(Vnmath - Com) Huong Dan Thuc Hien Chuan Ki Thuc - Ki Nang Mon Toan Lop 10

BO GIAo .
Due .
vA DAo
TAO .
NGUYEN THE THACH (CHU BIEN) NGUYEN HAl CHAu ~ QUACH Ttl CHudNG - NGUYEN TRUNG HIEU DoAN THE PHI$T - PHAM D(fC QUANG - NGUYEN THJ QUY SUtJ
-HUaNG DAN THUC HIEN ~ K ,.,."..,._ CHUAN KIEN THUC, KI NANG MONTOAN LOP 10
NHA XUAT BAN GIAo DVC VI~T NAM
LOI GIOI TIII~U

Ngay 5 thang 5 narn 2006, B9 trL1ang 8(> Giao due va Dao t90 oa ki Ouyet olnh so 16/2006/0£)-BGD8T pho thong. Chuonq trinh Giao due pho thong la ket qua cua su oieu chlnh, hoan thien, to chirc 19i CaGchucnq trinh oa OL1<;1c hanh, lam can ban h9C tren pharn vi CEtruroc. Chironq trinh Giao due pho thong la mot ke hoach - Muc tieu qiao due ; - Pharn vi va cau true n9i dung qiao due ; - Chuan kien thirc, ki nang va y~u cau ve thai 0(>cua tllng man h9C, cap h9C ; - Phuonq phap va hinh thirc
SL(
kJnang cho cac man h9C, lop h9C cua cac cap Ti~u h9C, Trung h9C co sa va Trung hoc pho thong. B9 tal ii$u nay 0L19Cbien 509n theo hL10ngchi tiet, tL1dng minh cac yeu cau co ban, toi thi~u ve kien thtrc, ki nang cua Chuan kien thuc, ki nang bang cac n¢i dung chon 19Ctrong sach giao khoa, t90 oieu ki$n thuan 19ihen rura cho qiao 'lien danh gia.
ve viec ban hanh Chtronq trinh Giao due
cu cho viec
quan If,
chi 090, to entre day h9C va ki~m tra, danh gia a tat ca cac cap h9C, tnfdng pharn gam:
va hoc sinh trong qua trlnh 9i3ng day, h9C tap va ki~m tra,
Cau true chung cua be? tai li~u gam hal phan chlnh :
PhBn thtJ nhat : Gioi thieu chung ve Chuan kien thirc, ki' nang cua Chuonq trlnh Giao due pho thong; Phan tho hoi : HL10ngdan truro hien Chuan kien thuc, ki nang cua tl1ng man h9C trong Chircnq trlnh Giao due pho thong. B9 tal li$u : Huring dan thl,lt hi~n Chuan kien gop
t6
chirc qiao due ;
trus: kJnang cac man h9C
- Danh gia 'ket qua qiao due tl1ng man h9C a moi lop, cap h9C. Trong Chuonq trinh Giao due pho thong, Chuan kien thuc, kTnang duoc th§ hien, cu th~ hoa a cac chu oe cua chucnq trinh man h9C, theo tllng lop h9C ; dong thdi cOng 0L19cth~ hien a phan cuoi cua chucnq trinh moi cap h9C. Co th~ noi : f)i~m moi cua Chironq trinh Giao due pho thong Ian nay ta dua Chuan kien thtrc, kTnang vao thanh phan cua ChL1dng trinh Giao due pho thong, darn bao viec chi 090 day h9C, ki~m tra, danh gia theo Chuan kien thirc, ki nang, t90 nen su thong nhat trong tranq qua tai trang giang day, h9C tap ; qiarn thi~u day them, h9C them. Nhln chung, a cac trL1dng pho thong hien nay, bL10c oau oa van dunq 0L19CChuan kien thirc, kTnang trong giang day, h9C tap, ki~m tra, danh gia ; song V8 tong th~, van chua dap Ctng0L19Cyeu cau cua ooi moi qiao due pho thong; can phai 0L19C tiep tuc quan tam, chu tronq hen rnra. Nharn gop phan khac phuc han che nay, B9 Giao due va Dao t90 to chirc bien soan, xuat ban b9 tai li$u Huring dan thl,lt hi~n Chuan kien thUt,
a Trung h9C co sa va Trung h9C pho thong co sl/ tham gia bien soan, tham dinh,
y cua
nhieu nha khoa h9C, nha SL1 pharn, cac can b9 nqhien cuu va chi 090
chuyen man, cac qiao vien day gioi a ola prnronq. Hi vonq rang, HLf6ng dan thl,lt hi~n Chuan kien thUt, kJ nang se la b9 tai li$u hO'uich ooi voi can bo quan Ii qiao due, qiao vien va h9C sinh trong ca rurcc. Cac sa Giao due va Dao t90 chi 090 tri~n khai Stl dunq b9 tal li$u va t90 Oi8U kien o~ cac co so qiao due, cac qiao vien va h9C sinh thirc hien tot yeu C3U ooi moi phL1dng phap day h9C, ooi rnoi ki~m tra, danh gia, gop phan tich eire, quan tronq vao viec nang cao chat 1L19n9 qiao due trung h9C. Lan oau tien 0L19Cxuat ban, bo tal li$u nay kho tranh khol nhO'ng thieu sot, han che. B9 Giao due va Dao t90 rat mong nhan 0L19CnhO'ng tiep tuc bo sung, hoan thien hen cho Ian xuat ban sau.
.ca nL10c; gop phan khac phuc tlnh
y kien
nhan xet, oong gop cua cac thay co qiao va ban 09C gan xa o~ tal li$u 0L19C
BQ
GIAo Dl)C vA DAo
TAO
PHAN THU NHAT
..\
GIOI THI~U CHUNG VE CHUAN' I<IEN THUC, 10 NANG CllA CHUONG TRINH GlAo DlJC PHO THONG
1- GI61 THII;:U CHUNG
vB CHUAN
1. Chuan la nlumg yeu cau, tieu chi (goi chung la yeu cau) tuan
thu nhiing nguyen tac nhat dinh, duoc dung d~ lam tluroc do danh gia hoat dong, cong viec, san pham cua Iinh virc nao do. D<;1t iroc nhirng d yeu cau cua chuan la dat diroc muc tieu mong muon cua chu the quan
II- CHUAN KIEN THUC, KI NANG CllA CHUONG TRINH GIAo DlJC PHO THONG
Chuan kien tlurc, ki nang va yeu cau ve thai dQ cua Chuong trinh Giao due pho thong (CTGDPT) diroc th~ hien cu th~ trong cac chirong trinh man h9C, hoat dong giao due (goi chung chuong trinh cap h9C. Doi voi moi man h9C, moi cap h9C, muc tieu cua man h9C, cap h9C duoc cu the hoa thanh chuan kien thirc, ki nang cua chuong trinh man hoc, chuong trinh cap h9C. la man h9C) va cac
if hoat dong, cong viec, san pham do.

Yeu cau la sir cu th~ hoachi tiet, urong minh Chuan, chi ra nhirng can cu d~ danh gia chat lirong. Yeu cau co th~ diroc do thong qua chi so thirc hien. Yeu cau diroc xem nlur nhiing "chot kiem soat" d~ danh gia chat lirong dau vao, dau ra ciing nhu qua trinh thuc hien.
1. Chuan kien thirc, ki nang cua Chuang trinh mon hoc la

cac yeu cau CO ban, toi thieu ve kien thirc, ki nang cua man h9C rna h9C sinh can phai va co th~ dat diroc sau moi don vi kien thirc (moi bai, chu de, chu diem, rna dun).
2. Nlurng yeu cau co ban cua chuan

2.1. Chuan phai co tfnh khach quan, nhin chung khong l~ thuoc vao quan diem hay thai do chu quan cua ngiroi su dung Chuan. 2.2. Chu<1nphai co hieu hrc 6n dinh ca ve pham vi
Chuan kien thuc, ki nang ctla mot dun

sinh can phai va co th~ dat diroc,
V! kiln thue
la cac yeu
Ian thoi gian ap dung,
du co ban, toi thieu ve kien thirc, ki nang cua don vi kien thirc rna h9C
2.3. Dam bao tinh kha thi, co nghia la Chuan do co th~ dat diroc (la trinh dQ hay mire dQ dung hoa hop if giira yeu call ph at trien cao hon voi nhirng thuc tien dang dien ra). 2.4. Dam bao tinh cu th~, nrong minh va co chirc nang dinh hrong. 2.5. Dam bao khong mau thuan voi cac chuan khac trong cung linh vue hoac nhirng Iinh vue co lien quan.
a mire
Yeu cdu ve kien thtrc, ki nang th~ hien muc dij can dat ve kiln thuc, ki nang.
M6i yeu cdu ve kien thirc, ki nang co th~ diroc nhirng
ehi tilt hun bang
yeu cdu
ve kien thirc, ki nang cu th~, nrong minh hon ; minh
chirng bang nhlrng vi dLJ th~ hien diroc ca noi dung kien thirc, ki nang va mire dQ can dat ve kien thirc, ki nang.
2. Chuan kien thirc, ki nang cua Chuong trinh dip 119C I~cac
yeu cau co ban, toi thieu ve kien thirc, ki nang cua cac man hoc rna h9C sinh can phai va co thti dat diroc sau tung giai doan h9C tap trong cap h9C. trinh cac cap h9C de cap tci nlnrng yeu cau toi thieu ve kien tlurc, ki nang rna h9C sinh (HS) can va co the dat diroc sau khi hoan thanh chuang trinh giao due cua tirng lap h9C va cap hoc. Cac chuan nay cho thay y nghia quan trong ella viec gan ket, phoi hop giira cac man h9C nham dat duoc muc lieu giao due cua cap h9C. chuang trinh cap h9C th~ hien hinh mau mong doi ve nguoi h9C sau moi cap h9C va can thiet cho cong tac quan If, chi dao, dao tao, boi duong giao vien (GV). 2.3. Chuang trinh cap h9C dil th~ hien chuan kien thtrc, ki nang khong phai d6i voi tirng man hoc rna d6i voi tirng Iinh vue hoc tap, Trong van ban ve chuang trinh cua cac cap hoc, cac chuan kien thirc, ki nang diroc bien soan thea tinh than: a) Cac chuan kien tlnrc, ki nang khong diroc dira VaG cho lung man hoc rieng bier rna cho tung Iinh vue h9C tap nharn th~ hien sir gan ket gitra cac man h9C va hoat' dong giao due trong nhiern vu thirc hien rnuc tieu cua cap hoc, b) Chuan kien thtrc, ki nang va yell cau ve thai dO duoc th~ hien trong chuang trinh cap h9C Ia cac chuan cua cap h9C, IUc I~ nhirng yeu cau cu th~ rna HS can dat duoc cuoi cap hoc, Cach the hien nay tao mot tam nhin ve sir phat trien ella nguoi hoc sau moi cap h9C, d6i chieu voi nhtrng gl rna muc tieu cua cap hoc da de ra.
2.2. Viec th~ hien Chuan kicn thuc, ki nang 2.1. Chuan kien thirc, ki nang
3. Nhiing dac diem cua Chuan kien thirc, ki nang

3.1. Chuan kien thirc, ki nang duoc chi tiet, luang minh bang cac
yell cau cu the, r5 rang ve kien thirc, ki nang.

3.2. Chuan kien thirc, ki nang co tfnh t6i thieu, nham dam bao moi
a chuang
HS can phai va co Ihe dat duoc nhirng yeu cau cu th~ nay, 3.3. Chuan kien thtrc, ki nang la thanh phan cua CTGDPT. Trong CTGDPT, Chuan kien thtrc, ki nang va yeu cau ve thai do doi voi ngiroi h9C diroc the hien, cu the hoa cac chu de cua chuong trinh man h9C thea tung lap va cac Iinh vue h9C tap ; dong thai, Chuan kien thirc, ki nang va yeu cau ve thai d() cung diroc th~ hien ph an cuoi cua chuang trinh moi cap h9C.
a cuoi
Chuan kien thirc, ki nang 13 thanh phan ella CTGDPT. Viec chi dao day hoc, kiern tra, danh gia thea Chuan kien thirc, ki nang sc tao nen sir thong nhat ; lam han che tinh trang day h9C qua tai, dira them nhieu noi dung nang ne, qua cao so voi chuan kien tlurc, ki nang VaG day h9C, kiem tra, danh gia ; gop 'Phan lam giam tieu eire cua day them, h9C them; tao dieu kien CO ban, quan trong d~ co th~ t6 clurc giang day, hoc tap, kiem tra, danh gi;i va thi thea Chuan kien tlnrc. ki nang,
III -
cAc
MU'C DO
VB KIEN
THUC, KI NANG
Cac mire d(> ve kien thiic, ki nang duoc Ih~ hien cu the trong Chuan kien thirc, ki nang cua CTGDPT. thirc : Yeu call HS phai nho, narn virng, hieu r6 de kien tlurc co ban rrong chuang trinh, sach giao khoa, do la nen lang virng vang d~ co th~ phat trien nang lire nhan thtrc cap cao han. kj nang: Bier van dung cac kien thirc da hoc d~ tra loi cau hoi, giai bai tap, lam thirc hanh ; co ki nang tinh roan, ve hinh, dung bicu do, ...
6
Ve kien
Ve
HS die rmrc do, tir don gian den plurc lap ; noi dung bao ham cac mire oc:> khac nhau ella nhan thirc.
Mrrc dQ can dat duoc
Kien thtrc, ki nang phai dira tren
co so phat trien nang hrc, tri tue
chuyen thong tin tir dang nay sang dang khac, bang each giai thich thong tin (giai thich hoac t6m tat) va bang each iroc lirong XLI hirong nrong Jai (du bao cac he qua hoac anh lurong). C6 th~ cu th~ hoa rmrc etc:> thong hieu bang cac yeu cau :
- Dien Ul bang ngon ngu ca nhan de khai niern, dinh li, dinh Iuat, tfnh chat, chuyen d6i diroc tir hinh thirc ngon ngtr nay sang hinh thirc ngon ngiJ khac (vi du : tir loi sang cong thtrc, kf hieu, lieu va ngiroc l<;li).
ve kien
thirc duoc xac dinh thea 6 mire oc:>:
nhan biet, thong hicu, van dung, phan tich, danh gia va sang tao (e6 th~ tham khao them phan loai Nikko gorn 4 mire do : nhan biet, thong hieu, van dung nnrc thap, van dung mire eao).
so
1. Nhan biet : La SV nho lai cac dir lieu, thong tin oil e6 tnroc day ;
nghia la e6 th~ nhan bier thong tin, ghi nho, tai hien thong tin, nhac lai mot loat du lieu, tir cac sir kien dan gian den cac If thuyet plurc tap.
- Bi~u thi, minh hO'.I, giai thich duoc hien urong, dinh nghia, dinh If, dinh luat. quyct lTIC:>t van de nao ct6. - Sap xep lai cac true logic.
nghia cua cac khai niem,
Day la mire do, yeu cau thap nhat cua trinh etc:> nhan thuc, th~ hien 6 cho HS e6 tht va chi can nho hoac nhan ra khi diroc dira fa hoac elva tren nhirng thong tin e6 tinh dac thu cua mot khai niern, mot su vat, mot hien urong. HS phat bieu dung mot dinh nghia, dinh If, dinh luat nhung chua giai thich va van dung duoc cluing. C6 tht cu th~ hoa mire dc:>nhan bier bang cac yell cau : - Nhan ra, nho lai cac khai niern, dinh If, dinh luat, tinh chat,
- Nhan dang diroc (khong can giai thfeh) cac khai niern, hinh th6, vi trf nrong doi giua cac etoi nrong trong cac tinh huang dan gian. - Liet ke, xac dinh cac vi tri giira cac yeu to, cac hien urong.
- Lira chon, b6 sung, sap xep lai nhirng thong tin can thiet d~ giai
tra loi call hoi hoac loi giai bai toan thea cau
3. V<1\ndung : La kha nang sir dung cac kien thirc eta h9C vao mot hoan canh cu th~ moi : van dung nhan bier, hieu bier thong tin d~ giai quyet Vall de d~t ra ; la kha nang doi hoi HS phai biet van dung kien
thirc, bie] sir dung phirong phap, nguyen If hay mot van de nao d6.
tuong M giai quyet
nrong doi, cac rnoi quan he eta biet
Yeu cau rip dung duoc cac quy tile, plnrong phap, khai niern, nguyen If, dinh If, dinh luat, cong tlnrc giai quyet mot van de trong
de
2. Thong hieu :
La
kha nang nam diroc, hieu duoc
nghia ella cac
h9C tap hoac ella thirc tien. Day E\ mire etc:> thong hieu eao hem mire dc:> thong hieu tren. C6 lht cu tht hoa rmrc d<) van dung bang cac yell cau : - So s.inh cac plurong an giai quyet van de. - Phrit hien lui gia: co mau thuan, sai lam va chinh sua diroc.
- Giai quyet duoc nhirng tinh huong moi bang each van dung de
khai niern, sir vat, hien urong ; giai thich, cluing minh diroc
nghia
ella cac khai niern, str vat, hien nrong ; la mire d9 eao han nhan biet nhung la rmrc dc:>thap nhat ella viec thau hieu su vat, hien nrong, lien quan den y nghia cua cac moi quan he gitra cac khai niern, thong tin rna HS d5 h\>e ho~c du biet. Dieu d6 co tht' dlfQ'e Ih~ hi~n bang vi¢e 7
khai ni~m, dinh If, c1inh lu,~L t1nh chAt eta biet.
- Khai quat hoa, triru nrong hoa tir tinh huang don gian, don Ie quen thuoc sang tinh huang moi, phirc tap hon.
- Xac dinh diroc cac tieu chi danh gia va van dung d~ danh gia thong tin, sir vat, hien nrong, sir kien. - Danh gia, nhan dinh gia tri cua cac thong tin, tu lieu thea mot muc dich, yeu cau xac dinh. - Ph an tich nhtrng yeu to, dfr kien di'i cho d~ danh gia sir thay d6i ve chat cua sir vat, sir kien. - Danh gia, nhan dinh diroc gia tri cua nhan to moi xuat hien khi thay d6i cac moi quan he cu. Cac cong cu danh gia co hieu qua phai giup xac dinh duoc ket qua hoc tap
4. Phan tich : La kha nang ph an chi a 1119tthong tin ra thanh cac

phan thong tin nho sao cho c6 th~ hieu diroc cau tnic, t6 chirc cua n6 va thiet lap moi lien he phu thuoc Ian nhau giira chung. Yeu cau chi ra diroc cac bo phan cau thanh, xac dinh duoc rnoi quan he giira cac bo phan, nhan bier va hieu diroc nguyen If cau tnic cua cac bo phan cau thanh, Day la rmrc d9 cao hem van dung vi n6 doi hoi sir thau hieu ca ve noi dung Ian hinh thai cau true cua thong tin, su vat, hien nrong. C6 th~ cu the hoa mire d9 phan tfch bang cac yeu cau : - Phan tich cac sir kien, dfr kien thira, thieu hoac du d~ giai quyet diroc van de. . - Xac dinh duoc moi quan he gifra cac bo phan trong toan th~. - CI,l th~ hoa diroc nhirng van de trim nrong. - Nhan biet va hieu diroc cau true cac bo phan cau thanh. 5.
a moi
cap d9 n6i tren d~ dua ra mot nhan dinh chinh xac ve
nang lire cua ngiroi duoc danh gia ve chuyen mon lien quan.
6.
Sang tao : La kha nang tong hop, sap xep, thiet ke lai thong tin ; khai thac, b6 sung thong tin tir cac nguon nr lieu khac de sang lap mot
hinh mau maio Yeu cau tao ra duoc 1119thinh mau moi, mot mang hroi cac quan he triru nrong (sa do phan lap thong tin). Ket qua hoc tap trong linh vue nay nhan manh vao cac hanh vi, nang hrc sang tao, d~c biet la trong viec hinh thanh cac cau tnic va mo hinh maio C6 the cu the hoa mire d9 sang tao bang cac yeu cau : - Mo rong mot mo hinh ban dau thanh mo hinh moi. - Khai quat hoa nhfrng van de rieng Ie, cu the thanh van de tong
Danh gia : La kha nang xac dinh gia tri cua thong tin: binh xet,
nhan dinh, xac dinh diroc gia tri cua mot ttr nrong, mot noi dung kien thirc, mot phuong phap, Day la m91 biroc moi trong viec linh hoi kien thirc diroc dac tnrng boi viec di sau vao ban chat cua doi nrong, sir vat, hien tuong. Viec danh gia dua tren cac tieu chi nhat dinh ; d6 c6 th~ hop voi muc dfch). Yeu cau xac dinh diroc cac tieu chi danh gia (ngiroi danh gia nr xac dinh hoac diroc cung cap cac tieu chi) va van dung diroc d~ danh gia. C6 the cu th~ hoa rmrc d9 danh gia bang cac yeu cau :
la
cac tieu chi ben trong (each t6 clnrc) hoac cac tieu chi ben ngoai (phu
quat maio - Ket hop nhieu yeu to rieng thanh mot tong th~ hoan chinh maio - DI,l"doan, dir bao sir xuat hien nhan to moi khi thay d6i cac moi quan he cu. Day la mire d9 cao nhat cua nhan thirc, vi n6 chua dung cac yeu to cua nhfrng mire d9 nhan thirc tren va dong thai cung phat trien cluing.
IV - CHUAN KIEN THUC, KI NANG CllA CHUONG TRINH GlAo Dl)C PHD THONG vUA LA cAN CU, vUA LA Ml)C TIEU CllA GIANG DAY, HOC TAP, KIEM TRA, DANH GIA
Chuan kien thirc, k'i nang va yeu cau ve thai do cua CTGDPT bao dam tinh thong nhat, tinh kha thi, phu hQP cua CTGDPT chat hrong va hieu qua cua qua trinh giao due. ; bao dam
3. Yell Call day hoc bam sat Chuan kien thirc, ki nang
3.1. Yeu cdu chung
a) Can err Chuan kien thirc, ki nang d~ xac dinh muc tieu bai h9C.
Clni trong day h9C nham dar duoc cac yeu cau co ban va toi thieu ve
kien thirc, ki nang, dam bao khong qua tai va khong qua l~ thuoc hoan toan vao SGK ; mire d¢ khai thac sau kien tlurc, ki nang trong SGK phai phu hQP voi kha nang tiep thu cua HS. b) Sang tao ve phuong phap day h9C phat huy tfnh chu dong, tich eire, tu giac hoc tap cua HS. Chu trong ren luyen phuong phap nr duy, nang lire tu h9C, nr nghien ciru ; tao niem vui, htrng khoi, nhu cau hanh
1. Chuan kien thirc, ki nang la can err

1.1. Bien soan sach giao khoa (SGK) va cac tai lieu huong dan day h9C, kiem tra, danh gia, d6i rnoi phuong phap day h9C, d6i m6i kiem tra, danh gia. 1.2. Chi dao, quan If, thanh tra, kiem tra viec thuc hien day h9C, kiern tra, danh gia, sinh hoat chuyen mon, dao tao, boi duong can bo quan If
dong va thai d¢ ur tin trong h9C tap cho HS.

c) D'.lY h9C th6 hien m6i quan he tich eire gifra GV va HS, gifra HS voi HS ; tien hanh thong qua viec t6 chirc cac hoat dong h9C tap
cua HS, ket hQP giira h9C tap ca thti voi h9C tap hQP tac, lam viec
thea nh6m. d) D'.lY hoc chu trong den viec ren luyen cac ki nang, nang lire hanh dong, van dung kien thirc, tang cuong thirc hanh va gan noi dung bai h9C v6i thuc tien cuoc song. e) D'.lY h9C chu trong den viec SlT dung c6 hieu qua phirong tien, thiet bi day hoc diroc trang bi hoac do GV va HS nr lam ; quan tam irng dung cong nghe thong tin trong day h9C. g) D'.lY h9C clni trong den viec dong vien, khuyen khich kip thai sir tien bo cua HS trong qua trinh h9C tap ; da dang noi dung, cac hmh
va
GV.
1.3. Xac dinh muc tieu cua moi gio h9C, muc tieu cua qua trinh
day h9C, dam bao chat hrong giao due,
104. Xac dinh muc tieu kiern tra, danh gia doi v6i tirng bai kiem
tra, bai thi ; danh gia ket qua giao due tung mon h9C, lap h9C, cap h9C. 2. Tai
lieu Huang dan thuc hien Ch'ua'nkiln thuc, ki nang diroc bien
soan thea huang chi tiel cac yeu cau co ban, toi thieu ve kien thirc, ki nang cua Chuan kien tlurc, ki nang bang cac noi dung chon 19C trong SGK. Tai lieu giup cac can bo quan If giao due, cac can bo chuyen mon, GV, HS narn virng va thuc hien dung thea Chuan kien thirc, ki nang.
thirc, each thirc danh gia va tang cuong hieu qua viec danh gia. 3.2. Yeu cdu dOl voi can bf) qudn li co
sa gido due
a) Nam vfrng chu tnrong d6i m6i giao due pho thong cua Dang, Nha mroc ; narn virng muc dfch, yeu cau, noi dung d6i m6i thti hien cu
the trong cac van ban chi dao ella Nganh, trong Chuang trinh va SGK, phuong phap day hoc (PPDH), sir dung phuong tien, thiet bi day hoc, hinh thirc t6 chirc day hoc va danh gi,i ket qua giao due, b) Nam virng yell cau day hoc bam sat Chuan kien thirc, ki nang trong CTGDPT, dong thai tao dieu kien thuan loi eho GV, dong vien, khuyen khich GV tfeh cue d6i moi PPOB. c) C6 bien phap quan If, chi dao l6 chtrc thuc hien d6i rnci PPDH trong nha tnrong I1lQteach hieu qua; thuong xuyen kiern tra, danh gia cac hoat dong day h9C thea dinh huang day h9C bam sat Chuan kien thirc, ki nang dong thai voi tich eire d6i moi PPDH. d) Dong vien, khen thuong kip thai nhirng GV thuc hien co hieu qua dong thai voi phe binh, nhac nho nhfrng nguoi chua tich cue d6i moi PPDH, day qua tai do khong bam sat Chuan kien thtrc, ki nang. 3.3. Yeu diu dOl voi giao vien a) Bam sat Chuan kien thirc, ki nang de thiet k€ bai giang, voi call co ban, toi thieu v~ kien thuc, ki nang, khong qua tai va khong qua I~ thuoc hoan toan vao SGK. Viec thac sau kien thirc, ki nang phai phil hop voi kha nang tiep thu ella
tieu Iii dat duoc cac yeu
d) Thier ke va huong dan HS thuc hien cac dang cau hoi, bai tap phat rrien tu duy va ren luyen ki nang; huang dan su dung cac thiet bi day hoc . t6 chirc co hieu qua cac gia thirc hanh ; huang dan HS co th6i quen van dung kien thirc da hoc vao giai quyet cac van d~ tlurc tien, c) Su dung cac phuong phap va hinh thirc t6 clurc d~1Y hoc mot each hop If, hieu qua, linh hoat, phu hop voi dac tnrng ella cap hoc, man hoc: noi dung, tinh chat ella bai hoc ; dac diem va trinh do HS ; thoi Iuong day hoc va cac dieu kien day hoc cu the ella tnrong, dia phirong.
4. Yell cau kiern tra, danh gia bam sat Chuan kien tlnrc, ki nang
4.1. Quan niem vlf kiem Ira, danlt gid Kiern tra va danh gia la hai khau trong mot quy trinh thong nhat nham xac dinh ket qua thuc hien muc tieu day hoc, Kiern tra la tim thap thong tin ur rieng le den he thong v~ ket qua thuc hien muc tieu day hoc ; danh gia hi xac dinh nnrc d(l dat duoc ve thuc hien muc tieu
day hoc.
muc
day
khai HS.
b) Thier ke, t6 chuc, huang dan HS thuc hien cac hoat d(mg hoc
t~p voi cac hinh thirc da dang, phong phii, e6 sire hap d5n phu hop vci dac tnrng bai h9C, voi dac diem va trinh do HS, vci dieu kien cu the ella lap, tnrong va dia phuong, c) Dong vien, khuyen khich, tao co hoi va dieu kien eho HS duoc tham gia mot each tich eire, chu dong, sang tao vao qua trinh kham pha, phat hien, d~ xuat va Iinh hoi kien thuc ; chu <; khai thac von kien thirc, kinh nghiern, ki nang eta co ella HS ; tao niem vui, hung khoi, nhu cau hanh dong va thai d¢ tu tin trong hoc rap eho HS ; giup HS phat trien toi da nang It!e, ti~m nang elb ban than.
10
Danh gia ket qua hoc tap thuc chat la vice xem xet rmrc ctQ dat diroc cua hoat dong hoc ella HS so voi muc tieu de ra doi voi tung man hoc, tung lap hoc, cap h9C. Muc tieu ella moi man hoc duoc cu the hoa thanh cac chuan kien thtrc, ki nang, Tir cac chuan nay, khi tien hanh kiern tra, danh gia ker qua hoc tap man hoc can phai thiet ke' thanh nhirng tieu chi nham kiem tra duoc day du ca ve dinh tinh va dinh luong ket qua hoc t~p cua HS. 4.2. Hai chuc nang co ban ctia kilm Ira, danb gia a) Chirc nang xac dinh
- Xac dinh nurc dQ dat duoc trong viec thuc hien ml:'c tieu d<;ly
hge, xae dinh mue dQ tht!e hi~n Chu~n kien thue, ki nang ella chuang
trinh giao due rna HS dat duoc khi ket thiic mot giai doan hoc tap (ket thuc mot bai, chuang, chu dc, chu diem, rno dun, lap hQC, cap hoc). ~ Xac dinh doi hoi tinh chinh xac, khach quan, cong bang, b) Chirc nang dieu khien : Phat hien nhirng mat tot, mat chua tor, kho khan, vuong mac va xac dinh nguyen nhan, Ket qua danh gia 13 din cir d~ quyet dinh giai phap cai thien thuc trang, nang cao chat luong, hieu qua day hQC va giao due thong qua vice d6i moi, t6i uu hoa PPDH cua GV va huong dan HS biet tu danh gia M t6i uu hoa phirong phap hoc tap. Thong qua clurc nang nay, kiem tra, danh gia se la dieu kien can thiet : ~ Giup GV nam duoc tinh hinh h9C tap, mire oi? phan hoa ve trinh di? hoc luc cua HS trong lap, tir do co bien phap giup do HS yeu kern va boi dufrng HS gioi ; giup GV·dieu chinh, hoan thien PPDH ; ~ Giup HS bier diroc kha nang hoc t~p cua minh so voi yeu cau ella chuang trinh ; xac dinh nguyen nhan thanh cong cung nhir chua thanh cong, tir do dieu chinh plurong phap hoc tap ; phat trien ki nang tv danh gia ; - Giup can bo quan If giao due de ra giai phap quan If phu hop M nang cao chat luong giao due ; - Gitip cha me HS va cong dong bier diroc ket qua giao due cua tung HS, tirng lap va cua ca' CO giao due.
danh gia tlurong xuyen, dinh ki ; darn bao chat hrong kiem tra, danh gia thuong xuyen, dinh ki chinh xac, khach quan, cong bang; khong hinh thirc, d6i pho nlurng cling khong gay ap luc nang ne. Ki~m tra thtrong xuyen va dinh ki then huang vira danh gia diroc dung Chuan kien thirc, ki nang, vira co kha nang phan hoa cao ; kiem tra kien tlnrc, ki nang co ban, nang luc van dung kien thtrc cua ngiroi hoc, thay VI chi kiem tra hoc thuoc long, nho may moe kien tlurc. c) Ap dung cac plurong phap phan tich hien dai d~ tang cirong tinh urong duong cua cac de kiem tra, thi. Ker hop that hop If cac hinh thirc kiem tra, thi van dap, nr luan va trac nghiem nham han che 16i hoc tu, . hoc lech, hoc vet ; phat huy iru diem va han che nhiroc diem ella moi hinh thirc.
d) Danh gia chinh xac, dung thirc trang : danh gia cao han thirc
te se trier tieu dong lire phan dau viron len; nguoc lai, danh gia khat khc qua rmrc hoac thai di? thieu than thien, khong thay duoc sir tien bo, se trc chc tinh cam, tri tue, giam vai tro tich eire, chu dong, sang tao cua HS. e) Danh gia kip thai, co tac dung giao due va dong vien sir tien hi? ella HS, giup HS sira chua thieu sot. Danh gia ca qua trinh linh hoi tri thirc ella HS, clni trong danh gia hanh dong, tinh cam ella HS : nghi va lam; nang lire van dung vao thuc tien, tM hien qua trng xu, giao tiep ; quan lam tai mire do hoat dong tich eire, chu dong cua HS trorig tung tiet hoc tiep thu tri thirc moi, on luyen cung nhu cac tier thuc hanh, thi nghiern. g) Khi danh gia kct qua hQC tap, thanh tich hoc t~p cua HS khong chi danh gia ker qua cuoi cung, rna can chii y ca qua trinh hoc tap, Can tao dieu kien cho HS cung tham gia xac dinh tieu chi danh gia ket qua hQC t~p vai yeu cau khong t~p trung van kha nang tai hi¢n tri thuc ma
II
sa
4.3. }'eu cdu him tra, danh gia a) Ki~m tra, danh gia phai cdn ell VtlO Chudn kiln thuc, ki nang cua tung mon hQC tirng lap ; cac yeu cau co ban, tai thieu can dat vc kien tlnrc, ki nang cua HS sau moi giai doan, moi lap, moi cap hQC.
b) Chi dao, kiem tra vice thuc hien chuang trinh, ke hoach giang d<;ly,hQc t~p clla cae nha tl"Uang ; tang wang d6i mai kh&u ki~m tra,
chti trong kha nang van dung tri thirc trong viec giai quyet cac nhiern vu phirc hop, Co nhieu hinh thirc va d¢ phan hoa cao trong danh gia, h) Khi danh giri hoat dong day hoc khong chi danh gia thanh tich h9C tap cua HS, rna con bao gam danh gia ca qua trinh day h9C nham cai tien hoat dong day h9C. Chu trong phuong phap, ki thuat lay thong tin ph an hoi tir HS dti danh gia qua trinh day h9C. i) Ket hop that hop If gifra danh gia dinh cu vao dac diem cua tirng man h9C va hoat h9C, cap h9C, quy dinh danh gia bang diem GV hay danh gia bang nhan xet.xep loai cua tinh va dinh luong : Can dong giao due moi lap ket hop voi nhan xet cua
- TV danh gia cua nganh Giao due voi danh gia cua xa hoi va danh gia quoc teo I) Phai la dong lire thiic dfry d6i moi PPDH : D6i rnoi PPDH va d6i moi kiem tra, danh gia la hai mat thong nhat hfru co cua qua trinh day h9C, la nhan to quan trong nhat dam bao chat hrong day h9C. 4.4. Cac tieu chi cua kiim tra, danh. gia a) Dam bao tinh toan dien : Danh gia diroc cac mat kien thirc, ki nang, nang lire, Y thuc, thai d¢, hanh vi cua HS. b) Dam bao d¢ tin cay : Tinh chinh xac, trung thirc, minh bach,
khach quan, cong bang trong danh gia, phan anh diroc chat hrong thuc
GV.
k) Ket hop danh gia trong va danh gia ngoai,
cua HS, cua cac CO
sa giao
due.
D~ co them cac kenh thong tin phan hoi khach quan, din ket hop hai hoa gitra danh gia trong va danh gia ngoai : - TV danh gia cua HS voi danh gia cua ban h9C, cua GV, cua co giao due, cua gia dinh va cong dong.
sa
c) Dam bao tinh kha thi : Noi dung, hinh thirc, each thirc, phuong tien t6 chirc kiem tra, danh gia phai phil hop voi dieu kien HS, CO giao due, dac bier la phil hop voi muc tieu thea nrng man h9C.
sa
d) Dam bao yeu cau phan hoa : Phan loai diroc chinh xac trinh do,
- TV danh gia cua G V voi danh gia cua dong nghiep, cua HS, gia dinh HS, cua cac co quan quan If giao due va cua cong dong. - TV danh gia cua CO giao due voi danh gia cua cac co quan quan If giao due va cua cong dong.
mire d¢, nang lire nhan .thirc cua HS, co giao due ; can dam bao dai phan hoa rong du cho phan loai doi urong. e) Dam bao hieu qua: Danh gia diroc tat ca cac Iinh vue can danh gia HS, co giao due ; thirc hien diroc day du cac muc tieu d~ ra ; tao dong lire d6i rnoi phuong phap day hoc, gop phan nang cao chat hrong giao due.
sa
sa
sa
12
PHANTHUHAI
HuONG
nAN THVC HI~N
cHuAN I(rEN THUC, xt NANG MON ToAN THPT
N(n DUNG MON ToAN THPT

Noi dung mon Toan bao g6m nhirng kien thirc co ban v~ :
- SO va cac phep tinh tren tap hop so thirc, so phtrc.

- Menh de va tap hop ; cac bieu thtrc dai so va luong giac plurong trinh (bac nhat, bac hai, quy vebac hai) ; he phirong trinh (bac nhat, bac hai) ; bat phuong trinh (bac nhat, bac hai, quy ve bac hai) va he bat plurong trinh bac nhat (mot :in, hai :in). - Ham so, gi6i han, dao ham, nguyen ham, tich phan va irng dung cua cluing, - Cac quan h~ hinh h9C va mot so hinh thong dung (diem, dirong thang, mat phang. hinh tam giac, hinh tron, elip, hinh da dien, hinh tron xoay) ; phep doi hinh.va phep dong dang ; vecto va toa d¢, - MQt so kien thtrc ban dau ve thong ke, t6 hop, xac suat.
- Giai thanh thao phirong trinh, phirong trinh bac hai ; phuong
bat
phirong trinh bac nhat, bac hai,
he phirong trinh bac nhat, Giai diroc mot so h¢ phirong trinh, he bat trinh luong giac ; phirong trinh, bat phnong trmh, he phirong trinh mti va logarit don gian. - Giai diroc mot so bai toan ve bien d6i hrong giac, luy thira, mii, logarit, ve day so, ve gi6i han cua day so va ham so. - Tinh diroc dao ham, nguyen ham, tich phan cua mot so ham so. - Ve hinh ; ve bieu d6 ; do dac ; tfnh d¢ dai, g6c, dien tich, th~ tfch. Viet phuong trinh dirong thing, mat cau, - Thu thap va dirong tron, elip, mat phang,
KI NANG CO BAN
- Thirc hien diroc cac phep tinh luy thira, khai can, logarit tren t~p so thuc va mot so phep tinh don gian tren tap so phirc. - Khao sat duoc mot so ham so co ban: ham
y
XU li so lieu ; tinh toan ve t6 hop va xac suat.
- Vac hrong ket qua do d<;1C tinh toano va - Su dung cac cong cu do, ve, tinh toano - Suy luan va clnrng minh. - Giai toan va van dung kien thirc toan h9C trong hoc t~p va dm song.
ham so bac hai, bac ba,
so bac bon
trung
phuong,
ham
so phan
K -
ax + b thtrc y = d' a+
K
+ bx = ax ex + d + C , h' am .
' 'h' so' Iuong giac, am so mu, h' so I' am ogan it .
13
LOP
M~CH NOI DUNG CHU DE 1 2 3
10
11
12
2. Dai IUQ11g va 2.1. DQ dai

do dai IUQ11g 2.2. G6e 2.3. Dien tich 2.4. Th~ tfch 2.5. Khoi hrong
I
*
+ + + + + +
* *
I
* * * * *
* * * *
--
* *
* * * *
* * *
* * * * *
*
2.6. Thai gian 2.7. V~n toe 2.8. Tien te
f---
3. D~i
so
3.1. Tap hop, menh d~ 3.2. Bieu thirc dai so 3.3. Ham so va d6 thi 3.4. Phuong trmh,
he phirong trinh 3.5. Bat dang thirc, bat phuong trinh
+ +
+ + + +
",
*
+ + +
* *
* * * * * * * * * * *
*
+ +
+ + +
+ +
* *
I
L_
3.6. Luong giac
I
+
3.7. Day so, cap so cong, cap so nhan
I1
15
M~CH NOI DUNG
CHU
lOP
f)~
10
11
12
4. Giai tich
4.1. Gioi han - Gioi han cua - Gioi han cua - Ham
day so ham so
tue
*
* * *
so lien
4.2. Dao ham 4.3. Nguyen ham, tfch phan
*
+
5. Hinh hoc
5.1. Cac khai niern hinh hoc mo.dtlu
*
+ + +
5.2. Dai cirong v~ duong

thang va mat phang 5.3. Quan he song song - Trong mat phang - Trong khong gian 5.4. Quan he vuong g6e -Trong mat phang
*
.*
+ + +
*
+
- Trong khong gian 5.5. Da giac - Tam giac - Tir giac - Da giac
* *
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
* *
*
16
MACH NOI DUNG
CHU
DE---~_;-
LOP
~-------------~------------------+_----+---2--+_--3--~-4--~--5--~--~~--~-8---~ 5.6. DuOng trol1, hinh tron + + + + +
____,_____~--11--~-1-2~ 9 10
5.7. Hinh da dien 5.8. Hinh tron xoay

---------1--
+ +
* * * *
* *
5.9. Vecto
- Trong mat phang - Trong khong gian 5.10. To~ d¢ - Trong mat phang - Trong khong gian
--
*
---------
I
j
--------------------
+
------------------------------------
*
---------
----------
---------
----------
---------
5.11. Phep doi hinh

- Trong mat phang - Trong khong gian
* *
5.12. Phep dong dang

- Trong mat phang - Trong khong gian ~-------------+----~------------~----~-----+-----+-----+----~-----~------6. Thong ke, 6.1. Thong ke
* *
-----+-----+----~----~-----~
T6 hop. Xac suat
* * *
16020
Til hop
--'-_6.3. Xae suM
"DAN.
rOAN
LOP 10
17
DAY HOC MOT

1. Day hoc cac h~ thong so
s6 NO! DUNG
CllA CHUaNG TRINH MaN ToAN

f) Giai quyet plnrong dien ngfT nghia (xem xet noi dung cua nhirng
a) D~t van de rna rong cac he thong so : tir thuc tien, tir noi bo toan hQC, phoi hop. b) Day hoc nhirng khai niern so: cua nhimg khai niem so.
s6 va
phep toan,
nghia thuc te
rnenh de toan hoc va nghia cua nhfrng each d~t van de toan hoc) va phirong dien cu phap (xem xet cau tnic hinh thirc va sir bien d6i hinh thirc nhirng bieu thtrc toan hoc, sir lam viec theo nhirng quy tac xac dinh, theo thuat giai). g) D<:J.y oc giai bai toan bang each lap phirong trinh. h h) Thay duoc irng dung cua toan hQC trong thirc te va viec toan hQC hoa cac bai toan c6 noi dung thirc tien. i) Phat hien quan he giira cac dai Iuong. k) Ki nang giai bai toan, trong phirong trinh, 3. D~y hoc ham so a) D'.lY hoc khai niem ham so : giai thich dinh nghia ham so dua vao bieu nrong rap hopva cau true logic, minh hoa khai niem bang cac VI du da dang. b) D'.lYhoc khao sat ham so : tfnh toan phuc vu khao sat, ve d6 thi, doc d6 thi, c) Phat trien ttr duy ham: tu nrong chu dao (phat hien, nghien ciru nhtrng sir nrong irng) ; thuc hien gai dong co ; hinh thanh bieu urong tien tm tri thuc vc sir tuong U'ng don tri va tap luyen nhirng hoat dong an khop voi tri thirc plurong phap ve tu duy ham ; phan bac hoar dong ve nr duy ham (sir phirc tap, mire d¢ doc lap cua hoat dong nhan thirc hoc sinh, rmrc d¢ thanh thao cua hoar dong), d) Phat trien
tu
c) D'.lY hoc phep tinh va quan he tlnr nr : ren ki nang tinh toan, phat trien nang lire trf tue, ngarn hinh thanh quan niem ve
call tnic.
d) D'.lYhoc nhtrng tfnh chat cua moi he thong so: N, Z, Q, R C. e) H~ thong hoa sir phat trien cua khai niern so va lam r6 (gioi thieu) plurong phap rna' rong mot he thong so. 2. D~y hoc phl1dng trinh va bat phtronq trinh a) D'.lY hoc khai niem phuong lien quan. trinh va nhirng khai niem c6
tam la ki nang lap va giai
b) D'.lY hoc phirong trinh dira vao ham menh de : quan niern ve dang thirc ; hieu dung thuc chat cua dau = trong phuong trinh (hinh thirc), phan biet dau = trong phuong trinh va dau = trong bien d6i d6ng .nhat ; dieu kien xac dinh va nghiern phirong trinh, c) Su dung ngon ngfr cua li thuyet tap hop va logic loan (bien d6i nrong duong, he qua, ket hop nghiem, ...). d) D'.lYhQCgiai phuong trinh. e) Dien bien cua tap nghiem khi bien d6i phuong trinh : mo rong, thu hep, urong dirong.
duy ham trong toan b¢ chuang
trlnh mon toan
(theo cac mach toan), 18
2 !lOAN.
TOANLOP10
fl
4.
D~y hoc dao ham va tich phan

a) DC;lY hoc ham sO' lien tuc : gioi han cua day sO' ; gioi han cua ham sO' ; ham sO' lien tuc, b) DC;lYhoc dao ham: hinh thanh khai niern ; day hoc tim dao ham; day hoc irng dung cua dao ham. c) DC;lYhoc nguyen ham va tfch phan : hinh thanh khai niem ; day hoc tim nguyen ham; khai niern tfch phan ; tinh tfch phan,
- DC;lYhoc phirong phap toa d¢ trong khong gian lien

hoc phang : them phep tinh tfch vecto (c6 huang).
M voi
hinh
c) DC;lYhoc giai bai tap bang toa d¢ : lam quen voi nhirng each xac dinh toa d¢ cua nhirng yeu to' hinh hQC ; quy trinh giai mot bai toan bang phirong phap toa d¢.
7. D~y hoc mach toan U'ng dl:lng

a) DC;lYhoc yeu to' cua phirong phap sO' - Lam r6 moi lien h~ giira plurong phap so, thuat giai va may tinh.
5. D~y hoc hinh hoc khong gian

a) DC;lYhoc khai niern : hlnh thanh, cung co, van dung. b) DC;lY hoc cluing minh : goi dong co ; phuong luan logic. c) Hinh ve trong day hoc hlnh hoc khong gian : hinh bieu dien, hinh vi5tnrc quan trong day hoc, phap suy luan
- Gioi thieu va cho sir dung mot sO' phirong phap sO' thong dung :
phirong phap lap (tim nghiern).
va phirong phap clurng minh (xuoi, ngiroc lui) ; quy tac ket
- Hinh thanh th6i quen lam tron sO'va viet sO' thea quy tac chuan,
b) DC;lYhoc yeu to' cua If thuyet to'i uu - Lam ro nguon gee hoac y nghia thirc tien cua bai toan. (vi du : bai toan tim dirong di ngan nhat...). - Cho HS giai toan tui uu dua vao nhirng kien thirc toan hoc phd thong: bat d~ng thirc ; dao ham. c) DC;lYhoc mot sO' yeu to' cua xac suat thong ke
6. D~y hoc vecto

a) DC;lYhoc vecto
va toa
dQ
- DC;lY hoc khai niem vecto : mo ta tinh cung huang bang tnrc
giac,
Slr dung vecto ur do mot each an tang, chu
y lien
mon,
- DC;lYthong ke mo ta (tir Tieu hoc den Trung hoc phd thong). - DC;lYdai sO' td hop. - D<.tY mot sO' yeu to' cua If thuyet xac suat : neu cua xac suat. 8. D~y hoc mQt so yeu to cua Ii thuyet t~p hqp
- DC;lY hoc phep toan vecto : can dinh nghia phep toan, quy tac
thirc hien phep toan, cac tinh
chat
Cef
ban cua moi phep toan.
nghia thong ke
- DC;lY giai bai tap v~ vecto : chuyen

phep toan.
ngon ngfr, sir dung cac
va logic toan
b) DC;lYhoc toa d¢ DC;lYhoc phuong phap toa d¢ trong mat phang : he toa do, l~p
va
a) Lam r6 nhimg moi quan he gifra nhfrng khai niem can cu vao nhtrng moi quan he gitra nhirng tap hop : bieu thi nhirng moi quan h~ d6 bang bieu do Ven.
Slr dung phirong trinh dirong.

19
b) Yeu cau sir dung ki hieu cua t~p hop va logic trong dien dat toan hoc ; yeu cau logic cua dinh nghia khai niern. c) Phan tich cac thanh phan cua clurng minh va cac yeu nrong irng : luan de, luan ctr, luau Ch(01g. 9. D~y h9C theo mach kien thuc toan a) GV can hinh dung duoc mach kien tlurc trong chuang trinh toan truong pho thong, cung nhir mach kien thirc chay ngarn trong Toan hoc d~ e6 th~ trinh bay dung khi day hoc va qua d6 giup HS hieu va e6 th~ thac trien duoc kien tlurc d3 hoc. Din hinh dung va lot ta cac mach doc, mach ngang d~ e6 th~ irng dung, soi roi kien tlnrc sa cap boi kien thirc Toan eao cap va ngiroc lai, chuyen hoa kien thirc Toan cao cap thanh sa cap (trong tnrong hop c6 the). HU6'ng dan HS sao eho qua vice hoc e6 diroc sa do ve mach kien thirc c6 trong chuang trinh. Chii 'S' bien phap tlurc hien sao cho kha thi.
call
logic
- Giup HS each lam giau kien thirc, nrc la day tri thirc va day tri thirc phuong phap. Nhu the cung la day HS each suy nghi, day each sang tao. - Day HS each hoc, biet nr h9C. - Phan b~e hoat dong, tien toi phan hoa doi tuong. - D<;IY huang toi phat trien. h9C d) Khi hinh dung duoc cac mach toan, GV c6 th~ nr lam giau kien thuc, wan toi bier nr sang tac bai tap. D<;1y hoc mach kien thirc can gan voi day h9C cac tinh huong dien hinh trong mon toan, Qua vice tim hieu cac mach kien thtrc loan 0 tnrong phd thong, GV can van dung duoc trong day h9C cac tinh huong di~n hinh nhir : a) Day h9C khai niern
b) Day hoc dinh If
b) GV can giup HS hinh dung diroc he thong kien thirc d~ e6 th~ hinh dung he thong bai tap, qua d6 hinh dung diroc mach kien thirc. Tir d6 biet each khai thac va van dung trong giai roan, h9C to an va nghien ciru Toan hoc. c) Thong qua day hoc cac mach kien thirc, GV can : - Ren luyen eho HS cac thao 14k nr duy : phan tich, tong hop, urong nr hoa, khai 'quat hoa, ~~c biet hoa, ...
c) D<;1Y bai t~p h9C

d)
D<;Iyh9C on tap.
LUll )f tien hanh theo trinh tir, chang han : tiep can, hinh thanh, cung co, he thong hoa, ...
20
HuONG
DAN
THl)'C HIJ?,NCHuAN I(IEN THlrC, xt NANG MQN ToAN LOP 10
A - KIEN THUC CHUONG TRINH MON ToAN LOP 10 tPhdn in nghieng, dam danli cho chuang trinli nang cao)
DAI s(j
1. Kien thirc co ban ve menh d~, .chtrng minh bang phan cluing. Tap hop, cac phep toan: hop, giao, hieu ella hai tap hop, Cac tap hop so. S6 gan dung, sai so. Bang phan b6 tan s6 - uin suat, bang phan b6 tan s6 - Uln suat ghep lap ; bieu do tan s6, Uin suat hinh cot, dirong gap khiic tan so, tan suat ; bieu do Uln suar hinh quat ; s6 trung binh, s6 trung vi va mot ; phirong sai va do lech chuan.
= Ixl.
2.
On tap
va b6 tuc v~ ham so. Ham s6 bac hai va do thi. Ham s6
HINII HOC l. Vecto . tonz, hieu ella hai vecto ; tich cua vecto voi mot so' ; , . .
'--'
3. Dai wong v~ phuong rrinh, he phuong trinh : cac khai niern co ban. Phuong trinh guy v~ bac nhat, bac hai. Phuong trinh bac nhat hai tin ; he phtrong trinh bac nhat hai tin, ba ~n. 4. Bat dang tlnrc. Bat dang thirc gifra trung binh cong va trung binh nhan, bat dang thirc chua dau gia tri tuyet doi. Dau ella nhi thirc bac nhat, Bat plurong trinh va h~ bat phirong trinh bac nhat mot ~n, hai tin. Dau ella tam thirc bac hai. Bat phuong trinh h(IC hai. 5. G6c va cung IUQ'ng giac, gia tri lirong giac cua chung : cong thirc cong ; cong thirc nhan doi ; cong tlurc bien ct6i tong thanh tich ; cong thirc bien d6i tfch thanh tong,
true, he true toa d9 ; toa dQ cua di~m va toa d9 cua vecto. 2. Tich vo lurong cua hai vecto ; img dung vao tam giac (dinh If eosin, dinh If sin, d9 dai dirong trung tuyen, dien tich tam giac), 3. Phuong trinh tham so). trinh tiep tuyen chinh tac, hinh trinh duong thang (phirong trinh tong quat, phuong Khoang each va g6c. Phuong trinh duong tron, phircng cua duong tron, DUOng elip (dinh nghia, plurong trinh
dang),
21
B - HUONG DAN THl)'C HI~N CHUAN KIEN THUC, KI NANG MON ToAN LOP 10
(Phdn in nghieng, dam dann cho chuang trinli nang cao)
Chunn kien thtrc - ki nang
HUOng dan thuc hien
Kien thirc co ban
Dang toan - Vi du - LUll Y
I - MI;:NH
DE. TAP
HQP
1. M¢nh de'wl menh de' chua
bien
(menh
1. Moi menh de (logic) phai hoac dung hoac sai.

MQt menh d~ khong th~ vira dung, vira sai. Ki hieu menh d~ boi cac chir cai in hoa : P,
- Dang 1 : NMn biet mot cau co la mot menh d~ hay khong.
d~ ; menh d~ chua bien ; phu dinh cua
mot menh d~ ; menh d~ keo. thea ; menh . . d~ dao ; hai menh d~ nrong dirong ; dieu kien can, dieu kien du, dieu kien can va
"
Q,...
_ Dang 2 : Phu dinh mot menh de ; xac dinh tfnh

dung, sai cua cac menh d~. - Dang 3 : Lap menh de keo thea va menh de
du). Ve' kiln thuc :
nrong dirong tir hai rnenh de da cho ; xac dinh diroc tinh dung sai cua menh de keo theo, menh
de nrong dirong. - Dang 4 : Lap menh de dao cua mot menh cho tnroc. 2. VOi moi gia tri cua bien x thuoc mot t~p hop nao do, menh M chua bien P(x) tro thanh mot
- Bier the nao la mot menh de, phu dinh cua mot menh M.
- Biet kf hieu pho bien (\7') va kf hieu ton
de
tai (:3) ; biet phu dinh "cac menh d~ co

chua kf hieu ph6 bien (\7') va kf hieu ton tai (:3). - Biet diroc menh d~ phep keo theo, menh
Vi du.
menh
Trong cac cau sau day thi cau nao la
menh de,
M?
+ "lOla mot so nguyen to". + "123 la mot so chi a het cho 3". + "Ngay mai troi se nang". + "Hay di ra ngoai" !
22
M nrong dirong, menh d~ dao.

- Bier khai niem menh d~ chua bien.
Chuan kien thtrc - ki nang

Ve' ki ndng : - Xac dinh diroc mot diu eho tnroc co Ia menh de hay khong.
Huong dan tlurc hien Kien thirc co ban 3. Menh de phu dinh P cua menh de P la dung khi va chi khi P sai va la sai khi va chi khi P dung.
Dang toan - Vi du - LlIU
Vi du. Neu menh de phu dinh cua moi menh de
sau va eho biet tinh dung sai cua moi menh de phu dinh do !
- "SO 11 la mot sc nguyen to".
- Biet phu dinh cua mot menh de, xac

dinh diroc tinh dung sai cua cac menh de
Vai hai menh de P va Q

4. Menh de P ~
- "SO 111 ehia het eho 3". Vi du. Xet hai menh de:
trong nhirng tnrong hop dan gian,

- Lap diroc menh de keo thea va rnenlr nrong dirong tir hai menh de eho tnroc,
Q chi sai khi P dung va Q sai
de (trong moi tnrong hop khac P ~ Q deu dung) .
P: "n la sO'vo ti'' va Q : "n khong la so nguyen". a) Hay phat bi~u menh de P ~ Q. b) Phat bieu menh de dao cua menh de tren, c) Xem xet tinh dung, sai cua cac menh de tren,
- Xac dinh duoc tinh dung sai cua menh de keo thea ; menh de tirong dirong. - Biet lap menh de dao cua mot menh de eho tnroc,
5. Menh de dao cua menh de P ~ 6. Ta noi hai menh tuong dirong neu
Q la Q ~ P. de
P~
Vi du. Cho hai tam giac ABC va A'B'C'. Xet hai menh de: P: "Tam giac ABC va tam giac A'B'C' bang nhau".
de P va Q la hai menh de
hai menh Q
va
Q ~ P deu dung.
7. Kf hieu V doc Ia voi moi, Ki hieu :3 doc la
Q : " Tam giac ABC va tam giac A'B'C' co dien tich bang nhau". a) Xet tinh dung sai cua menh de P ~ Q. b) Xet tfnh dung sai cua menh de Q ~ P. c) Xet tinh dungsai cua menh de P <=> Q . d) Lap menh de phu dinh va menh de dao cua m~nhdeP~Q.
ton tai it nhat mot (hay co it nhat mot).
23
Chuan
kien thirc - ki nang
Htrong dan thuc hien Kien thirc co ban Dang toan - Vi du - Luu Vi dZJ. Xet hai menh de :
P : "24 Iii s6 ehia het cho 2 va 3",
Q : " 24 Iii
so chi a ber cho

Q
6".
a) Xet tinh dung sai cua menh de p ~ Q. b) Xet tfnh dung sai cua menh de Q ~ P. c) Menh de p
Q e6 dung khong ?
Vi du. Lap menh de dao cua rnenh de sau P : "M9t s6 nr nhien e6 tong cac chir s6 chi a het cho 3 thi s6 d6 ehia her cho 3". 2.
lip
dung menh. de viio ;uy ludn toan
Dinh li : Dinh. li todn hoc la menh de' dung, thuong co dang A z:» B. Khi do, A duoc goi Iii GL4 THIEl' con B duoc so! la KET LU~N. Hay fa ding noi A Iii DIEU Klf--w In) dl co B, B la DIEU KIJ};N CAN dlco A.
Dinh. li ddo :
Dang 1: Nhdn
biel dieu kien
cdn, dieu
I hoc (gid thiet, kel fU(l11 ; dUu kien Call,

dieu kien
Phdn
l!u, dieu
kien
du (xtu: dinlt dung dieu kien cdn, dieu
kien cdn va du).
Ve' kien thuc :
biet dUlJ'C gid thiet, klt ludn cua mot dinh li, bie: duoc dieu kien can,
kien du trong mot dinlt li cho truoc ; Viet dinh. li cho truoc dum dang dieu kien cdn, die'u kien du, dieu kien cdn vii du ... ).
- Dang 2 :
dieu kien dll. Ve'kinang:
Khi "A =? B" la mot dink li thi menb de ddo B z:» A co thl dung hoac sai ; trong truong hop _. Chung minh duoc mot SlY menh de' B z:» A fa mot menlt de dung thi fa noi B z:» A bang phuong pluip phdn chung. . Iii DINH DAO cua dinh li A =? B, COil
Chung minh dinb li bang phdn cluing. Vi du. Cho dinh li : "Neu mfJl tam giac co binh phuong cua mot canlt bdng to"ng binh phuong cua hai canlt kia thi tam giac do la tam guic
vuong, "
A =?B la D!NH
t.i TllU~N.
d,;
~-----------------------------
JNtu _
Dieu kien cdn vii
a) Viet gid thiet, ket ludn cua dinh li tren.

b) Sit dung thudt ngii "dieu kien du" di ph at
dting thoi C() dinlt If thtuin A z:» B vii dinh Ii ddo B =? A thi A ¢::::> B fa mfJt menlt de dung.
bien menh de tren. ----------.~------------------------------------~
24
---~----------------------------,---------------------------------------------------------------------------~ Huong dan tlurc hien Chuan kien tlurc - ki nang Kien tlurc co ban Dang toan - Vi du - Luu Y Khi do ta no; : A la die'u kien cdn va du di co B, hay B la dieu kien cdn va du di co A ; hay con noi : A khi va chi khi B ; hotic noi : A neu va chi neu B, ... Chung minh dinh Ii A ~ B co thi theo mot trong cac each sau : Cach 1 : Chung cdc dii kien cho dung), cdc kiln ludn toan hoc di minh true tiep, do la su dung trong gid thiet A (duac coi la thuc dd biet va cac phep suy cluing to rang B la dung.
c)
Su dung thudt ngii "dieu kien cdn" di pluu bieu menh detren.
d) Dinh Ii tren co till ph at biiu duoi dang din va du duoc hay khong ? Vi du. Cho cdc sothuc ab az' bI, b2 thod nuin :
al
+ a2
= 2bl·b2·
Chung minh rang co it nhat mot trong hai bat ddng thuc sau la dung: b~ 2: aI' b;2: a2· Vi du. Chung minh rang neu uing binh phuong cua hai so' nguyen chia het cho 3 thi hai so do chia he: cho 3. Vi du. Chung minli rang
Cach 2 : Chung minh gidn tiep. Cach chung minh gian tiep hay duoc dung la CHUNG MINH BANG PHAN CHUNG. Theo each nay ta gid su rdng A dung va B sai, tit do dung cdc dii kien cua gid thiet, cdc kiln thuc dd biet va cdc phep suy ludn loan hoc di di den mdu thudn, chung to gid su tren la sai, suy ra dieu phd; cluing minh. 3. Tap hop va cdc phep I~an tren lap hop (Khai niern t~~~hop ; tap hop bang nhau ; t~p can ; tap rong ; hop, giao ella hai t~p hop ; phan bu ella ITlQttap can ; mot so' tap can ella t~p so' thuc). Ve' kicn thuc :
-- Hitu duoc khai rriem tap hop, tap hop Tap hop 13 mot khai niem co ban ella toan hoc.
J3
la so'vo
tl.
- Dang 1 : Bi~u dien
Thong thirong rnoi tap hop gorn cac phan ttTcling co chung mot hay mot vai tinh chat. Tap hop thirong duoc eho bang each lier ke cac phan nr hoac chi r6 tinh chat dac tnrng eho cac phan tv ella t~p hop do. Tap hop thtrong duoc kf hieu boi chir cai in hoa : A, B, C, ... phan tv ella tap hop duoc ki hieu bang chir cai thuong : G, b, C, ... 25
liet ke cac phan tv ella tap hop hoac chi ra tfnh chat dac tnrng ella tap hop, SU dung cac ki hieu
E, E,
rap hop bang cac each:
0.
- Dong 2 : Xac dinh tap con ella mot rap hop ;
Chung minh hai tap hop bang nhau. SV dung cac ki hieuc,
=:l.
can, hai t~p hop bang nhau.

- Hieu cac phep toan : giao cua hai tap hQP, hQP cua hai tap hQP, hieu cua hai tap hQP, phan bu cua mot tap eon. Ve'kfndng: - Si.'rdung dung cac kf hieu 0,A \B, CEA. - Biet bieu dien tap hQP bang cach : liet ke cac phan nr cua tap hQP hoac chi ra tfnh chat dac trung cua tap hQP. - V an dung cac khai niem i~p h9P eon, tap hQP bang nhau vao giai bai tap.
E, (.!,
HUOng dan thuc hien

Kien thirc co ban
1. Tap A diroc goi la tap eon cua tap B, kf hieu la A c B, neu moi phan nr cua A deu la phan nr ciis B. Dang toan - Vi du - LUll
- D(;lI1g 3 : Thirc hien cac phep toan lay giao cua hai tap hQP, hQP cua hai tap hQP, hieu cua hai tap hQP, ph an bu cua mot tap eon. Si.'rdung bieu do
Yen. Sir dung cac ki hieu
C,:::::l,
2. Phep giao hai tap hQP :

c,
:::::l,
A \B, CEA.
AnB
AuB
{x
Ix
E
A va x
B}. B}.
3. Phep hQP hai tap hQP :
- Dang 4 : Bieu dien cac tap hQP so ; Xac dinh phep giao, hQP, hieu, lay phan bu cua cac tap hQP
so. (Bier dung bieu do Yen M bieu dien cac phep toan tren tap hQP ; Biet sir dung true so va cac kf hieu doan, khoang, ni.'ra khoang trong viec bieu dien tap so thirc).
= =
{x
Ix
A hoac x
4. Hieu cua hai tap hQP :

A\B {x
Ix
{x
EA
va x
(.!
B}.
5. Phep hlY ph an bu : Neu AcE
thi
va x
(.!
Vi du . Viet cac tap hQP sau thea each liet ke cac

A}. phan ti.'r:
- Thuc hien diroc cac phep toan lay giao

cua hai tap hQP, hQP cua hai tap hop, phan bu cua mot tap eon. - Biet dua vao bieu do Yen de bieu dien giao cua hai tap hQP, hQP cua hai tap hQP.
CEA = E \ A
Ix
EE
6. Cac tap hQP so :
a){xEJR.i b) {x
E
(x2-2x+l)(x-3)=0}.
Khoang :
• (a ; h)
=
h)
Nix:s
30 ; x la boi cua 3 hoac cua 5 }.
{x E JR. I a < x < b}
• (a ; + 00 )
• (-00 ;
{x E JR. I a < x} E JR. I x < h}.
Vi du . Cho cac tap hQP A
= [-
3 ; I] ;
= {x
Doan :
• [a; h] • [a ; h) • (a ; h]
• [a ;
= [- 2; 2] ; C = [- 2 ; + 00).
= = =
{x E JR.I a s; x:S h}. {x E JR. I a :S x < h} . {x E JR. I a < x :S h} .
Ni.'rakhoang :
a) Trong cac tap hQP tren, tap hQP nao la tap eon cua tap hQP nao ? lim phan bu cua chung ? b) lim An B; Au B; Au C; A \B; B\C.
Vi du. Tim
tat
cd cae
C
trJp hap
C
X sao cho
+ 00 )
• ( - 00
= {x ; h] = {x
E JR. I a :S x} ; E JR. I x :S h} ;
{a;b}
{a;b;c;d}.
X co bao nhieu tap con khac rong ?
26
Chuan kien thirc - ki nang Tap s6 thuc : .(-00 ;0]

U
HUOng dim thirc hien Kien thirc co ban Dang toan - Vi du - LUll Vi du . Cho cac tap hop : [0;+(0)=(-00 ;+oo)=R
A
= {x
=
{x
E E
IR
1- 5 :s; x:S;
1 x>2};
4} ;
IR 17:S; x < 14} ; D={XEIR
C={XEIR
Ix:S;4}.
a) Dung ki hieu doan, khoang, nih khoang ... d~ viet lai cac tap hop d6. b) Bi~u dien cac tap hop A, B, C, D tren true so. e) Xae dinh A" B; A u B; A u C ; A \ B ; B \ C ; A "D.
Vi du. Xac dinh cac phan nr cua tap hop {x EIR l(x -2x+1)(x-3)=O}. Vi duo Cho cac tap hop A = [- 3; I]; B = [- 2; 2] va C = [- 2; + (0).
2
a) Cho biet tap hop nao la tap eon cua tap hop khac, trong s6 cac tap hop tren ? b) Tim A" B; A u B; A u C.
Vi du. Sap xep cac tap hop so sau day N * ; Z , N ; IR ; Q thea tlur tv tap hop tnroc la tap hop
eon cua tap hop sau. 4. S6' gdn dung va sai s6' (SOgan dung; Sai Cho a la s6 gan dung cua a. so tuyet doi va sai so' tuong dOl ; SOquy I. !1a = a - a diroc goi la sai s6 tuyet d6i cua tron ; d¢ chinh xac cua so gan dung. Chft so' chdc va dang chudn cua so' gdn dung; s6 gan dung a. ki hieu khoa hoc cua mot so' thap phdn),
- Dang 1 : Tim s6 gan dung cua mot s6 voi d¢ chfnh xac eho tnroc.
- Dang 2 : Sir dung may tinh bo nii d~ tinh cac
s6 gan dung.
27
Chuan
Hunng dan thuc hien
Kien thirc
CO'
ban
Dang toan - Vi du - Luu
2, Neu L111 :::; d thi d diroc goi la d() chinh xac cua Hi~u khai niern sO' gall dung, sal sO' sO' gan dung a va quy iroc viet gon la - = a ± d. a tuyet doi va sai sotuong doi, so quy tron, chic so' chdc va cacti viet chuan so' gdn 3. tt ,ki hieu ia tSa, duoc so! ia sai so' dung, ki hieu khoa hoc cua so' tluip
v c' kicil thuc :
- Dang 3 : Xac dinh. chit so chiic va cacli viet chudn sf)' gdn dung.
s(f la lal al
- Dang 4 : Viet so' gdn dung duoi dang ki hieu

khoa hoc cua so'th(lp phdn. Vi du. Cho so a
phdn. V c' ki nang : - Bier tim so gan dung cua motso chinh xac cho tnroc. toan cac so gan dung. v¢i d9
tuong
doi cua so' gdn dung a (thuang duoc nluin vOi 100% dl viet duoi dang phdn tram).
13,6481.
a) Viet so quy tron cua a den hang phan tram.

b) Viet sO' quy tron cua a den hang phan chuc. Vi du. Mtjt cai san hinlt chit nhdt voi chieu a = 2,56m ± O,Olm vel chieu dai b 4,2m ± 0,02m. Chung minli rang chu vi P
- Bier str dung may tinh bo nii d~ tfnh
4. Cach viet sO' quy tron cua sO' gan dung can ctr vao d9 chinh xac cho tnroc : Cho sO' gan dung a voi et9 chinh xac d (nrc la a = a ± d). Khi diroc yeu cau quy tron sO' a rna khong noi r6 quy tron den hang nao thi ta quy tron a den hang cao nhat rna d nho hun 1119tdon vi ella hang do,
5. Cho so' gtin dung xac d. Trong so' a, a cua so
rong
c~a san,~a P 13,5~m± lit P dum dang chudn.
0,06111. Viet sodo chu
voi dtj chinh
mo:
chit so' duac goi fa chir
Vi du. Biet rdng toe dtj dnlt sang trong cluin khong la 3()0 OOOkm/s. Hoi trong mot nam (365 ngay] dnh. sting di duac trong chan khong mot khodng cacb la bao nhieu ? Viet ket qua duoi dang ki hieu khoa hoc. Vi du. Ghi so' a dang ki hieu khoa hoc
so chac (hay dang tin) neu d khong vuot qua ntia dan vi cua hang co chii so' do. 6. Xet so' gdn dung a cua sodung
a.
+ N eu a ia so' thdp ph an (khong phdi ld so nguyen), duoc viet duoi dang chudn mel co k chii so' a pluin tluip phdn thi sai so'tuy¢t dOl cua
a khong vuot qua ~ 10-1.:,nghia fa a - -2 10
. -"--
12300000
= 1,23.10 7 ,
_ -1
0,256700 = 2,~67.1 0
,
2
123,987654321 ~ 1,24.10 . .
_l_.
-k
:::;a :::;a + -10 2
l-k
__
_j
28
Chuan kien thirc - ki nang
Hirong dan thuc hien Kien thirc co ban Dang toan - Vi du - LUll Y
thi sai so'
+ N eu a Iii so' nguyen duac viet duoi dang

chuan a
= A.l0k
1
voi A E Z vii kEN
tuy¢t dOLcua a khong vuot qua ~ 10\ nghia Iii a - "210

k S; _
I ~--------------------------------~---------
S;
a + "210 .
II - HAM
so BAC NHAT
vA BAC HAl
J. Dai cuong ve' ham so' (Djnh nghia , Cach cho ham so , D6 thi cua ham so , I-I3m so dong bien, nghich bien ; Ham so
I
I
I. M9t ham so c6 the duoc cho bang:
- D(_lI1g J : 'TIm t~p xac dinh cua cac ham so don

gian, - Dang 2 : Chung minh ham so dong bien, ham so nghich bien.
a) Bang;
c) Cong thirc ;
b) Bieu d6 ;
d) D6 thi.
chan, ham so le), Vc'kicl1 thuc :

- Hieu khai niem ham so, tap xac dinh cua ham so, d6 thi cua ham so.
Khi cho ham so bang cong thirc (rna khong chi ro tap xac dinh cua n6) thi tap xac dinh D cua ham so y = j(x) la tap hop un d. cac so tlurc x sao cho bieu thucf(x) c6 nghia. 2. Ham so y
- D(_lI1g 3 : Cluing minh ham so chan, ham so Ie.

- Dang 4 : Xac dinh diroc mot diem nao d6 c6 thuoc mot d6 thi ham so cho truce hay khong,
- Hieu khai niern ham so dong bien, bien, ham so chan, le. Biet dtroc tfnh chat doi xrrng cua d6 thi ham so chan, d6 thi ham sole.
nghich
= j(x) =
goi la dong bien (hay tang)
tren khoang (a ; b) neu
Vi du. TIm tap xac dinh cua cac ham so:

a)y=~ ,
1I
v c' ki ruing :
Bier tim tap xac dinh cua cac ham so ,-, (In gnm,
3, Ham so y j(x) goi la nghich bien (hay giam) tren khoang (a ; b) neu V XI' x2
E
b) y = --_--1--,., + ~
A --.!.
, 1
I I - Biet erich ch(mg , bien, ham so nghich
(0; b), x1< x2 ~ j(x1)
> j(x2)'
c) \'
minh ham so dong bien, ham so chan.

---L..
ham so le tren mot tap cho tnroc.
4, Xet chien bien thien cua mol ham s6 la tim cac khoang dong bien V~I cac khoang nghich bien cua n6. Ket qua duoc tong ket trong mot bang goi la bang bien thien.
--
= ~4-
,---::;
X
+ ---.
E-l
1.
__J
V f du Xet xcm trong cac diem A(O ; I), B( I ; 0), C(-2 , -3), D(-3 , 19), diem nao thuoc do thi
ham so y
_L_
= j(x) = 2\:,2 +
29
Chuan kien thirc - ki nang - Xac dinh diroc mot di~m nao do co thuoc mot do thi ham s6 cho truoc hay khong.
Huong dan thuc hien Kien thirc co ban 5. Ham so y = f(x) voi tap xac dinh D goi la ham so chan neu V xED thi -xED va/(-x) =f(x). Do thi cua ham so chan nhan true tung lam true
doi xirng.
D~ng toan - Vi dl,l- Liru y ---------------~ Vi du. Xet tinh dong bien, nghich bien cua ham so sau day tren khoang dii chi ra : a) )! = - 3x + I tren lR ; b) y = tren (0 ; + 00) ;
2.i
c) y =
.J2x -
1 tren tap xac dinh.
6. Ham so y sole neu
= f(x)
voi
tap xac dinh D goi la ham
V XED th'i-XED va j(-x)
= - f(x).
Do thi cua ham so le nhan goc toa dQ lam tam doi xirng.
= 3x4 - 2i + 7 ; b) y = 6x3 -x;

a) y
Vi du. Xet tfnh chan, le cua ham so:
c)
= =
21xl + x2
.Jx 4
d) y
+ rx+4
e)y=~-~.
2. On tdp va b6 sung vi ham so' y
I. Ham so bac nhat y
= ax + b, (a
:F-
0)
= ax + b va do thi cua no ; Do thi ham • Tap xac dinh IR. ; so' y = Ixl ' Do thi ham so y = lax + bl • Bang bien thien
(a
- Dang 1 : Xac dinh chieu bien thien va ve do thi cua ham so bac nhat. - Dang 2 : Ve do thi ham so y thi y = lax +
* 0).
r-------------~~------------~
a>O a<O
-00
bl·
= b ;y =
I x I , do
Vi kien thuc : - Hieu duoc su bien thien va do thi cua ham so bac nhat. - Hieu each ve do thi ham so bac nhat va do thi ham so y ham stf y
-00
+00 +00
= Ix I ,
-00
-:
+00
-.
+00
- Dang 3 : Tim toa de) giao di~m cua hai duong thang co phuong trinh cho truce, - Dang 4: Khdo sat sf! bien thien va vi do thi ella ham stf cho bOi cac ham bac nhd: tren cac khodng khac nhau. Vi du. Cho ham so y = 3x + 5. a) Lap bang bien thien va ve do thi cua ham so
tren,
-00
= lax
+ bl (a
* 0).
Biet duoc
do thi ham so y dci xirng.
= Ix I
• Do thi la dtrong thing khong song song khong trung voi cac true toa dQ.
va
nhan Oy lam true
• De ve dirong thing y = ax + b chi can xac dinh hai diem khac nhau cua n6. 30
Chuan kien thirc - ki nang Ve' ki nang:

- Thanh thien va
Huong dan thuc hien Kien thirc co ban

2, Ham so hang y bien do thi Dang toan - Vi du - LUll
=b
ve do
+
thao viec xac dinh chien
• Tap xac dinh lR ; • Ham so hang la ham so chan, • Do thi la mot dirong thang song song hoac trimg voi true hoanh va cat true tung tai di~m co toa d¢ (0 ; b) . 3. Ham so y
b) Ve tren cung he true do thi cau a) va do thi y = -1. Tim tren do thi toa d¢ giao diem cua hai do thi y
thi cua ham so bac nhat,
= 3x + 5 va y = thi ham so y
1.
- Ve diroc do thi y
y
= lax
bl·
= b ; y = 1xl,
Vi du
a)
ve do
I.
Biet each tim toa d¢ giao diem cua hai dirong thang co plurong trinh cho tnroc,
=
=
Ixl
b) Tit do thi, hay tim gia tri nho nhat cua ham so y=
Ixl·
- Khdo sat duoc sf! bien thien va ve do thi cua ham so' cho bOi cdc ham bac nhd: tren cdc khodng kluic nhau.
• Tap xac dinh lR ; • Ham soy
Ixiia
Vi du. Tim toa d¢ giao diem cua hai do thi

ham so chan.
• Ham so dong bien tren khoang (0 ; nghich bien tren khoang (-00 ; 0).
+ 00) va
Vi du.
= x + 1 va y = 2x + 3. Ve do thi y = 12x -11.

y
4. Ctich. ve-do thi ham so' y = lax + De' ve do thi ham so' y = lax +
bl
bl
ta:
Vi du. Tim tap xac dinh, lap bang bien thien va ve do thi ctia ham so'
• Ve hai duang thdng y = ax + b vay = -ax-b roi xod di hai phdn duong thdng nam phia duoi true hoanlt (cluing han do thi cua ham so' )' = 12x - 11 nhu hinh 1).
3X + 1 khi - 2 ::; x ::;0 y= { -2x khi 0 < x ::;1 2x + 1 khi 1 < x ::;2.
yt
--~~~~~--~ o
-0,5 0,5
\1"5
I 0,5 \
Hinh 1
31
,------------------------------,--------------------------------------------------------------------------~

3. Ham so bdc hai y thi cua no.
,
HUOng dan tlnrc hien
Kien thirc co ban
Dang toan - Vi du - LUll
ax" + bx + c va
do
1. Ham s6 bac hai y = ax- + bx + c, (a *- 0) - Tap xac dinh lR ; - Do thi cua ham s6 la mot dmrng parabol co
dinh la diem
')
ve' kien
thuc :
- Dang 1 : Lap diroc bang bien thien cua ham s6 bac hai ; xac dinh duoc toa d¢ dinh, true ct6i xirng, ve diroc do thi ham s6 bac hai. - Dang 2 : Ve do thi ham s6 bac hai. - Dang 3 : DQc do thi cua ham s6 bac hai : tir do thi xac dinh true d6i ximg, di6m eire dai, diem eire tieu cua do thi, cac gia tri ella x d~ y > 0 ; Y < O.
- Hi~u diroc su bien thien va do thi cua ham s6 bac hai tren R
1(· _l2_ '. -~)4a' La

= - -b .
co tru c doi xtrng
vs n nang:
- Lap diroc bang bien thien cua ham s6 bac hai ; xac dinh diroc toa dodinh, true d6i xirng, ve diroc do thi ham s6 bac hai.
2a Parabo1 nay quay b~ 16m len tren neu a > 0 (h.2), quay be 16m xuong diroi neu a < 0 (h.3).
h' 1,d' a uang tang x
- DQc duoc do thi cua ham so' bac hai : tir do thi xac dinh diroc true doi xirng, dinh cua parabol, cac gia tri cua x M y> 0; y < 0, - Tim duoc phuang trinh parabol
y
I
x
- Dang 4 : Tim phuong trinh parabol

y
= ax2 + bx + c
khi biet mot s6' die'u kien xac dinh.
Vi du. Lap bang bien thien cua ham so sau :

a) y.
= x2 =-
4x + 1 ;
= ax 2 + bx+
o \~
Hinh 2 : a > 0
b) y
x Hinh 3 : a < 0
2x2 - 3x
+ 7.
khi biet mot s6' die'u kien xac dinh.
Vi duo Ve do thi cac ham s6:

a) y
= x2 -
4x + 3 ;
2
b) y d) y
= -x
- 3x:
2. Bang bien thien : a>O b

-00
c)y=-2x Vi du
+x-l;
= 3i + 1.
x y
2a
+00
a) Ve parabol y
= 3x2
- 2x -- 1.
+00
~-~~
4a
b) Tir do thi, hay chi ra nhfrng gia tri cua x d~ y<O. c) Tir do thi, hay tim gia tri nho nhat cua ham so.
32
Huong dan thuc hien Kien thtrc co ban a<O

X -00
Dang toan - Vi du - Ltru Y Vi duo Viet phirong trinh parabol y

bier rang parabol d6 : a) Di qua hai diem A(1 ; 5) va B (- 2; 8). b) C~t true hoanh tai cac diem co hoanh d¢
= ax2 + bx + 2
b 2a
y
-00 -00
xl
1 va
X2
= 2.
Y
Vi duo Tim phuong trinh parabol
3. D~ ve duong parabol y ta thirc hien cac biroc sau :
= ax
+ bx + c (a "* 0)
= ax 2 + bx
+c
• Xac dinh toa do dinh 1(-
:a ;- ~) ;
,
X
bitt rang parabol do thod man mot trong cdc dieu kien sau : a) Di qua cdc diim
ll:1(O , -1), N(1
, -1),
5) ;
• Ve truc doi xirng d la dirong thang .
= - -- ; 2(1
P(-1 ; 1) ;
b) Diqua dilm M(O ; 1), va co dinh D(-2; c) Co true dOl xung La duong thdng x qua cdc dilm M(-1 ; 2),. N(O; 4). Vi du. Ldp bdng bien thien va vi' ' " x- 1 khilX_ < 0 h am so y = x -1 khi x > O.
~L_
• Xac dinh giao diem cua parabol v6i cac true

toa do (neu co).
1 va di thi cua
Xac dinh them mot so diem thuoc do thi, Chang han, diem d6i xirng v6i giao diem cua do thi v6i true tung qua true doi ximg ella parabol. ~. _L_._D~~_a_v_a_o_k_-e_t_q~_u_a_tr_e_n~,.v_e~pa_r_a_bo ___' I
{2
do
III - PHUONG TRINH. HI;: PHUONG TRINH ~.--_---------------------------~------------------------------------.-----------------------------------~ 1. Dai cuong ve'phuong trinh (Khai niern I. Phuong trinh an X la mot menh de chua bien - Dang 1 : Neu dieu kien cua :in d~ phirong trinh phuong trinh ; Nghiern ella plurong trinh ; dang f(x) = g(x), trong do f(x) va g(x) la cac bieu co nghia (khong can giai cac dieu kien),
Nghiern gan dung cua phuong trinh , Phuong trlnh tuong duong ; M¢t so phep ,--_._
3 HoAN ... TOAN UJP 10 _ A
thtrc cua x.
33
Chuan

phirong trinh).
Huang dan thirc hien ~------------K-ie-/n--th-u-'c-c-a--b-a-n------------r--------D-a-.n-g-t-o-a-n----V-i-d-~----l~-uu--y-'--------2. Dieu kien xac dinh ella phuong trinh (goi tat la dieu kien ella phirong trinh) la nhirng dieu kien ella ~n x d~ cac bieu thirc trong phiroug trinh deu eo nghia. 3. Neu/(xo) = g(xo) thi Xo diroc goi la nghiern ella phtrong trinh j'(x) = g(x). 4. Giai mot phuong trinh la tim t~p hop tat ca cac nghiern ella no (nghia la tim tap nghiem). = g(x) (1) va/I (x) = gl(x) (2) eo' tap -- D(,lI1g 2 : Bien d6i nrong duong, bien d6i h~ he tirong qua phuong trinh , Xac dinh quan duong, he qua ella cac phirong trinh, - Dang 3 : Buoc ddu lam quell
trinb chua tham .'16'; phuong trinh
bien d6i nrong dirong Phuong trinh h¢ qua Ve' hell thuc :
- Hieu khai niern phuong trinh ; nghiem

ella phtrong trinh ; hai phirong trinh nrong duong, - Hi~u cac phep bien d6i nrong duong phirong trinh,
VOl phuong
nhieu
an.
Vi du. Neu dieu kien xac dinh ella cac phirong trinh
a) ~x2
+ 3x = x + 1 ; + 1= ~
2 x+2 "
- Bie: khai niem phuong

tham .'16' phuong ; trtnb
' 5. Hai plnrong trinh trtnli eh ua
nhieu
an.
b)
Ve'kinang:
I diroc
j(x)
rx~
=
+x ;
goi la urong dirong neu cluing nghiern bang nhau (eo th~ la tap rong). Kf hieu : (1) ~ (2).
e) x-I 1 x+
d)
- Bier neu dieu kien xac dinh ella phirong

trinh (khong can giai cac dieu kien). - Biet bien d6i tuong dirong phuong trinh.
Jx
-m
2mx
+ 1.
6. Neu thirc hien cac phep bien d6i sau day tren mot phuong trinh rna khong lam thay d6i dieu kien xac dinh ella no thi ta diroc mot plnrong trinh moi nrong dirong a) Cong hay trir hai ve ella phirong trinh voi cung mot so hay cung mot bieu tlnrc. b) Nhan hoac ehia hai ve ella phirong trinh voi
II
Vi du . Gidi cac phuong trinh
x + 1 + 2 = 2x - 1 , x--l x-I x b) x + 2 =2;

a)
fx --1
c) ~
(x2 -
3x -.-.
4) = 0 ;
.J 4 x
2
cung mot so khac 0 hoac voi cung mot bieu thirc . luon gia tri. khac O. I
co
d)J;~=~;
e)
I
I
7. Neu moi nghiem ella phtrong trinh (1) cung la nghiern ella phirong trinh (2) thi ta noi plurong trinh (2) la phuong trinh h¢ qua ella phtrong trinh (l), ki hieu : (1) =;>(2).
•
lj-x- - 4
+ :r + 3 =
5x T'
Vi du. Trong cac cap phirong trinh sau, hay chi ra cac cap phirong trinh nrong dirong
----------------------------.~--------~-------34
._-_j
L('jp 10 [3
3- H.DAN . loAN

Chang han, voi
I(x)
Huang dan thuc hien Kien thirc co ban Dang toan - Vi du - Liru
11
so nguyen
=>
[I(x)
dirong
= g(x)
r= r.
[g(x)
tuy
y ta
c6 :
a)
b)
i -3x = 4 va i -3x 6x - 12 = 0 va x = 2.
2
= O.
8. Phuong trinh he qua c6 th~ c6 nghiem ngoai

cua phirong trinh ban dau, D~ loai nghiern ngoai lai ta phai thir lai nghiern tim diroc van phirong trinh ban dau,
fai, nghiern d6 khong phai
c) x(x
+ 2)
=3
= 3(x2
+ 2)
va x
= 3.
la nghiern
d) x-I
va (x-l)2=9.
(x+2)2= 16.
e) Ix+21=4va
Vi du. VOi gia tri nao cua m thi phuong trinh mx2 - 3( m + l)x + 5 nhdn x = 2 la nghiem ?
9. Ngoai cac phuong trinh mot ftn con c6 cac phuang trinh nhieu dn. Nghiern cua phirong trinh hai ~n x, y la mot cap so thirc (xo ; Yo) tho a man
=0
Vi du. Tim cdc nghiem (x; y) cua phuong trinh
phuong trinh do, con nghiern cua mot phirong x2 + + 2x + 4y = -5. trinh ba ftn x, y, z la mot b¢ ba so thuc (xo ; Yo ; zo) (HD : bien ddi vt trdi thanh tdng 2 binh phuong). tho it man plurong trinh d6. 10. Trong mot phuong trinh (mot hoac nhieu (in), ngoai cdc chit dong vai tro lin siJ con co thi co cdc chit cai khac duac xem nhu nhiing hling stYva duoc goi La tham so. Gidi va bien ludn phuong trinh chua tham s{/ la xet xem khi nao phuong trinh do vb nghiem, khi nao co nghiem tllY theo cdc gia tri etta tham siJ va chi ra cdc nghiem do. --------------------------------1--------------------------------------~-------------------------------------4 -- Dang 1 : 2. Phuong trinh quy vephuong trinli bac 1. Giai va bien luan phirong trinh ( 1) Giai va bien ludn phirong trinh ax + b = 0 ; nhdt, bdc hai (Giai va bien luan phirong ax + b = 0 trinh ax + b = 0 , Giai va bien ludn Giai va bien luan phirong trlnh ax2 + hx + c plurong trinh ai + hx + C = 0 ; Dog dung 35
= O.
Chuan

trinh quy ve bac Heso
Hu6ng dan thuc hien Kien thirc

CO'
ban - Dang 2
dinh li Vi-et , Phuong nhat, bac hai).
Giai cac phirong trinh quy ve bac
Kel luan
Ve' kien thuc .'
I trinh
- Hi~u each giai va bien IlUJn phuong ax + b

:=
°;
=
;t:.
°
b
;t:.
Phuong trinh (I) co nghiem
phuong trinh 0
' b duy nI liitx =-a

Phuong t[lnh (1) v6 nghi~m Phuong trinh (1) nghi~lTI_j1 dung voi 1TI9ix.
ai +bx s- c= 0.
- Hi~u each giai cac phuong trinh quy ve dang ax + b ax: + bx + c phirong trinh co ~n mau so, phuong trinh co chua dan gia tri tuyet doi.
a=O
°,
b=O
Khi a ;t:. phirong trinh (1) duoc goi la phuong trinh bdc nhdt mot
nhar, bac hai ; phuong trinh co ~n mau so , phirong trinh chua ~n trong dau gia tri tuyet doi ; phuong trinh dira ve phirong trinh tich. (Chi xet phuong trinh trung phuong, phuong trinh dua ve' bdc hai hang each ddt dn phu dun gidn .' dn phu la da thuc bdc nhdt , da thuc bdc hai hodc can bdc hai cua a'11 chinh, phuong trinh co dn J mdu thuc, phuong trinh quy vedang tich hang mot stI phep bien ddi don gian).
an.
Ve' ki ndng .'

- Giai va bien ludn thanh thao phuong
2. Giai va bien luan plnrong trinh bac hai
trmh ax + b
= 02'Phuon.g
ax
+ hx + c -
- °.
trinh
I ,------,-----------------,
I
I
Biet thirc
2
ax2
+ bx + c = 0, (a
;t:.
0)
(2).
- Dang 3 .' Van dung dinh If Vi-et vao viec nham nghiem cua plnrong trinh bac hai, tim hai so khi biet t6ng va tfch cua cluing, tim die'u kien cua tham s6' dl phuong trinlt thod miin dieu kien chotruoc.
- Dang 4 .' Giai cac bai to an tlnrc te dira ve giai phuong trinh bac nhat, bac hai bang each lap phirong trinh. - Dang 5 .' Giai gan dung phirong trinh bac hai ; giai phuong trinh bac hai bang may tinh bo nii. Vi du, Giai va bien luan phuong trinh mix - 2)
1'1 = b - 4ac
Ket luan
Phuong trinh (2) co hai nghiem
- Giai diroc cac phirong trinh quy ve bac

nhat, bac hai (phtrong trinh co ~n
a mau
f--.-----+----~----------1
so,
plurong trinh chua dau g.ia tri tuyet doi , phuong trinh chua can don gian, phtrong
1'1 >
x1,2
-h :i -Ii.
2a
trinh dira ve phirong trinh tfch),

- Biet van dung dinh If Vi-et vao viec nham nghiern cua phuong trinh bac hai, tim hai so khi biet tong va tfch cua chung, tim dieu kien ella tham s6~de? phuong
~"--.-------~---~-~~~--~_, Phuong trinh (2) co nghiern kep

\"::::--
b 2a I
= 3x
+ 1,
veri m HI tham so.
trinh thod miin dilu kien eho truce.
-----+-----_._-----------[ _1'1 <_0___ Phuong trlnh (2) v6 nghiem.

---------_j
I Vi du.
m la
r:
Gidi
va bien lutin phuong trtnb sau, vOi

_
_SO_"_:
36
Chuan kien thuc - ki nang - Bier chuyen bai toan e6 noi dung thirc
te ve bai toan giai duoc bang each lap phuong trinh bac nhat, bac hai. - Biet giai phuong trinh bac hai c6 su ho tro ella 3. Dinh If Vi-et

Dang toan - Vi d1,l- LUll a) mx2 - 2mx + m + 1 = 0 ; b) mx2 - x +
• Neu phtrong trinh (2) c6 hai nghiem xl' X2 thi Xl +X2=--,xlx2=-'
1 = O.
15 va tich
may tinh bo nii.
h a
Vi duo Tim hai so e6 tong bang bang -34.
• Ngiroc lai, neu hai so u va v c6 tong u + v va tich uv phuongtrlnh
=S
cua
P thi u va v la cac nghiem

')
Vi du. Tim m de' phuong trinb x2 -em -5)x -2

/ at co hai ng hitem
Xl, X2
=0
Xl X2
X~
-Sx+
P =0,
t h oa" man - 1 + - 1 = 4.
(dieu kien : S2 - 4P ~ 0). 4. Phuong trinh trung phuang ax

4
V i du. Giai cac phuong trtnh :

a)
+ hx + c = 0, (a
:I;
0) c6 th~ dua ve plurong
x2 _ 1 b)
2x
__ 1_ = 2 ; x+1 - (3x + 2)2
trinh bac hai bang each dat t
= x2,
(z z G).
(i + 2xi
4 2
=0;
5. C6 th~ khir dau gia tri tuyet doi trong phuang trinh chua dn trong doli gia tri tuyet dOl nho sir dung dinh nghia khi lal
c) .r - 8x - 9 = 0 ;
d) x2 + 5x -13x e) .J14x + 2 2 f) x + 2x + )x2
21- 5 = 0 ;
- 3x + 18 ,
{ :a
khi
a~0 a < O.
Ix + 11- 5 = 0
=
Dac bier, ta c6 :
g) ) x2 + 3x + 5
2x2 + 6x - 5.
hoac I/(x)1
Ig(x)1
¢::>
l'/(X) =
I(x)
= ,-g(x).
g(x)
V i du. MQt nguoi dung 300 nghm dong d~ dau tu cho san xuat thu congo Moi san pham ngiroi d6 dU<;1C 1 500 dong. Sau mot tuan, tinh ca von lai I<ln lui ngiroi d6 c6 1 050 nghin dong. Hoi trong twin d6, ngiroi ay san xuat duoc bao nhieu san pham ?
37
Huong dan thuc hien

Kien thirc co ban 6. Khi giai phuong trinh chi/a (ill duai ddu cdn {hue hac hai ta thuong binh phirong hai ve d~ khir dau can thirc va dira toi mot phirong trinh he qua.
Y
mot Neu 0 to
Vi du, M9t cong ti van tai du dinh dieu dong so 0 to cung loai de chuyen 22,4 tan hang. moi 0 to cho them I ta so voi du dinh thi so giam di 4 chiec, Hoi so 0 to cong ti du dinh dong d~ cho het so hang tren la bao nhieu ? - Dang 1 : Giai va bieu dien tap nghiem
dieu
3. Phuong
nhdt nhieu
an :
Trinh va h¢ phuong trinh bdc
1. Phuong trinh bac nhat hai an c6 dang
cua
ax + by
= c,
plurong trinh bac nhat hai an. - Dang 2 : Giai va bien luan phtrong trinh ax + hy
trong d6 a, b, C la cac so thuc da cho va a, b khong dong thai bang 0 ; x, y la cac an so. 2. H~ hai phuong H~ phirong trinh
alX {
a2x
= c.
trinh bac nhat hai an x, y c6 , trong d6 ca hai phuong
dang
alx {
a2x
+ hly = cI + h2y =
c2
Giai h~ phirong trinh bac nhat hai ~n
+ bly + CIZ = dl + h2y + C2Z = d2 + h3y + C3Z = d3·

plurong cua he
- Dang 3 : Gidi h¢ phuang trinh bac nluit hai In bang dinli thuc. - Dang 4: Gidi va bien ludn h¢ phuong trinh b(ic nhdt hai lin chua tham so:
- Dang 5 : Giai he phuong trinh bac nhat ba an ." ,. _ ,. , don gian (co the c6 sir ho tro cua may tinh bo ,. .. tui),
trinh deu la phuong trinh bac nhat hai an. • C6 hai each giai he phuong trinh bac nhat hai an quen thuoc : ha h " T' Ah ' h ' de a ) Ph uong p ap t e. ir mot p irong tnn nao 0 , he b· A' thi! mo an qua an kiia roi e van At ~ . ~ A'·the cua ~, leu phirong trinh con lai M diroc plurong trinh bac
a3x
Ve' kiln thuc :

Hieu khai niem nghiem cua trinh bac nhat hai an, nghiern phuong trinh.
ve' ki
ndng :
nhat mot an. b) Phuong phdp
, I-__,D~ng 6 ~.Giili m9~ so. ~ai ~oan .~?i ~ung thirc cong. Bien doi cho he so cua te bang each dira ve VI~C lap va giai he phirong trinh ia hai so trinh bac nhat hai an, ba an. - Dang 7 : Giai he phtrong trinh bac nhat hai an, ba an c6 sir ho tro cua may tinh bo nii. Vi du. Giai phirong trinh 3x
- Giai dUQ'C va bieu dien diroc tap nghiem cua phirong trinh bac nhat hai an. - Giai va bien ludn diroc phirong trinh
mot an nao d6 trong hai phuong
doi nhau roi cong tung ve hai phuong trinh lai d~ diroc phuong trinh bac nhat mot an.
ax + hy
= c.
nhat ba an la :
3. Dang tam giac cua he ba phirong
trinh bac
+y
= 7.
38
HUOng dan thuc hien Chuan kien thirc - ki nang

alX
Kien tlurc co ban
Dang toan - VI dl_1- Luu

(1)
- Gidi duac h¢ phuong trinli bdc nhdt hai {In bang dinn thuc. - Gidi va bien ludn duoc h¢ phuong trinh btjc nluit hai dn chua tham so:
- Giai duoc he phuong trinh bac nhat ba in don gian (c6 th~ dung may tinh bo nii). - Biet chuyen bai to an c6 noi dung· thuc te bai toan giai duoc bang each lap va giai he phuong trinh bac nha~ hai an, ba
{
+ hly +
h2y +
('IZ e2z C3Z
= dl = d2 = d3
3X - 2y = 6 Vi duo Giai he phirong trinh { 6 9x + 4y = - . Vi du. Gidi va bien ludn h¢ phuong trinlt r2mx + 3y = 6 lx+y=m+1.
ho~c
(2)
Vi dZI. Giai cac h~ phuong trinh : r3J: +- 4v - 5z = 8
ve
- Cdch gidi : Tir plnrong trinh cuoi cua he (1) tinh diroc z, the gia tri Z vira tim dtroc VaG phirong trinh thtr hai d~ tinh duoc y roi the ca gia tri y va z tim duoc VaG phuong trinh dau tinh duoc x.
Tir phuong trinh dau cua he (2) tfnh diroc x, the gia tri d6 vao phuong trinh tlur hai d~ tinh diroc y roi thay cac gia tri tim diroc d6 VaG phuong trinh thtr ba tfnh duoc z. 4. H~ ba plurong trinh bac nhat ba frn c6 dang :
a)
An.
- Biet dung may tinh bo nii h6 tro tim
l
ix +
[x
~y
+z=9 z = 21 ;
nghiern cua he phuong trinh bac nhat hai
+y +z = 2
y + 3z
An,
ba an.
b)
I,2x + ~ + 3z == -1. v
Vi duo Mot do an xe gam 13 xe tac xi tai cho

36 tan xi rnang cho mot cong trinh xay dung. Doan xe chi gam c6 hai loai : xe cho 3 tan va xe cho 2.5 tan. Tfnh s6 xe moi loai,
Vi duo Ba may troug mot gio' san xuat duoc
I
,
p"hu<~ngphap G,au-xo) : Khu dan an so dc dira ve he plurong trmh dang tam giac.
,Ca~'h ~~di}thco
95 sa~ ph,frrn. so s,an, phfrn: may, III I~m t;ong 2 gio nhieu hon so san pham may I va may II Elm tron b.mot gia la 10 san pham. S6 san pham may I. lam trong 8 gi.~ chl~? bang s6, ph may II lam trong 7 gio. HOI trong mot gio, mor
IT
sa~,
a,;:
I ------------~-----
Im1Y s<ln xuat duq'c bao nhiell san pham ?

39

Vi du, Giai h~ phirong trinh sau bang may tinh bo lui: a) 2,5X
+ 4y = 8,5 +z = 7
{ 6x+4,2y=5,5;
X -
b)
{
x+y-z=l y
+z- x
3.
Vi du. Tim cdc nghiem trinh 3x - 4y = 5. 4. Mot so' h¢ phuong hai lin don gidn.
Ve' kiln thuc :
nguyen cua phuong
trink
bdc hai
gidi mot so' h¢ phuong trinh bac hai hai lin.

Ve' ki nang:
- uu« each
( Gidi duoc mot so' h¢ phuong trinh bac hai hai lin : h¢ gom mot phuong trinh bac hai va mot - Gidi duoc mfjt so' h¢ phuong trinh bac - H¢ phuong trinh bac hai doi xung la h¢ ma phuong trinh bac nhdt ; h¢ phuong trinh ma hai hai lin : h¢ gom mot phuong trinh khi ta thay x bOi y va thay y bOi x thi h¢ dli cho moi phuong trinh cua h¢ khong d6; khi thay x bdc hai va mot phuong trinh bdc "hat ; khong thay d6i. Co thl gidi h¢ nay theo each bOiy, thay y bOi x ; Chi xet cdc h¢ phuong trinh h¢ phuong trinh ma moi phuong trinh d{lt an phu S = x + y, P = x.y va bien d6i l'e'h¢ bac hai hai lin : h¢ gdm mot phuong trinh bac cua h¢ khong d6i khi thay x bOi y, thay phuong trinh trung gian voi hai lin S l'a P. Voi hai va mfjt phuong trinh bac nhat ; h¢ phuong moi nghiem (S ; P) ta gidi phuong trinh y bOi x. trinh dOl xung). X2 - SX + P = 0 di tim nghiem (x; y) tuong ung,
40
- H¢ phuong trinh bdc hai hai lin gom mot phuong trinh bdc nhdt hai lin va mot phuong trinh bdc hai hai lin, co thl gidi theo phuong phap the: nghia la tit phuong trinh bac nhdt bilu dien mot an theo lin kia, the' vao phuong trinh bac hai cua h¢ dl chuyen vi phuong trinh bdc hai co mot lin.
- Dang 1 : Gidi mot so' h¢ phuong trinh bac hai hai lin:
+ H.¢ gom mot phuong trinh bac hai va mot

phuong trinh bac nhdt ;
+ H¢ phuong trinh bac hai do'i xung.
,---------------------------------,-----------------------------------------------------------------------~~---HUOng dan thtrc hien Chuan kien tlurc - ki nang Kien thirc co ban I Dang toan - Vi du - LUll Y Vi du. Gidi cac h¢ phuong trinh :
a) x2 - 5x {2 x - 3x
+6 = 0 + 2 = 0;
b)
{x 2x
2
=3
+
- 3xy
i +x +y =0 ;
c) {x
+ y + xy = 5 x + i = 5;
d)
x2 - 2x {
+2 + 2.
i -2y = x
IV - BAT DANG 1. Bat dang thuc
THUC. BAT PHVdNG
TRINH
- Dang 1 .' Chimg minh mot so bat dang thirc don gian (van dung dinh. nghia va tinh chat cua hat dang thuc hodc dung phep bien ddi tuang duong ).
( Khai niern bat dang thtrc va tinh chat ; Bat dang thirc chira dau gia tri tuyet doi ; Bat ding thirc giira trung - binh cong va trung binh nhan). Ve' kien thuc .'
1. Dti so sanh hai so hoac hai bieu thirc A va B ta xet dau ella hieu A - B, khi do A~B<=>A-B~O A <B
<=> A - B < O.
- Bier dinh nghia va cac tinh chat ella bat dang thirc.
- Hitiu bat dang thirc giira trung binh cong va trung binh nhan ella hai so khong
2. D~ chtrng minh mot bat ding thrrc ta eo thti sir dung cac tinh chat cho trong bang sau :
- Dang 2 .' Chung minh mot so bat dang thirc hoac tim gia tri 16'11 nhat, gia tri nho nhat ella mot bieu thirc tvdn dung bat dJng thuc giiia trung binh cong va trung binh nhdn cua hai so', ba so).
am.
41
Chuan
HI16ng dan thuc hien Kien thirc co ban NQi dung Ten goi kien ~~--~------r---------~--~'----~ cau a < b va b < e -:::=;, a < e ---------~------~ Cong hai ve a<h bat dang thirc ¢:::>([ + e < b + c voi mot so ~--~------r--------------+-------a<h e>O Nhan hai ve ¢:::> ae < be bat dAng thirc a<h voi mot so e<O ¢:::> ae > he Cong hai bat a< dang thirc e<d cung chieu -:::=;,a+e<h+d Nhan hai bat a> 0, a< dang thirc e>O c<d cung chieu -:::=;, ac < bd Dieu
----
Dang toan - Vi dl,l - LUll
- Biet bat ddng thuc giiia trung binh cong va trung binh nhdn cua ba so khong dm. - Biet duoc mot so bat dang thirc co chua gia tri tuyet d6i, nhu : V x
EO
- D(l11g 3 : Clnrng minh mot so bat dang thirc don gian co chira gia tri tuyet doi. - DC;l1g 4 : Bi~u dien cac diem tren true so thoa man cac bat dang thirc
Bac
Ixl
<a;
lR.
Ixl > a
(voi a > 0).
Ixl? 0; Ixl? x ;Ixl? Ixl ::; a -a ::;x ::;

¢:::>
Vi du . Chung minh rang:

a) ~ +
-x.
0
(a >0) (voi a·> 0)
!!_ ? 2
a
voi a, b dirong ;
b ) a 2 + ,2 - a) ? 0 I. ) c) (a +
Ixl > a -
X ¢:::> [
?a
x ::;-0
la + hi ::; H + Ihl·
Ve' ki ruing :
h}
h{ ~
*)
,. VOl
moi. 0, b
? 4 voi a,
la hai so dirong ;
) ? d) a- + b: + c 2 cac so thirc.
>- ab + he + ca voi a, b, c l' a
- Van dung diroc dinh nghia va tinh chat ella bat ding thirc hoac dung phep bien .d6i tuong duong d~ clurng minh mot so bat dang thirc dan gian, - Bier van dung bat ding thirc gitra trung binh cong va trung binh nhan cua hai so khong am vao viec cluing minh mot so bat dang thirc hoac tim gia tri 16"11 nhat, gia tri nho nhat cua mot bieu thtrc. - Chung minh diroc mot so bat ding thirc don gian co chua gia tri tuyet doi,
h}
Vi dLJ.Chung minb ding: a) (ab + cd)2 ::;(a2 + ('2 )(b2 + d2) voi moi a, b, c, d; (1 1 b) (a+b+c)la+[;+;-)?9 cdc soduong ; 11
so'
Nang hai ve cua bat dang thirc len mot luy thira Khai can hai ve cua mot bat dang tlnrc.
a<h
¢:::>
a211+ < h21l+ 1 1

211
voi a, b, c La
O<o<h
-:::=;, a
<
,211
J
a>O
d >_ 4~ab'~d voi abc 'v<", sothuc khong am.

C
c) a + b +
d La'cdc
I
a<h
¢:::>
if; <
Vb
Vi ~1.1. Cluing minh rang voi moi so thuc a, b, c ta co
la - el ::; la - hi + Ih - cl·
42
,-------------------------------~------------------------------------------.-------------------------------HUOng dan thuc hien Chuan kien thirc - ki nang Kien thirc co ban Dang toan - Vi du=- LUll Y
- Bier bieu dien cac diem tren true so thoa
Ixl
3. Cac bat dang thirc chua dau gia tri tuyet dci :
Ixl ~
man
cac
bat
dang
thirc
Vi duo Cho x> 2. TIm gia tri nho nhat cua bieu thirc
j(x)=x+--.
< a; Ixl >a (voi a > 0).
0 ; Ixl ~ x ; Ixl ~ -x
a ::::;x ::::;a x ::::;- a hoac x ~ a
Ixl ::::;a<=>Ixl ~ a
x-2
<=>
a>O
Vi du. TIm gia tri

y
Ian
nhat, nho nhat cua ham so
= .[;+3 + J6
- x.
4. Bat dang thirc gifra trung blnh cong
va
trung
binh nhan :
1) V oi moi a ~ 0, b ~ 0, ta co :
a+b ~
2
J;;h.
r--7h' D'ang t hu --2- = "an xay ra khiI va c hiI khiI ire a + b
a=b.
2) V oi moi a, b, c khong am ta
a +b+c 31b 3 ~ sraoc,
co :
xdy ra khiI va c hi ,
ndng thuc a + 3 + c = ~ b
khi a 2. Bat phuong
trinh (Khai niem bat phirong trinh ; Nghiem cua bat phirong trl~h ; ~~t ph~ong trinh nrong d~ong ,; Phep bien doi nrong duong cac bat phuong trmh).
= b = c.
j(x) (j(x)
Bat phirong trinh an x la menh de chua bien dang
< g(x) hoac j(x)::::; g(x) > g(x) hoac j(x)

~ g(x)),
(*)
- Dang 1 : TIm dieu kien cua :in trinh co nghia.
M bat
phuong
I
\
- Dang 2 : Nhan bier hai bat phuong

nrong dirong voi nhau khong.
trinh co
43
Chudn
HUOng dan thuc hien

Kien thirc co ban trong d6 j(x) va g(x) la nhirng bieu thirc cua x. Ngiroi ta cling goi j(x), g(x) nrong irng la ve trai, ve phai cua bat phtrong trinh (*). eho j(xo) < g(xo) hoac j(xo) Dang toan - Vi du - Luu
Ve' kiln thuc : - Biet khai niem bat phirong nghiern cua bat phirong trinh, - Biet
trinh,
- Dang 3 : Van dung phep bien d6i nrong dirong

bat phirong trinh d~ dira mot bat phirong trinh da eho ve dang don gian hon.
so thirc
Xo sao
khai niem hai bat phirong trinh
~ g(xo)
la menh de
Vi du. Cho bat phuong trinh :

~x
2 - 3x
nrong dirong, cac phep bien d6i nrong dirong bat phirong trinh.
dung diroc goi la nghiern cua bat phirong trinh (*). Giai bat phtrong trinh la tim tap nghiern ella n6. H~ bat plurong trinh itn x gorn mot so bat phirong trinh itn x rna ta phai tim nghiern ehung cua
+ 2 > x-I.
trinh do co
Ve' ki ndng :
- Neu diroc dieu kien xac dinh cua bat
a) Neu dieu kien d~ bat phirong nghia.
phirong trinh.
- Nhan bier diroc hai bat phirong trinh co nrong dirong voi nhau khong trong tnrong hop don gian. - V an duhg diroc phep bien d6i nrong dirong bat phtrong trinh d~ dira mot bat phirong trinh da chove dang don gian hon.
cluing,
1. Dieu kien cua mot bat phirong trinh la dieu kien rna itn so phai thoa man M cac bieu thirc b hai ve cua bat phuong trinh co nghia. 2. Hai bat phuong trinh (he bat phirong trinh) diroc goi la luang duang voi nhau khi chung co
b) Trong cac so : 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3, so nao la nghiern cua bat phtrong trinh tren ?
V [ du. Xet xem hai bat phirong trinh sau e6 tuong dirong voi nhau khong :
a) (x + 7) (2r + 1) > (x + 7)2 va 2x + 1 > x + 7. b)
cung tap nghiern.

3. Cac phep bien d6i bat phuong trinh : Kf hieu D la tap cac so thirc thoa man dieu kien
.3x - 5,
2
>7
va 3x-5>7(x
+1).
+1
Vi du. Gidi cdc bat phuong trinh :

a) b)
cua bat phtrong trinh P(x) < Q(x).

a) Phep cong :
Neuj(x) P(x)
12x -
11 :2: 3
4
xac dinh tren D thi < Q(x) <=> P(x) + j{x) < Q(x) + j(x). > 0 thi < Q(x)j(x).
x + 1> --. x+l
b) Phep nhan :
Neu Vx ED,f(x)
P(x)
< Q(x) <=> P(x)f(x)
4. Chti y : Khi bien d6i cac bieu thirc b hai ve cua mot bat plurong trinh, dieu kien cua bat phirong trinh thirong bi thay d6i. Vi vay, d~ tim nghiern cua bat plurong trinh da eho ta phai tim cac gia tri cua itn dong thai thoa man bat phirong trinh moi va dieu kien cua bat phirong trinh da eho.
44
~-----------------------------------r------------------------------------Kien thirc co ban < 0 thi

P(x)f(x) Dang toan - Vi du - Liru
Huang dan thuc hien
Neu \Ix ED,j(x)
P(x) < Q(x) ~
> Q(x)j(x).
0 thi
c) Phep binh phuong :

Neu \Ix ED, P(x)~ 0 va Q(x)~
P(x) < Q(x) ~ p2(x) < Q\x). 3. Diiu cua mot nhi thuc bdc nhat. Minh hoa bang nhdt va h¢ l. Dau cua nhi thtrc bac nhatj(x) Bang xet dau b
do
= ax
+b
- Dang 1 : V ~n dung dinh li v~ dau cua nhi tlurc bac nhat d6 lap bang xet dau tfch cac nhi thirc
thi : Bdt phuang trinh 'bdc hat phuang trinh bdc nhdt mot
a'1I.
Ve' kien thuc :
x
ax+ b a>O a<O
--00
-
-a
+00 +
-
- Hi~u va nho duoc dinh If v~ dau cua nhi. . .

,
0 0
I I
I
bac nhat.
- Dong 2 phuong Xac dinh tap nghiern cua cac bat trinh dang tich (moi thira so trong bat
phuong trinh dang tich la mot nhi thirc bac nhat). - Dang 3 : Gidi va bien luan bd: phuong lrinh
tlnrc bac nhar. - Hieu each giai bat phuong an.

>' •
trinh bac
nhat, he bat phuong trinh bac nhat mot Ve ki nang: - V an dung duoc dinh If -v&" dau cua nhi
thirc bac nhat d~ lap bang xet dau . tich cac nhi thirc bac nhat, xac dinh tap nghiern cua cac bat phirong trinh dang tfch (moi thira so trong bat phuong trinh
" _ v
12
I
KhiU d" gia tn tuyet OJ: ',' 'd''" au . . a) Bang khir dau gia tri tuyet doi
•
bdc nhdt mot In. Giai h¢ bat phirong trinh bac

nhat mot an. - Dang 4 b
I
Sir dung cac phep bien d6i Wong trinh da: cho ve
dirong d~ bien d6i bat phuong nghiem cua bat phuong trinh.
x
I
-00
--
--
dang ax + b > 0 hoac ax + b < 0 va tir do rut ra ax+b ~

-- Dang 5 : Giai 111(>t so bai toan thuc tien dIin toi viec giiii bat phirong trinh.
lax + b\
a>O
- (ax + b)
a<O
ax+b
0 - (ax + -
dang tfch lil mot nhi thirc bac nhat).
L--
- et« gidi va bien ludn bat phuong trinli bdc nhoi mot In.
b) Dong nhat thirc \x\2

~
= )?, \Ix.
~
Vi duo Xet dau bieu thirc

A
= (2x
-- 1)(5 - x)(x - 7).

~
45

Giai diroc h¢ bat phU011g trinh bac nhat
mot ~n.
Huang dan thuc hien Kien thirc

3. Gidi
CO'
ban
Dang toan - Vi du - Liru Vi du. Giai cac bat phU011g trinh :

a) (3x - 1)(3 - x) ~ 0 ; 4x - 17 (1) b) (x - 1)(4 - 2x)(5x c) x
2
va bien
ludn bat phuong trinh bac nhdt
mot dn Gidi
- Sir dung diroc cac phep bien deli tirong dirong d~ bien deli bat phirong trinh da cho dang ax + b > 0 hoac ax + b < 0 va tir d6 rut ra nghiern cua bat phuong trinh,
va bien
ludn bat phuong trinh

ax+b<O
ve
- 3) ~ 0 ;
1) Neu a > 0 thi t(Lpnghiem cua (1)
La
- Giai duoc mot
so bai toan
ve
thirc tien c6 th~ quy phuong trinh,
c6 noi dung viec giai bat
-lOx + 9
- 5x + 6
;::: .
V i du. Giai cac h¢ bat phuong trinh :
2) Neu a < 0 thi t(Lpnghiem cua (1)
La
a)
2X - 7 > 0 { 5x + 1 > 0 ;
b) .
3) Ne'u a = 0 thi (1) tril thanb Ox < -b. Dodo

(1) vo nghiem (S=0) neu b ;::: ; 0
L7x -
(2x
+ 3)(x - 1) > 0 5 < O.
V i du. Giai cac bat phuong trinh :

a) (3x - 1)2 -
9<0;
(1) nghiem dung voi moi x (S
= JR)
neu b < O.
b) _2_;::: 3 1- x 2x + 1 '
c) Ix -
4. D~ giai mot h¢ bat phuong trinh mot iln, ta thuong giai tirng bat phU011g trinh cua he roi lay giao cua cac t~p nghiem thu diroc.
21 ~
x.
Vi du. Gidi
va bien
luan bat phuong trinh
(m -1)x -1 > x + 2m. Vi du. Xac dinh. m dl h¢ bat phuang trinh
_ __ 1 ---L-__
-----l.-
r~<O x-2vo nghiem. 2x + 1 ~ m
46
Kien thirc eo ban Dang toan - Vi da, - Lu'u Y ~.-------------------------------+--------------.--------.--------------~----.-----Vi du. Gidi phuong trinh
Huong dan thuc hien
Ix - 51 + Ix - 71 = 8.
Vi du. Gidi bd: phuong trinh Ix - 2m + 11 :s; 5.

1
4. ,Bdt phu(fn~ trin~l h~c"nhd~ ~!ai dn. H¢ bdt phuong trinh bdc nhdt hal an.
Bat phuong trinh bac nhat hai ~n x, y co dang tong quat la ax + hy < e hoac ax + by ::;:c hoac ax + hy > c hoac ax + hy ~ c (*), trong do a, b, Ve' kien thia: : c la nhirng so thuc da cho va a, b khong dong Hitiu khai niem bat phuong trinh, he bat thai bang 0 con x va y la cac ~n so. phuong trinh bac nhat hai tin,. nghiem va Trong mat phang toa d¢ OAY, tap hop cac diem co toa d¢ la nghiern bat phirong trinh (*) duoc mien nghiern cua no. goi la mien nghiem cua no. Ve' ki nang: H~ bat phuong trinh bac nhat hai ~n x, y gam 111¢t Bitiu dien .diroc tap nghiern cua bat so bat phuong trinh bac nhat hai <1nx, y rna ta phtrong trinh va he bat phirong trinh bac phai tim mien nghiern chung ella cluing. nhat hai tin tren mat phang toa do. 1. Bieu dien hinh hoc tap nghiern cua bat phuong trinh ax + by ::;:c (1), trong do a va b la hai so khong dong thai bang 0 :
• Buac 1 : Tren mat phang toa do Oxy, ve dirong thang tl : ax + by = c. • Buac 2 : Lay mot diem Mo(xo ; Yo) thirong lay goc toa do 0).
(t:
- Dang 1 : Xac dinh mien nghiem cua bat phirong trinh va he bat phirong trinh bac nhat hai <1n tren mat phang toa do, tTliua nhdn ket qud Trang mat phdng tog dr), moi duang thdng d : ax + by + c = 0 chia mgt phdng thanh hai nua
mat phdng. Mr)t trong hai nua mat phdng (khong ke' ba d) g()'m cdc diem tog dr) thad man bdt
co
phuong trinh ax + hy + c > 0, nua mgt phdng kia (khong kl ba d) gam die'm tog do thad man hat phuang trinh ax + by + c < 0).
cae
co
- Dang 2 : Ap dung vao bai roan kinh Vi du. Xac dinh mien nghiem
trinh
teo
cua bat phirong
2x - 3y + 1 > 0, Vi du. Xac dinh mien nghiern cua he bat phirong trinh 5)' + 20 < 0
tl (ta
!I
i•
II
voi c.
0
Buoe
3 : Tinh axo + byo va so sanh axo + hyo
{4X _
LX
IL_
Buac 4 : Ket luan :
x-,/v+5<0
"
+ 3y - 6 < O.
~
~I_N_e_·u a._\o~+. b_yO_._<_c_t~h_l_n_u'a + hy ba_'_la_tl __ __ ::;:c. I diem Mo __ 18.mien nghiern __111_~_t_p_h_a-n_g__C_h_U_a~ cua ax
47
HUOng dan thuc hien Kien thtrc co ban

Neu axo + hyo > c thi nira mat phang co bo' ~ Dang
toan - Vi du - LUll
khong chua diem M 0 la mien nghiern cua ax + by ::; c. 2. Bo bo mien nghiem cua bat phirong trinh (1) ta duoc mien nghiern cua bat phirong trlnh ax + by < c. Mien nghiern cua cac bat plurong trinh ax + by ~ c va ax + by > C diroc xac dinh nrong nr.
Vi du. C6 ba nh6m may A, B, C dung d~ san xuat ra hai loai san pham I va II. D~ san xuat mot don V! san pham moi loai phai Ian luot dung cac may thuoc cac nh6m khac nhau. SO may trong mot nh6m va so may cua nrng nh6m can thiet d~ san xuat ra mot don vi san pham thuoc moi loai diroc
eho trong bang sau : So may trong mor nh6m
;:c.
3. Bieu dien hinh hoc t~p nghiern cua he bat

, fax + by ::;c phirong trinh bac nhat hai an < ax+ b' y_c.
Nh6m
So may trong nrng nhorn d~ san xuat ra mot don vi san pham Lo~i I 2 Lo~i II 2 2
Ve cac dirong thang
~: ax + by
=c
A B
10 4
12
va
S : ax + h'y
= c'.
0
2
Bieu dien mien nghiern cua m6i bat phirong trinh va tim giao cua chung. 4. Tim gia tri 1611nhat, gia tri nho nhat cua cac bieu tlurc dang F ax + by; trong d6 x, y nghiem dung mot he bat phirong trinh bac nhat hai dn da eho.
MQt don V! san ph am I lai 3 nghin dong, mot don vi san pham II lai 5 nghin dong. Hay lap phirong an d~ viec san xuar hai loai san pham tren co lai eao nhat.
Ve mien nghiern cua he bat phuong trinh da eho, d6 thuong la mot mien da giac, Tfnh gia tri cua F irng v6i (x ; y) la toa dQ cac dinh cua mien da giac nay roi so sanh cac ket qua. Tir d6 suy ra gia tri lon nhat va gia tri nho nhat ella bieu thirc.
48
Huong dan thuc hien Kien thirc CO' ban

1. Dau cua tam thirc bac hai : Cho f(x)

- Dang 1 : Xet dau tam thirc bac hai.
5. Ddu cua tam thuc bdc hai. Bdt phuang trlnh bdc hai. Ml)t s{1 h¢ bat phuong trinh bdc hai mot a'n sodon gidn. M l)t so' phuong trinh va bat phuong trinh quy ve' bdc hai.
ax2 + bx + e, (a -:f:- L1= b2 - 4ae. 0),
• Neu L1 < 0 thi f(x) luon cimg dau voi he so a,

voi moi x
E
- Dang 2 : Ap dung dinh If ve dau tam thirc bac hai dtS giai bat phirong trinh bac hai ; Mot so bat
phirong trinh quy ve bac hai : bat phirong trinh dang tich, bat phtrong trinh chua lin (}mau thirc.
Itt
Ve' kien thuc :

- HitSu dinh If hai.
• Neu L1 = 0 thi f(x) luon cimg dau voi he so a,
ve
dau cua tam thirc bac
voi nhirng gia tri x -:f:- :a . • Neu L1 > 0 thi f(x)
- Dang 3 : Gidi mot so' h¢ bat phuong trinh bac hai mot lin sodon gidn.
- Dang bac hai phirong trinh c6 4 : Ap dung viec giai bat phirong trinh dt giai mot so bai toan lien quan den trinh bac hai nhir : dieu kien dtS plnrong nghiem, c6 hai nghiern trai dau,
V if ki nang:
- Ap dung diroc dinh If ve difu tam bac hai M giai bat phirong trinh bac cac bat phuong trinh quy ve bac hai phuong trinh dang tich, bat phirong chua lin (}mau thirc. thirc hai ; : bat trinh
0 c6 hai nghiern xI'
X2
so a khi
(quy iroc xI < x2)' Khi d6, f(x)
cung dau voi he
x < xI hoac x > X2' trai dau voi he
so a
khi x I < x < x2' 2. Minh hoa hinh hoc dau tam thirc bac hai j(x) = ax2 + bx + e, (a-:f:-0)
- Dang 5 : Gidi mot so bat phuong trinh quy vi bac hai bang cacn diJt a'n phu thich hap. Vi du. Xet dau cac tam thirc bac hai :
a) - 3x
- Gidi dUlJ'C mot so' h¢ bat phuong trinh blJ-chai mot lin sodan gidn.
- Bier ap dung viec giai bat phirong trinh bac hai dtS giai mot so bai toan lien quan den phirong trinh bac hai nhir : dieu kien dtS phirong trinh c6 nghiern, c6 hai
L1<0
2 + 2x - 7 ;
a>O
b) x2
8x + 15.
Vi du. Giai cac bat phirong trmh :

a) y
nghiern trai dau, - Gidi duac mot so' bat phuong trinh quy vi bac hai. a<O
x2 + 6x - 9 > 0 ;
/\
b) -12x2 + 3x + I < O. Vi du. Gidi cdc bat phuong trinh :

a) (2x -8)(x2 -4x
+ 3) > 0 ;
4- H.O.A.N . ToAN
UJP 10 - A
49
Chuan kien thtrc - ki nang 3. Mot

Neu ai thl 1) ax2 + bx + c
Hu6ng dan thuc hien Kien thirc co ban

Dang b) --1
toan - Vi du - LUll Y
so dieu kien nrong dirong :

+ bx + c la mot tam thirc bac hai (a * 0)
= 0 c6
nghiem khi va chi khi
1 1 <--2 ; x+ x+ 5x2 -7x - 3 c) 2 > 1. 3x - 2x - 5 Vi du. Gidi h¢ bat phuang trinh :
2)
~ = b 2 - 4ac ~ 0; ax2 + bx + c = 0 c6 hai nghiem

a
trai dau khi va
a)
x2 - 12x + 32 > 0 { x2 - 13x + 22< 0; 5x2 - 7 x + 1 < 0 { x2 - 9x + 30 < 0 ;

X2 { -
chi khi ~ < 0; 3)
m?
+ bx + c
=0
b) c6 cac nghiem dirong khi va c)
chi khi
2x + 1 > 0
- x2 + 2x + 3 > O.
c - >0 a b -- > O. a 4) ax2 + bx + c

chi khi
Vi du. Cho phuong trinh (m - 5)x - 4mx + m - 2 V OJ nhiing gia tri nao cua tham
am khi va
2
= O.
so m thi :
trai ddu.
0 c6 cac nghiern
a) Phuong trinh dii cho b) Phuong trinh a) x2 - 3x +
co nghiem ; dii cho co hai nghiem
Vi du. Gidi cac bat phuong trinh : c ->0 a b -- < O. a 50
21x - 11 > 0 ;
b) Jx2 - 3x + 2 ~x;
c) x4 - 3x2 + 2 > O.
4- H.DAN .. ToAN
L<jp 10 - [3
Chuan kien tlnrc - ki nang

2
Hurmg Min thuc hien

Kien thirc co ban
5) V x, ax + bx + c > 0
<=?
Dang toan - Vi du - LU'U Y

0 Vi du. V6i gia tri nao ella m thi ham so sau luon xac dinh ? y
{a>
~ < O.
0
6) Vx,
ax +bx+c
~0
<=?
{a>
= ~ x2
2mx + m.
~ ~ O.
7)Vx,
ax +bx+c<O<=?
{a < 0
<=>
~ < O.
0
8) V x, ax + bx + c ~ 0
{a>
~ ~ O.
v-
THONG
KE
1. Gia sir day n so lieu thong ke da eho co k gia tri khac nhau (k~ n). G9i xi la mot gia tri bat ki trong k gia tri do, ta co : so Ian xuat hien gia tri xi trong day so lieu da eho goi la tan so' ella gia tri do, kf hieu la ni' So I, - Dang 1 : Xac dinh Hin so, tan suat ella moi gia tri trong day so lieu thong ke. (Vi¢c giai thieu noi dung duac thuc hien dong thai vai viec khdo sat
1. Bang phdn bel tdn so' - tan sudt. Bdng phdn botdn so' - tan sudt ghep lop,
Ve' kiln thuc : - Hi~u cac khai niem : Tan so, tan suat ella moi gia tri trong day so lieu thong ke, bang phan bo tan so - tan suat, bang phan bo tan so - tan suat ghep Ve'kfnang: - Xac dinh diroc tan so, tan suat ella moi gia tri trong day so lieu thong ke, ' h b" , , , - Lap duoc b ang p an 6 tan so - tan suat ghep lop khi da eho cac lap can phan ra.
cdc bai todn thuc tien).

- Dang 2 : Xac dinh tan so, tan suat ella moi lap trong day so lieu thong ke phan lap. tKhong yeu
lop.
ni duoc goi la tan sudt ella gia tri xi'
cdu : bier caci: phdn lap ; bier day du cac truang

h9'{Jphdi hlp bdng phdn botdn lap. Chu - Dang so' - tan sudt ghep
2. Gia sir day n so lieu thong ke da eho diroc ph an vao k lop (k < n). Xet lap tlur i (i trong k lap do, ta co :
y den gia
3
tri dai dien cua moi lop).
1, 2, ... , k)
ap
b' h b" , , , ang p an 6 tan so - tan suat
ghep lap khi da eho cac lap can phan ra.
51
Chuan kien tlurc - ki nang

• So
ni

cac so lieu thong ke thuoc lop thir
Y
30 hoc sinh
i duoc
Vi duo
Chieu cao cua mot nh6m
goi la
tdn so' cua lap d6.
lop 10 diroc li¢t ke
a bang
sau (don vi : m) : 1,52 1,55 1,59 1,55 1,50 1,52 1,55 1,62 1,49 1,63 1,67 1,64 1,56 1,52 1,71
• SOh
= !!i diroc
n
goi la
tdn sud! cua lap thir i.
1,45 1,50 1,47 1,48 1,52
1,58 1,60 1,70 1,48 1,50
1,61 1,65 1,73 1,58 1,60
Hay lap bang phan bo tan so - tan suat thea rnau :

Chieu cao
xi
(m)
Tan so
Tan suat
Cong b) Hay lap bang phan bo tan suat ghep lop voi cac lop 13. [1,45, 1,55) , [1,55 , 1,65) , [1,65; 1,75]. Vi du. Hay lap bang phan bo tan so - tan suat cua day so lieu thong ke sau : 24 ; 25 ; 26 ; 27 ; 27 ; 26 ; 25 ; 24; 25; 25 ; 27 ; 26; 26; 25 ; 25; 25; 24; 27; 26; 26; 26.
52
Chuan kien tlnic - ki nang

2. Bie'u (Bieu do tan so, tan suat hinh cot ; Duong gap khuc Uin so, t<in suat ; Bi~u do hinh quat).
Huong dan thtrc hien Kien thtrc co ban

1. Cach ve bieu do tan so, tan suat hinh cot : a) Cach ve bieu do tan suat hinh cot Dang toan - Vi du - LUll
do
- DCJng 1 : Ve bieu do tan suat hinh cot.
Ve' kiln (hue:

Hieu cac bi~u do tan so, t<in suat hinh cot, bieu do hinh quat va dirong gap khuc
t<in suat,
- DCJng 2 : Ve dirong gap khuc tan so, t<in suat. D~ rna ta bang phan bo t<in suat ghep lap va trinh - DCJng 3 : DQc cac bieu do hinh cot, hinh quat, bay cac so lieu thong ke, c6 th~ ve bieu do t<in Vi du. Ve bieu do hinh cot, dirong gap khiic tan suat hinh cot nlnr sau : Chon he true toa do vuong g6c Ox! voi dan vi suat urong irng voi ket qua phan b) trong vi du 0
tren true hoanh Ox la dan vi cua dau hieu X diroc nghien CUu, dan vi tren true tung Ojla 1%. D~ do thi can doi, doi khi phai cat bo mot doan nao d6 cua true hoanh (hoac cua true tung) ; Tren true hoanh, dat cac khoang c6 cac rrnit bieu dien cho cac rmit cua cac lap 0 bang phan bo' tan suat (do dai cua cac khoang bang be rong cua cac lap). Ta goi cac khoang va cac lap nay la nrong irng voi nhau. Lay cac khoang d6 lam canh day, ve cac hinh chi! nhat c6 dQ dai cua cac dirong cao bang tan suat cua cac lap nrong irng va nam v~ phia chieu dirong cua true tung. Cac hinh chi! nhat vira ve diroc tao thanh bieu do tan suat hinh cot, mot I ph an tren.
I Ve'
n nang:
Vi du. Cho bang phan bo thirc nghiern tan suat

ghep lap sau : Nhiet dQ trung binh cua thang 12 tai thanh pho Vinh tit 1961 den 1990. Cac lap cua nhiet dQ X (0C) [15; [17; 17) 19)
- Ve duoc bieu do t<in suat hinh cot. - Ve duoc dirong gap khiic tan so, tan suat. - DQc diroc cac bieu do hinh cot, hinh
qU<;lt.
x· I
Tan suatji (%) 16,7 43,3 36,7 3,3 100%
16 18 20 22
[19;21) [21 ; 23) Cong
_ L
__
b) Cach ve bieu do t<in so hinh cot tirong tv ve bi~u do Utn suat hinh cot, trong d6 thay true tan suat boi true tan so. 2. Duong gap khiic tan suat, tan so : Cling c6 th~ rna ta bang phan bo tan suat ghep lap bang each ve dircng gap khuc tan suat,
-----'---L-
Hay rna ta bang tren bang each ve : a) Bi~u do tan suat hinh cot ; b) Duong gap klnic tan suat,
Vi du. Cho bieu do hinh quat v~ co cau gia tri

san xuat cong nghiep thea thanh phan kinh te (%) nam 2000 cua mroc ta nlnr sau :
------'
53
Hinmg dan thirc hien Kien thirc co ban a) Gia tri dai dien Trong bang phan bo ghep lap, ta goi trung binh cong cua hai rmit lap thir i la gia tri dai dien cua
lap d6, kf hieu la
ci'
Dang toan - VI du - LUll Y
44,3 (3) ______,

I-----~
23,5 (2)
b) Cach ve dirong gap khiic Uinsuat

Tren mat phang toa do
32,2 (1)
OX! (he toa do ox! dll noi 0

(Cj ;
tren), xac dinh cac diem
fi) ; i
1, 2, 3,..., k,
Ghi chu :
trong do, Ci va fi Ian hrot la gia tri dai dien, tiln suat cua cac lap cua bang phan be (g6m k lap).
Ve cac doan thang noi diem (c, ; fi) voi diem
(1) Khu vue doanh nghiep nha mroc (2) Khu vue ngoai quoc doanh (3) Khu vue dau nr mroc ngoai, Toe dQ tang tong san pham trong rnroc cua mroc ta qua 20 nam (1986 - 2005) dll diroc th~ hien . . . qua dirong gap khuc sau day
Tdng san pharn
fi+l)' i = 1,2,3, ..., k - 1, ta thu duoc mot duong gap khuc, goi la dirong gap khuc tan suat.
(Ci+l ;
c) Cach ve dirong gap khuc tan so nrong tu ve duong gap khuc tan suat, trong d6 thay true tan suat boi true tan so. 3. D9C bieu d6 tan suat, tan so hinh cot ; Duong gap khiic tan suat, tiln so ; Bi~u d6 hinh quat,
1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005
ThCligian
Theo bdo Lao dong, s6'09!2006(7159)
ngay 20 -4 -2006.
54
HUOng dan thuc hien Kien tlnrc co ban Dang toan - Vi du - LUll
Dua vao bi~u do, hay lap bang thea mau sau :
Cac thanh phan kinh
te
Ti trong (%)
Khu vue doanh nghiep nha mroc Khu vue ngoai quoc doanh Khu vue dau tu mroc ngoai Cong
3. S6' trung binh, s6' trung vi Ve' hen thuc : Biet diroc mot so dac tnrng cua day so
va mot
1. So trung binh cong (hay so trung binh) • Cong thirc tfnh : a) Truong h<;1Pang phan bo' tan so va uin suat b
_ x 1
k k
- Dang bai tdp : TIm so trung binh, so trung vi,
mot cua day so lieu thong ke (trong nhimg tinh huong da hoc). Vi du. Diem thi hoc ki II mon Toan cua mot t6 hoc sinh lap lOA (guy iroc rang diem kiem tra hocki c6 th~ lam tron den 0,5 diem) diroc liet ke nhu sau: 2; 5; 7,5; 8; 5; 7; 6,5; 9; 4,5; 10. a) Tinh diem trung binh cua 10 hoc sinh d6 (chi lay den mot chit so thap phan sau khi da lam
tron).
lieu (so trung binh, so trung vi, mot) va y nghia cua cluing.
Ve' ki nang :
=-L>iXi = 'l:jixi
n
i=1 i=1
=tv; +i2x2+"'+/0k'
TIm diroc so trung binh, so trung vi, mot cua day so lieu thong ke (trong nhtrng tinh huong da hoc),
trong d6 ni, j,. Ian hrot la tan so, Hin suat cua gia tri
n
Xi;
la so cac so lieu thong ke (nl + n2 +...+ nk
= n).
b) Truong h<;1P bang phan be tan so va tan suat ghep lap
b) Tfnh so trung vi cua day so lieu tren,
trong d6 c., ni'!; Ian hrot la gia tri dai dien, tan so, tan suat cua lap thir i ; n la so cac so lieu thong ke (nl + n2 +...+ 11k
= n).
55
Chuan kien tlnrc - ki nang 2. So trung
HUOng dan thtrc hien Kien thtrc co ban

V! :
So trung V! Me cua mot day gam n so lieu thong ke diroc sap tlur nr khong giarn (hoac khong tang) la so dirng giiia day, neu n le ; La trung binh cong cua hai so dung gifra day n (trung brnh cong cua so hang tlnr 2" va so hang
thtr ~.
+ 1), neu n chan.
3. Mot: Mot Mo la gia tri co tiln so 100 nhat trong bang ph an bo tiln so.
Neu trong bang phan bo tiln so co hai gia tri c6
tiln so bang nhau va 100 han tan so cua cac gia tri khac thi hai gia tri d6 la hai mot.
4. Phuong sai va d(J tech chudn eua ddy s6' lieu thong ke.
1. Cong thirc tinh : C6 the tinh phirong sai thea mot trong ba each sau: each 1 : Tfnh thea tan so
Sx
- Dang bai tap : Tfnh phirong sai, do lech chuan cua day so lieu thong ke. Vi du. Chieu cao cua mot nh6m 30 hoc sinh lop 10 diroc liet ke bang sau (dan vi : m) :
ve' kien thuc :

Biet khai niem phirong sai, d¢ lech chuan
cua day so lieu thong ke va ke cua cluing.
y nghia
thong
2 =- ~ni(xi . 1" n i=! k
-x -)2
d," vO"J.ang p ha bo tan so, ,. b' " 01 an 6
1,45 1,50 1,47 1,48 1,52
1,58 1,60 1,70 1,48 1,50
1,61 1,65 1,73 1,58 1,60
1,52 1,55 1,59 1,55 1,50
1,52 1,55 1,62 1,49 1,63
1,67 1,64 1,56 1,52 1,71
Ve' ta nang:
TIm diroc phuong sai, d¢ lech chuan cua day so lieu thong ke.
n i=! so ghep lop.
s.; = _!_ Ln (C xi
i i-
doi v6i bang phan bo tiln
56
Huong dan thuc hien Kien thirc co ban Dang toan - Vi d1,l- LUll Y ----.--------+------------a) Hay lap bang phan bO' tan so ghep 16p voi cac lap Iii: [1,45; 1,55); [1,55; 1,65); [1,65; 1,75]. b) Tfnh sc trung binh cong cua bang phan bo tan so ghep lap neu tren. c) Tinh phuong sai cua bang phan be tan sO'ghep
each 2 : Tinh thea tan suat
s.; = I.t;(xi -:xi

i=l
doi voi bang phan bo tan suat,
s; I.Ii·
k
(Ci
- x)2
doi voi bang phan bo tan
i=l
lap neu tren.

Ian hrot Iii tan so, tan suat cua gia
suat ghep lap, trong d6 ni' tri

xi
fi
trong bang phan bo tan so, tan suat (hay Iii
tan so, tan suar cua lap thir i trong bang phan be tan so, tan suat ghep lap) ; n Iii so cac sO' lieu thong ke (n1
+ n2 +... nk = n) +
Iii sO'trung binh

ci
cong cua cac sO' lieu thong ke ;
Iii gia tri dai
dien cua lap thir i.

Cach 3 : 2.
Su dung
cong thirc s~
= x2 -
(:xi.
Y nghia
va each su dung phuong sai
Phuong sai duoc su dung d~ danh gia mire d9 phan tan cua cac so lieu thong ke (so voi so trung binh). Khi hai day so lieu thong ke c6 cung don V! do va c6 sO' trung binh bang nhau hoac xap xi nhau, day c6 phirong sai cang nho thl rmrc d9 ph an tan (~o v~i sO' trung binh) ella cac sO' lieu thong ke
I. cang
It.
57
~---------------------------_--~---------------------------------------------------------------------------, HUOng dan thirc hien Chuan kien tlurc - ki nang

Kien tlurc co ban Dang toan - Vi du - Luu
3. D(> lech chuan

D(> lech chuan
Sx
la can bac hai cua phirong sai
s;
D(> lech chuan cling diroc Slr dung d~ danh gia mire d(> phan tan cua cac so lieu thong ke (so voi so trung binh). Cach sir dung d(> lech chuan hoan toan giong nhir each sir dung phirong sai. Khi can chii chuan
Sx
y
Sx
den don vi do, ta dung d(> lech c6 cung don vi do voi dau hieu X
(vi
diroc nghien ciru).
VI - G6C
LVQNG GIAC vA CONG THUC LVQNG

1. Quan , 1° Voi
GIAc - Dang 1 : D6i don vi g6c tir d(> sang radian va

ngiroc lai,
1. Goc va cung luang giac (D(> va radian;

So do cua g6c va cung Duong tron lirong giac), lirong giac
M gitra
do va radian 1 rad
« (180)° IT
IT -rad, 180
Ve' kiln thuc :

- Biet hai don vi do g6c la do va radian. -- Hieu khai niem dirong tron lirong giac : goc va cung luong giac ; so do va cung hrong giac. cua g6c
- Dang 2 : Tfnh d(> dai cung tron khi biet so do

rad va ngiroc lai, cua cung. _ Dang 3 : Bieu dien cung hrong giac va g6c hrong giac tren dirong tron dinh huang.
?
IT ~
3,14 thi 1° ~ 0,01745
1 rad ~ 57° 17'45". 2. D(> dai [ cua cung tron c6 so do a rad, ban kinh RIa 3.
[=
Ra.
Vi duo
radian:
D6i so do cua cac g6c sau day sang 1050; 108°; 57°30'.
I =Hieu duac h¢ thuc Sa-la cho cdc cung I\I vag6c/Uqngg_l_a_c_. . _L_d_1·~_'m __c_uo_'1_B la :_sd_A_B __=_a__+_k_"2_IT_,_k_E __ __ _ __ Z_,_tr_o_n_g_d_6-L
58
so do
cua cac cung hrong giac c6 diem dau A,
~------------------------------,------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chuan kien thirc - ki nang Hmmg dan thirc hien
~--------------------------+------~~~--------------~---~~~~~~~~~~-~--
Kien thirc co ban
Dang toan - Vi d1,l- LUll
vs u nang:
- Biet d6i don vi g6e tir do sang radian va ngiroc lai. - Tinh duoc do dai eung tron khi biet so do cua eung. - Biet each xac dinh diem cuoi cua mot eung lirong giac va tia cuoi cua mot goc hrong giac hay mot ho goc hrong giac tren dirong tron hrong giac.
a 13. so do cua mot eung hrong giac tuy y e6 diem dau A, diem cuoi B. Moi gia tri k img voi
Vi du. D6i so do cac eung sau day ra do, phut,

giay :
mot eung. Neu viet so do bang do thi ta e6

f\-. sd AB
Is'
k
E
3 4'
rt
7'
= a ° + k360 °,
Z.
Vi duo Mot dirong tron e6 ban kinh 10 em. TIm

d¢ dai cua cac eung tren duong tron e6 so do :
4. De bieu dien eung hrong giac e6 so do
a tren
dirong tron hrong giac, ta chon diem A( 1 ; 0) lam diem dau cua eung VI vay chi can xac dinh diem cuoi M tren dirong tron hrong giac sao eho eung AM e6 sdAM
,--.... r»
a)
18 ;
rt
Vi du. Tren dirong tron hrong giac, hay bieu dien

cac eung e6 so do :
a.
30°', -120°', 630°
- ;"6'3
Tn:
-4n:
5. Moi eung hrong giac CD irng voi mot g6e hrong giac (OC, OD) va ngiroc lai. do cua eung hrong giac va g6e hrong giac nrong img la trung nhau.
So
Vi du. Tren nuit phdng toa d() cho duong trim luang giac tam 0, die'm g6c A va cdc duang thdng y = x, y = - x. Goi M, N, P, Q La giao cua duang trim luang giac voi cdc duong thdng do. Tim do cua cdc eung luang giac co dilm ddu la A va die'm ctuii la M, N, P, Q.
so
2. Gia tri IU9'ng gidc eua mot goc (eung) hinh hoc ; Bang cac gia tri hrong giac cua cac g6e thuong gap ; Quan h~ giira cac gia tri hrong giac).
L'Iren
,--....
dirong tron hrong giac goc A, eho eung

r»
- Dong
1 : Xac dinh gia tri hrong giac cua mot .
(Y nghia
AM e6 sd AM a. The thi tung d¢ cua diem M la sin a, hoanh d¢ cua diem M la cos a, tana
g6e khi biet
so do ella
goc d6.
- Dang 2 : Xac dinh dau cac gia tri hrong giac

cua eung AM khi diem cuoi M nam phan ur khac nhau.
Ve' kien thuc :

-- Hieu khai niem gia tri hrong giac cua mot g6e (eung) ; bang gia tri hrong giac cua mot so g6e thirong gap,
L_ J_
=
=
sma, --(neu eosa eosa -. sma (
cos ,. neu sm
« « ), ««
0)
a cac
goc
eota
.
-L
- Dang 3 : V an dung cac hang dang thirc hrong

giac co ban gifra cac gia tri hrong giac cua mot goc de tinh toan, chtmg minh cac he thirc don gian, __ .
59
--------------------,---------------------------------------------------------------------------~ Chuan kien thirc - ki nang

CO
Huong dan thuc hien
Kien thirc co ban Su dung ole kf hieu sina, cosa, tana, cota, ding dung cdc ki hieu tga, cotga.
2. -1 ::;sin -1 ::; cos 3. tan
- Hi~u duoc he thirc
ban gifra cac gia
- Dang 4 : Van dung cong thirc gitra cac gia tri

hrong giac cua cac g6c c6 lien quan dac bier : bu nhau, phu nhau, doi nhau, han kern nhau g6c
11
tri IUQ'nggiac cua mot g6e. - Bier quan he giira cac gia tri hrong giac cua cac g6c c6 lien quan dac bier : bu nhau, phu nhau, doi nhau, han kern nhau g6c
11.
a ::;1 ; a ::;1, voi moi a .
vao viec tinh gia tri hrong giac cua g6c bat ki hoac chirng minh cac dang thtrc.
a khong xac dinh khi va chi khi

a
-- Bier
nghia
hinh
hoc
cua tang
va
4. cot
= 2 + k11, k
a
11
Z.
- Dang 5 : Chung minh mot bilu thuc khong phu thuoc vao bien cua ham so luang giac. Vi du. Dung dinh nghia, giac ella g6c :
180°', 711
cotang,
Vc" ki nang - Xac dinh diroc gia tri luong giac ella mot g6c khi biet so do cua g6c d6. - Xac dinh diroc dau cac gia tri IUQ'ng r»
a khong xac dinh khi va chi khi
xac dinh gia tri Iirong

-411
= k11, k
Z. Vi du
5. cos a dQ.
khi va chi khi diem cuoi M thuoc g6c phan nr tlnr I va tlnr IV cua mat phang toa
;?: 0
6'
giac ella cung AM khi diem cuoi M nam

6 cac g6c phan nr khac.nhau, - Van dung diroc cac hang dang thirc 1Uqng giac co ban giira cac gia tri lirong giac ella mot g6c d~ tinh toan, clurng I minh cac he thirc dan gian. - Van dung duoc cong thirc giira cac gia tri luong giac cua cac g6c e6 lien quan dac biet : bu nhau, phu nhau, doi nhau, hen kern nhau g6c 11 vao viec tinh gia tri hrong giac ella g6c bat kl hoac chirng minh cac dang thirc.
______________ • ~
6. sin a ;?: 0 khi va chi khi diem cuoi M thuoc g6c ph an tir thir I va thtr II cua mat phang toa dQ. 7. Til dau cua sin a va cos a suy ra dau ella tan a va cot a thea quy tac nhan. 8. Cac hang dang thirc hrong giac co ban :
SIn
. -3 a) Cho smzz = 5'
11
<a<
-:2 .
311
Tinh cosa, tana, cota. b) Cho tana
= -2 ; 2 < a
11
< 11.
Tinh sina, cosa.
.2
a+ cos a=
2
1 + tan a= ---cos2 1 1 + cot a=--2 sin

2
Vi duo Chung minh rang (voi x Ia gia tri d~ cac bien thirc c6 nghia) :
a) (cotx
a'
;
+ tanx)2 - (cotx - tanx)2

. SIn 4X
=4;
b) cos 4x -
= 1-
2' 2x. SIn
tan
a .cot a
1. 60
I
Lil
Vi du. Tim gia tri cua

tan420° ; sin8700 ; cos( - 240°).
~
Huong dan thuc hien

Kien thirc co ban Dang toan - Vi du - LUll Y Vi du. Chung minh rang trong tam giac ABC ta c6 : a) sin (A + B) ; b) tan A+C 2
f-----------------4--------------------+------------------------_1
9. Gia tri hrong giac cua cac cung d6i nhau : cos( - a ) = cos a ; sin(-a) tan(-a)
cot(-a)
=-
=-
sma; tana cot( a). ;
= sin C ; = cotl·
B
=-
10. Gia tri lirong giac cua cac cung bu nhau : sin(n -a) cos( rt
-
a ) = - cos a ;
= sina
Vi du. Chung minh ding cac bii'u thuc sau kh6ng phu tit uoc vao x A
B
= 2(sin6x
.2
+ cos6x) -3(sin4x + cos4x) ;

2.2 4
tan(n-a)=-tana;
cotrn -a)
=-
cota ;
rt :
= sm
x + cos xsm x + cos x.
11. Gia tri hrong giac cua cac cung hon kern
Vi du. Chung minh rang

a) sin ( x
-t ~)
vm cung x bat ki, ta co :
= - sina ; cos( a + n) = - cos a ,

sin(a + n) tan( a + n) cot( a + n)
= cos x = -sinx.
= tan a
cot a ;
b) cos(
-i
12. Gia tri hrong giac cua cac cung phu nhau : sin (~ - a ) cos (~ - a ) tan (~ - a ) cot (~ - a )
= cos a = sin a = cot a
,
,
= tan a .
61
~------------------~---------------------~----------------------------------~

3. Cong thuc luang giac. - Cong thtrc cong.
Huong dan thirc hien Kien thtrc co ban

1. Cong thirc cong :
Dang toan - Vi du - Liru
- Dang 1 : Tinh gia tri hrong giac cua mot g6c. - Dang 2 :
• cos (a-h) = cosacosh + sinasinh ; • cos(a+h) = cosacosh - sinasinh ; • sin(a-h) = sinacosh - cosasinh ; • sin(a+h) = sinacosh + cosasinh ; tan a - tan h
COSIO",
- Cong thirc nhan doi.

- Cong tlurc bien d6i tfch thanh t6ng. - Cong thirc bien d6i t6ng thanh tich.
+ Chung minh cong thuc tinh sin, eosin, tang, cotang cua t6ng, hieu hai goc ; cong thuc bien d6i tieh thanh. t6ng va cong thuc bien d6i t6ng
thann tich.
Ve' kiln thuc : _ Hi~u cong thirc tinh sin, co tang cua tong, hieu hai goc. - Tit cac cong thirc cong suy. ra cong thirc g6c nhan doi. -- Hi~u cong thirc bien d6i tich thanh tong va cong tlnrc bien d6i tong thanh tich. tang,
• tan(a-h) = 1 + tan a tan b ' tan a + tan b • tan(a+h) = 1 - tanatanh . 2. Cong thirc nhan doi : • sin2a = 2sinacosa ; 1 • cos 2a = cos- a - sm2 a = cos a ?
+ Van dung diroc cong thirc tfnh sin, eosin, tang,

cotang cua tong, hieu hai goc, cong thirc g6c nhan doi M giai cac bai toan nhu tinh gia tri hrong giac cua mot g6c, rut gon nhirng bieu thirc hrong giac don gian va cluing minh mot so dang tlurc.
.2 2
Vi ki nang:
- Van dung diroc cong thirc tinh sin, eosin, tang, cotang cua tong, hieu hai g6c, cong thirc goc nhan doi d~ giai cac bai toan nhu tinh gia tri hrong giac cua mot g6c, nit gon nhirng bilu thirc hrong giac don gian va cluing minh mot dang thtrc.
- Dang 3 : Van dung diroc cong thirc bien d6i tich thanh tong, cong thirc bien d6i tong thanh tfch vao mot so bai toan bien d6i, rut gon bieu
thirc.
2tana • tan2a = -----,-- 2 1 - tan a 3. Cong thirc ha bac : • cos a = • sm a= ·tana=

2 2 2
Vi du. Tinh cos 105°; tan 15°.

{ T'
;0
1 + cos2a 2 1 - cos2a
vl
d U. T'10 h sin 2a neu sma - cosa .

K •
1 = 5'
Vi du. Chirng minh rang:

,
. 1. a ) sm 4 x + cos 4 x = 1 - Ism 22 x;
- Van dung diroc cong thirc bien d6i tich thanh tong, cong thirc bien d6i tong thanh tfch vao mot so bai toan bien d6i, nit gon
bieu thtrc.
2
1 - cos2a 1 + cos2a
b) cos 4x - sin 4x = cos2x.
62
~------------------------------,----------------------------------------------------------'-----------------, Chuan kien tlnrc - ki nang
HUOng dan thuc hien J.-------------------------------------~------------ .. ------------.-------Kien thirc CO' ban Dang toan - Vi du - LU'U Y
4. Cong thirc bien dcii tfch thanh tong : • cosaeosb • sinasinb • sinaeosb =
Vi du. Bien d6i biiu thuc sina + sinb + sin(a + b) thanh tich. Vi du. Chung minh sinlOo.sinSOo.sin70o 1 = "8'
1 "2
[eos(a-b) + eos(a+b)] ; - eos(a+b)] ; + sin(a+b)].
= ~ [eos(a-b) = ~ [sin(a-b)
Vi du. V 6i A, B, C Til cae goc crla tam glac, chung minh :

'nA Sl . . + sm B + sm C' = 4 cos ABC cos cos
5. Cong thirc bien d6i tong thanh tich : • eosu + eosv = 2eos -2-
u+v
cos -2--
u-v
; ; ;
2 2.
Vi du. Bien d6i tich sau thann t6ng sin x sin 2x sin 3x.
. u+v. u-v • eosu - eosv = - 2 sm- -sm- 2 2 • smu + smv =
.. .
2' 2
sin -2--
u+v u+v.
cos -2--
u-v
J.-
_L_.__sl_n_u_-sl_n_v_=e_o_s_-_-_2~~_SI_n~~_2~~_; __ __
u-v
I
L__ • . • .~
VII - VECTd
I 1. Cdc dinh. nghia (Dinh nghia vecto ; D¢ dai ella vecto ; Hai vecto eu~g plurong. cung huang; Hai vecto bang nhau ; VeetO' - khong). 1. Vecto
la mot
doan thang co huang.
2. D~ xac dinh mot vecto dieu kien sau :
can biet
mot trong hai
- Dang 1 : Xac dinh mot vecto, sir cung phuong va huang ella hai vecto.
- D~7Ilg 2 : Chung minh hai vecto being nhau.

-
Vi kiln {hue:
- Hi~u khai niern vecto, vecto-khong, dai vecto, hai vecto cung phuong, vecto bang nhau. d¢ hai
- Diem dau va diem cuoi ella vecto ; - D¢ dai va huang. ~ ~ 3. Hai vecto a va b duoc goi la cung phuong neu gia ella cluing song song hoac trung nhau.
1
D(}n~, 3 : Khi eho dung diem B sao eho
~ac
AB
d~~m A va vecto a,
a.
Vi du. Cho hinh binh hanh ABCD, tam O. GQi M, N Ian hrot la trung diem ella AD. BC.
63
Chuan kien thirc - ki nang -- Biet diroc vecto - khong cung phirong va cung huang voi rnoi vecto.
Ve' ki ruing :
Htrong dan tlurc hien ~-----"------------------------------.-----------------------------------~ Kien thirc co ban Dang toan - Vi du - Liru Y Neu hai vecto 0 va b cung phuong thi cluing c6 th~ cung huang hoac nguoc huang. 4. D9 dai cua mot vecto la khoang each giita diem dau va diem cuoi cua vecto do, •
~
0
a) C6 bao nhieu vecto khac vecto D,O,M,N.
c6 diem dau
va diem cuoi la mot trong so cac diem A, B, C,

b) Chi ra hai vecto c6 diem dau, diem cuoi lay trong so cac diem A, B, C, D, 0, M, N
-- Bier cluing minh hai vecto bang nhau.

- Khi cho tnroc diem A va vecto ~ , dung duoc di~m B sao cho
b khi va chi khi
va
~
0,
b cung
rna
AS = ~.
huang. 5. Voi m6i diem A ta goi AA la vecto- khong,

~
- cung phirong voi AB, - cung huang voi AB, - ngiroc huang voi AB.
c) Chi ra cac vecto bang vecto
Vecto - khong duoc kf hieu la 0 va quy uoc rang
161
= 0, vecto - khong
cung phirong va cung huong
MO, OB.
voi moi vecto.
~"---------------------------------+------------------------------------~------------------------------------~ 2. T ong va "hi¢u hoi vecto (Tdng hai vecto : 1. Tdng cua hai vecto : - Dang 1 : Van dung diroc : quy tac ba diem, quy tac ba diem, quy tac hinh binh hanh, • Cho hai vecto ~ va b. Lay mot diem A tuy y, quy tac hinh binh hanh tim tong, hieu cua hai hoac nhieu vecto cho tnroc. Tinh dQ dai cua I tinh chat; Vecto doi ; Hieu hai vecto). ve AB = 0, BC = b. Khi do 0 + b = AC. Ve' kien thuc : a+b a +b , • V6i ba diem M, N, P tuy y ta luon c6 :
---..... -----+ --+ -. -----+ --+ --+ --+
-t
i
- Hi~u each xac dinh tong, hieu hai vecto ; quy tac ba diem, quy va cac tfnh chat cua tong vecto (giao hoan, ket hop), tinh chat cua vecto- khong. - Bier diroc
Mil
liP = MP
(quy tac ba diem). binh hanh, ta c6 :
- Dang 2 : Tim vecto' doi va hieu cua hai vecto, - Dang 3 : Cluing minh cac dAng tlurc vecto (van
dung diroc quy tac trir
tac hinh binh hanh • Tir giac ABCD la hinh
AS
• Vecto va ~,
~
AD =
AC (quy tac hinh binh hanh),
DB -
OC
= CB
vao clurng
I~+ bl ~ H + Ibl·
2. Vecto doi :
b b
Ia vecto dOl cua vecto ~ neu Ia hai vecto ngiroc huang.
Ibl = I~I Vi du.

Kf hieu
minh cac dang thirc vecto). Cho bon diem A, B, C, D.
Cluing minh rang:
-0.
AB + CD = AD + CB.
64
-'--~---'--------------I
I
-_._---_.- _. __ ._._--------_ ...- .. - .-- --.-~
Huong dan thuc hi¢n

-.--.-.------.-------.----.-.... - ---_.. _----1 .. _ _
I Dang toau - Vi duLLfU )'

-.----.-----------1
rm
I-
Chuan
kien tlurc - ki nang

-------------/ ,'~
_~
• ~cu;
i liang:
1a vecto doi ella vecto

_~~.....
thi vecto
---'-'---'---'--"--'---
la
Vi du.
Cho tam gi;:ic deu ABC. canh a. Tinh do AB + AC.
I
I
Van dung diroc : guy tie ba diem, guy de hinh binh hanh khi lay tong hai vecto
vecto doi ella a hay -- (--a)
a,
dai cac vecto AB - AC,
eho truce. - V ~n dung duoc guy tac trir
• M6i vecto deu co duv nhat vecto doi. Vecto doi ~ ~ ella A.B la BA . Vecto doi ella 0 la 0 . 13,~li~~ella~haiv~eto':
Vi du. Cho sau diem /1,1, N, P. Q, f( S bat ki. Chung minh ding
i
I I
OB - OC
CB
MP~ + -N-f1 + -j-J,e: ~ \)
= -J~4S: .i~-jl-; +,' L)O-.·.'. -tVI. V 1\
I·a-b=a+(-b);
\.
de chtrng minh cac dang thirc vecto,
I bar I
Ta co : ki (guy tac trir) ,
OJ! - OA
= AB
voi ba diem 0, A., B
Vi du. Cho tam giac ,4BC co true tam H, tam duong tron ngoai tiep O. Goi D Iii die'm dOL xung VOl A qua O. Chung mirth ding:
I
i 4, Tinh
!
chat eu~ p~ep ~e(>ngcac vecto :
a) Tit giac BDCH
ta hinlt
binh hanh,
V6'i cac vecto a, b , c bat ki ta co
b) OB + OC = AH. Tu do cluing minh

0..4 + OB + ()C
c)
\. ~ + ,;
=h
+ ; (tinh chat giao hoan) ;
3. Tich vecta vai mot so (Dinh nghia tich 11. Dinh nghia tich cua mot vecto voi mot so - Dang 1 : Xac dinh vecto ::= k;; khi cho truce vecto voi mot so ; Cac tinh chat ella tich _' ,~~ I /' ; _' ~ _ e ar vecto VOl mo t so; D'leu kiien d:t hai vee to' I Cho so thirc k :;:. 0 va vecto a :;:. o. rich eua so k va vecto a . . ~. ~ I phuong : _" ie~ ki.~n d~ ba dien: vecto a voi so th~l!ek la mot vecto, kf hieu la k ": I - Dang 2 : ~~~dl,ll\g ki~~ thirc ve \'e~~,od~, ehUn_g D I t~~ang har,lg ; eu« thi mot vecto thea hat cung huong voi a neu k > 0, nguoc huong v6'1 a I minh : b,a diem thang nan,g, trung ?!cm c~a ~9t i "ecta.khong cung phUong). _'.' , _ ,. ~ , d~<.tn thang, trong tam cua lam giac, hal diem I Ve kien thuc : neu k < 0 va eo d9 dai bang ai' trung nhau,
r' , _" -.
1
L-
I.; l ~ -;+;
I
hop) ;
• (~;
h)
Z=;
(h
Z)
011.
(tfnh chat ket
IIA + HB + IIC == 2HO.
6= 6+; = ; =
(tinh chat cua vecto- khong) ;
+ (-;)
=6
. __
---1
, cupg
Ikl
I~I
II -
l_:_~~)t so.
Hi~ll. duoc dinh nghia
tich vecto voi
~ Quy uoc : 0 a
= 0,
~ k0
=0 ,
65
- D.~ng 3 : Phtin .tich (bieu thi) mot vecto theo .' hat vecta khong cung phuong,
Chu~n~~th~-hlnang Biet d~nh ta co :

-~
1-
F
2.
Huong dan thuc hien ~--~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~--~~~~~~~~~--~~ Kien thirc co ban Dang toan - Vi du - LUll
chiit_cu~ tich -~ccta voi mot
" I so:
111
Cae tinh
chat cua phep nhan vecto voi mot s6 :
- Dang 4 : Chung rninh dang thirc vecto co chua
V'" mot vecto a, 1" va rnoi so tl ire 1\, "h I. oi J
V 6'i hai vecto a, b tuy

ta co:
va voi moi s6 k, hEIR.
tich ella vecto vo: mo.t s6 " Xac dinh vi. tri ella mot diem nho dang thirc vecto.
- Dang 5 : Sl'r dung tinh chat trung diem ella doan thang, trong tam ella tam giac d~ giai mot s6 bai toan hinh hoc. • ka
1) ktm a)
= (km)
~
~
a
171 a
2)(k+m)a
~ =ka + ~ ~ 3) k(a +b )=ka +kh,
1-
Hi~u tinh chat trung diem, tinh chat trong tam, Biet diroc ~i~u ki~n d~ h~i vecto cung
• k( a + b) = k a + k b ~ ~ ~ .(h+k)a =ha +k a ~ .h(ka)=(hk)a; ~ ~ ~ ~ .Ja=a; (-J)a =-a ; ~ ~ ~ ~ Oa = 0 ; kO = O.

-+ -+ -
<=> _
rk=O
a
= O.
<=> AB = kAC .
3. Hai vecto a, b voi chi khi co so k d~ ~ nhat. 4.
phirong ; ba diem thang hang.
= kh
h -:t- 0
• A, B, C thang hang cung phirong khi va MA + MB OA + OB AM

! -._____' ~
• M la trung diem ella doan thang AB
, s6 k tim diroc la duy
= =
0 (voi diem 0 bat ki).
- Bie: d#rih Ii bieu thi mot vecto theo hai vecto kluing cung phuong.
Vc'klnt'ing'
Ap dung :
~
20M
Xac dinh diroc vecto b = k a
• ka klu cho
0 <=>
~~ lk = O.
a
=0
MB.
____.
• G lit trong
tam
'--t
eua
---+
tam
giac
ABC
~
<=>
tnroc s6 thirc k va vecto ;; ,

- Biet dien dat bang vecto v~ ba diem thang hang, trung diem cua mot doan thang, trong tam ella tam giac, hai d.i~m trung nhau d~ giai mot s6 bai toan hinh
• Ba diem phan biet A, B, C thang hang AB
<=>
= k AC
, voi s6 k xac dinh.
I GA + GB + GC = I voi diem 0 bat ki.
<=> OA + OB + OC = 30G
---~.__' __
~ M la trung diem ella doan thang AB MA + MB
=0 =
20M
Vi du. G9i M, N Ian luot la trung diem ella cac doan thang AB, CD. Chung minh rang 2MN=AC+BD. Vi duo Cho hinh binh hanh ABCD. Chung minh rang AB+ 2AC+AD= 3AC.
hoc. - Sl'r dung diroc tinh chat trung diem ella

doan thang, trong tam ella tam giac giai m9t s6 bai toan hlnh hge.
<=>
OA + OB AM
MB
I (v6'i di6m
0 bat kl).
66
'li)I\~
TOANldp10
fJ
Huang dan thirc hien Kien thirc CO' ban

• G la trong tam cua tam giac ABC
~
<=> GA + GB + GC = 0 <=>
Vi dLJ. Chung minh rang neu G va G' Ian hrot la trong tam cua cac tam giac ABC va A'B'C' thi 3GG'=
---+
OA + DB + DC = 30G
5. Cho hai vecto a va b khong cung phuong va x la mot vecto tuy
-y.
(voi diem 0 bat kl).
AA' +BB'
---+
----+
+CC'.
-----+
Vi du. Cho tam giac ABC. G(Ji M fa mot diem thuoc doan BC sao eho MB = 2MC.
Chung a) MB
---+ ---+
Bao gio cfing tim duoc cap
so thuc h va k duy nhat sao cho
I~
--x = ha + kb.
minh rang
-2MC
---+
1~
2~
~
-4
+-~_A_M __ 1. True toa d9 (true) la mot dirong thang tren d6 da xac dinh mot diem 0 goi la die'm goc va mot don vi K' hi (0 )I ~ 0
= 3_AB_ +_3_A_C_. __ _
4. H¢ true toa de} (Dinh nghia true toa do ; Toa d9 cua diem tren true toa do ; D9 dai
- Dang 1 : Bieu dien diem tren true, - Dang 2 : Tim toa d9 cua mot diem va d9 dai dai S9 cua mot vecto tren true. - Dang 3 : Tinh diroc d9 dai dai so cua mot , vecto khi bier toa d9 hai diem dau rmit cua n6. Vi dLJ. Tren mot true cho cac diem A, B, M, N Ian hrot e6 toa d9 la -4; 3 ; 5 ; -2. a) Hay bieu dien cac diem d6 tren true so. b) Hay xdc dinb
dai so cua mot vecto tren mot true),
Ve' kien
thuc :
vecto on
V!
e.
ieu :
;e
IOt;lC
x, ...
- Hi~u khai niern true toa do, toa d9 cua vecto va cua diem tren true. - Bier khai niern d9 dai dai so cua mot vecto tren true va h¢ thuc Sa-lo.
tren true (0 ; ;). ~ Khi d6 e6 duy nhat mot so k sao eho OM = ke. Ta goi so k d6 la toa de} cua diem M dai viii true
2. Cho M la mot diem tuy
dd cho.
3. Cho hai diem A va B tren true (0 ; ;). e6 duy nhat so a sao eho AB = d6 la de} dai dai
~
Vi n nang:
- Xae dinh duoc toa do cua diem, cua vecto tren true, - Tinh diroc d9 dai dai so cua mot vecto khi bier toa d9 hai diem dau rmit cua n6.
so' cila vecto AB dOl viii true dd
ae.
Khi d6
Ta goi so a
dQ dai dai s6' ctla cdc vecto
---+
---+
AB;
AM ; MN.
cho, ki hieu : a
AB.
4. Neu hai diem A va B tren true (0 , e) e6 toa 09 Ian hrot la a va b thi AB
b - a.
67
Chuan kien tlurc - ki nang
Huong dan thuc hien

Kien thirc eo ban
5. H¢ thuc Sa-la :
He thuc AB
+ BC = AC tuong duong viii h¢
thuc AB + BC = AC .
5. H¢ true tog dr:) (Toa dQ cua vecto, thirc toa dQ cua cac phep roan vecto. dQ cua diem ; Toa de) trung di~m doan thang va toa de) trong tam Bieu Toa Dung ki hieu Oxy hade (0, i , j ). Chi xet h¢ tog de?Dl-cac vuong goc (don vi tren cdc true tog do hang nhau). 1. Toa d¢ cua mot vecto, cua mot diem tren mat phang toa d¢ Oxy.
•a
- Dang 1 : Xac dinh toa d¢ cua vecto neu bier toa dQ hai dau mot. Tinh toa do cua cac vecto _ __ ~ _ u + v, u - v , ku .
cua
cua
tam giac).
- Dang 2 : Tinh d¢ dai vecto va khoang each

giira hai diem. _ Dang 3 : Clnrng minh ba diem thang hang. hai
Ve' kien thuc :

- Hi~u diroc toa dQ cua vecto, cua diem d6i v6i mot he true. - Biet diroc bieu thirc toa dQ cua cac phep toan vecto, dQ dai vecto va khoang each giira hai diem, toa dQ trung di~m cua doan thang va toa dQ trong tam cua tam
-=
(al ; a2)
--<=> = i + j .
a al a2
• M co toa dQ la (x ; y) g6e toa dQ ; x
--
<=>
'
OM = (x ; y)
=
-OM2,
voi 0 la
dirong thang song song bang toa dQ.
OMI
trong do, M],
- Dang 4 : Xac dinh toa dQ trung diem cua doan

thang, toa dQ trong tam cua tam giac.
M2 Ian hrot la chan duong vuong g6e ha tit M xu6ng Ox va Oy.

• Neu A co toa dQ la (xA ; YA)' B e6 toa dQ la (xB ; YB) thi : -. AB 2. Cho ; _
I
Vi du. Tren mat phang
voi h~ toa de) da chon
giac.
eho cac diem A(- 4; 1), B(2; 4) va C(2; - 2). a) Clurng minh rang A, B, C khong thang hang. Tfnh ehu vi cua tam giac ABC. b) Xae dinh toa do trong tam G, tnrc tam H, tam dirong tron ngoai tiep cua tam giac ABC. e) Tinh d¢ dai dtrong trung tuyen thuoc dinh A.
Ve' ki nang:
- Tfnh diroc toa d¢ cua vecto neu bier toa d¢ hai dtlu mot. dung diroc bieu thirc
Su
toa d¢ cua cac phep toan veeta.· _ Tfnh diroc d¢ dai vecto va khoang each .. gifra hai diem.
= (al
= (xB - xA ; YB - YA)' ; a2)' h = (hi; h2), k E R ta e6

; a2
+b
= (al
+ bl
+ b2),
h2),
- Xae dinh diroc toa d¢ trung diem eual' ; doan thang va toa d¢ trong tam cua tam giac. ka
h = (al - hi ; a2 = (ka, ; ka2)'
Vi du. Tren mdt phdng vot h¢ toa d(J Oxy eho tam giac ABC, trong do A(1 ; 2), B(5 ; 2) va
C(l ; - 3).
68
Kien tlurc co ban

Tir do suy ra rang hai vecto a vii b (a 1:- 0) cung phirong khi vii chi khi co so thuc k thoa man
~ -+
-+ -~
Y
La
a) Xae dinn toa d9 dilm D sao eho ABeD hinh binb hanh,
hi
{ h2 = ka2 3. Neu I Iii trung diem cua doan thang AB thi :

xI =
ka; .
b) Xae dinh. toa d9 cua dilm E La dilm dOl xung cua dilm A qua dilm B. e) Tim toa d9 trong tam, tam dutmg tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC.
xA + xB
2
'YI
YA + YB
2
Neu G Iii trong tam tam giac ABC thi :

xG
xA+xB+xC 3
VA
YG
YA+YB+YC 3
VIII
rtca
VO HVdNG
CVA HAl VECTd
UNO
DVNG - Dang 1 : Tfnh gia tri luong giac cua mot so goc dac biet ; Cho bier gia tri hrong giac cua mot goc a , tim cac gia tri IUQ11g giac con lai cua a ; Cho bier mot gia tri hrong giac cua goc a, xac dinh goc
1. Tieh v6 huang eua hai vecta (Gia tri

lirong giac cua mot goc bat ki tir 0° den 180 ° ; Gia tri luong giac cua cac goc d~e biet : Goc giira hai vecto ; Tfch vo huang cua hai vecto ; Tinh chat cua tich vo huang).
1. Gia tri hrong giac cua mot goc bat ki (tir 0° den 180°). • Dinh nghia : Voi moi goc
a (0° ~ a ~ 180°) ta xac dinh

tron dan vi
Ve'hen thuc :
- Hi~u duoc gia tri luong giac cua goc bat kl tir 0° den 180°. - Hi~u khai niern goc gitra hai vecto, tich vo huang cua hai vecto, cac tinh chat cua tich vo huang, bieu thirc toa do cua tich vo huang.
duoc mot diem M tren mra duong ~ (h. 1) sao eho xOM = a. Gia sir diem M co toa do Iii M(xo ; Yo)· {((:
Hinh 1 :
I
a do.
- Dang 2 : Tfnh tich vo huang cua hai vecto. Van dung diroc cac tinh chat cua tich vo huang ~ cua hai vecto vao giai bai tap : voi cac vecto a, ~~ b , c bat ki :
-----l7\
y
I
a Ji= b ,a ;
x
-+
a .( b
-+
+ c)
-+
-+
(k a). b
-+
-+
= k( a . b );
-+-+
a .L b
-+
¢:::>
a .b
--+
= a. b
---
a. c ,
-+-+
= o.
69
,-------------------------------,------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chuan kieu thtrc - ki nang
Kien thirc co ban

Khi d6 : Tung d¢ cua diem M goi la sin cua g6e a va diroc kf hieu 1a sin a duoc ki hieu la cos a
I
I khoang
vecto.
Dang toan - Vi du - Ltru
- Hieu cong thuc hinh chieu. Ve' ki ndng :

_ Xac dinh diroc g6e gifra hai vecto ; tinh diroc tfeh vo hirong cua hai vecto, - Tfnh diroc d¢ dai cua vecto va khoang each gifra hai diem, - Van dung diroc cac tinh chat ve tich vo huong cua hai vecto M giai bai tap.
- DC;l1Ig 3 : Tfnh d¢ dai cua mot vecto ; Tfnh each gifra hai di~m ; 1'fnh g6e gifra hai
= Yo; = Xo =
;
Hoanh d¢ cua diem M goi la eosin cua g6e a va
- Dang 4 : Chirng minh dang thirc vecto lien

quan den tich vo hirong ; Chirng minh sv vuong g6e cua hai vecto ; - Dang 5 : Sit dung ding thuc hinh chieu gidi
Ti so --
Yo
-'"0
voi Xo
;;j:.
0 goi la tang cua g6e a va
mot Yo ;
Xo
S(Y
bai tap don gidn. + eos600 + 4sin1500.
diroc ki hieu la tan a

"
- Vdn dung duoc cong thuc hinh chieu vao gidi mot so' hili tdp don gidn.
Vi du. Tfnh 3sin135°
I Ti
so Xo voi Yo Yo
'I
;;j:.
0 goi 1a cotang cua goc a va .
V.i.d~: Cho g6~, to ~ bi~t sinx gia tri hrong giac eua goe x.
= 0,2.
Hay tfnh cac
Xo I d iroc ki hileu l'a co t a = --.
..
Yo cua cac g6e dac
. I tam G.
Vi duo Cho tam giac deu ABC eanh a, e6 trong ..

1) Tfnh cac tlch vo hirong : theo a. ----. ~ ----. 2) Tfnh sin(GA, GB) ; eos(AB, ~ -~ tan(GA, BG) ; eot(AB,
2:, Gia tri hrong giac (GlLG) bier : 0° 0
AS. CA, GA .GB

CG) ;
~ ~
30° 1 2 2
45° 2 2
.fi
-_
BC) .
~a
sa
,
1 0
13
1
J2
1 1
Vi du. Cho ! la trung diem cua doan thang AB.

' V6i di~m M tuy
y, tinh MA . ME
thea AB va MI.
tana
eota
II
70
13 13
Vi du. Tren mdt pluing' toa dr) Oxy voi h¢ toa dr) dti chon, eho hai dilm A(1 ; 3) va B(5 ; 1).
--
a) Tim toa dr) diem I thod mall
--.
10 + IA - IB
---->
---->
= o.
~--------------------------------~-----------------------------------1 Kien thirc co ban Dang toan - Vi dl,l - LUll Y

~
~~
Huong dan thuc hien
._.---_---,60°
.-
---,---+-b-)-T--im-t-re-An·--t·-n--·-lc--'w{miz dilm
180° 0 -1 0
D sao cho M thod
gOC-1
man
sma eosa
tana
J3
2
1
-
90°
ADB til vuong.

c)
Tim
tap hop cdc dilm
i
0
2
1
Vi du. Trong mat phang toa do Oxy cho ba diem A (2; 1), B (8: 9) va C (5; -3).
. a) Chung minh A, B, C khong thang hang. b) Tfnh :
J3 J3
II
0
eota
II
- Chu vi L1ABC.
3. G6e gitra hai vecto : ~ ~ Cho hai vecto a va b deu khac vecto ~ ~ -~ diem 0 bat ki ta ve OA = a va OB =
- So do g6c
~ O. ~
A ella .t)_ ABC.

I
ro mot
- Toa do true tam H ella L1ABC.
h. Khi d6
Ms
- Toa do diem D iii giao ella dirong thang AB va I true Oy.
giia:
voi so do tir 0° den 180° diroc goi la goc ~ ~ hai vecto a h. Ki hieu g6e giira hai
--+
vecto a
va
va
--+
--+--+
b la (a , h). ~ ~
4. Tich vo huang ella hai vecto
- Dinh nghia : Cho hai vecto a va b khac vecto
~ ~ ~ O. Tich vo huang ella hai vecto a va b la mot ~~ so, kf hieu la a. b , duoc xac dinh boi cong thirc sau:
'-
__
_..J.
..l
..
__
71
HUOng dan thirc hien
-----.-----.------t-----------------------t------------------------j
Kien thtrc co ban
Dang toan - Vi dl,l- LUll

:;j;
* Chu y : Tir dinh nghia,

ta co :
a.h=O<=>al_h.
-~ ---+
voi a
:;j;
0, b
0,
--+
- Cac tfnh chat cua tfch vo huang: Voi ba vecta a,
b , c bat ki va rnoi
so tlnrc
ta co: a .b
--+ --+
=
--+
b . a (tinh chat giao hoan) ;

--+
a .( b + c ) (k a ). b
-2
-
=
--+
a . b + a . c (tfnh chat phan phoi) ;

--+
----
= k( a . b ) =
a
2
a .(k b ) ; a=O;
---+
--+
;::::0;
--+
-2
=O<=>
-2
-+
(a+h)
--+
--+
=a
+2a.b+h -2a.b+h
-+ --+ --+
-2 -2 -2
, ,
(a-bt=a
-+
-?
-2
-+
(a + b ).( a - b )
-+
-2
-b
- Bieu thirc toa d¢ cua tich vt: huang :
Trong mat phang toa d¢ (0 ; i ;

a
- = (al ; a2)' b = (hI; -
7 ) cho hai vecta

h2)·
Khi do, tich vo huang a. b la :
72
~---C-h-u-ii-n-k-i-e-n-t-h-U-'e----k---I -n3-n-g----~-----------------H-U-6n-g-d-a-n-t-h-L!-e-h-i-~-n--.---------------
~-----------------------------~~----------------------------------~------------_------------------ (Jj,g dung cua tfch
Kien thirc CO' ban
va huang:
~ • Tinh d(Jdai ella vecto. Cho a
H = ~af
~
a
= (al
; a2), khi d6 :
ai
• Tinh goc giiia hai vecto. Cho hai vecto
= (al
.. a2)
va
-=
b
tb, ..b2) khac 0, khi d6 :
") Cdc h¢ thuc luang trong tam gidc (Dinh If eosin ; Dinh lf sin; D9 dai duong trung tuyen trong mot tam giac , Dien
tich tam giac ; Giai tam giac),
010
tam giac ABC c6 BC = a, CA = b, AB = e, cao AH
duong
- Dang 1
Ap dung dinh If eosin, dinh If sin,
ha va cac duong trung tuyen
AM = ma, BN = m.; CP 1. Dinh If eosin :

2
? ?
= me
cong tlnrc v( or) dai duong trung tuyen, cac cong thirc tinh dien rich M giili 11l9t so bai toan e6 lien d_ ., (Ch' . h li quan en tam grac, \ ung nun I'd' 1 cae !U I
Ve' kiln thuc :

- Hifu dinh If eosin, dinh If sm, cong thtrc v~ d9 dai dirong trung tuyen trong mot tam giac . .' - Bier (l-fi~u) dtroc mot so C(lI1g thut; tinh dien tich tam giac - Biet mot
a = b' + c: -2be cosA .. 1)2 = a2 + c: - 2 ae cos B ; )

e2
eosin, dinh li sin va mot so' cong thuc tinh dien tieh tam giac). - Do 11,0. 2· Chung) niinh cac he.',thtrc v~ moi quan .,
he giira cac yeu t6 trong tam giac. - Dang 3 Giai lam giac trong ITi9t tnrong hop don giin. (Yhl cdu gidi tom giac trong mot
= i + b2
A
2ab eosC.
-
so
H~ qua: cos cosB
so tnrong
hop giai tam giac.
=
=
Il
a
2
+ ('2
2bc
2
a2
'
2
V c' ki ndng .'
- Ap
dung duoc dinh If eosin, dinh li sin,
congili~~d9dhl~a~~~ruy~.~
I__
2' ac , 2 2 a" + b - c c_o_sC_= 2_a_b
+c - b
s(;' tru.mg IWp nhu .' tinh duoc ,cae c~llh _:'d cae goc con lu! Clla tam giac khi biet ba yell to trong i do co it nhdt mot _ycli l6' ve' canh (cluing han :
cho truoc de) dai ba canh cua tam giac .. cho truac d(J dai mot canh vd s6 do hai goe cua tam giac, clio truac dr dai hoi canh vd s6' do g6c ~_x_e_l1_g_i_U'_a_h_ai!_~_'_1h_d_a_). ~
I I
I
1
L
_
Chuan
------------~--.-------------------------------.-----------------.---------------------------~ Huong Min thuc hien kien thu-c - ki nang Kien thirc CO' ban Dang toan - Vi du - Luu y
cac cong thirc tinh dien rich
M giai
mot
2. Dinh If sin:
- Dang 4 __ Van dung kien thirc giiii tam giac vao cac bai toan co noi dung thtrc tien, Ker hop voi viec
s6 bai toan c6 lien quan den tam gi.ic. Bier giai tam giac trong mot s6 rnrong hop dan gdm. Bier van dung kien thirc giai tam giac vao cac bai toan co noi dung
_ b _ c _ 2R sin A - sin B - sin C a

(R la ban kinh dirong tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC). 3. D9 dai dirong trung tuyen cua tam giac :
Slr dung may tinh bo tui khi giai toan.

Chung minh ding trong tam giac ABC
Vi du. ta co :
I dung thuc tien. Ket hop voi viec sir I may tinh bo lui khi giai toan. I I - Biet ap dung cdc cong thuc tinh I tfch tam giac.
!
a) a
h)
2 dien
ma =
2(h2 + e2) _ a2 4
= hcosC + ccosB. sinA = sinEcosC + sinCcosB
c) a
= ha (cotB
+ cotC).
Ii
4. Cong thirc tinh dien tfch tam giac : Dien tfch 5 cua tam giac ABC diroc tinh theo cac cong thirc :
Vi duo Clurng minh rang trong tam giac ABC h2 + e 2 - a 2 ta co : cotA =
45
Vi duo Tam gidc ABC

b +e ----'----- - a = a.2
3 3 3
thod man
he thuc
• 5=
•5
.!. ab sinC = .!. he sinA = .!. ca sinE 2 2 2
b+e-a
H-ay tin h goe A . / /
Vi du. Cho tam giac ABC c6 a c
~h~' (voi R la ban kinh dirong tron ngoai
J3
= J6 ,
Ina
2;
+ 1. Tinh cac g6c A, B, ban kinh R cua

cua tam
tiep tam giac ABC) ;
dirong tron ngoai tiep, trung tuyen
I
I
5 ::: PI" va r la ban kinh duong tron noi tiep tam giac ABC) ;
giac ABC. Vi duo Hai dia diem A, B each nhau boi mot ho mroc, Ngiroi ta lay mot dia diem C va do duoc
g6c BAC bang 75°, g6c BCA bang 60°, doan AC dai 60 met.
.5= ~ p(p-
a)(p - h)(p - c)
(cong thirc He-tong).
\.
(p
=.
.!.(a + b + 2
C))
Hay tinh khoang each tir A den B (h.2).
74
HUOng dan thuc hien ~------------------------------------,------------------------------------~ Kien tlnrc co ban Dang toan - Vi du - Liru Y ---------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------~ Chuan kien thirc - ki nang
B ll inh 2
I vt s«
IX - PHUDNG PHAp TOA
Chung minh ding trong tam giac ABC S
= 2R2sinAsinBsinC.
DO
TRONG
MAT PIL.\NG
- Dang 1 : Viet phirong trinh tong quat, phuong
1. Phuong trinn duang thdng (Vecto 1. Vecto U duoc goi la vecto chi phuang ella phap tuyen ella dirong thang , Phuong dirong thang fl neu ~ #- 0 va gia ella ~ song
trinh tong quat ella dirong thang ; Vecto chi phuang trinh ella dUOng th~ng , Phuong thang , Dieu tham s6 ella dirong song hoac trung voi fl. ChLJ
trinh tham s6 ella dirong thing
d di qua diem
M( Xo ; Yo) va e6 phirong eho mroc hoac di qua
y:
M(H duong
thang e6 vo s6 vecto chi fl di
hai diem eho tnroc. - Dang 2 : Tinh toa d() ella vecto phap tuyen neu bier toa d¢ ella vecto chi phuong ella mot dirong
kien dti hai dirong thang. cat nhau, song song, trimg nhau, vuong goc voi nhau ;
Khoang each til mot diem den mot dirong
phuong. 2. Phuong trinh tham s6 ella dirong thang qua diem Mo(xo ; Yo) va co vecto chi phirong
thang va ngiroc lai, - Dang 3:

Chuyen d6i phirong trinh tong quat, plurong trinh tham ella dirong thang.
I thang ; G6e gifra I ve' kien thuc :

Hi~u vecto
hai dirong thang).
U=(UI
; U2)
, {x = Xo + tUI , la
y= Yo +tu2
(UI
2 U2 #-
0) (h.3)
so
phap
tuyen,
vecto
chi
- Dang 4 : Xet vi trf wang deli giira hai dirong

thang.
------_._--.-. -
phirong ella dirong thang.
75

- Hieu each viet phuong trinh tong quat.
f---------K-ie-'n-t-h-(r-c-c-O-b-a-?
H_U_On_~_d_a_~ n.,--th_U_. C-h_i~Da~;~n
~51
etta
du ~ ~~~~
1
diem den
phuong trinh tham so' cua duong thang.

- Hieu diroc dieu kien hai duong g6c voi nhau. - Bier cong thirc tinh khoang each duong thang. thang
I I I
I-
D(jng 5 : Tfnh khoang each
tv mot
cat nhau, song song, trung nhau, vuong
/M
/
u/
Mo
mot duong thang
I
g6c giira hai duong
D~lI1g 6 : Tinh so' do
ttr mot
-:
V
dirong
I Vi du. Viet phuong I tham so' cua duong "

I
thang.
trinh tong quat, phuong trinh thang trong moi truong hop I
'
diem den mot dirong thang ; g6c giira hai
- et« die'u kien
Hlnh 3
I a)' Di.' qua

i
sau :
diem A( 1 ; -2) va song song voi dirong
dl hai die"m na.~m cung
phia hay -khac phia dOL voi mot duong tluing.

Ve'kinong: Viet dUQC phuang trinh tong quat,
Phtrong
trinh
thang
1'1 di qua diem
thing 2\ - 3y ._ 3
= O.
Mo(xo ; Yo) va c6 h~ so' g6c k Hi :

y - Yo 4. Neu 6 c6 vecto
b) Di qua hai diem M(1 ; - 1) va N(3 ; 2). c),Di qua diem P(2 ; l) va vuong g6c voi dirong
= k(x
- xo)· ~
U
chi phirong
(u1
u2)
thang x - Y + 5
Vi du.
010
= O.
phirong trinh tham so' cua dirong thang d , di qua diem M( Xo ; Yo) va c6 phirong cho tnroc hoac di qua hai diem cho truce. - Tinh diroc toa do cua vecto phap tuyen voi ul *- 0 thi h~ so' g6c cua 1'1 la k
=
.
~2 .
I
I va e(2 ; .- 2).
I a) rrnh
cosA.
tam giac ABC, biet A(-- 4 ; 1), B(2 ; 4)

I
Neu !>. co h~ s6 goc k thi !>. co mot vecto chi phirong la ~ = (1 ; k). 5. Vecto
I
eden
duong thang
neu bier toa do cua vecto chi phirong cua

mot duong thang va nguoc lai. _ Biet chuyen doi plurong trinh tong quat, phuong trinh tham so' cua dirong thang.
__
b) Tinh khoang each tir diem AB.
~ duoc goi la vecta phap tuven .
duong thang 1'1 neu ~
"* 6
cua l , .. . ,. VI duo Hal canh cua hinn binh hann co phuong
va
11
vuong g6c voi
vecto chi phuong cua 1'1.

L-
hinh binh hann La ,4(4 ; -1). Viet phuong _l!rinh_~ai c(J-nhcon lai cua hinlz b~~~ hanh d~
76
I cua
trinh. x - 3y
= 0 va
I II
I
I
2x + 5y + 6 = O. M<)t dinh
Chuan kien thirc - ki nang - Su dung duoc cong thirc tfnh khoang each tit mot diem den mot dirong thang, - Tinh diroc so do cua goc giua hai duong thang, Chu
Huong dan thuc hien Kien thirc co ban Dang toan - Vi du - Luu dilm 0(0; 0), A(2 ; 0). a) Chung to rdng hai dilm A va 0 ndm cung mijt phia doi voi duimg thdng /).. b) Tim toa dij cua dilm 0' la dilm doi xung eua o qua /).. e) Tim tren L1 dilm B sao eho dij dai duang gitp khuc OBA ngdn nhdt.
y:
Mot dtrong thang co vo so vecto phap
Vi du. Cho duang thdng /). : x - y + 2 = 0 va hai
tuyen, 6. Phuong trinh cua dircng thang !1 di qua diem

Mo(xo ; Yo)
va co vecto phap tuyen ~
(a .. b)
la : a(x -xo) + b(y -Yo)
= 0, (i + b2 *- 0).
7. Phuong trinh ax + by + c
~
= 0 v6i i
+ b2 *-
goi la phirong trinh tong quat cua dirong thang nhan n
= (a;
b) lam vecto phap tuyen,
8. Duong thang /). cat Ox va Oy Ian hrot tai

A( a ; 0) va B(O ; b) co phirong trinh thea doan chan la ~
+ ~ = 1 (a *- 0, b *- 0) (h. 4)
y
Hinh 4
6- H.oAN ... ToAN l()p 10 - A
77
Htrong dan tlnrc hien Kien thirc co ban

9. Vi trf urong doi cua hai dirong thang Cho hai dirong thang :
~j :
ajx
+ bjy + Cj
=0;
~
j
~2 : a2x
+ b2Y + c2 = o.
D~ xet vi til nrong doi cua hai dirong thang va ~

2
ta xet so nghiern cua he phuong trinh

ajx { a2x
+ bjy + cl
=0
+ b2y + c2 =
o.
j
(I)
• H~ (I) e6 mot nghiern : ~

• H~ (I) vo nghiern : ~
j
cat ~ 2.
j
II
~2.
• H~ (I) e6 vo so nghiern : ~
• Chu
==
~2 .
y : Neu a2b2c2
:f:-
0 thi :
~1
II
~2
~j
.L ~2
<=>
I1llj·nll2=O
--
<=>
aja2+bjb2=O.
78
6- H.oAN .. ToAN L<JP 10 - B
Hu6ng dan thuc hien Kien thirc co ban 10. G6c gitra hai dirong thing Cho hai dirong thing
[\1 :
alx
+ bly + CI
= 0, c6 vecto phap tuyen
phap tuyen 112 = (a2 ; b2). G6c giira cluing diroc tinh boi cong thirc cos
(--)
[\1' [\2
I-___' I = I~II;;;I I~·;;;I

COS(I1I'
112)
- Ja~ + .Jai + hi
bl2
lala2
+ b1b21
11. Khoang each tir mot diem den mot dirong thing: Khoang each tir mot diem Mo(xo ; Yo) den dirong thing [\ c6 phuong trinh : ax + by + C = diroc tinh boi cong thirc :
deMo, [\) 2. Phuong trinli duang troll (Phuong trinh
laxo
+ byo +
2
'\I a
+ b2
ci .
1. Phuong trinh dirong tron • Phuong trinh dirong tron c6 tam I(a ; b) ban kinh R la :
(x _a)2
- Dang I : Nhan dang mot phirong trinh bac hai
dirong tron voi tam cho tnroc va ban kfnh cho tnroc , Nhan dang phirong trtnh dirong tron ; Phuong trinh tiep tuyen cua
dirong tron),
va
+ (y _b)2
= R2 (h.5).
la phirong trinh dircng tron ; Xac dinh diroc toa do tam va d¢ dai ban kinh dirong tron khi biet phirong trinh cua no.
79
Chuan kien thirc - ki nang Ve' kiln thuc :

Hieu diroc each viet phtrong trinh dirong
Hirong dan thirc hien Kien thirc CO' ban

y
M(x; y) b ------~
I

dQ tam l(a; h) va dQ dai ban kinh R.
- Dang 2 : Viet phirong trinh duong tron biet toa - Dang 3 : Viet plurong trinh tiep tuyen voi dirong tron trong cac tnrong hop : Biet toa dQ ella tiep diem (tiep tuyen tai mot diem nam tren dirong tron) ; biet tiep tuyen di qua diem M nam ngoai dtrong tron ; biet tiep tuyen eo phirong eho
tnroc.
tron. Ve'kTnang:
- Viet diroc phirong trinh dirong tron biet tam l(a ; h) va ban kinh R. Xac dinh diroc tam va ban kinh dirong tron khi biet phirong trinh dirong tron. - Viet diroc phtrong trinh tiep tuyen vai dirong tron trong cac tnrong hop : Biet toa dQ ella tiep diem (tiep tuyen tai mot diem nam tren dirong tron) : biet viet phirong trlnh tiep tuyen di qua di~m M narn ngoai dunng trim ; biet tiep tuyen
{
I I I
I
Hlnh5
Vi du. Viet phirong

l(l ; - 2) va
trinh
dirong
tron eo tam
• Neu a + h
e > 0 thi phirong trinh

2
a) Di qua diem A(3 ; 5).
x + Y - 2ax - 2hy + e = 0 la phirong trinh ella dUOng tron voi tam l(a ; h) va ban kfnh R
b) Tiep xuc voi duong thang eo phirong trinh

x+Y=1.
co plurong cho triroc,
= ~ a2
+ h2
e.
2. Phuong trinh tiep tuyen ella dirong tron :
Vi du. Xac dinh toa dQ tam va dQ dai ban kinh ella dirong tron eo phirong trinh
x + Y - 4x - 6y + 9
2 2
Tiep tuyen tai diem Mo(xo ; Yo) ella dirong tron

tam l(a ; h) eo phirong trinh : (xo- a)(x -xo) + (yo -h)(y -Yo)
= O. = o.
Vi du. Cho dirong tron eo phuong trinh
= R2.
x + y - 4x + 8y - 5 tai diem A( -1 ; 0).
Ii
a) Viet phirong trinh tiep tuyen ella dirong tron b) Viet phirong trinh tiep tuyen ella dtrong tron, biet rang no vuong goc voi dirong thang x + 2y
= O.
80
Kien thirc co ban
Dang toan - Vi du - LUll Y Vi du. Cho ba diim A(2 ; 6), B(-3 C(5 ; 0).
a) Lfjp phuong
; -4)
va
trinb duong tron ngoai titp
MBC.
b) Ldp phuong trinh duong tron nt)i titp MBC. \
3. Elip (Dinh nghia e1ip ; Phuong trinh

chfnh tac ella elip ; M6 til hinh dang elip), Ve' kiln thuc : - Biet dinh nghia elip. - Biet phuong ella elip. Ve' ki nang: - Tir plnrong trinh chinh tac ella elip : trinh chinh 'lac, hinh dang
Dinh. nghia elip fa tt;ip hap cac diim co t6ng khodng caci: den hai diim phdn bie: cho truce fa mot so khong d6i. C6 giai thieu ve' SI! lien h¢ giiia duang tron va elip.
- Trang mat phang Oxy eho hai diem F, (- e ; 0), F 2(e ; 0) va mot do dai khong d6i 2a (a > e > 0). E1ip (E) la tap hop cac diem M sao eho
- Dang 1 : Tir phirong trinh chinh tac ella elip :
- 2 + - 2 = 1 (a > b > 0)
a
i
b
xac dinh d<) dai true 1&1, true nho, tieu cu, tam sai ella e1ip ; xac dinh diroc toa d<) cac tieu diem, giao diem ella e1ip voi cac true toa do. - Dang 2 : Viet phirong trinh chinh tac ella elip khi tho cac yeu to dll d~ xac dinh e1ip do.
2 2
F,M + F2M
Ta co th~ viet:
= La.
= 2a}.
a2
i +-2 = 1
b
(E)
(a
{M I F,M + F2M
> b > 0)
Vi du. Cho elip
;6
+ Y9
1.
xac dinh diroc d<) dai true 1&1, true nho, tieu cu, Him sai ella elip; xac dinh diroc toa do cac tieu diem, giao diem ella e1ip voi cac true toa do. - Viet duoc phuong trtnh chinh tac cua e1ip khi eho cac yeu to xac dinh e1ip do.
a) TIm toa do cac dinh va cac tieu diem ella elip. b) Tfnh tam sai cua elip.
Vi du. Viet phirong trinh chinh tae ella e1ip (E)

biet : a) (E) e6 d<)dai true 1&1bang 10 va tieu cu bang 6. b) (E) co do dai true 1&1bang 8, tam sai e
Hinh 6
=~ .
81
HUOng dan thuc hien Kien thirc co ban

- Phuong trinh chinh tac cua elip (E) la :
-2
+ -" = 1 a b-
2 (a
=b
+c
).
- Cac yeu
to cua
elip (E) la :
• Hai tieu diem : F,( -e; 0), F2(e; 0);

• Bon dinh : A,(-a B2(0 ; b) ; ; 0), A2(a ; 0), B,(O ; -b),
• D¢ dai true 16"0: A ,A2 • D¢ dai true nho

• Tieu cir : F,F2
= 2a ; : B,B2 = 2b ;
(h.7).
y
= 2e
Hinh 7
- Hinh dang cua elip (E) :

• (E)
co hai true doi xirng la Ox, Oy va co tam doi xirng la goc toa d¢ ;
82
Huong dan thuc hien Kien thirc co ban • M9i diem cua elip (E) deu nam trong hinh chtr nhat e6 kich thu6e 2a va 2b gioi han boi cac dirong thang x = ± a, y = ± h. Hinh chir nhat d6 goi la hinh chtr nhat co cua elip (E). Dang toan - Vi du - LUll
sa
4. Hypebol (Dinh. nghia hypebol ; Phuong trinh chinh tdc cua hypebol ; Mo td hinh dang hypebol). Ve' kiln thuc :
Dinh. nghia hypebol la tfj.phfJP cac diem co hieu khodng cacb dln hai diem phan bie: cho truce
- Dang 1 : Tit phuang hypebol

2
trinh chinh tac cua
la mat so' khong d6i.

1. Dinh. nghia. Cho hai diim co dinh. F 1, F 2 VOl
hypebol, phuong trinh chinb tdc, biet hinh.. dang cua hypebol.
dinn nghia Ve' ki nang:
- uu«
FIF2 Hypebol
2c (c > 0) va hang so 2a (a < c). (H) la tap hap cdc diim M sao cho
x 2 - 2 = 1(a > 0,b > 0) a b xac dinh. toa d(J cac tieu diim, giao diim cua hypebol voi cac true toa d(J, tieu qr, d(J dai true thuc, d(J dai true do, phuong trinh cac duang tiem can, tam sai. - Dang 2 : Viet phuong trinh chinh tdc ciia hypebol khi cho cdc ytu to' xac dinh. hypebol do.
2 2
IMFI - MF21 = 2a. (H)
= {M IIMFI -
MF21 = 2a}.
Tit phuong
2
trinh
chinh
tdc
ctia
x hypebol - - - = 1(a a2 b2
F l' F 2
FIF2
> 0, b > 0)
la tieu cu cua (H). 2. Phuong trinh chinh tdc cua hypebol :
= 2c goi
x
2
so!
la cac tieu diim,
khodng
cacb
diim, giao diem cua hypebol voi cdc true toa d(J, tieu cu, d(J dai true thuc, d(J dai true do, phuong trinh cdc duang tiem cdn, tam sai. Ve duoc hypebol. - Viet duoc phuong trinh chinh tdc cua hypebol khi cho cac yeu to xac dinh. hypebol do.
xac dinh. duoc toa d(J cdc tieu
i 2-2=1
a b
y
(a>O,b>O).
Vi du. Cho hypebol (H) : ~6 - Y9
1. Xac d!nh
'\v~;y)
;0 \
Hinh 8
toa d(J cdc dlnh, cdc tieu diim, tinh tam sai, d(J dai true thuc, d(Jdai true do cua (H). Vi du. Viet phuang trinh chinh tdc cua hypebol (H) co mot tieu diim la (5 ; 0) va d(J dai true
x
thuc bang 8.
83
Hirong dan thtrc hien Kien thtrc co ban

2 ', e 2 = a 2 + b ; 0 Ia t' d.01 xung ; 0 x, 0 y la cae a am ,'" true doi xung,
True thuc AIA2
= 2a ndm
tren Ox. ; 0).
True do BIB2 = 2b ndm tren Oy. Hai dinh " AI( -a; 0), Aia Hai tieu diem,' F l( -e ; 0), F 2(e ; 0) ; e T'am Sat. e =-. a Phuong trinh cdc cann ctia hinh chit nhdt eO'so-: X= ±a,y= ±b. tnh ", Ph uung trin b ati duo uung tiem can " Y Ban kinh qua tieu diem M(xM ; YM) MF] MF2 5. Parabol (Dinh nghia parabol; Phuong trinh chink tile cua parabol; Mo td hinh dang parabol). V i kiln thuc : +b = _ -a x .
E (H)
= la + eXMI = la + :
xMI ;
= la -
eXMI
= la -
: XMI· - Dang 1 " Tit phuong trinh ehinh tile ctia
Dinl; nghia parabol la tap hf!P cdc diem ma khodng each tit diim do dln mot diem eho truoc bang khodng each din mfjt duong thdng eho truce.
parabol / = 2px, (P > 0) xdc dinn toa dfj tieu diem, phuang trinh duong chudn, ve parabol.
- uu« dinl: nghia
, phuong trinh ehinh
tile cua parabol. Bilt j nghia cua tham so tieu, tieu diim, duong chudn, hinlt dang cua parabol.
1. Cho diim F co dinn va mot duong thdng co' - Dang 2 " Viet phuong trinh ehinh tile eua dink L\ khong di qua F. Parabol (P) ta t~p hop parabol khi eho cac ylu to xdc dinh. parabol do. cac diim M sao eho khodng each tit M dln F Vi duo Tim toa dfj tieu diem, phuong trinh bang khoang each tit M den ~ . duong chudn va ve parabol/ = 4x. (P)= {M I MF = d(M; M}. 84

2
HUOng Min thirc hien

Kien thirc co ban Dang toan - Vi d1.l- LUll Y Vi du. Viet phuong trinh chinh tdc cua parabol biet tieu diem la F(S ; 0).
parabol / = 2px, (P > 0) xac dinh. duoc toa dt) tieu diem, phuong trinh duong chudn. Ve duoc parabol. .
- Bilt duac mot s{/ do' thi y = ax (a :;t 0) F goi la tieu diem, ~ la duong chudn, ciing fa mt)t parabol theo dinb nghia p = d(F ; ~) > 0 goi la tham so tieu clla (P). tren. 2. Phuong trinh chinh tdc cua parabol: Ve' ki nang: 2px (P > 0) (h.9) - Til phuong trinh chinh tdc cua Y
/=
(/MCX;Y)
x
- Viet duoc phuong trinh chinh tdc ctia parabol khi cho cac ylu to' xac dinh. parabol do.
Hinh 9
Dinh : 0(0 ; 0) ; tham so' tieu p ; True dOl xung : Ox ; Tie u diem : F (~ ; D'uong chudn ts : x uan t:
6. Ba duong conic; Duong chudn cua
0) ,
P = -"2'
ba duong conic
Ve' kiln thuc : - Bie: duac khai niem duang chudn ctia
1. Dinh. nghia. Cho diim F co dinh, mot duimg - Dang 1 : Xac dinh' toa dt) tieu ditm ; viet thang ~ co' dinn khong di qua F va mot so' phuong trinb duong chudn ctia cac duimg duong e. conic. Conic (@) la tap hap cdc diem M sao cho MF d(M;M=e. - Dang 2 : Sit dung khai niem duong chudn cua ba duong conic vao gidi mot so' bai tdp don gidn.
ba duong elip, hypebol, parabol.
85
1--------!
Chuan kien thirc - ki nang - Bilt duoc tinh chat chung cua ba duang conic : Cho diem F co dinn va duang thtmg A khong di qua F. Tap hop nhiing dilm M sao cho ti
HUOng dan thirc hien
Kien thirc
(@)
C(J
ban
Dang toan - Vi du-« Luu
= { M I d(::~ M = e}.
?
Vi du. Xac dinh. tieu dilm va duong chudn cua cdc duang conic sau : a) y = 16x "
2
so d(M;
MF
= e (e la
Dilm F goi Ia tieu dilm, ~glJi la duong chudn va e so! Ia tam sai cua conic (@). 2. Cho conic (@) v6i tam sai e. Khi do:
(@) la (@) la (@) Ia
mot so duong khong dili) la mot conic.

duoc khai niem duong chudn cua ba duong elip, hypebol, parabol vao gidi mot so bai tap dun gidn.. .
Su dung
Ve' ki nang:
elip <=> e < 1 ; parabol <=> e
= 1;
hypebol <=> e > 1.
3. Cho elip (E) :
2 2
+ - 2 = 1 (a > b > 0).

b
~l
• Duong chudn
ung voi tieu diem F 1(-c ; 0)

2
, ' cop h uong trin h :x= -- a = --.a e c

Duong
chudn
~2
ang voi tieu dilm F 2(C ; 0) co a = -a = -.c e

2
phuong trinh : x
• V6i moi dilm M tl!ufJc (E) thi d(M ; ~1)

MF.
=
d(M ; ~2)
MF2
=e
< 1.
86
~----------------------------~--------------------------------------------------------------------------HUOng dan thirc hien Chuan kien thirc - ki nang Kien thirc co him Dang toan - Vi du LLlU Y
>
4. Cho hypebol (H) :
-2 - -2 = 1
a b • DUOng chudn
~l
(a > 0, b > 0).
ung v6i tieu dilm F 1(-c ; 0)

2
CO phuong trinh :
X= --
a
e
= -- ac ;
.
Duong chudn phuong trinh :
~2
ung v6i tieu diim F 2(C ; 0) co
x= - =-.
a
e
a2
c
(. V6i moi .
diem M
MFI
thuoc (H) thi .
d(M ; ~l)
MF2
d(M ; ~2)
= e > 1.
87
TO CHUC THllC HI~N

I -YEU
cAU CHUNG
DUNGCHUAN
Viec thirc hien chuan kien thirc, ki nang cua chirong trinh giao due ph6 thong mon Toan can thea quan diem co ban : sat thirc, tnrc quan, dung chuan va d6i moi,
SATTHVC
- Dam bao dung kien thirc, ki nang, mire d¢ phirc tap cua dang
toan minh hoa, nhfrng hru
y neu
trong chuan,
- Tnroc het dam bao dat chuan hoa va ph an hoa thea mire d¢ yeu cau cua chuong trinh chuan va chuang trinh nang cao ; han che cac vi du va bai tap phirc tap, doi hoi ki thuat va meo mire, noi dung kho cirng thieu nr nhien kho tiep thu, giam bot so hrong cong thirc dn nho. Dam bao
sir
- Sat voi noi dung chuan, voi thuc te doi urong va dieu kien giang day, voi thai lirong cho phep ; bien soan du dang cac bai luyen tap nrong duong voi cac VI du neu trong chuan nham giup h9C sinh ren luyen ki nang giai toan dat chuan va phan hoa thea mire d¢ yeu cau cua chirong trinh chuan vachirong trinh nang cao. Thuc hien chuong trinh tu chon cua bo mon thea huang giup h9C sinh dat chuan tot hon. - Chii trong cac VI du va bai toan co noi dung thuc tien doi song va gan voi cac mon hoc khac (lam cho h9C sinh thay r6 Toan h9C gan voi cuoc song va lam quen voi viec ap dung tri thirc Toan h9C d~ giai cac bai toan thuc te, cac bai toan cua mon hoc Vat If, Hoa h9C, Sinh h9C, ... )
TRVCQUAN
gon,
chat
che va he thong
kien
thtrc, ki nang
rna
chuan neu,
Theo chi dao day va h9C cua
B9
GD&DT
: D6i moi kiern tra danh
gia thea chuan, d6i moi cong cu kiern tra danh gia, d6i moi thai hrong, d6i moi thir nr thirc hien kien thirc ki nang chuan neu, doi moi phuong tien day h9C d~ d6i moi phirong phap day h9C, tang cirong tinh chu dong cua hoc sinh trong gia h9C, giup h9C sinh tfch eire, hirng thu h9C
- Tiep can chuan bang phirong phap tnrc quan nham giam tinh han lam, giarn cac noi dung nang ne, dan gian hoa nhtrng van de phirc tap nhirng khong lam mat tinh chinh xac va suy luan co If rna chuan de ra. - Day va h9C kien thirc ki nang thea chuan tren co
tap, Tim toi sang tao nhfrng each dira noi dung h9C tap mot each nhe
nhang, d~ hieu, nr nhien rna van chinh xac. can da dang hoa cac hoat dong thuc hien chuan (on lai kien tlnrc, gioi thieu kien thirc moi, h9C tnroc
sa dan
dat tirng
a nha,
lam tai lap, chia thea de tai, thuc hien ca nhan hay nhorn
biroc, qua nhtrng VI du mo ta khai niern mot each r6 rang, tranh ap dat
nho, ap dung ngay kien thirc vita h9C, cau hoi trac nghiern khach quan, sir dung may tinh earn tay d~ giai toan ... ).
thieu LI! nhien,

88
II - HUONG DAN THl)'C HI~N

VOl HOC SINH
- V 6i h9C sinh dai tra cua rnoi vimg mien, noi dung diroc neu trong van ban nay la noi dung h9C tap bat buoc phai dat, khong han che' noi dung h9C tap v6i h9C sinh c6 nhu cau h9C tap nang cao. - V 6i nhfrng h9C sinh c6 nhu cau h9C t~p rna rong, nang cao hoac doi urong h9C sinh kha, gioi, c6 th~ tham khao Chuong trinh Nang cao hoac Chuong trinh Chuyen cua B<) GD&DT ban hanh ; c6 th~ tham khao trong sach giao khoa hoac sach bai tap, sach tham khao noi dung chuyen rna nha tnrong tuyen chon hoac co th~ tir h9C theo nang lire ban than. thuan Ioi, h9C sinh can diroc tang ctrong chat lirong h9C tap qua viec tiep can cac nguon thong tin, cac phuong tien cong nghe d~ cung co', rna rong, nang cao kien thirc. - Chuan kien thirc, ki nang cua Chuong trinh Trung h9C phd thong mon Toan gnip cac em h9C sinh ur h9C, nr kiem tra kien thirc, ki nang thea cac yeu cau co ban, toi thieu cua kien thtrc, ki nang mon Toan rna hoc sinh can phai c6 va phai dat diroc qua h9C tap. H9C sinh nr h9C, tt! kiem tra thea chuan kien thirc, ki nang qua h9C, kiern tra cac khai niem co ban, cac ki nang co ban, cac cong thirc can nho, cac phirong phap giai, cac dang toan, vi duminh hO<;1 tuong irng v6i cac chu de cua ... chuong trinh ; nr nghien ngam noi dung h9C tap thea O1<)tyeu cau, phong each rieng va v6i toe d<) phu hop. Tu hoc khong nhirng giup h9C sinh nr than nam noi dung hoc mot each chac chan va ben virng, xac dinh phuong phap hoc tap va ki nang van dung tri thirc, ren luyen y chi va nang lire hoat dong sang t<;10; tu than bu dap cho minh nhirng 10 hong ve kien thiic, dap irng v6i yeu cau cua chirong trinh. (Qua cac hoat dong h9C tap : xay dung ke hoach, t~p trung suc It!c va thOi gian cho n<)i dung tr9ng tam, quan tr9ng nhat, n<)i dung con khuyet ho~c 89
chua r6, tranh dan trai, phan tan. N6 lire, nr lire nam noi dung hoc tap thong qua: d9C, t6m tat tong hop, so sanh, phan 10<;1i tu lam bai tap, ; de kiem tra. Tranh thu sir giup di1'cua thay co giao, ella ban be va cua cha me, anh em trong gia dinh, trong dong ho).
VOl GIAO VIEN
- V 6"i giao vi en thi noi dung co ban neu trong van ban nay la can cu d~ soan bai, tien hanh day h9C. on tap va dua tren d6 d~ kiem tra danh gia ket qua h9C tap cua h9C sinh. Dam bao vira dat chudn vira phdn hOG thea dac diem vung, mien cho cac d6i tuong h9C sinh khac nhau ; danh gia thea de tu luan, de TNKQ hoac hon hop gam ca bai toan ur luan Ian bai toan TNKQ. On tap nham h~ thong hoa kien tlurc da h9C, hoan thien ki nang giai bai tap, qua on tap b6 khuyet cho nhimg phat hien thieu s6t ve kien thirc, ki nang, ve suy luan toan h9C thieu can err logic hoac chua hop If ; nho d6 tao cho tirng hoc sinh virng tin vao nang lire ban than c6 th~ dat ket qua t6t lrong cac ki kiem tra danh gia va thi. Viec on tap mon Toan can dar toi hieu duoc ban chat va van dung
I,
- d vung
diroc cac noi dung hoc ; .khi on i~p khong nen qua chu
vao viec tim
nhtrng thu thuat ghi nho duoc nnieu, mac du nho la co sa can cho viec giai cac bai toan, nhung khong du ; bai VI viec nam virng cac each giai cac dang bai toan co ban cho nhieu kha nang dat ket qua t6t trong kiem tra, thi. Viec on tap giup ta nho noi dung h9C t6t han va thirc su hiiu Ich cho viec giai cac bai toano Su quan trong cua viec on tap Ia
cho : giup h9C sinh h¢ thong lai vii nit ra nlnrng dieu co ban, chu yeu,
khai quat hoa cua nlurng kien rhuc - ki nang dIThoc d~ thay duoc sir nrong dong, nrong iing, dong dang, bien d6i ve hinh, khai niem, phuong phap, dang toan ... trong clurong trinh mon h9C cua mot noi dung, mot chu de, mot lap hay toan cap hoc, - Giao vien huong dan on tap can quan trier r6 : nhirng each on tap deu la nhii"ng bi~u hi~n
Cl,l
th~ cua vi~c h~ th6ng hoa kien thuc thea
birong lam r6 cau true cua nrng pharr, tirng chirong, tirng mach kien thirc, tirng chu de hay toan the cua chuong trinh ; lam r6 vi trf cua moi kien thirc va quan he giira cac kien thirc ; tranh viec he thong hoa nang
tinh hinh thirc nhu li~t ke cac cong thirc, cac dinh li, cac dang toan da h9C thea dung khuon rniiu va trinh nr nhir trong sach giao khoa. Cling voi viec huong dan h9C sinh he thong hoa kien thirc, giao vien giiip hoc sinh sap xep cac bai tap va phan chi a thanh cac dang bai tap de nam vfrng each giai chung eho tirng dang chfnh, dong thoi nhac lai va ghi ra diroc nhtrng kien thrrc, dinh If, cong thirc, suy luan da h9C 0 lap duoi, nay thmrng phai sir dung nhieu d~ giai toan 0 lap 10. Trong tinh hinh tlurc te hien nay, giao vien can t6 chtrc day va h9C chu dao ngay tit dau nam h9C, on tap deu dansau tirng chuong, muc, giup h9C sinh tu giai cac cau hoi va bai tap neu trong chuan kien thirc, ki nang.
tinh gan dung; khich l~ nhirng h9C sinh c6 each giai dung boi nhtrng kien thirc, ki nang c6 duoc do ban than n6 luc h9C tap,
V61
co QUAN,
CAN
BQ
QUAN
LI GIAo
Dl)C
- V6i cac co quan, can bo quan If giao due thi noi dung van ban
neu trong cuon sach nay la can cir toi thieu d~ danh gia, kiem tra viec day va h9C. - Trong thanh tra, kiem tra day va h9C can quan trier tinh than:
+ Khuyen khfch giao vien sang tao linh hoat trong moi bai h9C,
tiet h9C ; giao vien c6 th~ trinh bay day noi dung kien thrrc nhu da neu trong van ban, tuy nhien c6 the linh hoat trong each trinh bay (c6 the trinh bay thea plurong phap khac, each khac hoac thay boi vi du khac nrong tu ve rmrc do nhan thirc) ; kiem tra (hoac ra de thi) dung thea yeu cau rmrc dQ da de cap trong cu6n sach voi nhirng bai toan khac nrong dirong mire dQ nhan thirc ; toi cong cu may tfnh cam tay nham giam tai ve ph an tfnh toan va d~ d6i moi ca trinh bay 1m giai Ian khau ra de va dap an nrong trng yeu cau tfnh dung hoac tfnh gan dung;
- Giao vien can phai linhhoat trong viec day h9C, c6 th~ dcin dar
h9C sinh tiep can kien thirc, ki nang trinh bay theo phirong phap khac, each khac hoac thay boi vf du khac tuy thea doi tuong, vung mien d~ thuc hien chuan phu hop voi mire dQ nhan thirc cua m6i loai d6i nrong, Trong day h9C cting nhtr kiem tra, danh gia, can hru y toi cong cu may tfnh cam tay nham giam tai ph an tfnh toan ciing nhu d6i moi ca trinh bay Ioi giai Ian khau ra de va dap an nrong irng yeu cau tfnh dung hoac
+ 01n hru
+ Khfch l~ nhfrng h9C sinh c6 each giai dung boi nhfrng kien thirc,
ki nang c6 duoc do ban than n6 lire hoc tap,
90
TAl LI~U THAM KHllO CHiNH

1. SGK, SGV Toan 10, 11, 12 - Chuong trinh nang cao - GS. Doan Quynh (T6ng Chu bien) va cac tac gia, SGK, SGV Toan 10, 11, 12 - among trinh chuful(T6ng Chu bien) va cac tac gia. 8. Tran Kieu (Chu bien) va cong sv : D6i moi phuong phap day h9C tnrong Trung h9C COsa - V ien Khoa hoc Giao due - 1997. 9. GeoffreyPetty : Day h9C ngay nay, Dir an Viet - Bi, 2002.
2. 3.
PGS. Tran Van Hao
10. Robert Fisher : Day hoc tre, DV an Viet - Bi, 2002. 11. Wilbert J. McKeachie : Nhtrng thu thuat trong day h9C, DlJ an Viet - Bi, 2002. 12. Tran Ba Hoanh va cong su :
Van ban chi dao cua B¢ GD&DT lien quan : Chuang trinh Giao due ph6 thong man Toan, D6i moi phuong phap day h9C, D6i moi ra d~ kiem tra, Danh muc thiet bi day h9C Toan 10, 11, 12. Huang dan thirc hanh Toan tren may tinh Casio, Vinacal fx-570MS. Tai lieu v~ hoi nghi tap h~an phuong phap day hoc Toan h9C phd thong, BQ Giao due va Dao tao, 12/2000. De tai B94 - 27 - 01 - PP ve d6i moi phuong phap day h9C cac man khoa hoc tv nhien ngiroi hoc" - 1997.
4. 5. 6.
Ap
dung day va h9C tich eire trong
man Toan, DV an Viet - Bi, 2002. 13. Nguyen Ba Kim - Dinh Nho Chuang ... : Phuong phap day hoc
man Toan - NXBGD - 1994. 14. Pham Gia Dire - Nguyen 15. D~ tai dip BQ M,.mh Cang ... : Phuong phap day hoc
a tnrong
THPf
thea huong "hoat dong hoa
man Toan - NXBGD - 1998.
7.
Jean - Marc Denomme et Madelleine Roy : (Pour une pedagogic interactive). Tien tai mot phuong phap sir pham tuong tac (Ngiroi dich : Nguyen Quang Thuan- Tong Van Quan) - NXBTN - 2003.
rna
so B 2002 - 49 - TD37 v~ Dinh huang va cac
giai phap d6i moi PPDH tnrong phd thong - Vien Chien luoc va Chuang trinh Giao due, Ha N(!i, 2004.
91
Ml)C Ll)C
Trang Uri gi6i thieu Phdn {hit nhd: Glen THIEU CHUNG 3 Chiu trach nhiem xudt bdn : Chu tich HDQT kiem Tong Giam doc NGO TRAN AI Ph6 T6ng Giam doc kiern Tong bien tap NGUYEN QUY THAO T 6 chuc bdn thdo va chiu trach nhiem noi dung:
VE CHUAN
KlEN THVC, Kl NANG
CUA CHl.iONG TRINH GlAO DUC PHO THONG Phdn (hit hai HVdNG DAN THl!C HII;:N CHUAN KIJ;:N THlfC, Kl NANG MON TO AN THPT HOONG DAN TH{,t HI~N CHUAN KIEN THUt, Id NANG MON roAN L(JP 10 A. Kien thirc chuang trlnh man Toan lap 10 B. Huang dAn thirc hien Chuan kien thirc, ki nang man Toan lap 10 T6 chirc thuc hien
'" A:
A ~
Ph6 VI! tnrong VI! Giao due Trung h9C NGUYEN HAl CHAU Giam doc CTCP Dich
VI,l
xuat ban Giao due Ha N(>iPHAN
KE THAI
".!'
"
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Bien tdp n¢i dung: LE THANH HANG
13
21 22
Trinh bay bia : LutJ CHi DONG Sua bdn in: . NGUYEN TH~ THANH Chebdn : "" A ~ "',,,....... , ... , , CONG TY CO PHAN THIET KE VA PHA THANH SACH GIAO Dl)C
88
Nha xuilt ban Giao dl!c Vi~t Nam -
B9 Giao dl!Cva Dao ~o gii1quyen cong b6 mc phfun.
So dang ki KHXB: 641-2009/CXBi32-1124/(;t)
HlfONG DAN TH(jC HI~N CHUAN KIEN THUC, Ki NANG MON ToAN LOP 10
Ma so: TXT53H9 - Hili
In 7.CXlO cuon (Qf) 84TKjKH09) kho 29 x 20,5 em In tai Xi nghiep in Hung Yen. SO in: 45/2CX)9 In xong va nop luu chieu thang I I nam 2CX)9.
92

(Vnmath - Com) Huong Dan Thuc Hien Chuan Ki Thuc - Ki Nang Mon Toan Lop 10

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BO GIAo .

NHA XUAT BAN GIAo DVC VI~T NAM

LOI GIOI TIII~U

ve viec ban hanh Chtronq trinh Giao due

chirc qiao due ;

trus: kJnang cac man h9C

.ca nL10c; gop phan khac phuc tlnh

GIAo Dl)C vA DAo

PHAN THU NHAT

if hoat dong, cong viec, san pham do.

1. Chuan kien thirc, ki nang cua Chuang trinh mon hoc la

2. Nlurng yeu cau co ban cua chuan

Chuan kien thuc, ki nang ctla mot dun

Ian thoi gian ap dung,

ehi tilt hun bang

ve kien thirc, ki nang cu th~, nrong minh hon ; minh

3. Nhiing dac diem cua Chuan kien thirc, ki nang

yell cau cu the, r5 rang ve kien thirc, ki nang.

Kien thtrc, ki nang phai dira tren

co so phat trien nang hrc, tri tue

thirc duoc xac dinh thea 6 mire oc:>:

nghia cua cac khai niem,

tuong M giai quyet

nrong doi, cac rnoi quan he eta biet

kha nang nam diroc, hieu duoc

nghia ella cac

4. Phan tich : La kha nang ph an chi a 1119tthong tin ra thanh cac

cap d9 n6i tren d~ dua ra mot nhan dinh chinh xac ve

1. Chuan kien thirc, ki nang la can err

dong va thai d¢ ur tin trong h9C tap cho HS.

k) Ket hop danh gia trong va danh gia ngoai,

cua HS, cua cac CO

nAN THVC HI~N

cHuAN I(rEN THUC, xt NANG MON ToAN THPT

N(n DUNG MON ToAN THPT

- SO va cac phep tinh tren tap hop so thirc, so phtrc.

phirong trinh bac nhat, bac hai,

XU li so lieu ; tinh toan ve t6 hop va xac suat.

ham so bac hai, bac ba,

' 'h' so' Iuong giac, am so mu, h' so I' am ogan it .

2. Dai IUQ11g va 2.1. DQ dai

2.6. Thai gian 2.7. V~n toe 2.8. Tien te

3.6. Luong giac

3.7. Day so, cap so cong, cap so nhan

M~CH NOI DUNG

4.2. Dao ham 4.3. Nguyen ham, tfch phan

5.1. Cac khai niern hinh hoc mo.dtlu

5.2. Dai cirong v~ duong

MACH NOI DUNG

~-------------~------------------+_----+---2--+_--3--~-4--~--5--~--~~--~-8---~ 5.6. DuOng trol1, hinh tron + + + + +

5.7. Hinh da dien 5.8. Hinh tron xoay

5.11. Phep doi hinh

5.12. Phep dong dang

T6 hop. Xac suat

--'-_6.3. Xae suM

DAY HOC MOT

CllA CHUaNG TRINH MaN ToAN

tam la ki nang lap va giai

duy ham trong toan b¢ chuang

trlnh mon toan

(theo cac mach toan), 18

D~y hoc dao ham va tich phan

- DC;lYhoc phirong phap toa d¢ trong khong gian lien