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TRUYỀN THÔNG SỐ

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

30 tiết, 2 tín chỉ

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Mục tiêu:
• Học phần này, tiếp theo học phần Các hệ thống truyền
thông, có mục tiêu cung cấp cơ sở cho các học phần
Truyền thông không dây, Truyền thông di động.

Đánh giá kết quả học tập:


• Bài tập ở nhà nộp cho giảng viên: 30% tổng điểm

• Thi hết môn học: 70%

Tài liệu tham khảo:


– Bài giảng (Dựa trên bài giảng của Uppsala University và cuốn 1)
– 1. Digital Communications Fundamentals and Applications, Bernard
Sklar
– 2. “Digital Communications”, Jonh G. Proakis, McGraw-Hill, 2001
– Internet
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What is Digital Communication?
• Digital Communication is any message passed
through digital devices
• Digital Communication can be easy and quick to
use
• E.g. of digital communication are:
– E-mailing
- Computers
– Texting
- Cell Phones

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A basic digital communication
system
Transmitter
Data Source Source Encoder Channel Encoder Modulator

Bit Error Rate (BER) / Symbol Error Rate (SER) channel

Receiver

Data Sink Source Decoder Channel Decoder Demodulator

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Nội dung môn học
Contents of the course
1. Source coding / Mã hóa nguồn
2. Channel coding / Mã hóa kênh
3. Modulation (Baseband and passband
signaling) / Điều biến

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Week 1:
• Need to know before studying a DCS
– Classification of signals
– Random process
– Autocorrelation
– Power and energy spectral densities
– Noise in communication systems
– Signal transmission through linear systems
– Bandwidth of signal

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Key blocks:
• Formatting: transforms the source information into bits.

• Modulation: the process by which message symbols or channel


symbols are converted to waveforms that are compatible with the
requirements imposed by the transmission channel.

• Pulse modulation: transform each symbol from a binary


representation to a baseband waveform.

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Key blocks:
• Bandpass modulation:
basepand waveform gi(t) is frequency translated by a carrier wave to
a frequency that is much larger than gi(t), called bandpass waveform
si(t), i = 1, … , M. (M-ary pulse waveform types).

• Source coding: converts A/D (for analog souces) and removes


redundant information  formatting transformation (for digizing).

• Channel coding, for a given data rate, can deduce the probability of
error, PE, at the expense of transmission BW or decoder complexity.

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Classification of signals
• Deterministic and random signals
– Deterministic signals: whose values are completely
specified for any given time. Thus, a deterministic signal
can be modeled by a known function of time.
• E.g. x(t) = 5.cos10t

– Random signals: also called non deterministic signals are


those signals that take random values at any given time
and must be characterized statistically .
• E.g. Noise in electronic circuits

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Deterministic signals Random signal

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Classification of signals …
• Periodic and non-periodic signals

A periodic signal A non-periodic signal

• Analog and discrete signals

A discrete signal

Analog signals 12
Classification of signals ..
• Energy and power signals: as ways to measure a signal.

– A signal is an energy signal (tín hiệu năng lượng) if, and only if, it has
nonzero but finite energy for all time:

– A signal is a power signal (tín hiệu công suất) if, and only if, it has finite
but nonzero power for all time:

– General rule: Periodic and random signals are power signals. Signals that are
both deterministic and non-periodic are energy signals.

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The energy of this signal is the shaded region

A simple, common signal with infinite energy

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Bài tập
Phân loại tín hiệu: energy signals hay power signals

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Autocorrelation
• Correlation = a matching process.
• Autocorrelation = matching of a signal with a delayed version of itself
• Autocorrelation function of a real-valued energy signal x(t):

• The autocorrelation function provides a measure of how closely the


signal matches a copy of itself as the copy is shifted  units in time.

• Autocorrelation of a power signal

– For a periodic signal:

• Autocorrelation of a random signal

– For a WSS process:


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Remind: Cross-correlation
• The cross-correlation function describes the
general dependency of x(t) with another
random process y(t+), delayed by a time delay,

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Random process
1. The collection of random signals is called a random process.
2. Each signal in this collection is referred to a realization or sample
function of the process.

Random
variables
Real number

Sample functions
or realizations
(deterministic
function)
time (t)

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Random process …
• Wide sense stationary (WSS): If the mean and autocorrelation function do not
change with a shift in the origin time.

• Ergodic process: A random process is ergodic in mean and autocorrelation, if

and

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Spectral density
• Energy signals:

– Energy spectral density (ESD):

• Power signals: T0
1 2
x(t) dt  n -  cn


2
Px  T0
2

T0 -
2

– Power spectral density (PSD):

• Random process:
– Power spectral density (PSD):

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Fig. Autocorrelation and
Power Spectral Density

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Bài tập
Tìm Ex hay Px tương ứng

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Noise in communication systems
 Thermal noise is described by a zero-mean Gaussian random process, n(t).
 Its PSD is flat, hence, it is called white noise.
[w/Hz]

Power spectral density of white noise

Probability density function


Autocorrelation function of white noise

 Thermal noise is present in all comm. systems  The thermal noise characteristics
– additive white Gaussian noise AWGN – are most often used to model the noise in
comm. systems. 23
Signal transmission through linear systems
• Input - output relationships :
Input x(t) Output y(t)
Linear system

Relation between spectral density of output and spectral density of


input :
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Sy (f)  A . H(f) .Sx (f)

|H(f)|2 is a transfer function, frequency response function

Sx(f) A.|H(f)|2 Sy(f)

frequency, f

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• Ideal filters:

Non-causal!
Low-pass

Band-pass High-pass

• Realizable filters:
RC filters Butterworth filter

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Bandwidth
• Recall: In Fourier Analysis, signals cannot be
limited both time and frequency(band)
• For real-world (time-limited) signals this
means BW can be difficult to define

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Baseband and Bandpass
• Baseband X(f)

fm

• Bandpass
Xc(f)

fc

2fm Double sided bandwidth

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Bandwidth of signal
• Baseband vs. bandpass:

Baseband Bandpass
signal signal
Local oscillator

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Bandwidth of signal …
• Different definition of bandwidth:
(a) Half-power bandwidth (d) Fractional power containment bandwidth
(b) Noise equivalent bandwidth (e) Bounded power spectral density
(c) Null-to-null bandwidth (f) Absolute bandwidth

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) 50dB 29
• Half-power BW: Gx(f) drop to half-power or -3 dB
• Noise equivalent BW: Wn = Px/Gx(fc); Px is total signal power
over all freq.
• Null-to-null BW: the most popular measure of BW for
digital communications is the width of the main spectral
lobe, where most of the power is contained.
• Fractional power containment BW: the band leaves 0.5% of
the signal power above the upper band limit and 0.5% of
the signal power below the lower band limit.
• Bounded power spectral density: the band leaves a certain
stated level. Typical attenuation levels = 35 or 50 dB.
• Absolute bandwidth = infinite.
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Conclusion

• Important features of digital communication


systems
• Some basic concepts and definitions as
signal classification, spectral density,
random process, linear systems and signal
bandwidth.

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