: S6 hrong MB dircc bo qua.

• Type : Loai vector chuyen dQng dung cho Macroblock.


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D4! HOC CONG NGH$


• Qscale : Bang hrong tl:r dung cho Macroblock.

• Coded Block Pattern (CBP): chi ra Block nao ducc rna hoa,

1.2.3. Cae IOf}i anh trong chuan MPEG :

Trang nen MPEG nguoi ta sir dung 3 loai anh sau:

• Anh I (Intra Pictures): duoc rna h6a rna khong c6 str so sanh tharn khao cac anh khac, dung trong nen trong anh, Chung chua tAt ca cac thong tin cAn thi~t d~ tai tao lai anh sau giai rna, nen 15' Ie nen cac anh I wang d6i thAp. Vi v~y, anh I la di~rn nut quan trong phuc vu viec truy c~p vao mot doan Video.

• Anh P (Predicted Pictures): ducc rna hoa ill anh I, anh P truce d6, nho sir dung cac thuat toan du doan bit chuyen dQng. Cac anh P c6 th~ ducc sir dung nhu la co sa dir lieu cho viec du doan anh ti~p theo. Tuy nhien do han ch~ cua ky thuat bit chuyen dQng, s6 anh P gitra hai anh I khong th~ qua Ian. Ty Ie nen cua cac anh P nrong d6i Ian so voi ty Ie nen cac anh I.

• Anh B (Bidirectionally Predicted Pictures): ducc rna hoa boi phep nQi suy giira cac anh I va P a truce va sau d6. Vi khong ducc sir dung d~ rna hoa cac anh ti~p theo, anh B khong phai la nguon g6c sinh ra cac 16i anh trong qua trinh rna hoa, Cac anh B cho 15' Ie nen cao nhAt.

M = KHoANG CACH GIO'A HAl ANH SO SANH

+ t I B

DO" DOAN HAl CHIEU

NHOM ANH (GOP)

P

B

B

ANH CHuAN

N= KlIOANG CACH GIDA HAl ANH I

Hlnh 2: C§u true anh MPEG


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D4! HOC CONG NGH$


1.2.4. Nguyen If nen MPEG

VI~DEO 4: 2

4:2

REC 601

BANG LUONG Til'
I
:2 I+~ DCT LuQ'Il? tu ~ ,Ma hmiEntropy TrQn BQ dem I
:0 - L hoa
-
Giai hrong
nr hoa

Bi~n d6i
DCT nguoc
I
+
Anh du
I L I
doan

vEC TO
CHUYEN
nONr. -I Anh so sanh I

Xac dinh +--
vector chuyen

donll
, DIEU KRIEN NHOM ANH (GROUP OF PICTURE - GOP) ffinh3: NenMPEG

* CO" so cua cong nghe nen video MPEG hi su k~t hQ'P gifta nen trong anh (Intra -Frame Compression) va cong nghe nen lien anh ( Inter-Frame Compression). Trong do:

Nen trong anh (Intra -Frame Compression): la 10~i nen nham giam b61: thong tin dir tlnra trong mien khong gian. N en trong anh sir dung ca hai qua trinh co t6n hao va khong co t6n hao d~ giam b61: dft lieu trong anh, Qua trinh nay khong sir dung thong tin cua cac anh truce va sau anh dang xet, Nen lien anh (Intra -Frame Compression): Trong tin hieu video co chua thong tin dir thira trong mien thai gian. Nghia la voi mQt chu6i lien tuc cac anh, hrong thong tin chua dung trong m6i anh thay d6i rAt it ill anh nay sang anh khac, Tinh toan str dich chuyen vi tri cua nQi dung anh la mQt phAn rAt quan trong trong ky thuat nen lien anh, Trong thuat nen MPEG, qua trinh xac dinh Vector chuyen dQng diroc thuc hi en b~ng each chi a hinh anh thanh


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cac Macro-Block, m6i Macro-Block c6 16 x 16 phan ill anh (nrong duong voi 4 Block, m6i Block c6 8 x 8 phan ill anh), B~ xac dinh chieu chuyen dl)ng, nguoi ta tim kiem vi tri cua Macro-Block trong anh ti~p thea, k~t qua cua S\l tim kiem se cho ta Vector chuyen dl)ng cua Macro-Block.

* Nguyen Ii nen MPEG :

Dang thirc dAu vao la Rec- 601 4:2:2 ho~c 4:2:0. Anh hien tai ducc so sanh voi anh truce tao ra anh khac biet, Anh nay sau d6 lai dircc nen trong anh qua cac bucc : bien dc3i DCT, hrong ill h6a, rna hoa, Dit lieu cua anh khac biet va vector chuyen dl)ng (duoc xac dinh nlnr tren ) mang thong tin v~ anh sau nen lien anh duoc dira d~n bl) d~m 6 dAura.

T6c dl) bit cua tin hieu video diroc nen khong c6 dinh, phu thuoc vao nl)i dung anh dang xet (vi du ml)t phAn nen it han hoac nhieu han), nhimg tai dAu ra bl) rna hoa dong bit phai c6 dinh d~ xac dinh t6c dl) cho dung hrong kenh truyen,

1.2.5. Nguyen If giai nen MPEG

Video

C

ompressed 1 J Giaima .1 Giai 1U'Q'ng J Bieln doi Video
_.. DCT ~~
JNha d~m I----I:\IJ Entropy 1----Ir{_IJ tll' hoa 1----'1..IJ ngU'Q'c -
kf
~
r-D-
Nha anh
s6 li~u di~u khi~n

If D~ ~so
"1.IJ anh Lr Hinh 4: Ghii nen MPEG

* Nguyen Ii giiii nen MPEG :

BAu tien la giai rna Entropy, sau d6 tach dfr li~u anh (h~ s6 bien dc3i DCT) ra khoi cac vector chuyen dl)ng. Dfr li~u anh se ducc giai hrong tl:r hoa va bien dc3i DCT ngiroc.


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D4! HOC CONG NGH$


N~u anh hi anh loai I b~t dAu 6 rn6i nh6rn anh trong chu6i, 6 dAu ra se nhan ducc anh hoan chinh b~ng each tren ( vi anh loai I chi hi nen trong anh, khong c6 bu chuyen dl)ng, khong dung dfr li~u cua anh khac), N6 dircc hru tm trong bl) nho anh va ducc va diroc dung d~ giai rna cac anh ti~p theo.

N~u anh la anh loai P thi cling thuc hien giai IUQ'ng ill h6a va bi~n d6i DCT nguoc k~t hQ'P voi viec sir dung vector chuyen dl)ng va hru vao bl) nho anh som han. Tren co sc d6 xac dinh diroc du doan anh dang xet, Ta nh~n duoc anh ra sau khi cong du doan anh (anh du doan) va k~t qua bien d6i DCT ngircc, Anh nay cling dircc hru vao bl) nho d~ c6 th~ sir dung nlnr la chuan khi giai rna cac anh ti~p theo.


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D4! HOC CONG NGH$

Chuang 2,' Cae ehudn nen MPEG

ChU'O'DgII:

cAc cHuAN NEN MPEG.

2.1 Chuin nen MPEG-l

2.1.1 Gidi thi?u khai quat

MPEG -1 ducc hinh thanh vao nam 1988, la tieu chuan cua nh6m chuyen gia v~ hinh anh MPEG 6 trong giai doan dAu tien (nrong img voi tieu chuan ISO/IEC 11172 cua ITU). Muc dich cua MPEG -1 la nghien ciru mot tieu chuan rna hoa video va am thanh kern thea trong cac moi tnrong hru bit nhir: CD-ROM, rna quang ... T6c dQ rna hoa trong khoang 1.5 Mb/s.

Chuan nen MPEG -1 bao g6m 4 phAn :

- Cac he thong

- Video

: ISO/IEC 111 72 -1 : ISO/IEC 11172 -2 : ISO/IEC 11172 -3

- Audio

- He th6ng kiem tra: ISO/IEC 11172 -4

Trong cac phAn tren ta nghien ciru mQt vai thong s6 trong phAn Video (ISO/IEC 11172 -2).

2.1.2 Djnh d~ng trung gian SIF (Source Intermediate Format).

Khi truyen hinh mau phat trien, xuAt hi en nhieu he truyen hinh khac nhau nhu:

NTSC (6 My), PAL (chau Au) ... voi cac he thong quet truyen hinh khac nhau nhir he 525/60 va 625/50. Do d6 cAn c6 mot dinh dang chung cho nguon tin hieu dung cho bQ rna hoa nen s6 lieu va cac xac dinh rieng khac nhau phu hop m6i he thong, Dinh dang trung gian cho nguon tin hieu ducc goi la SIF (Source Intermediate Format).

Trong dinh dang chung nay, tAn s6 lAy m~u ducc lAy thea xac dinh cua chuan CCIR-601. Do d6 s6 m~u tren mot dong tich C\TC cua ca hai tieu chuan 525/60 va 625/50 la bfulg nhau. Qua trinh chuyen d6i ill dinh dang thea tieu chuan CCIR-601 sang dinh dang SIF ducc thuc hien b~ng each sir dung mot bQ loc th~p phan thea chieu ngang cho cac manh le cua tin hieu Y, mot bQ loc thea chien ngang va mot bQ lQC thea chien thang dung cho cac manh s6 le cho cac tin hieu Cr va Cb nlnr sau:


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D4! HOC CONG NGH$


CCIR-601 720x480 (720x576)

CSIF

720x240 360x240

I . (720x288) (360x288)

L__ __ Y __ __j Chi mmm I~,---I Y f--_L_O-,--,. ~-:---"!CLPg_"_Pn-h;n'----an----:_e~~ __ ~~1 Y I

360x480 (360x576)

Cr

360x240 (360x288)

180x240 180x120

(180x288) thA : hA (180x144)

LQc th~p phan LQc ~p~p an

Theo huong

Chirrulnhl~

360x480 (360x576)

Chi manh Ie

Cb

360x240 (360x288)

Hinh 5:Qua trinh bi@n d6i sang djnh dang SIF va kich thurrc mang cac di@m anh • Qua trinh tinh toan gia tri cho cac di~m anh trong 19C th~p phan nhir sau:

vi tri cac di@m anh dU'f}'c tinh

~r
n-3 n-2 n-l n n+l n+2 n+3
x (-29) xO x 88 x 133 x 88 xO x (-29) 6

Hinh 6: Tinh to an gia tr] cho cac di@m anh trong bQ IQc thip phan

Gia tri di~m anh tai vi tri n duoc tinh b~ng: tich s6 cua cac gia tri di~m anh ill (n-3) d~n (n+3) voi cac h~ s6 cua bQ 19C wang irng tai vi tri nay tren hinh ve tren,


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D4! HOC CONG NGH$

Chuang 2,' Cae chudn nen MPEG

T6ng cac k~t qua nay ducc chia cho 256 va thu ducc gia tri di~m anh 6 vi tri n. Phep tinh ti~p thea ducc thuc hien cho di~m anh 6 vi tri n+2 .

MQt qua trinh loc tuong tv ap dung thea chieu thang dirng tao ra gia tri th~p phan tin hieu Cr va Cb thea chieu nay.

+ S6 cac di~m anh tren mQt dong tich C\lC duoc giam ill 360 xuong 352 d~ thu duoc mQt bQi s6 cua 16 nham t6 clnrc thuan 19i cac cAu true kh6i di~m anh l6x 16 voi cAu true 4:2:0. Anh tich C\lC dff duoc lam giam xuong (352 x 240) dircc goi la vung di~m anh xac dinh (co y nghia ) cho SIF. Dinh dang SIF ph6i hop voi cAu true lAy m~u 4:2:0 lam giam them s6li~u tin hieu mau, Cac thong s6 cho dinh dang SIF d6i voi cac tieu chuan truyen hinh duoc cho trong bang sau:

Bang 1: Tinh chat cac ilinh dang anh SIF cO' ban:

CCIR-601 SIF-525 CCIR-601 SIF-625
525 4:2:0 625 4:2:0
S6 di~m anh tren dong tich c\fc
Di~m ch6i Y 720 352 720 352
Di~m mau Cr, Cb 360 176 360 176
Tin s6 lAy mAu (MHz)
Di~m ch6i Y 13.5 6.75 13.5 6.75
Di~m mau Cr, Cb 6.75 3.38 6.75 3.38
S6 dong tich c\fc
Di~m ch6i Y 480 240 576 288
Di~m mau Cr, Cb 480 120 576 144
Tin s6 trung blnh 30 30 25 25
Caanh 4:3 4:3 4:3 4:3 Mai Th] Lan Oanh -K46DB-

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D4! HOC CONG NGH$


Truce khi rna hoa MPEG -1, t6c dt) s6 li~u ban dAu cAn ducc giam nho bt) bien d6i 4:2:2 sang dinh dang SIF, ill dong s6 c6 t6c dt) 166 Mb/s (98 bit bi~u di~n rnfiu) xuong dong s6 c6 t6c dt) 31.5 Mb/s. Do d6 qua trinh giai rna se cAn rnt)t bt) chuyen d6i ngircc lai qua trinh nay.

2.1.3 Cdu true dong bit va cac tham sa cua MPEG-l.

cAu true dong bit cua MPEG -1 ding wang 4r nhir cAu true dong bit cua MPEG, n6 dircc phan thanh cac lap nhu:

• Sequence (chu6i in h) : g6rn nhieu nh6rn anh GOP, c6 chirc nang la dong

bit video.

• GOP (Group of Picture ): g6rn ill 1- n anh b~t dAu b~ng anh I, c6 chirc

nang la don vi troy xuAt.

• Picture I, P, B: g6rn nhieu Slice, clnrc nang la don vi rna hoa co ban.

• Slice : g6rn nhieu cac Macro Block, la don vi d~ tai d6ng bt) phuc h6i 16i.

• Macro-Block: g6rn 16 x 16 pixel, la don vi bu chuyen dt)ng.

• Block: g6rn 8 x 8 pixel, la don vi tinh DCT.


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D4! HOC CONG NGH$


Va met vai thong s6 cua chuan nen MPEG -1 la:

Bang 2: Tham sa theo tieu chuan MPEG -1:

Tham sa Dic ai~m
Tin hi~u ma hoa Yva Cr,Cb
C.t t ' l.t :! 4:2:0
au rue ay mau
Kich thU'O'c anh tai aa(ai~m anh x ai~m anh) 4095 x 4095
Bi~u di~n miu 8 bit
Dq chinh xac eiia qua trinh hr9'I1g til' hoa va bi~n aai 9 bit
DCT
Phuong phap lU'9'J1g til' hoa h~ sa DCT DPCM tuy~n tinh
ciu true khai trong qua trinh lU'9'I1g til' hoa thich 16 x 16 bit
nghi
Dq chinh dc c1}'c a\li cua h~ sa DC 8 bit
Bi~n aai RLC MaHuffman
Bang VLC Khdng th~ truy~n tal
H~ sa din bing cae khai Co th~ bi~n aai
Bit chuy~n aqng Trong khung hinh va gifra cae khung
hinh
Quet Tuan t1}'
Dq chinh xac d1}' aoan chuy~n aqng Yz ai~m anh
Tac aq khi nen 1.85 Mb/s cho nen tham sa
100 Mb/s cho dong aay au tham sa Mai Th] Lan Oanh -K46DB-

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2.2 Chuin nen MPEG-2 2.2.1 Gidi thieu v~ MPEG-2

.

Chuan nen MPEG -2 la chuan nen phat tri~n ti~p sau MPEG -1, co k~ tlnra tAt ca cac tieu chuan cua MPEG -1 va muc dieh la nham h6 tro viec truyen video s6, t6e dQ bit IOn hon 4 Mb/s, bao gam cac irng dung DSM (Phuong tien luu trfr s6), Cac h~ th6ng truyen hinh hien tai (NTSC, PAL, SECAM), cap, thu hrorn tin rue di~n ill, truyen hinh true ti~p tit v~ tinh, truyen hinh rna rong (EDTV), truyen hinh dQ phan giai eao (HDTV) ...

Chuan MPEG -2 bao gam 4 phan ehinh:

Cac h~ thong Video

: ISO/lEe 13818 -1. : ISO/lEe 13818 -2 : ISO/lEe 13818 -3

Audio

Cac h~ thong kiem tra: ISO/lEe 13818 -4.

2.2.2 Ma hoa va gitii ma video

• Mil hoa MPEG -2:

DONG VIDEO CO

so GIAIMA
MAHOA. <. -:
VIDEO VIDEO

DONG
AUDIO co
so GIAIMA
MAHOA.
AUDIO
AUDIO (ES)

TRUYENTA
DONG DU LI~U / -.
GIAIMADU
DULI~U
LI~U
KHA.C
mnh 7:Chuin nen MPEG-2


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D4! HOC CONG NGH$


Tin hieu Video va Audio ducc nen (theo nhir nguyen ly nen MPEG) va tao thanh cac dong dft li~u co sa ES (Elementary Stream). Dong ES ducc sir dung d~ tao nen dong dft li~u co sa duoc dong goi PES (Packetized Elementary Stream). Dong PES lai duoc ti~p tuc dong goi tao thanh dong truyen tai TS (Transport Stream).

• GHii rna MPEG -2:

MPEG -2 Coder va Decoder khong nhAt thi~t phai co cung cAp chAt IUQ'ng. Tinh phan cAp cho phep cac bQ giai rna MPEG dan gian, re ti~n, co kha nang giai rna mQt phAn cua toan bQ dong bit va nhir v~y co kha nang tao duoc hinh anh tuy chAt IUQ'ng co thAp han cac bQ giai rna toan bQ dong bit.

DfJ'LI~U VIDEO DUQC

lI.mll.T

VIDEOCHUAN REC.601

GIAI MA ENTROPY

(MUC THAP)

dMUC

""

TRAP

BUCHUY~N ANHDlj
DONG DoAN

GIAI MA ENTROPY
DfJ'LI~U
VIDEO VIDEO
DUQC + CHUAN
lI.mll.T REC.601
(MUC
dMUC CAO)
CAO
BUCHUytN ANHDl}
DONG DoAN Hinh 8:Giai rna ph an c§p theo SNR

Tieu chuan MPEG cho phep phan cAp thea tY s6 tin hi~u tren tap am (SNR) va thea dQ phan giai, Trong do :


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D4! HOC CONG NGH$


- Tinh phan cAp thea 15' s6 tin hieu tren tap am ( SNR Scalability) c6 nghla la chAt hrong hinh anh va ty s6 tin hieu tren tap am c6 tinh thoa hiep, Mt)t bt) giai rna c6 t6c dt) bit thAp, c6 th~ c6 dAy du dt) phan giai nhimg 15' s6 tin hieu tren tap am (SNR) thAp hon so voi bt) giai rna c6 t6c dt) bit cao.

- Tinh phan cAp thea khong gian (Spatial Scalablity) c6 nghia la c6 str thoa hiep d6i dt) phan giai, Mt)t may thu c6 t6c dt) bit thAp cho hinh anh c6 dt) phan giai thAp hon so voi may thu c6 kha nang giai rna toan bt) dong bit.

DITLI~U

VIDEO __ -----, DUOC~ TAcH

NF.N KtNH

BUCHUytN DONG

VIDEOCHUAN REC.601

GIAIMA ENTROPY

(MU'C THAP)

ANHDl} DoAN

ANHSO SANH

DIT

i

LI~U 1G1A1 MA. ENTROPY
VIDEO ........ I ~!~:~~ I
DA.
DU'(JC
TAcH I1D~M I I Q-l ncr:' I .I l
KtNH I I + I
0
MUC ~
(,AO
vEC TO CHUytN DONG
BUCHUYEN ANHDl} ANHSO SANH
DONG ----+ DoAN ~
i I Hinh 9:Ghii rna ph an cip theo khfmg gian

2.2.3 Profiles va Levels

Chuan MPEG -2 c6 4 Levels (rmrc) va 5 Profiles (bt) cong cu), Trong d6:

• Profiles: La khai niem cho ta bi~t cAp chAt hrong bt) cong cu nen duoc sir dung chuan nen nay. 0 day c6 str thoa hiep gifra 15' s6 nen va gia thanh bt) giai nen, C6 5 dinh nghia Profiles :


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D4! HOC CONG NGH$


o Simple Profiles (Profiles don gian): S6 buoc nen thAp nhAt, chi cho phep

rna hoa cac anh loai I va P. Do co t6n thAt cao v~ t6c dQ bit, no khong ducc sir dung trong nen voi ky thuat chuan doan anh hai chieu (cac anh B).

o Main Profiles (Profiles chinh): La str thoa hiep t6t nhAt giira t6n hao t6c

dQ bit va chi phi, do no sir dung tAt ca cac anh I, P va B trong nen, ChAt hrong t6t hon Profiles dan gian nhirng no doi hoi phai sir dung cac thi~t bi rna hoa va giai rna phirc tap hon.

o SNR Profiles Scalable (Profiles phan cip theo SNR): Tieu chuan MPEG-

2 cho phep phan cAp tY s6 tin hieu tren tap am, co nghia la chAt hrong hinh anh va ty s6 tin hieu tren tap am co tinh thoa hiep. Chu6i anh chi a thanh hai lap phan biet nhau v~ chAt hrong, Cac lap thAp bao gAm anh co chAt hrong co sc, vi du nhir chua tin hieu thea chuan 4:2:0. Cac lap cao bao gAm lap hoan thien hon so voi lap thAp hon, nhir voi tin hieu video trong chuan 4:2:2. Co th~ rna hoa kenh khac nhau cho cac lap rieng,

o Spatially Scalable Profiles (phan cip theo khdng gian): Tinh phan cAp

thea khong gian co nghia la co str thoa hiep voi dQ phan giai, Chudi anh duoc chia ra thanh hai lap wong irng voi cac dQ phan giai khac nhau cua anh, Lap thAp han bao gAm anh co dQ phan giai thAp nhir truyen hinh tieu chuan, Con lap cao hon bao gAm anh co dQ phan giai cao hon nhir truyen hinh dQ phan giai cao (HDTV).

o High Profiles (Profiles cao): Cho phep ca hai loai thang mire ducc img

dung trong truyen hinh HDTV voi cac dinh dang 4:2:0 hay 4:2:2. No bao gAm tom bQ cac cong cu cua Profiles truce cong them kha nang rna hoa cac tin hi~u mau khac nhau cung met hie,

Nhir v~y, gifra cac Profiles noi tren co su wang thich cao dAn, nghia la cac bQ giai rna cua mot Profiles cao cAp hon co kha nang giai rna tAt ca cac Profiles 6 cAp do va cAp thAp hon.

• Levels: Khai niem Levels trong chuan MPEG-2 cho ta bi~t mire dQ phan giai cua anh, bao gAm ill dinh dang trung gian cho nguen tin hieu SIF ( Source Intermediate Format), dinh dang Co' sc MPEG -1 (360 x 288 @ 25Hz hay 360 x 240 @ 30Hz), d~n truyen hinh s6 phan giai cao HDTV (h~ thong truyen hinh voi tren 1000 dong quetj.Theo quan di~m irng dung co 4 rmrc Levels trong MPEG -2 ducc mo ta nlnr sau:


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D4! HOC CONG NGH$


o Low Levels (mire thip): phu hop voi dt) phan giai SIF ducc sir dung trong MPEG -1 (cho d~n 360 x 288 pixel).

o Main Levels (rmrc chinh): phu hop voi dt) phan giai chuan 4:2:2 (toi 720 x 576 pixel).

o High Levels 1440 (mire cao 1440): nham vao truyen hinh phan giai cao HDTV (dt) phan giai toi 1440 x 1152 pixel).

o High Levels (mire cao): duoc t6i iru hoa d6i voi HDTV man anh rt)ng (dt) phan giai toi 1920 x 1152 pixel).

Trong thuc t~ irng dung, cac nha ch~ tao dfi chon s~n mt)t s6 thoa hiep giira cac rmrc Levels va cac Profiles cho nguoi sir dung, K~t hop 4 Levels va 5 Profiles ta duoc 20 t6 hop kha nang va hien nay dfi co 11 kha nang dircc irng dung nhir trong Bang 3. Trong cac 0 trong bang 3 IAn hrot ill tren xuong la: tY l~ lAy m~u, di~m anh thea chieu ngang x di~m anh thea chieu doc, v~n t6c cao nhAt cua dong dfr li~u sau khi nen, dong cu6i la cac loai anh sir dung d~ nen,

Bang 3 :Bang thong sa chinh Profiles va Levels cua tin hieu chuan MPEG -2

~ Simple Main SNR Spatially High
(Don giiin) (Chinh) (Phan ctl) theo Theokhdng (Cao)
SN gran
s
4:2:0 4:2:0
Low (th§p) 352 x 288 352 x 288
4 Mb/s 4 Mb/s
I,P,B
4:2:0 4:2:0 4:2:0 4:2:0
Main (chinh) 720 x 576 720 x 576 720 x 576 720 x 576
15 Mb/s 15 Mb/s 15 Mb/s 20 Mb/s
I,P I, P, Block I,P,B I,P,B
4:2:0 4:2:0 4:2:2 ;4:2:0
High 1440 1440x1152 1440x1152 1440x1152
(Cao 1440) 60 Mb/s 60 Mb/s 80 Mb/s
I,P,B I,P,B I,P,B
4:2:0 4:2:0;4:2:2
1920x1152 1920x1152
High (cao) 80 Mb/s 100Mb/s
I,P,B I,P,B Mai Th] Lan Oanh -K46DB-

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2.2.4 MPEG -2 vdi phat song va san xUo't chuang trinh

Trong linh V\TC phat s6ng va san xuAt h~u ky, chuan nen MPEG -2 cuoicung dii giai quyet ducc bi kich da dang thirc xira nay.

B~ dat ducc kha nang nay, cAn n~m vfrng yeu cAu va d~c tinh cua nrng img dung khac nhau,

• Scm xu&t tin thai su,'

ChAt hrong anh doi hoi cao khi di quay ngoai canh, nhirng tin hieu khong phai in di in lai nhieu IAn. Thi~t bi nho, gon, xach tay va dung ~c quy. Do v~y cac thiet bi nay c6 th~ sir dung t6c dt) bit thAp 18Mb/s (dO' t6n nang hrong, giam gia thanh), cAu true GOP don gian, thuan tien cho cong doan dung hinh.

• Luu tm:

cAn chAt hrong cao hoac it nhAt b~ng anh g6c. Cong nghe hru trfr con cAn sir dung t6c dt) bit Ian va cAu true IB-GOP. T6c dt) hru trfr la 30 Mb/s.

• Scm xu&t htiu kjJ:

San xuAt h~u ky doi hoi ca chAt hrong va rmrc dt) cao v~ tinh nang dung hinh. T6c dt) 50 Mb/san xuAt va cAu true I-GOP la su lua chon thich hop,

• Phtin ph6i chuO'Ylg trinh:

Phan phdi chuong trinh doi hoi kha nang hru trfr v~ chAt hrong phat s6ng quang ba, T6c dt) 20 Mb/s (hoac 15 Mb/s d~ cung cAp cho may phat NTSCIP AL tham chi thAp hon cho dich vu phat tnrc ti~p ill v~ tinh DBS).

2.3 Chuin nen MPEG-4 2.3.1 Khai quat v2 MPEG-4

Ngay nay, khi nhu cAu truyen phat cac irng dung video va da phirong tien moi tren ha tAng ky thu~t Internet dii lam nay sinh cac yeu cAu chirc nang moi khong c6 trong cac chuan nen MPEG -1 va MPEG -2 hay cac chuan nen truce d6. Thang 10 nam 1998 voi su xuAt hien cua chuan nen MPEG -4 dii tao ra mot phuong thirc thi~t l~p va tuong tac moi voi truyen thong nghe nhin tren mang Internet, tao ra met phirong thirc san xuAt, cung cAp va tieu thu moi cac nt)i dung video tren co sO' nt)i dung va huang d6i tuong (content/object-based). Bay chinh la met cong nghe trinh di~n truyen


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thong da phuong tien plnrc hQ'P, c6 kha nang truyen thong tai cac moi tnrong truyen thong da phuong tien plnrc hQ'P, c6 kha nang truyen thong tai cac moi tnrong : truyen hinh 86, d6 hoa wang tac, World Wide Web. Vi v~y, nhiem vu cua MPEG -4la nham phat trien cac chuan xu ly, rna hoa va hi~n thi anh dQng, audio va cac t6 hQ'P cua chimg.MPEG -4 dang duoc tri~n khai boi nhieu nha v~n hanh mang va dich vu tren th~ gioi voi cac dich vu moi dang dircc b6 xung d~ chiem cac 19i th~ cAu true ha tAng bang rQng dang phat trien,

2.3.2 Cong nghf ma hoa va gitii ma video trong MPEG-4

Chuan MPEG -4 la mot chuan dQng, d~ thay d6i: voi MPEG -4 cac d6i nrong khac nhau trong mot khung hinh c6 th~ ducc md ta, rna hoa va truyen di mot each rieng biet d~n bQ giai rna trong cac dong co ban ES (Elementary Stream) khac nhau.

au a so vs eua i obJects

multiplexed upstream controVdata

."

. ".,,-

. - ".-._ _- " .

• : _" •• -, '.': : -. ~ •.• _.- "o_ -_ -:.::<- ':" :

multiplexed downstream control I data

...

/

"--" .. , ... - ..

- .. _-

y

scene

;'coordinaU? ,

.. system

x ~'

user events»:"

_/

z

hypo.th otJ cal viewer

user snpu:

Hinb 10: S\f tA bf}'P kbung hlnh trong MPEG -4


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Cling nho xac dinh, tach va xu It rieng cac d6i nrong (nhir nhac n~n, am thanh xa gAn, d6 v~t, d6i nrong anh video nhu can nguoi hay dQng v~t, n~n khung hinh ... ) nen nguoi sir dung c6 th~ loai bo rieng rung d6i urong khoi khuon hinh. Sir t6 hQ'P lai thanh khung hinh chi diroc thuc hien sau khi giai rna cac d6i urong d6.

Tren hinh lOla vi du v~ str t6 hQ'P khuon hinh MPEG -4. Trang hinh c6 nhieu d6i urong nhir: ban, qua cAu, bang den, nguoi huang d~n va audio dircc d~t vao rnQt h~ thong toa dQ khong gian 3 chieu (3-D) d6i voi vi tri nguoi xern gia dinh,

Video diu vito

Tang hI}'P Video diu ra cacVO

Hlnh 11:ciu true eiia bq rna hoa va ghii rna Video MPEG - 4

Tren hinh l l la cAu true cua bQ rna hoa va giai rna Video MPEG - 4, cac thi~t bi rna hoa va giai rna video d~u ap dung sa d6 rna hoa nhir nhau cho rn6i d6i tuong video (video-object) rieng biet.Vi du khi ta rna hoa va t6ng hQ'P mot khung hinh, nhieu d6i urong dAu vao nhir: oto, nha, nguoi. .. duoc tach ra khoi video dAu vao, M6i d6i tuong video sau d6 ducc rna hoa rieng re boi bQ rna hoa d6i nrong video VO (video object) va dircc truyen di tren mang, Tai vi tri thu, nhimg d6i nrong nay ducc giai rna rieng re nho bQ giai rna VO decoder va giri d~n bQ t6ng hQ'P Compositor .Vi v~y ngiroi su dung c6 th~ thuc hien cac hoat dQng tuong tac rieng voi rung d6i nrong (thay d6i 15' 1~, di chuyen, k~t n6i, loai bo, b6 xung cac d6i nrong ... ) ngay tai vi tri giai rna hay rna hoa, Ngoai ra, nguoi dung c6 th~ download cac d6i nrong khac tir thir vien co sc dfr lieu (c6


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Chuang 2,' Cae chudn nen MPEG

s~ tren thi~t bi hay ill xa thong qua mang LAN , WAN hay Internet) d~ chen them vao hay thay th~ cac d6i nrong c6 trong khuon hinh g6c.

Cac b9 phan chirc nang chinh trong cac thiet bi MPEG -4 bao g6rn:

B9 rna hoa hinh dang ngoai Shape coder dung d~ nen doan thong tin, giup xac dinh khu V\lC va dirong vi~n bao quanh d6i urong trong khung hinh scene.

- B9 du doan va t6ng hQ'P d9ng d~ giam thong tin dir tlnra thea thai gian.

- B9 k~t cAu rn~t ngoai Texture coder dung d~ xu ly dfr lieu ben trong va cac

dfr li~u con lai sau khi da bu chuyen d9ng.

Trong MPEG -4, tAt ca cac d6i nrong c6 th~ c6 th~ diroc rna hoa voi sa d6 rna hoa t6i iru rieng cua n6: videoducc rna hoa thea kieu video, text diroc rna hoa thea kieu text, cac d6 hoa duoc rna hoa thea kieu d6 hoa ... thay vi viec xu ly tAt ca cac phAn ill anh pixels nhir la rna hoa anh d9ng. Do cac qua trinh rna hoa da duoc t6i iru hoa cho nrng loai dfr li~u thich hQ'P, nen chuan MPEG -4 se cho phep rna hoa voi hi~u qua cao tin hi~u anh video, audio va ca cac n9i dung t6ng hQ'P nhir cac b9 rn~t va co th~ hoat hinh.

2.3.3 Cae Profiles va Levels trong chuan MPEG-4

Chuan nen MPEG -4 bao g6rn nhieu tinh nang khac nhau va khong phai bAt ky irng dung nao cfing doi hoi tAt ca cac tinh nang cua MPEG -4. D~ sir dung cong cu MPEG -4 rn9t each hieu qua nhAt, rn6i thi~t bi chuan MPEG -4 chi dircc trang bi rn9t s6 tinh nang phu hQ'P voi mot pham vi img dung nhAt dinh va d~ tao di~u kien cho nguoi su dung Iva chon cong cu MPEG -4, cac thi~t bi MPEG -4 chi a thanh cac nh6rn cong cu goi la cac Profiles, rn6i nh6rn Profiles chi chua rn9t vai tinh nang cAn thiet cua chuan rna hoa thich hQ'P cho rn9t pham vi irng dung nao d6. M6i Profiles lai chi c6 rn9t s6 cac rmrc Levels khac nhau, th~ hien rmrc d9 plnrc tap xu ly tinh toan dfr li~u cua cong cu d6 (thong qua vi~c xac dinh ra t6c d9 bit, con s6 t6i da cua cac d6i nrong trong khung hinh, d9 plnrc tap cua qua trinh giai rna audio ... )

Hinh sau n6i v~ mot s6 b9 cong cu cua thi~t bi MPEG -4. C6 nhieu Profiles nhir:

Media Profiles, Scene Graph Profiles, MPEG-J Profiles ...


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/

f

Media Profiles

MPEG...J Profiles

ffinh 12:Profiles va Levels trong MPEG -4

Ta xet Media Profiles co: Audio Profiles, Visual Profiles, Graphics Profiles.

Trong do Visual Profiles gam cac Profiles nhir sau:

• Simple Profiles (Profiles dun gian ): chi cho phep cac loai v~t don gian (ty l~ chieu cao/chieu rt)ng la tuy y va ty l~ bit thAp) va ducc tao ra voi cac irng dung co dt) phirc tap khong cao trong vi~c nhan ra v~t. U ng dung Simple Profiles cho di dt)ng, truyen cac hinh anh Video co dt) phirc tap khong cao tren Internet hay cac thi~t bi camera ghi cac hinh anh dt)ng nhu: rna hay chip nho, Co 3 mire (Levels) ducc sir dung cho Simple Profiles voi t6c dt) bit vao khoang 64 - 384 kb/s.

• Simple Scalable Profile (Profiles phlin muc dun gian) : co th~ phan chia viec rna hoa trong cung mot moi tnrong hoat dt)ng nhir vi~c du doan tnrcc cho Simple va co 2 rmrc duoc dinh nghia 6 Profiles nay.

• Core Profiles (Profiles liii ] : dung cho cac dich vu nrong tac chAt hrong cao, ph6i hQ'P chAt hrong t6t voi viec han ch~ dt) plnrc tap va h6 tro tuy y hinh dang cua v~t. Vi vay cac dich vu Broadcast di dt)ng diroc h6 tro cho Profiles nay. T6c dt) bit t6i da la 384kb/s cho rmrc 1 (Levels 1) va 2Mb/s cho mire 2 (Level 2).


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• Main Profile (Profiles chinh) : ducc tao ra voi cac dich vu quang ba broadcast, dia chi hoa tien ti~n. N 6 ph6i hQ'P chAt IUQ'ng cao nhAt voi tinh linh hoat cua cac v~t c6 hinh dang tu do rna sir dung d~n thang mau nau d~ rna hoa, Mire cao nhAt cho phep 32 v~t (c6 nhieu rmrc) va t6c dQ bit Ion nhAt la 38 Mb/s.

• N-bit Profiles : hiru ich cho nhfmg vung rna sir dung nhfrng nguoi mo ta nhiet dQ (thermal imagers), nhir cac irng dung kiem soat, Vi vay cac irng dung trong y h9C muon sir dung d~ lam tang dQ sau cua di~m anh dira ra mQt mien anh dQng 16n trong tin hieu mau va tin hieu ch6i.

• Scalable Texture Profiles (Profiles phan muc k~t c8u ): la gia tri trung binh cho cac irng dung am thanh d6 hoa, N 6 ducc yeu cAu boi cac cong ty muon xay dung cac thiet bi di dQng, rna c6 k~t n6i d6ng thai am thanh va hinh anh hien thi, d6 hoa c6 dang thirc BIFS co so trong cac thiet bi dAu cU6i rAt don gian,

• Simple Face Profiles (Profiles b~ m¥t don gian) : chi cho cac v~t c6 b~ m~t dan gian (cac hoat anh), Phu thuoc vao tirng rmrc, song trong met khuon hinh t6i da c6 4 b~ m~t c6 th~ xuAt hien, T6c dQ bit con thAp, 32 kb/s la du cho vi~c truyen t6i da 4 b~ mat,

• Hybird Profiles (Profiles lai ghep) : cho phep lien k~t ca cac v~t tu nhien va nhan tao trong cung mQt khuon hinh rna v~n giif dQ plnrc tap hQ'P It. Voi cac v~t tu nhien, n6 so sanh voi Core Profiles , con voi cac v~t nhan tao, n6 cong gQP cac hoat anh hroi, k~t cAu phan lap va cac b~ m~t hoat anh - thiet l~p nen bQ cong cu rna tao ra S\T lai ghep thu vi nQi dung cua cac v~t tu nhien va nhan tao, Profiles nay duoc sir dung cho nhfrng noi c6 v~t th~t trong th~ gioi nhan tao hay nguoc lai k~t hQ'P cac v~t th~t vao trong moi tnrong tu nhien,

• Basic Animated Texture Profiles (Profiles k~t c8u ho¥t anh ca ban): cho phep hoat anh cua cac hinh anh tinh va cac m~t hoat anh, DUng cho cac nQi dung rna duoc tao ra voi t6c dQ bit rAt thAp.

2.4 Tieu chuin MPEG-7

2.4.1 Gidi thi?u v~ chuan MPEG-7

MPEG (ISO/IEC SC29IWG 11) cho ra dai mQt tieu chuan moi la MPEG-7 voi muc dich d~ mo ta cac nQi dung Multimedia, clnr n6 khong phai la chuan nen va rna hoa audio, video, anh dQng nhir cac chuan nen da ra dai tnroc d6.


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2.4.2 Dai tU'(lng (Objectives) va each mieu tii dii'li,u cua MPEG -7

Hien nay tren th~ gioi thong tin nghe nhin ducc s6 hoa tro nen ph6 bien va ducc nhieu ngiroi ira chuong. Tnnrc khi su dung mot thong tin nao do thi cAn phai thi~t l~p chung, D6ng thai viec tim du lieu cAn thi~t ngay cang kho khan hon. Ngay nay xuAt hien mot giai phap cho viec tim kiem cac thong tin nguyen ban tren trang Web rna rt)ng tom cAu (World Wide Web ), nhieu cac nghien ciru da ra dai va co nhieu nguoi quan tam. Tuy nhien, trong linh Vl!C nghe nhin, viec nhan dang cac thong tin la C\lC kho, Cac kenh truyen s6 phat trien manh me gay kho khan cho viec hra chon ra mot kenh (TV, radio) hom hao, Khi MPEG -7 ra dai da dira ra mot giai phap cho vAn dB tren, voi ten goi "Giao dien mo ta truyen thong da phuong tien - Multimedia Content Description Interface" - va ducc goi t~t la MPEG -7.

Mt)t muc dich khac cua MPEG -7 la dira ra mt)t tieu chuan cho bt) mo ta co th~ duoc dung d~ mo ta nhieu loai thong tin truyen thong khac nhau. Sir me ta nay duoc k~t hop voi chinh nt)i cua no, cho phep tim kiem du lieu cho quyen lei cua nguoi dung mot each nhanh chong va hieu qua.

MPEG -7 khong dua vao each rna hoa cua du lieu diroc xay dung trong MPEG-4, tieu chuan cung cAp each rna hoa dfr lieu nghe nhin cua v~t th~ co m6i quan he nao do trong thai gian va khong gian (tren man hinh tin hieu video va trong phong voi tin hieu audio). Khi dung kieu rna hoa MPEG -4, no co th~ gan str mo ta cac y~u t6 ben trong canh v~t, cho phep truy c~p rieng re cac y~u t6 nay.Nlnmg voi MPEG -7, no se tlnra nhan S\l khac nhau a chinh trong each mieu ta chinh no va dira ra cac mire khac nhau d6i voi m6i str phan biet do.

Vi cac d~c tnmg mieu ta phai mang dAy du y nghia trong pham vi cua cac irng dung, chung se khac voi m6i linh Vl!C nguoi dung khac nhau va irng dung khac nhau. Trong each mieu ta cua dfr lieu thi nhfmg du lieu gi6ng nhau duoc dung nhfmg kieu khac nhau cua cac d~c trung, phu hop voi m6i pham vi irng dung, Vi du vB dfr lieu thi giac: mt)t rmrc duoi cua khai niem trim tuong se diroc mo ta boi hinh dang, kich thuoc, mau s~c, str cu dt)ng va vi tri (noi a tren man hinh co th~ tim thAy v~t). Con d6i voi dfr lieu audio: giong noi, tam trang, nhip dt), thay d6i nhip dt), vi tri a trong khong gian am thanh. d mire cao se gui nghla cua thong tin nhu : "day la canh cua met con cho nau dang sua a ben trai va met qua bong xanh dang roi xuong a ben phai, cung voi ti~ng dt)ng dang phat ra tit nhimg chiec oto ben duoi", TAt ca nhimg su mo ta nay la ti~n trinh rna hoa thea each co hieu qua (hieu qua cho viec tim kiem do). Mire trung gian cua khai niem trim nrong ding co th~ t6n tai,


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Cac mire tren ducc lien he voi cac d~c trung: mot vai d~c trung mire thAp ducc sao chep tu dQng dAy du, d~c trung mire cao lai cAn thi~t hon nhieu cho hoat dQng cua con nguoi,

2.4.3 Phqm vi,mg d{lng cua tieu chuan MPEG-7

MPEG-7 se gui img dung c6 th~ ducc hru trfr (tnrc tuyen - on line hay ngoai tuyen - off line) va khai thac 6 trong hai moi tnrong thai gian thuc (real time) va khong thuc (non real time). MQt moi tnrong thai gian thuc c6 nghia la thong tin ducc k~t hQ'P voi nQi dung tnr khi n6 bi hm gift lai,

s~l!1d\arcl!izat~o,n

.••.• '.':E;; .. ihij···"'··"·· .•.••.. .f':e.a:!.Yre ._ •..•.

.. .. extr.action .. ·.·1

"------_._

: SearCh

, ~jne

~1_ _ _ ~ _

Feature Extraction: trich mQt a,c trung MPEG -7 Description: mieu ta MPEG -7 Search Engine: Dung cy tim Idem

Hinh 13: Pham vi eiia MPEG-7

Trong d6, phAn trich d~n mQt d~c trung (Feature Extraction) thi bao gAm cac cong viec nhir: phan tich nQi dung, trich d~n d~c trung, cong cu chu giai, cong cu tac chu; phAn mieu ta MPEG -7 bao gAm: hrcc dA mieu ta, bQ mieu ta, ngon ngfr, khai niem MPEG- 7 con phAn cong cu tim kiem gAm: viec tim kiem va loc Iva, viec phan loai, cac thao tac, viec t6m t~t, viec chi thi.Viec khai thac dAy du kha nang su md ta dfr lieu cua MPEG -7 va viec tv dQng khai thac nhir v~y thi rAt hiru ich, tuy nhien khong phai hie nao ciing lam duoc, Do d6 chuan hoa nay diroc quy dinh d~ cho phep sir dung chung met each hieu qua trong pham vi cho phep,


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Chuang 3: Chuan nen Video MPEG -4 va tmg dung trong truyen hinh tren mang Internet

CbU'O'DgIII: CHuAN NEN VIDEO MPEG-4 vA UNG DVNG TRONG TRUYEN HINH TREN M~NG INTERNET.

3.1 GiOi tbi~u tAng quan v@ truy@n hinh tren Internet

Truyen hinh Viet Nam da trai qua nhieu giai dean phat trien, b~t dAu ill truyen hinh den tr~g, truyen hinh man, sau do d~n cong nghe truyen hinh s6 viec chuyen d6i ill cong nghe truyen hinh wong 4r sang cong nghe truyen hinh s6 la mot buoc ti~n bQ vuot b~c cua truyen hinh Viet Nam. Hien nay truyen hinh s6 dang ducc phat trien manh me tren tAt ca cac linh V\TC: truyen hinh cap, truyen hinh s6 m~t dAt DVB- T, truyen hinh s6 qua ve tinh DTH ...

Khi Internet dircc phat trien thanh he th6ng co qui mo toan cAu, no tro nen ph6 c~p rAt nhanh trong moi linh V\lC. Ngoai vAn d~ cung cAp dfr lieu duoi dang van ban, anh d6 hoa ... Internet cling h6 tro truyen d~n audio va video, co sc cua cac dich vu Multimedia tren qui mo toan cAu. Voi str ra dai cua truyen hinh ky thuat s6, cac thanh t\TU moi trong linh V\TC truyen d~n Internet t6c dQ cao - d~c biet la cong nghe dirong thue bao s6 khong d6i xirng ADSL (AAssymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) sir dung ky thuat truyen d~n bang rQng Broadband da cho phep nang t6c dQ tai cua cac k~t n6i Internet len 500 Kbitls, 2Mbitls, 5Mbitls va cao hon nfra - va chuan nen MPEG -4 cho phep giam bot t6c dQ truyen tai cAn thiet cua truyen hinh s6 ill 4 - 6 Mbitls hien nay xuong 1.5 - 2 MbitiSlice la nhirng ti~n d~ ky thuat tao di~u kien cho S\T hQi tu gitra truyen hinh va Internet. Truyen hinh Internet - Internet TV la cum ill dung d~ chi dich vu cung cAp cac chuong trinh truyen hinh nlnr thai su, van nghe, th~ thao, phim truyen ... qua mang Internet, vi v~y con dircc la "truyen hinh true tuyen (Online Television)". Hien co hai phirong thirc xem cac chuong trinh truyen hinh qua mang Internet la:

Xem true ti~p thea thai gian thuc Real-time (con goi la phirong thirc Download and Play). Viec xem true ti~p cho phep khach hang khong cAn tai file chuang trinh v~ may tinh cua minh, nhimg cho chAt hrong hinh anh thAp hon, vi v~y chi phu hQ'P voi nhimg k~t n6i Internet t6c dQ cao hoac yeu cAu khong cao v~ chAt hrong hinh anh,

Tai file chirong trinh v~ may tinh ca nhan (Download stream-file). Phuong thirc nay se dam bao ducc chAt hrong hinh anh chuong trinh,


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nhimg lai mAt thai gian cho doi va khong ap dung duoc cho cac chuang trinh truyen hinh true ti~p.

D~ sir dung dich vu truyen hinh true tuyen, nguoi dung se phai truy c~p vao Website cua nha cung cAp dich vu tren Internet. Tai day se c6 cac duong d~n cho khach hang hra chon chuang trinh cAn xem. H~ thong truyen hinh true tuyen sir dung cong nghe Video Streaming, Web streaming ... hay n6i each khac chinh la str k~t gifra cong nghe Web thong thuong voi cong nghe Streaming.

Hien nay, hAu h~t cac hang truyen hinh, thong tAn Ian tren th~ gioi d~u da sir dung cong nghe truyen hinh true tuyen nhu met phuong thirc dang tai thong tin hiru hieu nhAt d~n voi moi nguoi, Chuang trinh truyen hinh tnrc tuyen dAu tien chinh thirc xuAt hien ngay 13/5/2000 tai Stockhom (Thuy Di~n ), truyen di chuang trinh ca nhac "EUROVISION SONG CONTEST" do EBU t6 chirc hang nam,

a Vi~t Nam, Dai truyen hinh Ha NQi (HTV) va cong ty VDC da ph6i hQ'P va dua vao sir dung dich vu truyen hinh true tuyen IAn dAu tien ngay 15/10/2002, chuang trinh truyen hinh true ti~p dem chung k~t cuoc thi Ti~ng hat tren s6ng truyen hinh Ha nQi IAn thtr 5, da phat thir nghiem tren Internet tai dia chi Website http://www.hanoitv.org.vn/hay tai dia chi http://www.vdconline.com/. Ngoai ra con nhieu nha cung cAp dich vu khac nhir Cong ty dAu nr va phat trien cong nghe truyen hinh Vi~t Nam - thucc BQ BUll Chinh Vi~n Thong c6 dia chi Website la: http://www.vtc.com.vn c6 giao dien nhu sau:

Mai ThiLan Oanh -K46DB-

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~i

Search U Favorites ~ Media 4t)


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Viet Nam Internet Gateway - Microsoft Internet EHptorer

• Gi6i thleu

• H6 trQ'

• fliing kY thimh viim

• Gop y

• Trang ehu

• Thai Sl/

• Kinh t@

• Chinh tri-Xa hQi

• Khoa hoc - Giao due

• Th@ thao

• Ca nhac

• San kh§u-Nhac c6

• Van hoa-Du lich

• Phim truyen

• Giao Il/u-Gap go

• Tr6 chCli-Giai tri

• Danh cho thi@u nhi

• Video clip vui nhQn

u c >

~

a !J

1--------

It

WEBSITE HOP lAc

• Bai PTIH Ha NQi

• "Ngl/ai ol/Clng thoi"

• Han "Suc khoe OCti s6ng"

• Bao "Giao duc Thai dai'

Thol sl!' sang ngay 02!1l6 ~

(Ng'y 2NJ2005-Ngu6o: TruyJo hioh Vi.toam (VTV1)) Chuyen m.;tc:ThCti::\J'

SI!' tl!'a chon cho twO'ng lal: T ruy~n hinh di IIQng ~ (Ng'y 2NJ2005-Ngu6n: TruyJn hinh Vi~tnam (VTV1))

Chuyen m?,c:Khoa h9C - Giao due

Ph~ nw&cu6c s6ng: Glao d~c con cal-trach nhlem cua

ng~iYi m~ ~, " .,

(Ngay 2If/2005-Nguon: Truyon hmll V,.tnam (VTV1)) Chuyen m.;tc:chinh tri-Xa h9i

Non "w6e Vi~t Nam ~

(Ng'y 2IG'2005 - Ngu6n: TruyJn hinll Vi.t nam (VTV1)) Chuyen m.;tc:Van hoa-Du ljch

Minh VWQ'ng: Ngh~ sY cua tre thO' ~ (Ng'y. 2IG'200~ - Ngu6o '. ~ruyJo hioh Vi.t oam (VTV1)) Chuyen ml!c:Danh cho thleu nhi

Ca nhac 'lh~ gi6i tre tho" ~

(Ng' y 2IG'2005 - Ngu6n: Tru yJn hinh Vi~t nam (V TV1)) Chuyen m?,c:Ca nhac

Dw Ilia chi truy~n hlnh : Nhwng can nguyen phla Nam - T~p 2 'Irlm ea? ngu~en, Gia,Lai" ~

(Ng.y 2If/2005-Nguon: Truyon hmll V,.tnam (VTV1))

Yh'Irldnlng

Hinh 14: Truyjn hinh true tuy@n tren mang,


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Dai truyen hinh Vi~t Nam cling dang ti~n hanh dua vao trien khai cong nghe truyen hinh qua mang Internet cho chirong trinh VTV 4 (chuang trinh truyen hinh cho ki~u bao Vi~t Nam dang dinh cir 6 mroc ngoai ),

B~ dua duoc cac chirong trinh truyen hinh len mang Internet phai co rAt nhieu cong nghe va ky thuat moi, plnrc tap h6 tro. Trong khuon kh6 cho phep cua bai khoa luan, em xin ducc d~ c~p d~n cong nghe diroc dung d~ nen video cho viec truyen tren mang Internet.

3.2. Lua chen H.264! MPEG -4 part 10 cho truy~n hinh tren mang Internet 3.2.1 GiOi thifU chung v2 H.264 IMPEG-4 part 10

T6 chirc tieu chuan qu6c t~/ Uy ban ky thu~t di~n tl:r qu6c t~ (lSO/IEC) da phat trien cac tieu chuan rna hoa Video diroc goi la MPEG-x (nhir la MPEG - 1, MPEG - 2 va MPEG - 4). Trong do, MPEG -1 t6c dQ rna hoa 1.5 Mbit/s voi muc dich rna hoa video va am thanh kern theo, diroc irng dung d~ hru tm trong CD-ROM, ilia quang ... Con MPEG- 2 da rAt thanh cong trong viec rna hoa video va audio trong truyen hinh ky thuat s6, voi t6c dQ rna hoa ill 3 - 40 Mbit/s, Chung ducc irng dung d~ quang ba video s6 tren mang cap, dirong truyen s6 xDSL, truyen hinh qua v~ tinh ...

Tuy nhien, cac irng dung tren mang Internet hien nay v~n g~p vAn d~ kho khan do la S\T han ch~ v~ bang thong, nghen mang va str da dang cac thiet bi hi~n thi cua nguoi dung, Nhu cAu truyen phat cac irng dung video va da phuong ti~n (multimedia) moi tren ha tAng ky thuat Internet la nay sinh cac yeu cAu clnrc nang moi rna cac chuan nen video truce do khong th~ dap irng n6i. Vao thang 10/1998, MPEG -4 da ra dai va da giai quyet diroc cac yeu cAu moi d~t ra. Voi t6c dQ rna hoa dfr lieu khoang 1.5 Mbit/s chuan nen MPEG -4 da giai quyet phAn nao v~ viec t~c nghen mang va S\T han ch~ cua bang thong. B6ng thai S\T da dang cua cac thiet bi cua nguoi dung cling duoc giai quyet vi tren thuc t~ da s6 cac hang cung cAp dich vu truyen thong thea dong Multimedia d~u h6 tro chuan MPEG -4 trong cac cAu true ha tAng va san pham dang trien khai cua minh nhir: Quick Time 6 (cua Apple), Real Networks, DivX5 (cua DivXNetwork) hay san pham n6i ti~ng cua Microsoft la Windows Media Player d~u cho phep nguoi dung xem nQi dung MPEG- 4 trong cac thiet bi hi~n thi nay.

MPEG -4 bao g6m cac bQ phan rieng re, co quan h~ ch~t che voi nhau va co th~ dircc trien khai irng dung rieng hay t6 hop voi cac phan khac, Cac phAn Co' ban 6 day la:

PhAn 1 : System.


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PhAn 2: MPEG -4 ASP (Avanced Simple Profile ). PhAn 3: Audio.

PhAn 4: Conformance - xac dinh viec tlnr nghiem tri~n khai m9t MPEG- 4 se nhir th~ nao,

PhAn 5: Cac phAn mem tham chien, dua ra m9t nh6m cac phAn mem tham chieu quan trong, duoc sir dung d~ trien khai MPEG -4 va phuc vu nhir m9t vi du demo v~ cac biroc phai thuc hien khi trien khai.

PhAn 6: Khung chuan cung cAp truyen thong da phuong tien tich hop DMIF (Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework), xac dinh mot giao dien giira cac img dung va mang/ hru trfr.

PhAn 7: Cac d~c tinh cua mot b9 rna h6a video t6i iru (b6 sung phan mem tham chieu, nhimg khong phai 1a cac trien khai t6i thieu cAn thiet ),

PhAn 8: Giao van, cAn d~ anh xa nhu th~ nao cac dong MPEG -4 vao giao v~n IP.

PhAn 9: mo til phAn ctmg tham chieu ( Reference Hardware Description). PhAn 10: MPEG -4 Advanced Video Coding 1H.264 (rna hoa Video tien ti~n wang irng voi tieu chuan H.264 cua ITU).

PhAn 11: mo til khung hinh

PhAn 12: Dinh dang file truyen thong ISO (ISO Media File Format ).

PhAn 13: Quan 1y ban quyen n9i dung IPMP (Intellectual Property Managenment and Protection Extensions).

PhAn 14: Dinh dang File MP4(tren co sc phAn 12). PhAn 15: Dinh dang file AVC(tren co sO' phAn 12).

PhAn 16: AFX (Animation Framwork Extensionsjva MuW(Multi-uer Worlds).

Dang thai, Hiep h9i vi~n thong qu6c t~ (lTU) da cho ra dai cac khuyen nghi goi t~t la chuan H.26x (H.261, H.262, H.263 va H.264). Nhimg khuyen nghi nay duoc thiet k~ cho cac irng dung truyen thong Video thai gian thuc nhir Video Conferencingttruyen hinh urong tac) hay di~n thoai truyen hinh.


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Voi d6i tuong d~ truyen d~n video la mang Internet thi irng cir vi en hang dAu la chuan nen MPEG-4A VC hay con goi la H.264IMPEG-4 Part 10.

3.2.2 Tinh k~ thiea cua chuan nen H.264IMPEG- 4 part 10

Muc tieu chinh cua chuan nen H.264 dang phat trien nham cung cAp Video c6 chAt hrong t6t han nhieu so voi nhimg chuan nen Video truce day. Di~u nay c6 th~ dat ducc nho su kB thira cac iru di~m cua cac chuan nen video truce d6 va met s6 iru di~m nhir sau:

- Phan chia m6i hinh anh thanh cac Block bao gAm nhieu di~m anh, do v~y qua trinh xir It rung anh c6 th~ ducc tiBp c~n toi mire Block.

- Khai thac triet d~ su du thira v~ m~t khong tAn tai gifra cac hinh anh lien tiBp boi met vai rna cua nhimg Block g6c thong qua du doan v~ khong gian, phep bien d6i, qua trinh hrong ill va rna hoa Entropy.

- Khai thac str phu thuoc tam thai cua cac Block cua hinh anh lien tiBp, do d6 chi cAn rna hoa nhimg chi tiBt thay d6i giira cac anh lien tiBp. Vi~c nay duoc thuc hien thong qua dl! doan va bu chuyen dt)ng. Voi bAt ky Block nao cling c6 th~ diroc thuc hien ill mt)t ho~c vai anh rna hoa truce d6 hay anh ducc rna hoa sau d6 d~ quyet dinh Vector chuyen dt)ng, cac Vector duoc sir dung trong bt) rna hoa va giai rna d~ du doan cac loai Block.

- Khai thac tAt ca str du thira v~ khong gian con lai trong anh b~ng viec giai rna cac Block dir thira. Vi du nhir str khac bi~t giira cac Block g6c va Block du dean se diroc rna hoa thong qua qua trinh bien d6i, hrong tic hoa va rna hoa Entropy.

3.3. Tieu chuin H.264IMPEG - 4 Part 10

Nhu ta da biet, d~c di~m n6i b~t cua MPEG-4 trong viec rna hoa hinh anh la md ta cac d6i nrong trong anh thanh cac d6i nrong rieng biet d~ rna hoa, Sau d6 cac d6i nrong d6 ducc rna hoa (nrong 1\l nhir trong ky thuat rna hoa MPEG-2), tao dong va truyen di tren mang,

3.3.1. LOp trieu tuong mang NAL (Network Abstaction Layer)

Lap tnru urong mang NAL (Network Abstaction Layer) diroc xac dinh d~ dinh dang dfr li~u va cung cAp thong tin Header trong each thich h9'P cho viec chuyen tro boi cac lap moi tnrong hru tnt. TAt ca dfr lieu diroc chua trong cac kh6i NAL, m6i kh6i chua met s6 nguyen byte. Mt)t kh6i NAL xac dinh dinh dang chung cho vi~c sir dung trong ca h~ thong dinh huang g6i (Packet-oriented) va h~ thong dinh huang dong bit. Dinh dang

Mai Thi Lan Oanh -K46DB-

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cua cac kh6i NAL la dang nhAt cho ca viec phan ph6i dong truyen tai dinh huong g6i va dinh huong dong bit, ngoai tnr r~ng rn6i kh6i NAL trong lap truyen tai dinh hu6ng dong bit c6 th~ c6 rnQt tien t6 rna hoa b~t dAu (start code prefix).

-
C!:l ·1 Video Coding Layer 1
.,="
(I::j
0 Coded Macroblock
-
0
.ld
~ .ID P .. , . I
0
0 I ',ata_ artrtronmg
-- Coded Slice/Partition
I Network Abstraction Layer I
I H.,320 I MP4FF I H.323/IP II MPEG-2 II etc. I Hinh 15: ciu true ciia bQ rna hoa Video H264

3.3.2. Cae Profile va cac Level

Cac Profile va cac Level xac dinh cac di~rn b~t buoc. Cac di~rn b~t buoc nay ducc thi~t k~ d~ tao thuan tien cho su linh hoat giira cac img dung khac nhau cua tieu chuan H264IMPEG Part 10.

Profile xac dinh t~p cac cong cu rna hoa ho~c cac thu~t tom rna hoa c6 th~ ducc sir dung d~ tao ra cac dong bit wong thich.

Level d~t ra nhimg gioi han cho nhimg thong s6 chu y~u nhAt dinh cua dong bit.

C6 3 Profile trong phien ban thtr nhAt: Baseline, Main, Extended. Baseline Profile thi dircc irng dung cho thai gian thuc nhir cac dich vu dam thoai nhir truyen hinh tuong tac va di~n thoai hinh. Main Profile duoc thi~t k~ cho cac thiet bi hru tm s6 va truyen hinh quang ba, Extended Profile voi muc dich la irng dung cho cac dich vu da phirong ti~n tren mang Internet. Ngoai ra con c6 4 High Profile da duoc dinh nghia trong dQ trung thuc cua vung rna rQng cho cac irng dung nhir: str d6ng g6p nQi dung, str phan ph6i nQi dung, viec dan dung studio va xir It qua trinh gtri thong tin. Cac High Profile d6 la :

High, High 10, High 4:2:2, High 4:4:4. Trong d6:

High Profile: h6 tro cho viec lAy rn~u 8- bit video voi chuan 4:2:0. High 10 Profile: h6 tro cho viec lAy rn~u 10-bit video voi chuan 4:2:0.


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High 4:2:2 Profile: h6 tro cho viec lAy rn~u 10 -bit cho thanh phAn mau voi chuan 4:2:2.

High 4:4:4 Profile duoc h6 tro cho viec lAy rn~u 12-bit cho thanh phAn mau voi chuan 4:4:4.

Cac Profile d~u c6 cac phAn rna hoa chung va cac phAn rna hoa rieng diroc chi trong hinh sau.

-. .... --~-.- . .--.--

Hlnh 16: Cac ph§n rna hoa rieng cua Profile trong H264.

• Cac ph§n chung cho tit ca cac Profile :

Slice I (Slice rna hoa trong anh): Slice da rna hoa b~ng viec sir dung du doan chi ill cac rn~u da rna hoa ben trong cung mot Slice .

Slice P (Predictive-coded Slice ): cac Slice ducc rna hoa b~g vi~c sir dung du doan lien anh ill cac anh tharn chieu da ducc rna hoa truce d6 sir dung hAu h~t cho Vector chuyen dQng va h~ s6 tharn chien d~ du doan cac gia tri rn~u cho rn6i Block.

CAVLC (Context-based Adaptive Variable Lengh Codingj.ma hoa dQ dai bien d6i nrong thich voi tinh huong, cho rna hoa Entropy.

• Baseline Profile (Profile rmrc coo ban):

Thir 1\T Macro-Block linh hoat (Flexible Macro-Block order): cac MacroBlock c6 th~ khong cAn thi~t trong thtr 1\T quet manh, Ban d6 dinh vi cac Macro-Block cho mot nh6rn Slice.


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Tlnr tv Slice bAt ky (Arbitrary Slice order): dia chi Macro-Block cua Macro-Block dAu tien cua rn9t Slice cua rn9t anh c6 th~ nho hon dia chi Macro-Block cua dAu tien cua rn9t vai Slice khac c6 tnroc cua cung anh darnahoa.

Slice du tlnra (Redundant Slice ): Slice nay thuoc v~ dfr lieu da rna hoa du thira thu diroc tit cung hay khac rn9t tY l~ rna hoa, so voi dfr li~u da rna hoa tnroc d6 cua cung rn9t Slice.

• Main Profile(Profile chinh):

B Slice (Bi-directionally predictive-coded Slice ): Slice da rna hoa bfulg vi~c sir dung du doan lien anh tit cac anh tharn chien da rna hoa truce d6, sir dung tai hAu h~t hai Vector chuyen va cac h~ s6 tharn chieu d~ du doan cac gia tri rnfiu cua rung Block.

DV doan c6 trong s6 (weighted prediction): phan chi a cac hoat d9ng bfulg vi~c ap dung met thira s6 trong s6 d~ lAy rnfiu dfr li~u du doan bu chuyen d9ng cua rn6i Block.

CABAC (Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding): rna h6a thuat toan nhi phan tirong thich voi tinh huong, cho rna hoa Entropy.

• Extended Profile (Profile rn« rQng):

Bao gam tAt ca cac phAn cua Baseline Profile: tlnr tv Macro-Block linh hoat, tlnr tv Slice bAt ky, Slice dir thira,

Slice SP: Slice rna hoa d~c bi~t d~ c6 kha nang chuyen d6i giira cac dong video, wong tv nhir viec rna hoa rn9t Slice P.

Slice SI: Slice da chuyen d6i wang tv nhir viec rna hoa rn9t Slice I.

Sir phan chia dfr lieu: dfr li~u da rna hoa diroc d~t trong str phan chia dfr lieu tach rei, rn6i str phan chia c6 th~ diroc d~t trong dan vi lap khac nhau.

Slice B.

DV doan c6 trong s6.


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• High Profile (Profile eao):

Bao gAm tAt ca cac phAn cua Main Profile: Slice B, du doan c6 trong s6, CABAC.

Kich cO' kh6i bien d6i wong thich: bien d6i nguyen kh6i 4 x 4, 8 x 8 cho viec lAy rn~u thanh phan ch6i.

Cac rna tr~ phan chi a hrong ill hoa: su phan chia khac nhau tuy thea cac tAn s6 rieng diroc k~t hQ'P voi cac he s6 bi~n d6i trong qua trinh hrong ill hoa d~ lam t6i uu chAt hrong chu th~.

3.3.3. Kj thu{it mil hoa video

Video dAu vao + J BiSn d6i & Luong l 1 Dong Bit dAu r
I l ti'r hoa j Ma hoa Entropy J
-
Giai luong tu hoa &
BiSn d6i nguoc
+J)
Quyet dinh InterlIntra
Mode
J l
- Bu chuyen AM du doan
d(lng

B(ld~m anh _____, B(l lee tach kh6i

----{ xae dinh

Vector I
chuven donz
• a

Hinh 17: SO'dB rna hoa Video cua H264/MPEG Part 10

Lap rna hoa video cua H264/MPEG Part lOla str k~t hQ'P cua rna hoa khong gian, rna hoa thai gian va rna chuyen vi. Anh diroc tach thanh cac kh6i, anh dAu tien cua day ho~c di~rn troy c~p ng~u nhien thi ducc rna hoa "Intra" - rna hoa trong anh, c6 nghia la khong dung thong tin cua cac anh khac rna chi dung thong tin chua trong anh d6. M6i rn~u cua met kh6i trong met Frame Intra ducc du dean nho dung cac rn~u khong gian ben canh cua cac kh6i da rna hoa tnnrc d6. U6i voi tAt ca cac anh con lai cua day ho~c giira cac di~rn troy c~p ng~u nhien, rna hoa "Inter" ducc sir dung, dung du dean bu


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chuyen dQng ill cac anh diroc rna hoa tnnrc do.Qua trinh rna hoa cho du doan lien anh (bu chuyen dQng) gam viec hra chon dii' lieu chuyen dQng, cac anh tham chieu va str dich chuyen khong gian dircc irng dung cho tAt ca viec lAy m~u cua khoi,

BQ rna hoa co th~ hra chon gifra rna hoa Intra va Inter cho mien hinh dang kh6i cua m6i anh, Ma hoa Intra co th~ chi ra di~m truy c~p cua chu6i duoc rna hoa, tai do viec giai rna co th~ b~t dAu va ti~p TI,lC mQt each chinh xac, Ma hoa Intra sir dung cac mode du dean khong gian rieng re d~ lam giam dQ du thira khong gian trong tin hieu g6c cua m6i anh don. Ma hoa Inter (du doan met chieu hay nhieu chieu) thi viec sir dung du doan lien anh hi~u qua hon cho m6i block cua gia tri lAy m~u ill mot vai anh ducc giai rna truce do.

Ma hoa Inter sir dung cac Vector chuyen dQng cho cac block co s6 du doan lien anh (Inter prediction) d~ lam giam su dir thira thai gian gitra cac anh (picture) khac nhau. Vi~c du dean ducc thu ducc ill tin hi~u da 19C tach kh6i cua cac anh ducc thi~t l~p lai truce do.

BQ 19C tach kh6i lam giam su nhi~u kh6i tai cac dirong bien cua block. Cac vector chuyen dQng va cac mode du doan trong anh (intra prediction) co th~ (theo ly thuyet) lam bien d6i kich thuoc block trong anh, Su du dean thang du ducc nen t6t han b~ng vi~c sir dung met phep bien d6i d~ loai bo su nrong quan theo khong gian trong mot block truce khi ducc hrong ill hoa,

CU6i cung, Vector chuyen dQng hay cac mode du doan lien anh ducc lien k~t voi thong tin cua h~ s6 bi~n d6i hrong tic hoa va duoc rna hoa sir dung rna Entropy nlnr rna hoa chieu dai bi~n d6i thich irng theo tinh huong CA VLC (context-adaptive variable length code) hay rna hoa theo s6 h9C nhi phan thich img theo tinh huong CABAC (context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding).

3.3.3.2. Cac anh va bu ehuy@n dQng dung trong H264IMPEG Part 10 1. Chia iinh thimh cac Macro-Block.

M6i anh video, Frame hoac Field ducc chi a thanh cac Macro-Block co kich thuoc c6 dinh bao tnim mot dien tich anh hinh chir nh~t gam 16 x 16 m~u cho thanh phan choitluma) va 8 x 8 m~u cho mot trong hai thanh phAn mautchroma). TAt ca cac m~u Macro-Block cua thanh phAn choi hoac cua thanh phan mau ducc du doan theo khong gian hoac thai gian va k~t qua sai s6 du doan ducc truyen di b~ng viec sir dung rna hoa bi~n d6i. Do do, m6i thanh phAn mau cua sai s6 du do an (prediction residual) duoc chi a


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nho thanh cac kh6i. M6i kh6i duoc bi~n d6i nho dung rnQt phep bi~n d6i nguyen, va cac h~ s6 bi~n d6i diroc hrong ill hoa va diroc bi~n d6i sir dung phuong phap rna hoa Entropy.

Cac Macro-Block duoc t6 clnrc thanh cac Slice, bi~u di~n cac t~p con cua anh da cho va c6 th~ dircc giai rna dQc l~p. Tlnr tu truyen cua cac Macro-Block trong dong bit phu thuoc vao "Ban d6 dinh vi Macro-Block "- Macro-Block Allocation Map- va khong nhAt thiet phai thea tlnr tu quet,

H264/MPEG Part 10 h6 tro 5 dang rna h6a Slice khac nhau. Dan gian nhAt la Slice I, trong d6 tAt ca Macro-Block ducc rna hoa khong c6 su tharn chieu toi cac anh khac trong day video. Ti~p thea la hai dang Slice P va Slice B c6 su tharn chien toi cac anh khac; voi Slice P thi chi tharn chieu toi cac anh truce d6; con Slice B thi tharn chien toi ca anh truce va anh sau n6. Hai dang khac rna moi xuAt hi en 6 H264IMPEG Part 10 d6 la SI (Switching I) va SP (Switching P) ducc dung d~ cho chuyen mach hi~u qua gitra cac dong bit ducc rna hoa 6 cac t6c dQ bit khac nhau.

D~ cung cAp cac phuong phap che giAu hieu qua trong cac kenh c6 xu huang bi 16i voi cac irng dung dQ tr~ thAp, H264IMPEG Part 10 h6 tro met d~c di~rn goi la thtr n.r Macro-Block linh hoat FMO (Flexible Macro-Block Ordering). FMO dinh ra mot gian d6 An dinh cac Macro-Block trong anh vao mot ho~c vai nh6rn Slice. M6i nh6rn Slice ducc truyen rieng biet, N~u met nh6rn Slice nao bi mAt, cac rn~u trong cac Macro-Block ben canh v~ rn~t khong gian, thuoc v~ cac nh6rn Slice ducc thu dung, c6 th~ ducc sir dung cho che giAu hieu qua 16i. Cac gian d6 ducc phep trai rong ill cac gian d6 hinh chir nh~t toi cac gian d6 phan tan thea cac quy t~c khac nhau.

2. DU'iloan trong anh Intra- Frame.

Cac tieu chuan tnrcc d6 da chAp nhan Macro-Block rna hoa trong anh, rna hoa bbg chinh n6 rna khong c6 du doan thai gian. Macro-Block rna hoa trong anh xay ra trong cac mang (slice) hay cac Macro-Block khong chAp nhan su hieu chinh thai gian cua viec du doan bu chuyen dQng. v~ ban chAt, Macro-Block rna hoa trong anh dua ra rnQt s6 hrong 16n cac bit dircc rna hoa, H.264 sir dung phirong phap du doan cac MacroBlock rna hoa trong anh d~ giam rnQt hrong Ian cac bit diroc rna hoa b~ng chinh ban than tin hi~u g6c dua vao, D~ rna hoa rnQt block hay rnQt Macro-Block trong mode rna hoa trong anh, rnQt block ducc dinh dang co sc tren cac block diroc khoi phuc tnnrc d6 (nhimg khong qua bQ IQc). Tin hieu dir thira giira cac block hien tai va du doan cu6i cling diroc rna hoa, D~ lAy rn~u tin hieu ch6i, Block du doan c6 th~ duoc dinh dang la: cho rn6i


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Block nho (Subblock) la 4 x 4, m6i Block la 8 x 8, hay m6i Macro-Block la 16 x 16. Trong tnreng hQ'P diroc hra chon ill 9 mode, cho cac Block luma (kh6i tin hieu ch6i) la 4 x 4 va 8 x 8; 4 mode cho m9t Block luma 16 x 16; va 4 mode cho m6i Block chroma (kh6i tin hieu mau),

Be

mode 0 mode 5 mode 4

mode 7

Hinh 18: Cae mode trong MPEG-4

Hinh 18 chi ra m9t Block luma 4 x 4 diroc du doan, D~ du doan cac m~u [a,b, ... , p] cho Block hien tai, cac m~u khoi phuc lai 6 phi a tren va ben trai truce d6 [A,B, ... ,M] ducc dung theo dinh huang cac mode. Cac mfii ten trong hinh 18 chi dinh huang du dean cua m6i mode. V6i mode 0 (vertical-theo chieu doc) va mode 1 (horizontal-theo chieu doc), cac m~u du doan ducc dinh dang bfulg phep ngoai suy ill cac m~u cao [A,B,C,D] va tit cac m~u ben trai [I, J, K, L], tach biet nhau. V6i mode 2 (DC- mot chien), tAt ca cac m~u du doan ducc dinh dang bfulg each lAy trung binh cua cac m~u phia tren va ben trai [A, B, C, D, I, J, K, L].V6i mode 3 (dirong cheo xuong phia trai), mode 4 (duong cheo xuong phi a phai), mode 5 (theo chien doc phia phai), mode 6 (theo chieu ngang xuong), mode 7 (theo chien doc phia trai) va mode 8 (theo chien ngang len), cac m~u du doan ducc dinh dang ill trong s6 trung binh cua cac m~u du doan ill A-M. Vi du.cac m~u a va d ducc du doan IAn hrot b~ng each tinh lam tron (1/4 + M/2 + A/4) va (B/4 + C/2 + D/4) trong mode 4, va b~ng (1/2 + J/2) va (J/4 + Kl2 + L/4) trong mode 8. B9 rna hoa c6 th~ lua chon mode du doan cho m6i Block d~ s6 du giira cac Block ducc rna hoa va du doan la nho nhAt.

D~ du doan cho m6i Block luma 8 x 8, mot mode ducc hra chon ill 9 mode, nrong t1,l nhir vi~c du doan kh6i trong anh 4 x 4. D~ du doan cho tAt ca thanh phan d9 ch6i luma 16 x 16 cua m9t Macro-Block, thi ta phai dung 4 mode. V6i mode 0 (theo chieu doc), mode 1 (theo chieu ngang), mode 2 (DC), viec du doan thi tuong tu nhir trong cac tnrong hQ'P cua Block luma 4 x 4. V6i mode 4 (m~t phang-Plane), m9t ham m~t ph~ng tuyen tinh ducc lam khop voi cac m~u phia tren va ben trai, M6i thanh phAn mau cua m9t


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Macro-Block duoc du doan ill cac m~u thanh phAn mau 6 phi a tren va/hay d~n ben trai rna vira duoc rna hoa hay khoi phuc lai tnroc do. Vi~c du doan thanh phAn mau diroc dinh nghia cho 3 kich cO' Block co th~ la: thanh phAn mau 8 x 8 dinh dang 4:2:0, thanh phAn mau 8 x 16 trong dinh dang 4:2:2 va thanh phAn mau 16 x 16 trong dinh dang 4:4:4. V oi 4 mode du doan cho tAt ca cac tnrong hop thi rAt gi6ng voi mode du doan thanh phAn choi 16 x 16, ngoai tnr cac mode co thir tu sau la khac: mode 0, mode 1, mode 2 va mode 3.

3. Bu chuvln ilong trong cae Slice P (Prediction Inter Frame)

Ngoai cac dang rna hoa Macro-Block Intra, cac dang rna hoa bit chuyen dQng ho~c d\l doan khac ducc xac dinh cho cac Macro-Block Slice P. Du doan lien anh ducc lam giam voi su nrong quan theo thai gian voi su tro giup cua vi~c xac dinh Vector chuyen dQng (Motion Estimation) va bit chuyen dQng (compensation).

* Chia Macro-Block thanh cae Block: Trong H.264, anh hien tai co th~ ducc phan chia thanh cac Macro-Block hay cac Block nho hon. MQt Macro-Block cua cac m~u thanh phan mau 16 x 16 co th~ chia nho hon thanh cac Block kich cO' ill 4 x 4. V6i Macro-Block mode 16 x 16, co 4 tnrong hop la: 16 x 16, 16 x 8, 8 x 16, hay 8 x 8, ngoai ra cfing co 4 tnrong hop cho mode 8 x 8 la : 8 x 8, 8 x 4, 4 x 8, hay 4 x 4 . MQt Block kich cO' nho hon yeu cAu mot s6 hrong bit Ian d~ truyen Vector chuyen dQng va dft li~u them vao cua vi~c phan chia, tuy nhien dft li~u dir bit chuyen dQng co th~ ducc giam, Do do, vi~c Iva chon kich cO' phan chia phu thuoc vao cac d~c di~m video dAu vao, Su phan chia Macro-Block thanh cac Block ducc minh hoa trong hinh sau:

16x'16

Mn

typ,es L

8x8

3.x,a [J

o

'types,

'16::.::8. 8x16

8x4 4)(8

EBtD

8x8

ill ~

Hinh 19: Ph an chia Macro-Block cho bu chuy@n dQng Tren: Phan chi a cac Macro-Block.

Duoi: Phan chia cac phan 8 x 8.


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* Cae gia tri duo doan eho thanh phlin eh6i (Luma) va thanh ph lin mau (Chroma):

Tin hieu du doan cho m6i kh6i luma m x n da rna hoa du doan thu duoc b~ng viec dc3i ch6 dien tich cua anh tham chieu wang irng, n6 duoc xac dinh boi Vector chuyen d9ng bi~n dc3i va chi s6 anh tham chieu, Nhu vay, n~u Macro-Block diroc rna hoa khi dung dang Sub-Macro-Block (Macro-Block phu) Inter 4 x 4, nhieu nhAt 16 Vector chuyen d9ng c6 th~ diroc truyen di cho m9t Macro-Block P Slice. D9 chinh xac bu chuyen d9ng b~ng 114 khoang each m~u. Trong tnrong hQ'P Vector chuyen d9ng nham tnmg vi tri cua met m~u nguyen ven (lnteger- Sample), cac tin hieu du doan la cac m~u wang img cua anh tham chien; n~u khac di, chung ducc n9i suy a cac vi tri cua m~u con (Sub-Sample). Trong thanh phAn tin hieu ch6i, cac m~u phAn ill anh phu tai vi tri m9t phAn hai phAn ill anh duoc phat dAu tien va duoc n9i suy ill cac m~u phAn ill anh nguyen ben canh sir dung mot b9 IQc FIR 6 dAu ra voi cac trong s6 (1, -5, 20, 20, -5, 1)/32. Doi khi tAt ca cac m~u mot phan hai phan ill anh la s~n c6, voi m6i m~u met phAn nr phAn ill anh dircc sinh ra khi sir dung phep n9i suy tuyen tinh hai chieu gifra cac m~u met phan hai hay ca phan ill anh ben canh (lAy trung binh a cac vi tri nguyen m~u va mra m~u).

V6i thanh phAn tin hi~u mau (Chroma): Vi~c lAy m~u nguon Video dinh dang 4:2:0, 1/8 cac m~u phAn ill anh ducc dung trong cac thanh phan mau (wang irng voi 114 cac m~u phAn ill anh trong thanh phan mau), Cac m~u nay ducc n9i suy hai chi~u(n9i suy tuyen tinh) gifta cac m~u nguyen phan ill anh mau,

* Bu ehuy~n dong: H264/MPEG Part 10 cho phep cac Vector chuyen d9ng khong han che, nrc la chung c6 th~ nham ra ngoai mien anh, Trong tnrong hQ'P nay cac Frame tham chieu ducc rna r9ng ra ngoai bien anh b~g vi~c l~p lai cac Pixel bien tnnrc khi n9i suy. Cac thanh phAn Vector chuyen d9ng ducc rna hoa vi sai khi dung ho~c la gia tri trung binh (median) ho~c la du doan dinh huang ill cac kh6i xung quanh. Khong c6 du doan thanh phan Vector chuyen d9ng a cac bien cua Slice.

H264/MPEG Part 10 h6 tro du doan bu chuyen d9ng da anh (Multi-Picture). Di~u nay c6 nghia la c6 nhieu han m9t anh diroc rna hoa truce d6 c6 th~ diroc sir dung d~ tham chieu cho du doan bu chuyen d9ng. Hinh sau minh hoa khai niem nay


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D41 HOC CONG NGH$


Fo u r p:r lor-d eroded IP kt u res as ref,elrenc:e

Current picture

Hlnh 20: BiJ. chuy@n dQng nhi@u Frame - ngoai Vector chuy@n dQng, cac tham sa tham chi@u anh (A) cling dU'Q'c truy@n die

Ca b9 rna hoa va b9 giai rna phai hru tm cac anh tharn chieu duoc sir dung cho du dean anh Inter trong b9 nho dern da anh (Multi-Picture). B9 giai rna sao hru lai b9 nho d~rn da anh cua b9 rna hoa, thea dang nho d~rn anh tharn chieu va cac hoat d9ng di~u khien quan ly b9 nho bAt ky diroc xac dinh trong dong bit. Tnr khi kich thiroc b9 nho d~rn da anh ducc d~t cho rn6i anh, chi s6 rna anh tharn chieu duoc dinh vi 6 d6 ben trong b9 nho d~rn da anh thi phai ducc ky hieu, Tharn s6 chi s6 tharn chieu cho rn6i kh6i luma btl chuyen d9ng 16 x 16, 16 x 8,8 x 16 hoac 8 x 8.

Ngoai cac mode btl chuyen d9ng ducc rna ta 6 tren, Macro-Block P- Slice cling c6 th~ ducc rna hoa trong mode goi la SKIP. D6i voi mode nay, ca tin hieu l6i du doan hrong til' h6a lfin Vector chuyen d9ng ho~c tharn s6 chi s6 tharn chien d~u khong ducc truyen di. Cac tin hi~u thiet l~p lai thi thu dircc wong tl,l nhir each voi tin hi~u du doan cua Macro-Block Inter 16 x 16, nrc la tharn chieu toi anh d~t 6 vi tri c6 chi s6 0 trong b9 nho d~rn da anh, Nhin chung Vector chuyen d9ng ducc sir dung cho vi~c thi~t l~p lai Macro-Block SKIP la d6ng nhAt voi b9 du doan Vector chuyen d9ng cho kh6i 16 x 16. N~u cac di~u kien d~c biet ducc duy tri, Vector chuyen dong Zero ducc sir dung thay cho

n6.

4. Bu chuvln ilong trong cae Slice B fBi-Direction Prediction Inter Frame)

DV doan hai chieu rAt c6 hieu qua d~ giam su nrong quan thea thai gian b~ng vi~c sir dung cac anh tharn chieu, Cac chuan nen hien nay voi cac anh B sir dung mode du


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D41 HOC CONG NGH$


dean hai chieu, nrc la chi cho phep k~t hQ'P cac tin hieu du doan tnnrc do voi cac tin hieu d\l doan sau. MQt tin hieu du doan diroc nhan ill rnQt anh trong anh (Inter Picture) ti~p sau, hay ill rnQt anh du doan tnroc, hoac ill tin hieu trung binh tuyen tinh cua hai tin hieu d\l doan bu chuyen dQng.

B

B

B

B

ted B'j-Prellicti,on

Hinh 21: Anh nQi suy B (dl}' dmin hai chi@u)

So voi cac tieu chuan truce do, H264IMPEG Part 10 da t6ng quat khai niem Slice B va khong nhimg chi h6 tro met c~p du doan thea huong forwardlbackward (tien/lui) rna con ca hai c~p thea huong forward/forward (ti~n/ti~n) va backwardlbackward (lui/lui). Tharn chieu ti~n hai buoc (two forward) co th~ co IQ'i cho du dean bu chuyen dQng cua rnQt vung vita thay d6i canh tnnrc do, va tharn chieu lui hai bircc rna canh vira thay d6i sau do. Cac Slice da rna hoa du doan hai chieu co th~ cling duoc sir dung d~ tharn chieu cho vi~c rna hoa trong anh cua cac anh khac, Nhir v~y, cac anh khac co th~ tharn chieu cac anh B cho du doan chuyen dQng, phu thuoc vao hoat dQng di~u khien quan It bQ nho cua vi~c nho dem da anh, Do do, su khac nhau co ban gifta Slice B va Slice PIa: cac Slice B duoc rna hoa thea each trong do rnQt s6 Macro-Block hoac Block co th~ dung trung binh trong s6 cua hai gia tri du doan bu chuyen dQng rieng biet cho viec hinh thanh cac tin hieu du doan, Nhin chung cac Slice B dung hai bQ nho d~rn anh tharn chieu khac nhau goi la bQ nho d~rn anh tharn chieu tlnr nhAt va tlnr hai tuong img, Cac anh nao diroc x~p d~t dung vi tri thuc t~ trong rn6i bQ nho d~rn anh tharn chieu thi diroc dua ra di~u khien bQ nho d~rn anh,


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* Cac mode dU' doan trong Slice Block: Trong cac Slice B, co 4 dang du doan anh Inter khac nhau diroc h6 tro: du doan List 0, List 1, hai huang (bi-predictivejva true tiBp (direct). Trong do, du doan List 0 hi~n thi r~ng tin hieu du doan diroc tao thanh nho dung btl chuyen dQng ill anh cua bQ nho d~m tham chieu dAu tien, thi anh cua bQ nho d~m anh tham chieu tlnr hai ducc sir dung cho viec xay dung tin hieu du doan nBu du dean List 1 ducc sir dung,

H264/MPEG Part 10 gioi thieu mode true tiBp (direct-mode), no khong yeu cAu thong tin kern thea (ben canh), nhung nhan anh tham chieu, kich cO- kh6i, dft li~u Vector chuyen dQng ill anh Inter tiBp theo. Dir doan trong s6 ducc lam tang them do su chuyen tiBp dAn dAn ill canh (scene) no sang canh kia.

Trong mode du doan hai huang, tin hieu du doan ducc tao thanh boi trung binh trong s6 cua tin hieu du doan btl chuyen dong List 0 va List 1. Du doan co trong s6 se ducc ta d~ c~p dBn sau day.

* DU' doan co trong sA (weighted Prediction)

TAt ca cac chuan nen dang co hien nay d~u coi cac anh tham chieu co trong s6 bang nhau, vi du nhir tin hieu du doan thu duoc b~ng each lAy trung binh cac tin hieu tham chieu co trong s6 b~ng nhau. Nhimg str biBn d6i dAn dAn ill canh nay sang canh khac thi cAn cac trong s6 khac nhau.

Sir bien d6i dAn dAn la rAt ph6 biBn trong cac chuyen dQng, chuyen canh ill rna dAn sang den (fade to black) (fade to black: cac m~u thanh phAn choi cua canh dAn dAn xAp xi zero, cac m~u thanh phan mau dAn dAn xAp xi 128), mot canh chuyen d6i sang rna dAn ill den (fade from black).

H264/MPEG Part 10 sir dung phirong phap du doan co trong s6 cho met MacroBlock cua Slice P hay Slice B. MQt tin hieu du doan la p cho Slice B ducc thu ducc b~g cac trong s6 khac nhau ill hai tin hieu tham chien la r1 va r2, ta co:

P=wl xrl +w2xr2

Trong do wI va w2 la cac trong s6. No dircc xac dinh khac nhau thea hai loai An (Implicit) va hien (explicit) trong bQ rna hoa, Truong hQ'P hien, cac thira s6 ducc truyen trong phAn dAu cua Slice (header Slice ). Trong tnrong hQ'P An, cac tlnra s6 ducc tinh toan dua tren co sa khoang each thai gian gitra cac anh, Trong s6 nho hon ducc ap dung nBu khoang each thai gian giira anh tham chieu va anh hien tai la gAn ; con trong s6 Ian han cho khoang each thai gian dai,


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* Vit~c phan chia cae Macro-Block: Cac Slice B dung str chi a nho Macro-Block wong ur nhir voi cac Slice P. Tire la voi Macro-Block 16 x 16 co th~ phan chia thanh cac ph§n voi kich tlnroc nhir: 16 x 16, 16 x 8, 8 x 16 va 8 x 8; con voi kh6i co kich thiroc 8 x 8 thi co th~ chi a thanh cac phAn voi kich thuoc nhir: 8 x 8, 8 x 4, 4 x 8 va 4 x 4. Ngoai ra voi cac mode du doan khac nhau (nhir du doan tnrc ti~p hay du doan hai chieu) co th~ dung cac kich thircc anh khac nhau .. N~u khong co tin hieu du doan diroc truyen di cho mode Macro-Block true ti~p, no se diroc dung d~n mode SKIP Slice Block va co th~ ducc rna hoa rAt hi~u qua, wong tu nhir voi mode SKIP trong cac Slice P.

Cac Vector bu chuyen dQng ding wong tu nhu d6i voi Slice P voi nhimg bien d6i thich hop vi cac kh6i ben canh co th~ ducc rna hoa khi dung mode du dean khac nhau.

5. Cae ming SP va SL

Trong cac tieu chuan truce do, vi~c chuyen d6i hom toan giira cac dong bit (bitstream) thi co th~ chi trong mot anh I. Vi~c khoi phuc lai cac anh I tai cac khoang thai gian c6 dinh cho phep truy c~p ngfiu nhien hay hien thi lai nhanh. Tuy nhien, m~t han ch~ cua anh I la no yeu cAu s6 hrong bit Ion, vi v~y cac anh I khong khai thac ducc S\l dir thira v~ m~t thai gian. H.264 gioi thieu cac mang chuyen d6i la SP (Switching P) va SI (Switching I) d~ chuyen d6i gitra cac dong bit ducc rna hoa 6 cac t6c dQ bit khac nhau. Cac tin hieu du doan Inter cua cac dong bit cho mot Frame SP ducc chon ducc hrong ill hoa trong mien bien d6i, sau do ducc dua vao dai bien dQ tho han d~ cho phep rna hoa t6c dQ bit thAp tin hi~u khac nhau gitra cac dong bit. Cac Frame SI ducc xac dinh d~ thuc hien su thich nghi hoan thien cho cac Frame SP trong tnrong hop rna du doan Inter khong th~ duoc sir dung do cac l6i truyen dfin.

Trong hinh 22 chi ra mot vi du v~ each sir dung cac anh SP chuyen d6i gitra cac dong bit khac nhau nhir th~ nao, Chung ta thira nhan r~ng co 2 dong bit la P(l,k) va P(2,3) wong irng voi cung mot chu6i bit ducc rna hoa tai cac t6c dQ bit khac nhau. Trong khoang thai gian m6i dong bit ducc rna hoa, cac anh SP ducc d~t tai cac vi tri chuyen d6i ill met dong bit d~n dong bit khac se ducc cho phep,

Trong tnrong hop chuyen d6i ill dong bit P(1,3) 6 tren d~n P(2,3), mQt anh SP la S(3) cho phep dua ra anh P(2,3) da giai rna b~ng viec sir dung P(1,2) trong dong bit khac, tham chi la bao gam cac bu chuyen dQng.

Mang SI duoc sir dung wong tu nlnr mang SP, nhimg du dean duoc dinh dang bang viec sir dung cac mode du doan trong anh 4 x 4 ill cac mfiu da giai rna tnroc do cua anh da ducc khoi phuc lai.


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1P(1 :i} F=====o~'''''1 P,(1)) 1--31' .... 1 P(1 ,3)

Hinh 22: chuy@n d6i sfr dy.ng anh SP 3.3.3.3. Xac dinh Vector chuy@n dQng (Motion Estimation)

Trong khi thuc hi~n DCT va IUQ1lg ill h6a phuc vu cho nen khong gian ben ngoai cua met Frame, xac dinh vetor chuyen dQng ducc sir dung d~ nen S\T dir thira v~ thai gian, vi du nhir trong mien thai gian qua hai Frame lien tiep,

D~ lam mQt canh tieu bi~u, ill mQt phim truyen vi du ill 25 - 30 frame lien ti~p diroc hi~n thi trong m6i giay b~ng tivi hay may chieu phim. Tuy nhien, khong may la trong met vai giay bAt ky, mQt chu6i cac hinh anh hru lai giong nhau.Phong n~n c6 th~ khong thay d6i tAt ca, cac d~c tinh con lai cling urong 1\T va vi v~y cac Frame lien ti~p rAt giong nhau.

Vi~c xac dinh vetor chuyen dQng thuc hien phep phan tich gitra hai frame lien ti~p va xac dinh nhimg mien cua hinh anh c6 thay d6i hay chuyen dQng gifra cac anh, Trong nhieu tnrong hop mQt mien hru lai chinh xac vi n6 da a trong cac anh du doan vi th~ n6 du d~ cho ill rna hoa d~n giai rna d~ hien thi mien nay khi n6 da a trong anh du doan, N~u mien di chuyen thea mQt huang xac dinh, thuat toan xac dinh vetor chuyen dQng di~u khien qua trinh giai rna d~ sir dung cac manh (piece) cua hinh anh nhir trong anh du doan, nhimg d~ di chuyen n6 mQt IUQ1lg nhAt dinh trong mQt huang da diroc xac dinh, Tren thuc t~ di~u nay ducc hoan thanh b~ng vi~c giri vetor chuyen dQng trong dong bit MPEG -4. Vetor nay se chi d~n d~ giai rna trong viec chon cac phful thich hop cua cac anh giai rna tnnrc d6 ducc sir dung trong su thiet l~p lai cua met dong khung hinh. N6 duoc lam sach vi th~ 15' l~ nen rAt cao. Tren thuc t~, met vai loai nQi dung c6 th~ ducc nen voi pham vi Ian d~n toi thieu cac hanh dQng trong hinh anh, MQt vi du la "loi rna


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dAu" cua nQi dung , nhir la mQt nguoi phat thanh vien, cai d6 tao ra mQt dong MPEG -4 nen rAt chat,

B6 c6 th~ la mQt di~u mong doi, viec xac dinh vector chuyen dQng la mQt ham uoc hrong rAt cao. Vi~c tim kiem qua mQt hinh anh cho tAt ca cac v~t c6 th~ (cac vung) thi c6 th~ thay d6i bAt ky vi tri se cAn d~n nhieu str tinh toan.Tuy nhien chi c6 1115 d~n 1130 giay d~ lam di~u nay tnroc khi khung ti~p theo d~n d~ xu ly,

B~ hi~u t6t hon cac each khac nhau cua viec thuc hien xac dinh vector chuyen dQng, hay quan sat ky thao tac ban tay. V~ co ban, viec xacdinh vector chuyen dQng cAn chia hinh anh thanh cac kh6i nho hon va lAy m6i kh6i tai cac thai gian va vi tri khac nhau tren phia tren cung cua anh truce d6 d~ xac dinh n~u d6 la cai khop nhau. Vi~c so khop c6 th~ ducc lam bfulg vi~c tinh tom su khac nhau gitra m6i di~m anh (pixel) trong kh6i anh va vi~c so khop vi tri trong cac anh truce d6.

Nhu v~y, mot con s6 (gia tri SAD "Summation of Absolute Difference" = t6ng su khac nhau tuyet d6i) thu ducc cai d6 bieu thi "how well- t6t nhu th~ nao" d6 la kh6i rieng biet thich hQ'P voi vi tri nao d6 trong anh truce d6. N~u gia tri SAD la khong (zero) nghia la m6i di~m anh (pixel) la chinh xac trong cung mot vi tri nhu trong anh truce d6, cho nen vi tri moi cho kh6i d6 tim ducc, N~u khong met vi tri nao la khop hoan tom, thi thuat tom c6 hai hra chon :

BAu tien : n6 k~t luan rfulg tAt ca su khac nhau la qua Ian nghia la mot cau hoi d~t ra la met thuc th~ moi khong t6n tai trong anh truce d6 hay n6 di chuyen qua xa so voi vi tri truce hay vi tri sau d6.

Trong tnrong hQ'P thir hai, gia tri SAD nho khac khong (nonezero) n6 chAp nhan su thoa man nhAt tuy nhien su thoa man d6 khong hoan toano

Trong tieu chuan MPEG -4, voi m6i 16 x 16 di~m anh trong mot kh6i thi ducc thoa man cho tAt ca cac vi tri trong mot vung tim kiem, pham vi d6 xa bao nhieu ill vi tri g6c met kh6i (block) c6 th~ di chuyen gitra hai khung (frame). Bi~n hinh vung tim kiem la +/- 16 di~m anh, Khi d6, voi m6i vi tri tim kiem la 256(=16 x 16) di~m anh cua moi block thi ducc so sanh voi anh tnroc d6. Voi dinh dang Clf dQ phan giai la (352 x 288) tai 30 anh (frame) tren mQt giay (frame/s) cho dong video, con s6 so sanh nhir sau:

M6i Macro-Block c6: 16 x 16 = 256 pixel;

M6i Macro-BLock diroc thoa man trong m6i vi tri tim kiem la: 16 x 16 =256; M6i khung hinh (frame) bao g6m 396 block;


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30 khung hinh diroc xu It trong m6i giay,

Nhir v~y, t6ng str khac nhau (ca c9ng va tnr) trong m9t giay k~t qua la:

256 x 256 x 396 x 30 = 778.567.680.

Vi du b9 xu It da nang co kha nang thuc hien ca viec cong va tnr trong m9t chu ky d6ng h6, b9 xu It co th~ cAn chay voi tAn s6 la 779 MHz d~ thuc hien xac dinh vector chuyen d9ng. Co hai giai phap tieu bi~u nlnr sau:

1. Nh€; nhang han la dung thuat toan t6i iru nhat,

2. Co su tro giup cua phan cirng la xac dinh vector chuyen d9ng.

3.3.3.4. Nen video

1. Nin theo mi~n thOi gian.

Nhirng du thira v~ m~t thai gian la nhimg hinh anh gi6ng nhau l~p di l~p lai ill khung nay sang khung khac, vi du nlnr khung n~n khong chuyen d9ng cua m9t chuang trinh d6i thoai tren truyen hinh. Vi v~y, d~ giam bat d9 du thira nay ta phai ti~n hanh nen thea mien thai gian.

Khi b9 rna hoa dang hoat d9ng 6 ch~ d9 "gifra khoi", kh6i nay se phai qua cong doan hi~u chinh chuyen d9ng. Qua trinh nay se phat hien ra bAt ky chuyen d9ng nao di~n ra giira kh6i do va mot kh6i nrong img 6 mot ho~c han met anh tham chien da ducc hru trfr ill tnnrc, sau do tao ra kh6i "chenh lech" hoac "16i". thao tac nay lam giam bat dfr li~u trong m6i Block m9t each hieu qua do chi phai bieu di~n chuyen d9ng cua no rna thoi, Ti~p d~n la cong doan bien d6i Cosine rei rae DCT d~ b~t dAu nen thea mien khong gian. Khi b9 rna hoa hoat d9ng 6 ch~ d9 "trong khoi", kh6i nay se bo qua cong doan hieu chinh chuyen dong va toi th~ng cong doan DCT.

2. Nin theo mi~n khonggian.

Du thira v~ m~t khong gian la cac kh6i co chua cac di~m anh nrong tu nhau ho~c gi6ng h~t nhau. Trong nhieu tnrong hQ'P cac di~m anh thuong khong thay d6i nhieu, Nhir v~y co nghia la tAn s6 thay d6i gia tri di~m anh trong kh6i nay la rAt thAp. Nhimg kh6i nhu th~ ducc goi la kh6i co tAn s6 khong gian thAp. B9 l~p rna IQ'i dung d~c di~m nay b~g each chuyen d6i cac gia tri di~m anh cua kh6i thanh cac thong tin tAn s6 trong cong doan bi~n d6i Cosine roi rae,


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* BiAn ilai Cosine rili rae (DCT)

Bi~n d6i Cosine la rnQt ham rna lam bi~n d6i dfr li~u hinh anh diroc th~ hien trong h~ toa dQ X-Y sang mien tAn s6. Cong doan DCT bien d6i cac gia tri di~rn anh cua kh6i thanh rnQt mang lucri gam cac h~ s6 ngang doc d~t trong khong gian tAn s6. Khi kh6i ban dAu c6 tAn s6 khong gian thAp, DCT se t~p hop nang hrong tAn s6 vao g6c tAn s6 thAp cua mang lucri. Nho v~y, nhfmg h~ s6 tAn s6 thAp 6 g6c d6 se c6 gia tri cao han. MQt s6 hrong Ian cac h~ s6 khac con lai tren mang lucri d~u la cac h~ s6 c6 tAn s6 cao, nang hrong thAp va c6 gia tri thAp. Tai day, h~ s6 DC va mot vai h~ s6 tAn s6 thAp se ham chua phAn Ian thong tin ducc md ta trong kh6i ban dAu. C6 nghia la bQ l~p giai rna c6 th~ loai bo phAn Ian h~ s6 tAn s6 cao con lai rna khong lam giam chAt hrong hinh anh cua khoi, BQ l~p rna chuan bi cac h~ s6 cho cong doan nay b~ng each quet cheo mang lucri thea dirong zig-zag, b~t dAu ill h~ s6 DC va qua vi tri cua h~ s6 ngang doc tang dAn. Do v~y n6 tao ra ducc met chu6i h~ s6 ducc s~p x~p thea tAn s6.

Uu di~rn dQc dao han cua H264/MPEG Part lu la 6 ch6 n6 sir dung bien d6i khong gian nguyen(gAn giong voi DCT) d6i voi cac kh6i 4 x 4 di~rn anh, Ta xet bien d6i nguyen cho cAu true 4 x 4 nhir sau:

+ Cho h~ s6 DCT cua kh6i dfr li~u dAu vao 4 x 4 la F, cong thirc chinh xac ducc cho la :

X=HFHT

(1)

Trong d6 rna tr~ H la

HT la rna tr~ chuyen vi cua rna tr~ H.

Cac gia tri a,b, c la :

Tuy nhien d~ cho dan gian ta c6 th~ cho gia tric =0.5 va d~ dam bao tinh true giao thi cac gia tri cua a, b diroc hra chon nhu sau:


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Do phep nhan trong qua trinh bien d6i ducc tranh do phai k~t hop voi qua trinh hrong ill hoa, vi vay phuong trinh (I) diroc vi~t thanh :

- -'l'

X=HFH ®SF

Trong do:

+ Ma tr~n H diroc cho la :
1. '1 1. ]
2 1. -1 -2
H'=
1. -1 -] ]
1. J' 2 -1
,..; + Ma tr~n SF la
~ ab/2 ) 0.012
(I~ a:
abl2 b1./4 ab!2 /:/-/4
SF= ~
ab/2 ) (1,012
, (I" a-'
I abl2 /)2/4 ab!2 lr! 14 Ky hieu ® bieu di~n phep nhan tich true ti~p phful ill voi phan ill (the element by element multiplication) cua rna tr~ wong img.

So sanh voi MPEG-2, thi ta thAy trong rung Slice se co 1 kh6i dAu tien chua gia tri h~ s6 DC va cac kh6i ti~p thea se co nhimg gia tri se co nhimg gia tri khac nhau, nhirng kh6i nay ducc gan them gia tri du doan kh6i, tao thanh chu6i dong khoi, Con voi MPEG- 4 co th~ du doan xa hon. Chi cAn m9t kh6i cfing co th~ du doan toan b9 hang tren cung cua h~ s6 hoac co th~ du doan toan b9 C9t ben trai cua h~ s6 ill I kh6i dAu tien,

* LU'lfng tir hoa

Qua trinh hrong ill hoa Ia qua trinh bien d6i co mAt thong tin, lam giam bot s6 hrong bit cAn thi~t d~ bi~u di~n cac h~ s6. Dua tren met h~ s6 ty I~ xich (co th~ di~u chinh boi b9 rna hoa), b9 hrong ill hoa se can d6i tAt ca cac gia tri h~ s6. Do phAn Ian cac h~ s6 di ra ill DCT d~u mang nang hrong cao nlnmg gia tri thAp nen b9 hrong ill hoa b~t dAu b~ng m9t s6 gia tri cao 6' dAu chu6i, thea sau la m9t hang dai cac h~ s6 da diroc


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hrong ill hoa v~ o. BQ l~p rna Entropy c6 th~ theo d5i s6lugng cac gia tri 0 lien ti~p trong rnQt chu6i rna khong cAn rna hoa chung, nho v~t giam b61: diroc kh6i hrong dfr lieu trong rn6i chu6i. D~ hrong ill h6a cac h~ s6 bi~n d6i, H264/MPEG Part 10 dung phirong phap hrong ill h6a vo huang. Cac bQ hrong ill hoa duoc hra chon cho rn6i Macro-Block la dua vao cac tharn s6 hrong ill hoa QP (Quantization Parameter). Cac bQ hrong ill hoa diroc s~p x~p sao cho c6 str tang khoang 12.5% trong kich thuoc buoc hrong ill hoa khi QP tang met dan vi. Nhin chung cac h~ s6 bi~n d6i diroc hrong ill hoa cua kh6i diroc quet zig-zag va ducc truyen di nho dung phirong phap rna hoa Entropy.

* Mii hoa Entropy

Ma hoa Entropy trong cac tieu chuan truce d6 nhu MPEG -1,2,4, H.26l, va H.263 thi co ban la tren cac bang c6 dinh rna hoa bien d6i theo chieu dai (VLC). Cac tieu chuan d6 xac dinh cac bQ rna hoa ill la co ban tren su phan b6 xac suAt cua cac video chung thay cho rna Huffman chinh xac d~n cac chu6i video. Tuy nhien H.264 sir dung cac VLC d~ rna khop voi mot bieu tuong ducc rna hoa co ban tren cac d~c tnmg cua ngfr canh, TAt ca cac phAn ill cu phap, ngoai tnr cac dfr li~u dir thira, ducc rna hoa bfulg rna ExpGolomb. D~ rna doc ducc cac dfr li~u du thira (cac h~ s6 bien d6i da hrong ill hoa) thi ta sir dung phirong phap quet Zig-Zag (xen ke nhau) hay quet IAn hrot (khong xen ke hay phan tnrong), D~ rna hoa dfr li~u dir thira, mot phirong phap plnrc tap han goi la CAVLC(rna hoa chieu dai bien d6i tuong thich theo tinh huong) ducc phat trien, Ngoai ra, CABAC (rna hoa thuat toan nhi phan tuong thich theo tinh huong) ducc phat trien trong Mail Profile va High Profile, CABAC c6 kha nang rna hoa t6t han nlnmg dQ plnrc tap cao han so voi CA VLC.

+ Mil hoa chi@u did bi@n d6i tuong thich theo tinh huAng - Context-based Adaptive Variable Length Coding (CA VLC)

Sau khi bien d6i va hrong ill hoa, xac suAt cac h~ s6 la zero hay +/-1 la rAt Ian.

CA VLC xu ly cac h~ s6 zero va +/-1 theo each khac nhau voi cac mire cua cac h~ s6. T6ng s6 cac s6 zero va +/-1 ducc rna hoa, Cac h~ s6 khac cac mire cua chung ducc rna hoa,

+ Mil hoa thu,t toan nh] phan tU'O'Dg thich theo tinh huAng - Context -based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC)

CABAC dung thuat toan d~ rna hoa, d~ dat diroc hieu qua nen t6t han, me hinh c6 kha nang cho rn6i phAn ill bieu urong diroc c~p nh~t nhir trong hinh 28. Qua trinh xu ly rna hoa CABAC bao gam 3 bucc co ban sau day:


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Cap nhat uae hrong xac suAt
t I
_[ Mo hinh hoa tinh ~ Nhi phan hoa ] Uae luong xac H Phuong tiin mii -----
l hu6ng suAt hoa r-
BQ rna hoa thuat toan nhi phan
tuong thieh Hinh 23: SO'd6 kh6i eiia CABAC

- Buoc 1: Nhi phan hoa; rnQt bi~u urong gia tri cua no khong phai hi nhi phan (nhir rnQt h~ s6 bi~n d6i hay Vector chuyen dQng) hi ban dB duy nhAt d~ chu6i nhi phan truce do dircc rna hoa thuat toan, Qua trinh xir It nay thi gi6ng nlnr viec xir It cua viec bi~n d6i rnQt bi~u tuong dfr lieu thanh rna hoa chieu dai bi~n d6i, nhung rna nhi phan duoc rna hoa t6t hon b~g bQ rna hoa thuat toan tnnrc do d~ truyen,

- Buoc 2: pham vi lam me hinh: rnQt pham vi mo hinh thi co kha nang cho rnQt hay nhieu phAn tic cua bieu tuong da nhi phan, MQt mo hinh co kha nang ducc hra chon nhir d~ viec hra chon str nrong irng co th~ phu thuoc vao cac phAn tic cu phap da rna hoa tnroc do.

- Buoc 3: thuat tom rna hoa nhi phan.Mot bQ rna hoa thuat toan rna hoa rn6i phan ill theo md hinh co kha nang Iva chon cling voi mot viec c~p nhet md hinh ti~p sau.

3.3.3.5. BQ If}e tach kh6i

MQt d~c trung rieng cua rna hoa dua tren co so kh6i la co th~ nhin thay cac cAu true kh6i. Cac mep cua kh6i dircc cAu true lai voi dQ chinh xac kern han cac phAn ill anh (pixel) ben trong va nhin chung dang kh6i (blocking) diroc xern la rnQt trong nhitng nhi~u "artifact" d~ nhin thAy nhAt voi cac phirong phap nen hien tai, Do nguyen nhan nay rna H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 sir dung bQ IQc tach kh6i (Deblocking Filter) d~ lam giam hi~n urong tach kh6i, ngan chan viec truyen cua tap am rna hoa diroc tich luy, Tai bQ IQc nay, cuong dQ IQc ducc di~u khien boi gia tri cua nhieu phAn tic cAu true,

Cac chuan nen tnnrc do da khong sir dung bQ IQc tach kh6i boi vi viec b6 sung rAt plnrc tap, rn~t khac viec chi a cac nhi~u kh6i co th~ ducc lam giam b~g vi~c sir dung MC chinh xac met mra phan tic anh, MQt mra phan ill anh thu ducc b~g each IQc tuyen tinh (bilinear filteringjcua cac phan ill anh nguyen ven ben canh da phat huy vai tro lam "nh~" cua rna hoa tap am trong mien phAn tic anh nguyen ven,


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H.264 sir dung bl) loc tach kh6i d~ viec thuc hien viec rna hoa cao hon m~c du viec thuc hien rAt plnrc tap, Viec loc ducc ap dung cho cac mep cua cac Block 4 x 4 trong met Macro-Block. Qua trinh di~u khien bo loc tach kh6i thanh phAn ch6i duoc thuc hien tren 4 canh cua m~u 16 x 16 (16-sample) va qua trinh xu ly bo loc tach kh6i cho m6i thanh phAn mau dircc thuc hien tren 2 canh cua m~u 8 x 8.

Bl) loc tach kh6i duoc ap dung wong thich voi ml)t vai rmrcflevel) sau:

- Mire mang (Slice Level): M~t manh cua cua viec loc toan bl) c6 th~ diroc di~u chinh toi cac d~c di~m rieng cua chu6i video.

- Mire canh cua kh6i (Block - edge Level ): m~t manh cua viec loc la phu thuoc vao vi~c quyet dinh du doan Inter/Intra, cac chuyen dong khac nhau, va viec hien thi cua cac du thira rna hoa trong 2 Block tham gia. f)~c biet vi~c loc manh ducc ap dung cho cac Macro-Block voi cac d~c di~m rAt phang d~ loai bo "sir nghieng nhan tao (tilting artifacts)".

- Mire lAy m~u (Sample Level): cac gia tri m~u va cac di~m b~t dAu phu thuoc vao bl) hrong tir h6a c6 th~ dung viec loc cho m6i m~u rieng biet,

Tinh kh6i bi giam rna khong anh huang nhieu d~n dl) s~c net cua nl)i dung, k~t qua la da cai thien ducc dang k~ chAt hrong cua hinh anh,

Hinh 24: Tac dy.ng ciia bq If}C tach kh6i d6i v6i anh dU'Vc nen nhi@u Tral: khfmg co bq If}C tach kh6i; Phai: co bq If}C tach kh6i


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3.3.4. Kj thuQ,t giiii ma video

,

Dong Bit dau vao

Gi' '1 t' h '& rr. Video dau ra

Giai rna Entropy r----+ Bal,.ugnd;(~ 1X oa L 1--------,---+1 BQ 1QC tach kh6i I--r-----+

len 01 ngugc

+

Lua chon InterlIntra Mode

BQd~rn anh

BuchuyBn dQng

IDnh 25: SO'd6 giii rna Video H264/MPEG -4 Part 10 3.3.4.1. BiI chuy@n dQng

Bu chuyen d9ng thuc hien viec thiet l~p lai cac khung hinh (frame) tren co sO' cac Vector da nhan duoc, dfr lieu khung hinh delta da nhan (dfr lieu khac nhau gifra hai khung hinh lien ti~p) va hinh anh da rna hoa tnroc d6. Vi v~y, n~u dfr lieu delta duoc nhan, thi dong khung hinh diroc thi~t l~p lai bang viec cong dfr li~u khung hinh delta voi dfr li~u ill khung hinh da ducc giai rna tnnrc d6 trong vi tri rieng da duoc chi d~n bang Vector chuyen d9ng da nhan duoc,

3.3.4.2. Khoi phuc 16i (Error Resiliency)

M9t nhiem vu quan trong nhAt cua b9 giai rna la lam thich hop va khoi phuc lai ill cac 16i chao ch~ xay ra, d~c bi~t la khi k~t n6i qua cac lien k~t d~ xay ra 16i nlnr mang khong day. L6i dan h6i bao g6m ba loai ky thuat khac nhau diroc sir dung khi m9t 16i diroc phat hien, Vi~c phat hien 16i c6 th~ xay ra trong 3 tnrong hop sau:

Trong tnrong hop c6 m9t 16i, 16i d6 thuc str duoc phat hien; Trong tnrong hop c6 m9t 16i, 16i d6 khong duoc phat hien; Trong tnrong hop khong c6 16i, b9 giai rna bi~t la khong c6 16i;

N~u 16i diroc phat hien, h~ th6ng b9 giai rna 16i dan h6i c6 g~ng che giAu 16i. Cac d~c tnrng cua 16i dan h6i c6 th~ duoc b6 sung trong h~ th6ng MPEG -4 b~ng viec sir


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dung tieu chuan thiet l~p cac cong cu diroc cung cAp b~ng tieu chuan MPEG -4 d~ phat hien 16i. Cho mQt h~ th6ng MPEG -4 tuong thich, co kha nang cung lam viec voi h~ thong MPEG -4 khac, no phai tuan thea bQ cong cu chuan hoa phat hien 16i. Tuy nhien, plnrong phap rna cac bQ cong cu diroc b6 sung lam tang noi cung cAp bQ Codec, thea each do, no co th~ lam cho t6t hon hoac xAu hon khi thi~t l~p cac thuat toan trong h~ thong urong thich hoan toan voi tieu chuan MPEG -4.

1. Dang bo lai (Resvnchronisation)

BQ cong cu D6ng bQ lai c6 g~ng d~ co th~ d6ng bQ lai gifta bQ giai rna va dong bit sau khi met 16i hay met loat 16i ducc phat hien, Nhin chung, dft li~u gifta di~m d6ng bQ truce bi 16i va di~m dAu tien noi rna su d6ng bQ da ducc thiet l~p lai, thi ducc loai bo. N~u nhir phuong phap d6ng bQ lai co anh huang d~n vi~c xac dinh s6 hrong dft li~u da bi loai bo boi bQ giai rna, khi do kha nang cua cac loai cong cu khac nhau d~ khoi phuc dft li~u hay d~ che giAu cac anh huang cua 16i thi phai ducc nang cAp rAt nhieu,

2. Khoi phuc du lieu (Data Recovery)

Sau khi d6ng bQ vira ducc thi~t l~p lai, cac cong cu khoi phuc dfr li~u c6 g~g khoi phuc lai dfr li~u thuong bi mAt. Cac cong cu do khong chi don gian la rna hoa dung cac 16i, rna ky thuat doi hoi cao hon la rna hoa dft li~u cho met loai 16i dan h6i. Vi du, met bQ cong cu rieng vira ducc xac nhan b~g nhom Video (Video Group) la rna hoa chieu dai bien d6i ngiroc RVLC (Reversible Variable Length Codes). Trong phirong phap nay, cac ill rna hoa chieu dai bien d6i ducc thiet k~ d~ doc ca huang ti~n ding nhir huang lui.

Hinh 26 minh hoa cho vi du tren sir dung mQt RVLC duoc chi ra trong hinh diroi day. Nhin chung, trong met tinh huong nhu v~y, noi rna mot su tang vot cua cac 16i lam sai lac met phAn cua dfr lieu, tAt ca dft li~u gifta hai di~m d6ng bQ co th~ bi mAt. Tuy nhien, dircc chi ra trong hinh 26, met RVLC lam cho met vai dfr li~u ducc khoi phuc, Chu y d~n cac thong s6 QP va HEC trong hinh sau th~ hien cac tnrong danh rieng (Field Reserved) trong phAn dAu header goi video cho thong s6 hrong tic hoa va rna hoa rna rQng header, thea tlnr tu dinh s~n.


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Resync M8 QP HEC IFORWARD ERRORS I8ACKWAIRiD RESYNC
MmkBr Addl~ss M:ARKEiR.
IDIEGO:OE IDECODrE Hinb 26: Vi dy. v@ Mil boa cbi@u dii bi@n d6i ngU'Q'c

3.3.5 So sanh hi?u qua mil hoa cua H264IMPEG Part 10 vOi cac tieu chuan trudc do

Qua qua trinh tim hieu ky thuat rna hoa cua H264IMPEG Part 10 va cua MPEG-2, ta thAy mQt s6 iru di~m cua H264/MPEG Part 10 so voi MPEG-2 la:

• Du doan h~ s6 AC/DC rna 6 do cac h~ s6 Macro-Block diroc du doan ill cac h~ s6 trong cac Macro-Block ben canh va ill met s6 dfr li~u trong ban than Macro-Block . Vi~c giai rna Macro-Block phai thay d6i khac voi thuat toan dong bit don gian truce do d~ dua vao mot s6 tinh toan cho m6i h~ s6.

• Cac cong cu toan hoc moi nhu CA VLC va CABAC cho su cai thien dang k~ trong rna hoa Entropy.

• Trong khi bu chuyen dQng trong MPEG-2 Part 2 ducc han ch~ d~n nQi suy hai chieu Yz pixel thi H264IMPEG Part 10 cho phep cac Vector chuyen dQng chinh xac d~n Y4 pixel va sau do dung nQi suy nhieu chi~u(Bi-cubic). NQi suy nhieu chieu tao ra str thich hQ'P han cho Macro-Block, do v~y giam nang hrong ducc hru trong anh 16i, lam giam s6 bit cAn phai rna hoa, Tuy nhien nQi suy nhieu chieu doi hoi nhieu thuat toan han, str plnrc tap thuc hien bu chuyen dQng cao han.

• Vi~c dung bQ IQc tach kh6i 6 ca hai phi a bQ rna hoa va bQ giai rna lam giam str khong lien tuc 6 cac bien cua kh6i do cac h~ s6 chAt hrong khac nhau diroc sir dung cho cac kh6i canh nhau gay ra. Di~u nay lam giam nhi~u kh6i thirong thAy trong rna hoa MPEG-2 t6c dQ bit thAp vi no n~m trong vong bu chuyen dQng, bQ rna hoa va bQ giai rna v~n con trong str dang bQ. Cong cu nay co anh huang d~n tinh plnrc tap cua bQ rna hoa va bQ giai rna vi s6 bien kh6i va ciing vi thuc t~ la bQ IQc tach kh6i cling khong th~ duoc thuc hien nhir mQt module rieng biet,


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• Kich thuoc kh6i thay d6i ill 16 x 16 xuong con 4 x 4. Khi kich thircc kh6i giam cung cAp d9lgi rna hoa rna khong co S\l tang dang k~ tinh plnrc tap,

• Cac Header tuong d6i Ian trong MPEG-2(trong Sequence, Picture, Slice ) d~ bi~u diBn rn9t OverHead c6 dinh trong dong dfr lieu. OverHead nay la khong dang k~ trong t6c d9 6 Mb/s nhimg 6 t6c d9 vai tram Kb/s thi chung dB nhan thAy. Vi v~y H264IMPEG Part 10 thuc hien cac Header hi~u qua hon.

Qua qua trinh thuc nghiem da cho rfulg S\T ti~t kiem t6c d9 bit trung binh cua H264IMPEG Part 10 so voi MPEG-2 la khoang 65%. Nhir v~y hieu qua cua nen H264IMPEG Part 10 tang len dang k~.

Hieu qua nen tang cua H264IMPEG Part 1 0 tao ra cac pham vi irng dung va cac co h9i kinh doanh moi


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KStlu~

KETLUAN

.

Khoa luan "Cac chuan nen va irng dung truyen Video tren mang Internet" da dat diroc mQt s6 k~t qua sau:

Neu len diroc th~ nao la truyen hinh tren mang Internet va each thirc truy c~p d~ xem duoc cac chuang trinh truyen hinh.

Tim hieu diroc nguyen t~c chung trong viec nen tin hieu video cua nhom MPEG la nen trong anh va nen lien anh k~t hop voi du doan bu chuyen dQng- dAy la str khac bi~t so voi cac chuan nen JPEG, M-JPEG ... truce do. Va trong t~p hop cac chuan nen MPEG, m6i chuan nen khac nhau co mQt nhiem vu khac nhau duoc d~t ra.

V oi MPEG-l nhiem vu la rna hoa am thanh va hinh anh d~ hru trfr trong cac thiet bi hru trfr nhu: CD-ROM, rna quang ... sir dung dinh dang trung gian cho nguon tin hieu la SIF d~ phu hop voi m6i h~ thong quet truyen hinh khac nhau hien nay.

MPEG -2 k~ thira tAt ca cac tieu chuan cua MPEG -1 va muc dich nham h6 tro cho viec truyen Video s6, MPEG -2 chia anh thanh cac Macro-Block va sir dung plnrong phap nen trong anh voi anh I va nen lien anh k~t hop du doan bu chuyen dQng voi cac anh P va anh B. Ty s6 nen cua MPEG -2 t6t han nhieu so voi MPEG -1.

MPEG -4 voi nhiem vu la nham phat trien cac chuan xir ly, rna hoa va hien thi anh dQng, audio va cac t6 hop cua chung, MPEG -4 khac so voi MPEG -2 la trong mot khung hinh thi no khong rna hoa toan bQ khung hinh rna no mieu ta rung d6i nrong rieng re va sau do moi rna hoa rung d6i nrong do. MPEG -4 chia cac Macro-Block thanh cac Block nho han. Trong khi bu chuyen dQng trong MPEG-2 Part 2 ducc han ch~ d~n nQi suy hai chieu Y2 pixel thi H264IMPEG Part 10 cho phep cac Vector chuyen dQng chinh xac d~n 'l4 pixel va sau do dung nQi suy nhieu chi~u(Bi-cubic). Va con nhieu di~m iru vi~t khac nua, Do do hi~u qua nen cua chuan nen MPEG -4 t6t han so voi MPEG -2.

MPEG -7 la mQt chuan dung d~ mo ta cac nQi dung Multimedia, clnr khong phai la mQt chuan cho nen va rna hoa audio/anh dQng nhir MPEG-l, MPEG-2 hay MPEG-4. MPEG- 7 sir dung ngon ngfr danh dAu rna rQng XML(Extansible Markup Language) d~ hru tm cac sieu dfr li~u Metadata, dinh kern timecode d~ g~n the cho cac str kien, hay d6ng bQ cac dfr lieu,

V oi nhieu tinh Uti viet nhir tren, mQt huong d~t ra la: li~u MPEG -4 co th~ sir dung cho viec hru tm nlnr MPEG -1 hay dung trong cong nghe truyen hinh s6 nlnr MPEG -2. Tlnrc t~ cho thAy, ngoai cac irng dung tren moi tnrong mang noi chung va truyen hinh tuong tac noi rieng - theo APB(04/2004)- cac Dai Truyen hinh Nhat Ban nlnr NHK, TBS, NTV TV Asahi va TV Tokyo da chinh thirc chAp nhan dira chuan


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KStlu~

H264IMPEG Part 10 cho phat s6ng s6 rn~t dAt, cho thu di dt)ng, day cling la mot kha nang trong nhimg kha nang con ti~rn An trong chuan rna hoa va trinh di~n video cua H264IMPEG Part 10. Do v~y, d~ tai nay c6 th~ nghien ciru buoc ti~p thea la nghien ciru irng dung H264IMPEG Part 10 cho truyen hinh s6 va cho thu di dt)ng hay c6 th~ cai tao chAt hrong truyen hinh Internet d~ dat dircc chAt hrong hinh anh t6t nhir truyen hinh s6 hien nay.


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TAl LIEU THAM KHAo

.

[1] Dinh Quoc TuAn - D~ tai nghien ciru khoa h9C cAp nghanh "Truyen hinh tren mang Internet va giai phdp cung cap chuang trinh VTV qua mang Internet ", Trung tam tin h9C va Do hrong - DTHVN, Ha N9i -7/2004.

[2] D6 Hoang Ti~n, Vii Dire Ly - Truyen hinh sa, Nha xuAt ban Khoa H9C va Ky Thuat, Ha N 9i - 2001.

[3] Ngo Thai Tri - Truyen hinh sa, Ha N9i - 2002.

[4] Nguyen Minh Hang - Chuyen d~ "Chutin nen MPEG -4 va khd nang tmg dung trong truyen hinh ", Trung tam Tin h9C va Do hrong - DTHVN,Ha N9i-1I2001.

[5] N9i san Khoa h9C Ky thu~t Truyen hinh - cac sa trong cac nam ill 2001-2005.

[6] H264 & IPTV Over DSL - White Paper On H264/MPEG-4 -2004, http://www.envivio.com.

[7] Hantro Products Oy, Oulu, Finland" MPEG4 Codec Overview" 1 ISO/IEC JTClISC29/WGII N4030 March 2001- http://www.hantro.com

[8] Jose M. Martinez (UAM-GTI, ES) ,"MPEG-7 Overview"- ISO/IEC JTClISC29/WG I1N5525 Pattaya, March 2003 - http://www.mp7c.org/

[9] Ralf Schafer, Thomas Wiegand and Heiko Schwarz - "The emerging H2641AVC Standard =: EBU TECHNICAL REVIEW - January 2003

[10] Soon-kak Kwon, A. Tamhankar, K.R. Rao - "Overview of H.264 I MPEG-4 Part 10" http://www.mpeg.org.

[11] Thomas Wiegand, Gary J. Sullivan, Gisle Bjontegaard, and Ajay Luthra "Overview of the H264 I AVC Video Coding Standard" - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY, JULY 2003.

[12] http://www.vtc.com.vn., http://www.vdconline.com

D41 HOC CONG NGH$


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