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ACKNOWLEDGE

First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the strength and health to do

this project work.

Not forgotten my parents for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that

are related to this project work and their advise, which is the most needed for this project.

Internet, books, computers and all that. They also supported me and encouraged me to

complete this task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it.

Then I would like to thank my teacher, Encik Mohamed bin Masri for guiding me

and my friends throughout this project. We had some difficulties in doing this task, but he taught

us patiently until we knew what to do. He tried and tried to teach us until we understand what we

supposed to do with the project work.

Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project with me and sharing our ideas.

They were helpful that when we combined and discussed together, we had this task done.

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OBJECTIVE
The aims of carrying out this project work are:

to apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve


problems

to improve thinking skills

to promote effective mathematical communication

to develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way


that increases students’ interest and confidence

to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas


precisely

to provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances


effective learning

to develop positive attitude towards mathematics

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Part One

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INTRODUCTION

Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite
desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya,
weddings and others. Cakes are treasured not only because of their
wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating

Baking a cake offers a tasty way to practice math skills, such as


fractions and ratios, in a real-world context. Many steps of baking a cake,
such as counting ingredients and setting the oven timer, provide basic math
practice for young children. Older children and teenagers can use more
sophisticated math to solve baking dilemmas, such as how to make a
cake recipe larger or smaller or how to determine what size slices you should
cut. Practicing math while baking not only improves your math skills, it helps
you become a more flexible and resourceful baker.

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MATHEMATICS IN CAKE BAKING AND CAKE
DECORATING

GEOMETRY
To determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and
decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs, to
estimate volume of cake to be produced

When making a batch of cake batter, you end up with a certain volume,
determined by the recipe.
The baker must then choose the appropriate size and shape of pan to
achieve the desired result. If the pan is too big, the cake becomes too short.
If the pan is too small, the cake becomes too tall. This leads into the next
situation.

The ratio of the surface area to the volume determines how much crust a
baked good will have. The more surface area there is, compared to the
volume, the faster the item will bake, and the less "inside" there will be. For
a very large, thick item, it will take a long time for the heat to penetrate to
the center. To avoid having a rock-hard outside in this case, the baker will
have to lower the temperature a little bit and bake for a longer time.

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We mix ingredients in round bowls because cubes would have corners where
unmixed ingredients would accumulate, and we would have a hard time
scraping them into the batter.

CALCULUS (DIFFERENTIATION)
To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking,
to estimate min. or max. amount of cream needed for decorating, to
estimate min. or max. Size of cake produced.

PROGRESSION
To determine total weight/volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional
dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking, to
estimate total amount of cream for decoration.

For example when we make a cake with many layers, we must fix the
difference of diameter of the two layers. So we can say that it used
arithmetic progression. When the diameter of the first layer of the cake is 8”
and the diameter of second layer of the cake is 6”, then the diameter of the
third layer should be 4”.

In this case, we use arithmetic progression where the difference of the


diameter is constant that is 2. When the diameter decreases, the weight also
decreases. That is the way how the cake is balance to prevent it from
smooch. We can also use ratio, because when we prepare the ingredient for
each layer of the cake, we need to decrease its ratio from lower layer to

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upper layer. When we cut the cake, we can use fraction to devide the cake
according to the total people that will eat the cake.

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Part Two

Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in
Diagram 1 for the Teachers’ Day celebration.

Diagram 1

1) If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 38000cm3, and the height of the cake is to be 7.0 cm,
the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school 3800 is

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Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake
3800 x 5 = (3.142)(d2)² x 7
190007(3.142) = (d2)²
863.872 = (d2)²
d2 = 29.392
d = 58.784 cm

2) The inner dimensions of oven: 80cm length, 60cm width, 45cm height

a)The formula that formed for d in terms of h by using the formula for
volume of cake,
V = 19000 is:

19000 = (3.142)(d2)²h
19000(3.142)h = d²4

24188.415h = d²
d= 155.53h

Height,h Diameter,d

1.0 155.53

2.0 109.98

3.0 89.79

4.0 77.76

5.0 69.55

6.0 63.49

7.0 58.78

8.0 54.99

9.0 51.84 Table 1


10.0 49.18
b) i) h < 7cm is NOT suitable, because the
resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore,
the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive.

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b) ii) The most suitable dimensions (h and d) for the cake is h = 8cm, d =
54.99cm, because it can fit into the oven, and the size is suitable for easy
handling.

c) i) The same formula in 2(a) is used, that is 19000 = (3.142)(d2)²h. The


same process is also used, that is, make d the subject. An equation which is
suitable and relevant for the graph:

19000 = (3.142)(d2)²h

19000(3.142)h = d²4

24188.415h = d²

d = 155.53h

d = 155.53h-12

log d = log 155.53h-12

log d = -12 log h + log 155.53

Table of log d = -12 log h + log 155.53

Height,h Diameter,d Log h Log d

1.0 155.53 0.00 2.19

2.0 109.98 0.30 2.04

3.0 89.79 0.48 1.95

4.0 77.76 0.60 1.89

5.0 69.55 0.70 1.84

6.0 63.49 0.78 1.80

7.0 58.78 0.85 1.77

8.0 54.99 0.90 1.74

9.0 51.84 0.95 1.71

10.0 49.18 1.0 1.69

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Table 2

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Graph of log d against log h

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ii) Based on the graph:

a) d when h = 10.5cm
h = 10.5cm, log h = 1.021, log d = 1.680, d = 47.86cm

b) h when d = 42cm
d = 42cm, log d = 1.623, log h = 1.140, h = 13.80cm

3) The cake with fresh cream, with uniform thickness 1cm is decorated

a) The amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake, using the
dimensions I've suggested in 2(b)(ii)

My answer in 2(b)(ii) ==> h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm


Amount of fresh cream = volume of fresh cream needed (area x height)
Amount of fresh cream = volume of cream at the top surface + volume of
cream at the side surface

The bottom surface area of cake is not counted, because we're decorating
the visible part of the cake only (top and sides). Obviously, we don't decorate
the bottom part of the cake

Volume of cream at the top surface


= Area of top surface x Height of cream
= (3.142)(54.992)² x 1
= 2375 cm³

Volume of cream at the side surface


= Area of side surface x Height of cream
= (Circumference of cake x Height of cake) x Height of cream
= 2(3.142)(54.992)(8) x 1
= 1382.23 cm³

Therefore, amount of fresh cream = 2375 + 1382.23 = 3757.23 cm³

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b) Three other shapes (the shape of the base of the cake) for the cake with
same height which is depends on the 2(b)(ii) and volume 19000cm³.

The volume of top surface is always the same for all shapes (since height is
same),
My answer (with h = 8cm, and volume of cream on top surface = 19008
= 2375 cm³):

1 – Rectangle-shaped base (cuboid)

height

width
length

19000 = base area x height


base area = 19008
length x width = 2375
By trial and improvement, 2375 = 50 x 47.5 (length = 50, width = 47.5,
height = 8)

Therefore, volume of cream


= 2(Area of left and right side surface)(Height of cream) + 2(Area of front
and back side surface)(Height of cream) + volume of top surface
= 2(50 x 8)(1) + 2(47.5 x 8)(1) + 2375
= 3935 cm³

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2 – Triangle-shaped base

width

slant
height

19000 = base area x height


base area = 19008
base area = 2375
12 x length x width = 2375
length x width = 4750
By trial and improvement, 4750 = 95 x 50 (length = 95, width = 50)
Slant length of triangle = √(95² + 25²)= 98.23

Therefore, amount of cream


= Area of rectangular front side surface(Height of cream) + 2(Area of slant
rectangular left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + Volume of top surface
= (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98.23 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 4346.68 cm³

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3 – Pentagon-shaped base

width

19000 = base area x height


base area = 2375 = area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon
therefore:
2375 = 5(length x width)
475 = length x width
By trial and improvement, 475 = 25 x 19 (length = 25, width = 19)

Therefore, amount of cream


= 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + vol. of top
surface
= 5(19 x 8) + 2375 = 3135 cm³

c) Based on the values above, the shape that require the least amount of
fresh cream to be used is:
Pentagon-shaped cake, since it requires only 3135 cm³ of cream to
be used.

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Part Three

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When there's “minimum” or “maximum”, well, there's differentiation and
quadratic functions. The minimum height, h and its corresponding minimum
diameter, d is calculated by using the differentiation and function.

Method 1: Differentiation

Two equations for this method: the formula for volume of cake (as in 2(a)),
and the formula for amount (volume) of cream to be used for the round cake
(as in 3(a)).

19000 = (3.142)r²h → (1)


V = (3.142)r² + 2(3.142)rh → (2)
From (1): h = 19000(3.142)r² → (3)

Sub. (3) into (2):


V = (3.142)r² + 2(3.142)r(19000(3.142)r²)
V = (3.142)r² + (38000r)
V = (3.142)r² + 38000r-1
(dVdr) = 2(3.142)r – (38000r²)
0 = 2(3.142)r – (38000r²) -->> minimum value, thereforedVdr = 0
38000r² = 2(3.142)r
380002(3.142)= r³
6047.104 = r³
r = 18.22

Sub. r = 18.22 into (3):


h = 19000(3.142)(18.22)²
h = 18.22
therefore, h = 18.22cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44cm

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Method 2: Quadratic Functions

Two same equations as in Method 1, but only the formula for amount of
cream is the main equation used as the quadratic function.

Let f(r) = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake:


19000 = (3.142)r²h → (1)
f(r) = (3.142)r² + 2(3.142)hr → (2)
From (2):
f(r) = (3.142)(r² + 2hr) -->> factorize (3.142)
= (3.142)[ (r + 2h2)² – (2h2)² ] -->> completing square, with a = (3.142), b =
2h and c = 0
= (3.142)[ (r + h)² – h² ]
= (3.142)(r + h)² – (3.142)h²
(a = (3.142) (positive indicates min. value), min. value = f(r) = –(3.142)h²,
corresponding value of x = r = --h)

Sub. r = --h into (1):


19000 = (3.142)(--h)²h
h³ = 6047.104
h = 18.22

Sub. h = 18.22 into (1):


19000 = (3.142)r²(18.22)
r² = 331.894
r = 18.22
therefore, h = 18.22 cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44 cm

I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its
dimensions are not suitable (the height is too high) and therefore
less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle
easily.

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Further
Exploration

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Diagram 2

Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day
celebration, as shown in Diagram 2.

The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0
cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first
cake, the radius of the third cake is 10% less than the radius of the second
cake and so on.

Given:
height, h of each cake = 6cm
radius of largest cake = 31cm
radius of 2nd cake = 10% smaller than 1st cake
radius of 3rd cake = 10% smaller than 2nd cake

31, 27.9, 25.11, 22.599, …


a = 31, r = 910

V = (3.142)r²h,

a) By using the formula for volume V = (3.142)r²h, with h = 6 to get the


volume of cakes.
Volume of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th cakes:

Radius of 1st cake = 31, volume of 1st cake = (3.142)(31)²(6) = 18116.772


Radius of 2nd cake = 27.9, volume of 2nd cake = (3.142)
(27.9)²(6) 14674.585
Radius of 3rd cake = 25.11, volume of 3rd cake = (3.142)
(25.11)²(6) 11886.414

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Radius of 4th cake = 22.599, volume of 4th cake = (3.142)
(22.599)²(6) 9627.995

The volumes form number pattern:


18116.772, 14674.585, 11886.414, 9627.995, …
(it is a geometric progression with first term, a = 18116.772 and ratio, r
= T2/T1 = T3 /T2 = … = 0.81)

a)The total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg ( total mass
< 15 kg, change to volume: total volume < 57000 cm³), so the maximum
number of cakes that needs to be baked is

Sn =(a(1 - rn)) (1 - r)

Sn = 57000, a = 18116.772 and r = 0.81

57000 =(18116.772(1 – (0.81)n))(1 - 0.81)

1 – 0.81n = 0.59779

0.40221 = 0.81n

og0.81 0.40221 = n

n = log 0.40221 log 0.81

n = 4.322
therefore, n ≈ 4

Verifying the answer:


When n = 5:
S5 = (18116.772(1 – (0.81)5)) / (1 – 0.81) = 62104.443 > 57000 (Sn > 57000,
n = 5 is not suitable)

When n = 4:
S4 = (18116.772(1 – (0.81)4)) / (1 – 0.81) = 54305.767 < 57000 (Sn < 57000,
n = 4 is suitable)

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Reflection

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TEAM WORK IS IMPORTANT BE HELPFUL

ALWAYS READY TO LEARN NEW THINGS BE A HARDWORKING STUDENT

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BE PATIENT ALWAYS CONFIDENT

Conclusion
Geometry is the study of angles and triangles, perimeter, area and
volume. It differs from algebra in that one develops a logical structure
where mathematical relationships are proved and applied.

An arithmetic progression (AP) or arithmetic sequence is


a sequence of numbers such that the difference of any two successive
members of the sequence is a constant

A geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is


a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by
multiplying the previous one by a fixed non-zero number called the
common ratio

Differentiation is essentially the process of finding an equation which


will give you the gradient (slope, "rise over run", etc.) at any point
along the curve. Say you have y = x^2. The equation y' = 2x will give
you the gradient of y at any point along that curve.

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Reference
Wikipedia

www.one-school net

additional mathematics textbook form 4 and form 5

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