Giao Trinh Cad 3d Nam 2010

TRNG CAO NG KINH T K THUT
KHOA K THUT CNG NGHIP B MN C KH
THIT K M HNH 3D BNG AUTOCAD
Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD
Chng 1 C S TO M HNH BA CHIU 1.1. Lch s pht trin CAD M hnh ha ba chiu (3D) l mt lnh vc pht trin nhanh chng trong CAD, n l mt cuc cch mng trong vic ng dng my tnh vo qu trnh thit k. Cc phn mm thit k 3D, c bt u s dng vo nhng nm 1980, ngy cng ph bin trong cng nghip. Nh phng php v truyn thng, cc bn v hai chiu (2D) trong cc phn mm CAD trnh by vt th trong mt phng XY. Do 2D CAD ch l cng c v bng my tnh (computer drafting tools) v sn phm cui cng l in ra giy. Ngc li, cc m hnh 3D khng ch l v mt i tng m l hnh nh thc ca vt th. Do 3D CAD l cng c m hnh ha bng my tnh (computer modeling tool). S xut hin v pht trin ca h thng SKETCHPAD ca Ivan Sutherland thuc trng i hc K thut Massachusetts vo nm 1962 c coi l m u ca CAD. Tuy nhin u tin h thng ny ch thc hin cc bn v hai chiu. H thng SKETCHPAD III, c pht trin sau bi T.E. Johnson, cho php biu din vt th bi cc m hnh 3D vi mc gii hn do tc tnh ca my lc cn hn ch. S pht trin ca cc phn mm CAD lin quan n s pht trin phn cng. V gi thnh ca my tnh ln vo nhng nm 60, 70 rt cao, do ch c Nh nc hoc Cng ty ln ca cc nc cng nghip pht trin mi c th trang b v s dng cc phn mm CAD. Trong thi k ny cc phn mm CAD s dng trong cng ty Hng khng, t, Qun s, Tuy nhin do s lng tnh ton khi thit k m hnh 3D rt ln v tc my cn chm nn s ng dng cn hn ch. Gim gi thnh v tng tc tnh ton my tnh cho php phn mm thng mi thit k m hnh 3D solid u tin ra i vo nm 1980. Phn mm ny c s dng trn cc my tnh ln v cc my tnh c nhn. Cng thi im
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ny phn mm AutoCAD ca hng Autodesk ra i (1982) dng cho my tnh c nhn. Cc phn mm 3D u tin ch thc hin cc nhim v c bit. V d cc phn mm ca cc cng ty hng khng chuyn v thit k kt cu hng khng v n khng thch hp cho vic thit k cc chi tit c kh c kch thc nh. Do cc phn mm 3D thng mi u tin ch phc v cho cc th trng c bit. Cc phn mm thng mi 3D pht trin hin nay c nhiu kh nng a dng v c th to cc m hnh bt k. Ngoi ra vo nhng nm 1980 pht trin tiu chun trao i d liu gia cc phn mm c tnh a dng cho cc phn mm thc hin cc nhim v c bit v cc phn mm tnh ton khc, cho nn cc sn phm m hnh ha a dng pht trin nhanh chng. S pht trin nhanh chng my tnh c nhn km theo l s gim gi thnh l nguyn nhn chnh gip cho phn mm AutoCAD c s dng rng ri. T AutoCAD 11 c th thit k m hnh 3D dng solid (AME). Trong cc release sau ny ca AutoCAD ngy cng hon thin cng c thit k 3D. Nguyn nhn s dng m hnh 3D M hnh ha hnh hc ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh thit k k thut. M hnh 3D (ba chiu) hin th vt th tht hn cc bn v 2D (hai chiu). Bn c th chuyn m hnh 3D sang cc hnh chiu 2D, to cc bn v ch to 2D. M hnh 3D trn AutoCAD c to m khng cn s dng cc bn v 2D. Ta c th xut h hnh 3D ca AutoCAD thnh cc nh dng DXF, IGES, STL, chuyn i d liu cho cc phn mm CAD, CAD/CAM,v d cho cc phn mm my iu khin chng trnh s, cc phn mm tnh ton, Lnh Stlout trong AutoCAD xut m hnh solid thnh nh dng file tng thch vi cc thit b to hnh lp th hoc cn gi l cc thit b to mu nhanh (rapid prototyping). Cc thit b ny s dng cc d liu s my tnh to cc m hnh t mt s vt liu.
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Ngoi ra ta cn c th to cc hnh nh tht ca vt th t cc m hnh 3D bng cch gn vt liu, nh sang v t bng. iu ny rt cn thit biu din m hnh trong cc giai on thit k v thit lp ti liu thit k. 1.2. c im mi trong AutoCAD 2004 Phin bn u tin ca phn mm AutoCAD xut hin vo nm 1982, hin nay phin bn mi nht l AutoCAD 2010. T phin bn AutoCAD 2004 trang b cc cng c lm vic nng sut cao hn, nng cao giao din s dng v hin th ha to d liu nhanh hn. t password cho bn v. Cng c CAD standards v h tr bi DWF (Design Web Format) file gip cho d liu trao i c nhanh. Trong AutoCAD 2004 c cc c im lin quan n phn 3D nh sau: - Dn sch mn hnh (t hp phm CTRL + 0). - Th hin cc ng khut khi thc hin lnh Hide. - ng ca s Render. Dn sch mn hnh (Clean Screen) Dn sch mn hnh bao gm che khut nhng g hin th trn mn hnh, ngoi tr vng ha (drawing area), menu bar v dng lnh (command line). Nhp t hp phm CTRL + 0 (Zero) chuyn gia giao din hin hnh v mn hnh c dn sch. Ngoi ra c th chn trn View menu.
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Hnh 1.1. Dn sch mn hnh Hin th cc ng khut (Hidden Lines) Trn trang User Preferences ca hp thoi Options bn c th thay i thit lp cho cc ng khut. Cc thit lp ny nh hng n s hin th cc ng khut khi bn thc hin lnh Hide hoc la chn Hidden ca lnh Shademode.
Hnh 1.2. Hp thoi Hidden Line Settings
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V d bn c th gn dng ng DASHED cho tt c ng khut m hnh 3D nh sau:
Hnh 1.3. Hin th cc ng khut ng ca s Render Khi t bng to hnh nh, bn c th ng Render window bng cch chn vo nt Close (hnh 1.4).
Hnh 1.4 1.3. Gii thiu v cc m hnh 3D Bn v 2D l tp hp cc on thng v ng cong (ng trn, cung trn, elip,) nm trong mt phng XY. Trong bn v 3D ta thm vo trc Z.
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Lch s pht trin m hnh 3D gm 4 th h d liu CAD bt u t vic to mt 2 chiu, sau l dng khung dy (wireframe), mt cong (surface) v cui cng l m hnh khi rn (solid). M hnh 2 chiu M hnh 2 chiu c to theo nguyn tc ko cc i tng 2D theo trc Z thnh cc mt 2 chiu. M hnh khung dy (wireframe modeling)
Hnh 1.5. Khung dy 12 lines M hnh dng khung dy bao gm cc im trong khng gian v cc ng thng hoc cong ni chng li vi nhau. M hnh dng khung dy nh hnh 1.5 bao gm 12 cnh (edge cn gi l ng sn hay ng bin). Cc mt khng c to nn v ch c cc ng bin, m hnh ny ch c kch thc cc cnh nhng khng c th tch (nh mt cong), hoc khi lng (nh solid). Ton b cc i tng ca m hnh u c nhn thy (hnh 1.5). M hnh mt cong (surface modeling) M hnh mt cong biu din i tng tt hn m hnh khung dy v cc cnh ca m hnh khung dy c tri bng mt c nh ngha bng cc cng thc ton hc.
Hnh 1.6. M hnh mt cong
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M hnh mt ca hp ch nht ging nh mt hp rng, c cc cnh v cc mt nhng bn trong th rng. M hnh mt c th tch nhng khng c khi lng. M hnh dng ny c th che cc ng khut v t bng (hnh 1.6). M hnh solid (solid modeling) M hnh solid (khi rn) l m hnh biu din vt th ba chiu hon chnh nht. M hnh ny bao gm cc cnh, mt v cc c im bn trong. Dng cc lnh ct solid ta c th nhn thy ton b bn trong m hnh. M hnh dng ny c th tnh th tch v tnh cc c tnh v khi lng. M hnh solid ca AutoCAD c cu trc CSG (Constructive Solid Geometry). Trong AutoCAD cc solid l cc i tng ca AutoCAD v c cu trc gi l ACIS. Solid c cu trc ACIS cn gi l m hnh lai (Hybrid modeler) v n duy tr hai dng d liu ch yu m t hnh l: d liu khng gian hnh hc (Geometric spatial data) v d liu lin kt topo (Topographic data). D liu khng gian hnh hc m t m hnh theo gii hn ca kt cu solid, ging nh to cc solid a hp cu trc CSG ca AutoCAD. D liu lin kt topo hay cn gi l biu din bin (B-rep) dng to cc mt li a gic. M hnh dng khi a hp (complex solid) l s kt hp cc solid c s (nh box, cylinder, wedge, sphere) bng cc php i s boole (cng, tr, giao). M hnh 3D dng mt cong v solid c th che cc mt khut bng lnh Hide v to nh tht bng cch t bng bng lnh Render hoc Shademode (hnh 1.7).
a) Sau khi Hide
b) Sau khi Render
Hnh 1.7. Hnh chiu song song
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Trong AutoCAD c th quan st hnh chiu song song (hnh 1.7) v hnh chiu phi cnh m hnh 3D vi vt liu v hnh nh. 1.4. Cc phng php nhp ta im trong khng gian ba chiu Nu trong bn v hai chiu (2D) ta ch nhp ta X v Y, th trong bn v ba chiu (3D) ta nhp thm ta theo trc Z. Hng trc Z vung gc vi mt phng XY v tun theo quy tc bn tay phi (hnh 1.8 ngn ci trc X, ngn tr trc Y v ngn gia trc Z).
Y
Hnh 1.8. Qui c cc trc ta theo qui tc bn tay phi Biu tng xut hin di pha tri mn hnh ha gi l User Coordinate System Icon (hnh 1.9 a). Trn biu tng ny ch thy trc X v Y. Khi thay i im nhn bng lnh Vpoint c gi tr z khc 0, ta quan st c trc Z (hnh 1.9c).
+Y
Y X
+Z
X
-x
Z Y X
a)
+x
-Z
b) Hnh 1.9. UCS v trc Z qui c
-Y
c)
nhp ta mt im vo bn v ba chiu ta c 5 phng php sau y: - Trc tip dng phm chn (PICK) ca chut. - Ta tuyt i X, Y, Z Nhp ta tuyt i
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so vi gc ta (0,0,0). @X, Y, Z - Ta tng i Nhp ta so vi im c xc nh cui cng nht. Nhp vo khong cch (dist), gc (angle) trong mt phng XY so vi trc X v cao - Ta tr tng i @dist<angle, Z Z so vi im c xc nh cui cng nht trong bn v Nhp vo khong cch (dist), gc (angle) trong mt phng XY - Ta cu tng i @dist<angle<angle v gc (angle) hp vi mt phng XY so vi im xc nh cui cng nht trong bn v. 1.5. Quan st m hnh 3D (lnh Vpoint)
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Hnh 1.10. Gi lnh Vpoint trn View menu hoc Standard toolbar S dng lnh Vpoint xc nh im nhn n m hnh 3D (php chiu song song). im nhn ch xc nh hng nhn, cn khong cch nhn khng nh hng g n s quan st ( quan st hnh chiu phi cnh m hnh 3D ta s kho st lnh Dview hoc 3Dorbit trong chng 10). Ty vo im nhn m biu tng UCSicon xut hin trn mn hnh s khc nhau. Khi biu tng c dng cy bt ch gy ta khng th no to cc i tng trn mt phng lm vic (Working plane mt phng XY). Gi lnh Vpoint t bn phm, thanh cng c Standard (hnh 1.10) hoc View. Command: Vpoint Current view direction: VIEWDIR=0.0000,0.0000,1.0000 Specify a view point or [Rotate] <display compass and tripod>: -1,-1,1 Cc la chn Ta X, Y, Z (Vector) Hnh chiu bng (Top) Hnh chiu ng (Front) Hnh chiu cnh (Side) Dimetric Nhp ta im nhn. Nu hnh chiu trc o u (isometric) l -1, -1, 1 th: 0, 0, 1 Ta 0, -1, 0 -1, 0, 0 -2, -2, 1
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-1, -2, 3 Rotate
Trimetric
Xc nh v tr im nhn bng cc gc quay Command: Vpoint Specify a view point or [Rotate] <display compass and tripod>: R Enter angle in XY plane from X axis <Gi tr gc hin hnh>: (Gc im nhn so vi trc X trong mt phng XY). Enter angle from XY plane <Gi tr gc hin hnh>: (Gc ca im nhn so vi mt phng XY). Cc la chn t toolbars v view menu - lnh Ddvpoint (hnh 1.10) Viewpoint Preset Viewpoint Plan view> Top Bottom Left Right Front Back SW Isometric SE Isometric NE Isometric NW Isometric Xut hin hp thoi Viewpoint Presets (hnh 1.11) Compass Globe Hnh chiu bng theo Curent UCS, UCS v WCS im nhn (0, 0, 1) im nhn (0, 0, -1) im nhn (1, 0, 0) im nhn (-1, 0, 0) im nhn (0, -1, 0) im nhn (0, 1, 0) im nhn (-1, -1, 1) im nhn (1, -1, 1) im nhn (1, 1, 1) im nhn (-1, 1, 1) Hnh chiu bng Hnh chiu t y Hnh chiu cnh tri Hnh chiu cnh phi Hnh chiu ng Hnh chiu t mt sau Hnh chiu trc o Hnh chiu trc o Hnh chiu trc o Hnh chiu trc o
SW hng Ty Nam. SE hng ng Nam. NE hng ng Bc. NW hng Ty Bc.
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Hnh 1.11. Hp thoi Viewpoint Presets 1.6. To cc khung nhn tnh (lnh Vports) Lnh Vports dng phn chia mn hnh thnh nhiu khung nhn, cc khung nhn ny c kch thc c nh nn cn gi l khung nhn tnh. Ta c th gi lnh t View menu (hnh 1.12).
Hnh 1.12. Lnh Vports trn View menu Command: -Vports Enter an option [Save/Restore/Delete/Join/SIngle/?/2/3/4] <3>: (La chn hoc nhp Enter).
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Hnh 1.13. To 4 khung nhn tnh v chn khung hin hnh Ti a trn mn hnh ta to c 16 khung nhn. Trong cc khung nhn c to ta ch c mt khung nhn l hin hnh. Ta ch thc hin c cc lnh AutoCAD trong khung nhn hin hnh. Mun cho khung nhn no l hin hnh ta a mi tn vo khung nhn v nhn phm chn (phm tri ca chut), khi trn khung nhn ny s xut hin hai si tc v con chy (cursor). Khung nhn hin hnh c ng vin m hn cc khung nhn khc (hnh 1.13). Cc la chn Save Ghi cu hnh khung nhn vi mt tn (ti a 31 k t): Command: -Vports Enter an option [Save/Restore/Delete/Join/SIngle/?/2/3/4] <3>: S Enter name for new viewport configuration or [?]: (Tn ca khung nhn hoc nhp ? nu mun lit k cc cu hnh khung nhn c). Nu nhp ? s xut hin dng nhc sau: Viewport configuration(s) to list <*>: (Nhp vo tn cu hnh khung nhn hoc ENTER). Restore Gi li tn mt cu hnh khung nhn ghi: Command: -Vports
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Enter an option [Save/Restore/Delete/Join/SIngle/?/2/3/4] <3>: R Enter name of viewport configuration to restore or [?]: (Tn cu hnh cn gi). Delete Xa mt cu hnh khung nhn ghi. Join Kt hp khung nhn hin hnh vi mt khung nhn khc vi iu kin l hai khung to thnh mt hnh ch nht. Command: -Vports Enter an option [Save/Restore/Delete/Join/SIngle/?/2/3/4] <3>: J Select dominant viewport <>: (Chn khung nhn chnh). Select viewpoint to joint: (Chn khung nhn cn kt hp). Single Chuyn khung nhn hin hnh thnh khung nhn duy nht trn mn hnh. ? Lit k cc cu hnh khung nhn t tn. 2 Chia khung nhn hin hnh thnh 2 khung nh hn. Enter an option [Save/Restore/Delete/Join/SIngle/?/2/3/4] <3>: 2 Enter a configuration option [Horizontal/Vertical] <Vertical>: (Hai khung nhn thng ng hoc nm ngang). 3 Chia khung nhn hin hnh thnh 3 khung nhn nh. Enter an option [Save/Restore/Delete/Join/SIngle/?/2/3/4] <3>: 3 Enter a configuration option [Horizontal/Vertical/Above/Below/Left/Right] <>: Horizontal Vertical Above Ba khung nhn nm ngang Ba khung nhn thng ng Mt khung nhn ln pha trn, 2 khung nhn nh pha di
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Below Left
Mt khung nhn ln di, 2 khung nhn nh trn Mt khung nhn ln bn tri, 2 khung nhn nh bn phi Mt khung nhn ln bn phi, 2 khung nhn nh bn tri
Right 4
Chia khung nhn hin hnh thnh 4 phn bng nhau. Khi thc hin lnh Vports ta c th to cc khung nhn t hp thoi Viewports (hoc la chn New Viewport t View menu) cho php ta chn cc dng cu hnh khung nhn khc nhau. Ta c th thit lp v tr cc hnh chiu theo tiu chun E (hnh 1.14).
Hnh 1.14. Hp thoi Viewports 1.7. Quan st hnh chiu bng (lnh Plan) Khi thc hin lnh Plan s hin ln hnh chiu bng theo im nhn (0, 0, 1) cc i tng ca bn v theo mt h ta m ta nh (hnh 1.15).
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a) Trc khi Plan Hnh 1.15 Command: Plan
b) Sau khi Plan theo WCS
Enter an option [Current ucs/Ucs/World] <Current>: (Chn h trc ta cn th hin hnh chiu bng). Cc la chn: Current ucs Ucs World 1.8. Lnh View Dng lnh View hoc View to cc phn hnh nh ca bn v hin hnh. Command: -View Enter an option [?/Orthographic/Delete/Restore/Save/Ucs/Window]: Cc la chn: Save Lu li nh ang hin hnh trn mn hnh di dng mt nh c tn. Command: -View Enter an option [?/Orthographic/Delete/Restore/Save/Ucs/Window]: S Enter view name to save: (Nhp tn ca nh t bn phm). Restore Gi li phn nh c t tn. Command: -View H ta hin hnh H ta ghi trong bn v H ta gc
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Enter an option [?/Orthographic/Delete/Restore/Save/Ucs/Window]: R Enter view name to restore: (Tn ca phn nh cn gi li). Delete Xa mt phn nh c t tn ra khi bn v. ? Hin danh sch tn cc nh ca bn v. Window Lu phn nh c xc nh bng mt khung ca s. Command: -View Enter an option [?/Orthographic/Delete/Restore/Save/Ucs/Window]: W Enter view name to save: (Tn ca phn nh). Specify first corner: (Xc nh im gc th nht ca khung ca s). Specify opposite corner: (Xc nh im gc i din ca khung ca s). Orthographic Hin th cc la chn hnh chiu cho view. Command: -View Enter an option [?/Orthographic/Delete/Restore/Save/Ucs/Window]: O Enter an option [Top/Bottom/Front/BAck/Left/Right]<Top>: (Nhp la chn cc hnh chiu hoc ENTER).
Hnh 1.16. Hp thoi View
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Nu ta nhp t bn phm lnh View hoc chn t View menu s xut hin hp thoi View (hnh 1.16). Trong hp thoi ny ta c th thc hin cc chc nng ca lnh View nh k ra trn. 1.9. Che cc nt khut (lnh Hide) Lnh Hide dng che cc nt khut ca cc m hnh 3D dng mt cong hoc solid. Command: Hide Khi s dng lnh Hide, nu bin INTERSECTIONDISPLAY gn ON th giao tuyn gia cc mt cong s c hin th l cc pline (hn 1.17).
a) OFF
b) ON
Hnh 1.17. Bin INTERSECTIONDISPLAY Nu bin HIDETEXT gn l OFF th khi thc hin lnh Hide b qua cc dng text nhng cc dng text vn hin th trn mn hnh. 1.10. Lnh Rengen, Regenall, Redraw, Redrawall Lnh Redraw, Redrawall V li cc i tng trong khung nhn hin hnh. Lnh ny dng xa cc du + (gi l cc Blipmode) trn mn hnh. Command: Redraw (hoc R ). Nu mun xa cc du + trn tt c cc khung nhn dng lnh Redrawall. Lnh Rengen, Regenall Lnh Rengen tnh ton v ti to li ton b cc i tng trn khung nhn hin hnh. Khi ti to s cp nht ton b bin thay i trong bn v.
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Lnh Regenall tnh ton v ti to li ton b cc i tng trn tt c cc khung nhn ca mn hnh (khi s dng lnh Vports to cc khung nhn trn mn hnh). Khi ti to s cp nht ton b cc bin thay i trong bn v.
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Chng 2 H TA V PHNG PHP NHP IM 2.1. Cc h ta trong bn v AutoCAD Trong bn v AutoCAD tn ti hai h ta : WCS (World Coordinate System) v UCS (User Coordinate System). WCS tn ti trong bt k bn v AutoCAD. Ta c th to v lu (save) nhiu UCS trong mt bn v, UCS gip ta thc hin bn v ba chiu c d dng hn. Tuy nhin cng mt lc ta ch c mt trong hai h ta WCS hoc UCS l hin hnh. WCS l h ta mc nh trong bn v AutoCAD c th gi l h ta gc. Biu tng (icon) ca WCS nm gc tri pha di bn v v c ch W xut hin trong biu tng ny. Ty vo trng thi ON hoc OFF ca lnh Ucsicon m biu tng ny c xut hin hay khng. H ta ny c nh v khng th dch chuyn. UCS l h ta m ta t nh ngha, h ta ny c th t v tr bt k v ty vo im nhn (viewpoint) biu tng ca chng s hin ln khc nhau. S lng UCS trong mt bn v khng hn ch, mt phng XY trong cc h ta gi l mt phng v (Working plane). Phng chiu ca li (GRID), bc nhy con chy (SNAP) thay i theo cc trc X, Y trong mt phng XY ca h ta hin hnh. UCS c th to theo cc la chn ca lnh UCS. Gi tr ta X, Y xut hin trn dng trng thi (pha trn, bn phi mn hnh) l ta ca con chy (giao im hai si tc) trong mt phng XY so vi gc ta ca UCS hin hnh. Thng thng trong bn v 3 chiu X l chiu di (Length), Y l chiu rng (Width), Z l chiu cao (Height). 2.2. Qui tc bn tay phi Trong chng 1 ta bit: xc nh chiu ca cc trc X, Y, Z trong AutoCAD tun theo qui tc bn tay phi (ngn ci l trc X, ngn tr l trc Y v ngn gia l trc Z). Chiu quay dng theo ngc chiu kim ng h (Counter Clock-Wise) nhn t nh trc v pha gc ta . 2.3. Lnh Ucsicon
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Lnh Ucsicon iu khin s hin th ca biu tng ta . Nu biu tng trng vi gc ta ti im (0, 0, 0) th trn biu tng s xut hin du +. Khi quan st hnh chiu phi cnh (lnh Dview hoc 3Dorbit) th biu tng h ta l mt hnh chop ct c y l hnh vung. Command: Ucsicon Enter an option [ON/OFF/All/Noorigin/ORigin/Properties] <ON>: (Chn la chn). ON/ OFF M/ tt biu tng ta trn mn hnh v trn khung nhn. All Th hin biu tng ta trn mi khung nhn mn hnh. Noorigin Biu tng ta ch xut hin gc tri mn hnh. Origin Biu tng lun lun di chuyn theo gc ta (im 0, 0, 0 ca UCS). AutoCAD hin th cc biu tng UCS khc nhau trn paper space v model space. Trong c hai trng hp, du cng + xut hin trn biu tng khi biu tng ny ang nm gc ta ca UCS hin hnh. Ch ci W xut hin hng Y ca biu tng nu nh UCS hin hnh l h ta gc (WCS). T AutoCAD 2002 khi thc hin lnh Ucsicon cn c la chn Properties. Nu chn la chn ny s xut hin hp thoi UCS Icon (hnh 2.1). Trn hp thoi ny ta gn cc tnh cht hin th ca biu tng ta . Command: Ucsicon Enter an option [ON/OFF/All/Noorigin/ORigin/Properties] <ON>: P
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Hnh 2.1. Hp thoi UCS Icon Cc la chn trn hp thoi UCS Icon UCS Icon Style Ch nh s hin th ca biu tng ta 2D hoc 3D v s xut hin ca chng. 2D 3D Hin th 2D icon khng c trc Z (hnh 2.2a). Hin th 3D icon (hnh 2.2b, c). Nu ta chn 3D icon th hin th mi tn l mt cn cho cc Cone trc ta X v Y (hnh 2.2c). Nu khng chn cone th biu tng c dng hnh 2.2b. Line Width iu khin chiu rng nt ca UCS icon nu chn 3D UCS icon. Cc la chn c th l 1, 2 hoc 3 pixels.
a) 2D icon
b) 3D icon Hnh 2.2
c) 3D icon, Cone
Preview Hin th hnh nh c th xem trc trn model space. UCS Icon size iu khin kch thc ca UCS icon theo phn trm i vi kch thc viewport. Gi tr mc nh l 12, gi tr ny c th thay i trong khong t 5 n
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95. Ch rng kch thc ca UCS Icon t l vi kch thc ca viewport m trn chng hin th. UCS Icon color Kim tra mu ca UCS icon trn model space v trn layout. Model Space Icon Color Layout Tab Icon Color 2.4. To h ta mi Lnh UCS cho php ta lp h ta mi. To h ta mi c ngha l thay i v tr gc ta (0, 0, 0), hng mt phng XY v trc Z. Ta c th to UCS mi ti bt k v tr no trong khng gian bn v, nh ngha, lu v gi li h ta khi cn thit. Ta nhp vo bn v ph thuc vo UCS hin hnh. Nu ta chia mn hnh thnh nhiu khung nhn tnh (lnh Vports) th chng c cng mt UCS. Ta c th gi lnh t UCS toolbar, t Tools menu hoc t bn phm, mt s la chn gi t UCS II toolbar (hnh 2.3). Kim tra mu ca UCS iocn trn model space viewports. Kim tra mu ca biu tng UCS trn layout.
Hnh 2.3. Tool menu v toolbars UCS, UCS II Command: Ucs Enter an option
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[New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/World] <>: (Chn cc la chn). Cc la chn New nh ngha h trc ta mi theo mt trong su la chn: Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/? /World] <>: N Specify origin of new UCS or [ZAxis/3point/OBject/Face/View/X/Y/Z] <0,0,0>: Origin To UCS mi bng cch thay i gc ta , phng chiu cc trc X, Y, Z khng thay i. Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/? /World] <>: N Specify origin of new UCS or [ZAxis/3point/OBject/Face/View/X/Y/Z] <0,0,0>: O Specify new origin point <0,0,0>: (v tr mi ca gc ta ). ZAxis Xc nh gc ca h ta (orgin) v phng chiu ca trc Z (Zaxis), mt phng XY vung gc vi trc ny. Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/ World] <>: N Specify origin of new UCS or [ZAxis/3point/OBject/Face/View/X/Y/Z] <0,0,0>: ZA Specify new origin point <0,0,0>: (Chn mt im lm gc ta ). Specify point on positive portion of Z-axis <>: (Chn mt im xc nh phng trc Z).
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3point H trc ta mi xc nh qua ba im. Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/ World] <>: N Specify origin of new UCS or [ZAxis/3point/OBject/Face/View/X/Y/Z] <0,0,0>: 3 Specify new origin point <0,0,0>: (Chn mt im lm gc ta ). Specify point on positive portion of X-axis <>: (Chn im xc nh phng trc X). Specify point on positive-Y portion of the UCS XY plane <>: (Chn im xc nh phng trc Y). View H ta mi s song song vi mn hnh c im gc trng vi im gc h ta hin hnh. Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/World] <>: N Specify origin of new UCS or [ZAxis/3point/OBject/Face/View/X/Y/Z] <0,0,0>: V X/Y/Z Quay h ta xung quanh cc trc X (Y, Z) hin hnh. Chiu dng ca gc quay ngc chiu kim ng h vi im nhn t u trc v hng gc ta . Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/World] <>: N Specify origin of new UCS or [ZAxis/3point/OBject/Face/View/X/Y/Z] <0,0,0>: X (Y, Z)
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Specify rotation angle about X axis <>: (Gc quay chung quanh trc X hoc Y hoc Z). Gi tr gc quay ta c th nhp bng s t bn phm hoc chn hai im. Object a h ta trng vi h ta quy c ca i tng c chn. Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/World] <>: N Specify origin of new UCS or [ZAxis/3point/OBject/Face/View/X/Y/Z] <0,0,0>: OB Select object to align UCS: (Chn i tng di h ta ). Face Sp xp UCS theo face c chn ca i tng solid. chn face ta chn cnh bin ca face hoc mt im trn mt. Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/? /World] <>: N Specify origin of new UCS or [ZAxis/3point/OBject/Face/View/X/Y/Z] <0,0,0>: F Select face of solid object: (Chn mt solid). Enter an option [Next/Xflip/Yflip] <accept>: (Chn la chn: Next chn mt bn cnh, Xflip (Yflip) quay chung quanh trc X (Y) mt gc 1800). Move nh li UCS bng cch chn gc ta mi hoc thay i Zdepth (cao Z) ca UCS hin hnh, hng ca mt XY khng thay i. Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/ World] <>: M Specify new origin point or [Zdepth]<0,0,0>: (Chn im hoc nhp Z).
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Cc la chn New origin Thay i gc ta ca UCS. Zdepth nh khong cch dc trc Z di gc ta . Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/ World] <>: M Specify new origin point or [Zdepth]<0,0,0>: Z Specify Zdepth<0>: (Nhp khong cch v ENTER). La chn Move ca lnh UCS khng th thm mt UCS vo danh sch Previous. orthoGraphic Ch nh mt trong 6 mt phng chiu vung gc c bn ca UCS. Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/ World] <>: G Enter an option [Top/Bottom/Front/BAck/Left/Right]<Top>: (Nhp la chn hoc nhn ENTER). Theo mt nh hng ca 6 mt phng chiu vung gc theo WCS. Bin UCSBASE l bin h thng xc nh UCS m da vo n cc mt phng chiu vung gc c thit lp. Gc ta hoc cao Z ca cc mt chiu UCS c th thay i bng la chn Move ca lnh UCS. Prev Tr v h ta trc (c th gi li 10 h ta s dng trc ). Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/ World] <>: P Restore
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Gi li tn mt h ta c ghi tr thnh hin hnh. Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/ World] <>: R Enter name of UCS to restore or [?]: (Tn ca h ta cn gi). Nu mun xem c bao nhiu h ta m ta ghi trong bn v, ti dng nhc ny ta nhp ?. Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/ World] <>: R Enter name of UCS to restore or [?]: ? Enter UCS name(s) to list <*>: (Nhp * hoc ENTER nu mun lit k ton b). Del Xa mt UCS c lu (save). Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/ World] <>: D Save Lu h ta hin hnh bng mt tn. Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/ World] <>: S . Enter name to save current UCS or [?]: (Tn ca h ta cn lu li). Apply Gn thit lp UCS cho viewport ring l hoc ton b cc viewport khi m cc viewport khc c UCS khc nhau c ghi trn viewport. Bin UCSVP xc nh UCS c c ghi trn viewport hay khng. Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/
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World] <>: A .
Pick viewport to apply current UCS or [All]<current>: (Ch nh viewport bng cch nhp mt im bn trong, Nhp A hoc ENTER). Viewport Gn UCS hin hnh cho viewport ch nh v kt thc lnh UCS. All Gn UCS hin hnh cho tt c UCS c kch hot. Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Pre/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/ World] <>: A . Pick viewport to apply current UCS or [All]<current>: A . ? Tng t la chn ? ca la chn Save hoc Restore, s dng lit k cc h ta UCS c trong bn v. Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Pre/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/World] <>: ? . World Tr v h ta WCS. Command: Ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Pre/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/World] <>: W . 2.5. Tm ta mt im bng Point Filters Xc nh ta mt im bng cch kt hp ta ca hai im khc, ta chn 2 trong 6 s kt hp sau: X (cng honh X vi im), .Y (cng tung Y vi im), .Z (cng cao Z vi im), .XY (cng honh X v tung Y vi im), .YZ (cng tung Y v cao Z vi im), . ZX (cng cao Z v honh X vi im). 2.6. Cc phng thc bt im cc i tng 3D
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i vi cc cnh ca m hnh khung dy ta truy bt c cc im ca i tng line, circle, pline nh l cc i tng 2D. Cc i tng mt (surface) l tp hp cc mt 3 hoc 4 cnh, do ta ch truy bt c cc im i vi cnh to mt nh: END, INT, MID, Cc i tng solid trng thi wireframe ta truy bt c cc im ca cc cnh thng hoc ng trn to dng khung dy cho solid. Khi thc hin cc lnh v m hnh ba chiu ta c th s dng lnh CAL xc nh v tr cc im.
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Chng 3 MT 2 CHIU V CC MT CONG C S 3.1. To mt 2 chiu (Elevation, Thickness)

Menu bar Format/Thickness Toolbar Nhp lnh Elev hoc Thikness
Bng cch chn cao (Elevation) v dy (Thikness l khong cch nh ra khi cao ) ta c th ko cc i tng 2D (line, circle, arc, pline, 2D solid,) theo trc Z to thnh mt 3D (m hnh dng ny ta gi l 2 chiu hnh 3.1).
Hnh 3.1. M hnh c to bng cc mt 2 chiu u tin ta thng nht cc thut ng. Elevation Gi l cao , l cao cc i tng 2D so vi mt phng XY ca UCS hin hnh. Gi l dy (nu gi tr nh) hoc chiu cao ko cc i tng 2D theo trc Z.
Thickness
Ta gn cao hoc dy bng cc phng php sau: - nh bin ELEVATION v THICKNESS (bng lnh Elev) hoc bin THICKNESS trc, sau thc hin cc lnh v 2D to mt.
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- Sau khi v cc i tng 2D (lnh Line, Pline, Rectang, Polygon, Circle, Donut,) ta s dng cc lnh hiu chnh (Change, Ddchprop, Chprop, Properties,) hiu chnh dy (THICKNESS) v lnh Move, Change chnh m hnh theo cao (ELEVATION). Command: Elev Specify new default elevation <>: (Nhp cao cho i tng sp v). Specify new default thickness <>: (Nhp dy cho i tng sp v). Cc i tng c th ko thnh mt 3D gm c: line, arc, circle, donut, pline, 2Dsolid, pline c chiu rng
Hnh 3.2. Cc mt 3D ko t i tng 2D theo trc Z Khi gi tr bin ELEVATION khc 0 th mt phng lm vic (Working plane) s nm song song mt phng XY v cch mt phng ny mt khong bng gi tr ca bin ELEVATION. 3.2. Mt phng 3D (3Dface)
Menu bar Draw/Surface>3D Face Toolbar Surfaces Nhp lnh 3Dface
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P1 P4 P5 P8 P2 P3 P6 P7
Hnh 3.3. Cch to mt phng bng lnh 3Dface Lnh 3Dface to cc mt 3D c bn hoc ba cnh. Mi mt c to bi lnh 3Dface l mt i tng n, ta khng th no thc hin lnh Explode ph v cc i tng ny (hnh 3.3). Command: 3dface Specify first point or [Invisible]: (Chn im th nht P1 ca mt phng). Specify second point or [Invisible]: (Chn im th hai P2 ca mt phng). Specify third point or [Invisible] <exit>: (Chn im th ba P3 ca mt phng). Specify fourth point or [Invisible] <create three-sided face>: (Chn im th t P4 hay nhn ENTER to mt phng tam gic). Specify third point or [Invisible] <exit>: (Chn tip im th ba mt phng k P5 hoc ENTER). Specify fourth point or [Invisible] <create three-sided face>: (Chn im P6 hoc nhn ENTER). Specify third point or [Invisible] <exit>: (Chn im P7 hoc nhn ENTER). Specify fourth point or [Invisible] <create three-sided face>: (Chn im P8 hoc nhn ENTER). 3.3. Che khut cnh 3Dface (lnh Edge)
Menu bar Draw/Surface>Edge Toolbar Surfaces Nhp lnh Edge
Lnh Edge dng che hoc hin cc cnh ca 3Dface (hnh 3.4). Command: Edge Specify edge of 3dface to toggle visibility or [Display]: (Nhp D hoc chn cnh cn che, v d cnh P3P4 hnh 3.4).
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Specify edge of 3dface to toggle visibility or [Display]: (Chn cnh tip theo hoc ENTER kt thc lnh).
P6 P5 P3 P4 P2 P1 P3 P4 P2 P1 P6 P5
a) Trc khi Edge Hnh 3.4 Cc la chn Specify Edge
b) Sau khi Edge
Chn cnh cn che, dng nhc ny s xut hin lin tc cho php ta chn nhiu cnh khc nhau. Khi kt thc lnh nhn ENTER. Display Lm hin ln cc cnh c che khut. Nu ta mun cho cc cnh ny hin ln th ta chn i tng ti cc dng nhc xut hin sau . Command: Edge Specify edge of 3dface to toggle visibility or [Display]: D Enter selection method for display of hidden edges [Select/All] <All>: (Chn tng i tng hoc mun hin ln tt c th nhn ENTER). 3.4. Cc mt cong 3D c s (lnh 3D).
Menu bar Draw/Surface>3D objects Toolbar Surfaces Nhp lnh 3D hoc AI_box, AI_cone, AI_sphere,
Cc i tng mt 3D (3D c s) c to theo nguyn tc to cc khung dy v dng lnh 3Dface to cc mt tam gic v t gic. Khi ph v m hnh dng ny bng lnh Explode ta thu c cc mt 3,4 cnh v cc ng thng ring bit. Do vi cc mt ny ta ch c th dng cc phng thc bt im i vi cc on thng ca cc mt nh: MIDpoint, INTersection, ENDpoint, Cc mt 3D c s c th to t cc lnh Ressurf v Tabsurf.
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Hnh 3.5. Cc mt 3D c s C 9 i tng mt cong 3D c s (hnh 3.5): Box (mt hp ch nht), Cone (mt nn), Dome (mt na cu trn), Dish (mt na cu di), Mesh (mt li), Pyramid (mt a din), Sphere (mt cu), Torus (mt xuyn). thc hin vic to cc i tng 3D ta c th gi hp thoi 3D Objects t Draw menu hoc thc hin lnh 3D hoc cc lnh ring l: AI_Box, AI_Cone, AI_Dome, AI_Dish, AI_Mash, AI_Pyramid, AI_Sphere, AI_Torus, AI_Wedge (AI c ngha l AutoCAD Index). Khi to cc mt 3D c s cn ch n v tr cc im. Lnh 3D c vit bng ngn ng Autolips, do ta khng s dng c lnh CAL nhp ta im. Command: 3d Enter an option[Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: (Ta c th to cc m hnh mt theo dng nhc ny). 3.4.1. Mt hp ch nht Box (lnh AI_Box) S dng lnh Box ca lnh 3D hoc lnh AI_Box to cc mt hnh hp ch nht (hnh 3.6).
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Hnh 3.6. Mt hp ch nht Command: 3d Enter an option [Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: B Specify corner point of box: (Chn im gc tri pha di ca hp). Specify length of box: (Nhp chiu di hp theo trc X). Specify width of box or [Cube]: (Nhp chiu rng hp theo trc Y). Specify height of box: (Nhp chiu cao hp theo trc Z). Specify rotation angle of box about the Z axis or [Reference]: (Nhp gc quay quanh trc song song vi trc Z v i qua im corner point of box. 3.4.2. Mt hnh nm Wedge (lnh AI_Wedge) S dng lnh Wedge ca lnh 3D hoc lnh AI_Wedge dng to mt hnh nm (hnh 3.7).
Hnh 3.7. Mt hnh nm Command: 3d Enter an option
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[Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: W Specify corner point of wedge: (Chn im gc pha tri bn di hnh nm). Specify length of wedge: (Nhp chiu di hp theo trc X). Specify width of wedge: (Nhp chiu rng hp theo trc Y). Specify height of wedge: (Nhp chiu cao hp theo trc Z). Specify rotation angle of wedge about the Z axis: (Nhp gc quay quanh trc song song vi trc Z v i qua im corner point of wedge. 3.4.3. Hnh a din Pyramid (lnh AI_Pyramid) S dng lnh Pyramid ca lnh 3D hoc lnh AI_Pyramid to hnh a din (hnh 3.8). Command: 3d Enter an option [Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: P Specify first corner point for base of pyramid: (im th nht B1 ca y). Specify second corner point for base of pyramid: (im th hai B2 ca y). Specify third corner point for base of pyramid: (im th ba B3 ca y). Specify fourth corner point for base of pyramid or [Tetrahedron]: (Cho im th t B4 to y a gic l mt phng t gic, nu nhp T th y l mt phng tam gic). Specify apex point of pyramid or [Ridge/Top]: (Ta nh P ca a din hnh 3.8c, R (Ridge) nu nh l cnh hnh 3.8b, T (Top) nh l mt tam gic hoc t gic hnh 3.8a).
B3 T3 T2 T4 B4 T1
B4 R1 B3
B2
R2
B2
B1
B1
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a) Top
B3
b) Ridge
B2
B4
B1
c) Apex point Hnh 3.8. Hnh a din c mt y l mt phng t gic. Nu nh l mt cnh (Ridge - hnh 3.8b). Command: 3d Enter an option [Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: P Specify first corner point for base of pyramid: (im th nht B1 ca y). Specify second corner point for base of pyramid: (im th hai B2 ca y). Specify third corner point for base of pyramid: (im th ba B3 ca y). Specify fourth corner point for base of pyramid or [Tetrahedron]: (Cho im th t B4 to y a gic l mt phng t gic, nu nhp T th y l mt phng tam gic). Specify apex point of pyramid or [Ridge/Top]: R Specify first ridge end point of pyramid: (im th nht R1 ca cnh). Specify second ridge end point of pyramid: (im th hai R2 ca cnh). Nu nh l mt tam gic hoc t gic (Top - hnh 3.8a). Command: 3d Enter an option [Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: P Specify first corner point for base of pyramid: (im th nht B1 ca y). Specify second corner point for base of pyramid: (im th hai B2 ca y).
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Specify third corner point for base of pyramid: (im th ba B3 ca y). Specify fourth corner point for base of pyramid or [Tetrahedron]: (Cho im th t B4 to y a gic l mt phng t gic, nu nhp T th y l mt phng tam gic). Specify apex point of pyramid or [Ridge/Top]: T . Specify first corner point for top of pyramid: (im T1 ca mt nh). Specify second corner point for top of pyramid: (im T2 ca mt nh). Specify third corner point for top of pyramid: (im T3 ca mt nh). Specify fourth corner point for top of pyramid: (im T4 ca mt nh). i vi mt tam gic ta thc hin theo cc bc tng t. T cc m hnh trn ta nhn thy mt hp ch nht l trng hp c bit ca Pyramid khi mt y v mt nh ca Pyramid l hai hnh ch nht bng nhau v c cc mt bn vung gc vi mt y. 3.4.4. Mt na cu di Dish (lnh AI_Dish) S dng lnh Dish ca lnh 3D hoc lnh AI_Dish to mt na cu di (hnh 3.9). Command: 3d Enter an option [Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: DI Specify center point of dish: (Tm mt cu) Specify radius of dish or [Diameter]: (Bn knh hoc ng knh mt cu). Enter number of longitudinal segments for surface of dish <16>: (Nhp s ng kinh tuyn). Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of dish <8>: (Nhp s ng v tuyn).
Hnh 3.9. Mt na cu di 3.4.5. Mt na cu trn Dome (lnh AI_Dome)
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S dng lnh Dome ca lnh 3D hoc lnh AI_Dome to mt na cu trn (hnh 3.10).
Hnh 3.10. Na mt cu trn Command: 3d Enter an option [Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: DO Specify center point of dome: (Tm ca mt cu) Specify radius of dome or [Diameter]: (Bn knh hoc ng knh mt cu). Enter number of longitudinal segments for surface of dome <16>: (Nhp s ng kinh tuyn). Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of dome <8>: (Nhp s ng v tuyn). 3.4.6. Mt cu Sphere (lnh AI_Sphere) S dng lnh Sphere ca lnh 3D hoc lnh AI_Sphere to mt na cu trn (hnh 3.11). Command: 3d Enter an option [Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: S Specify center point of sphere: (Tm ca mt cu) Specify radius of sphere or [Diameter]: (Bn knh hoc ng knh mt cu). Enter number of longitudinal segments for surface of sphere <16>: (Nhp s ng kinh tuyn). Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of sphere <16>: (Nhp s ng v tuyn).
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Hnh 3.11. Mt cu 3.4.7. Mt xuyn Torus (lnh AI_Torus) S dng lnh Torus ca lnh 3D hoc lnh AI_Torus to mt xuyn (hnh 3.12).
Hnh 3.12. Mt xuyn Command: 3d Enter an option [Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: T Specify center point of torus: (Tm ca mt xuyn). Specify radius of torus or [Diameter]: (Bn knh hoc ng knh vng ngoi xuyn). Specify radius of tube or [Diameter]: (Bn knh hoc ng knh ca ng xuyn). Enter number of segments around tube circumference <16>: (S cc phn on trn mt ng). Enter number of segments around torus circumference <16>: (S cc phn on theo chu vi mt xuyn). Ch : Ch v c mt xuyn khi bn knh ca ng (Radius of tube) nh hn bn knh xuyn (Radius of torus). 3.4.8. Mt nn Cone (lnh AI_Cone)
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S dng lnh Cone ca lnh 3D hoc lnh AI_Cone to mt nn (hnh 3.13).
a) Mt nn Command: 3d Enter an option
b) Mt tr Hnh 3.13. Cc dng mt nn
c) Mt nn ct
[Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: T Specify center point for base of cone: (Tm ca vng y mt nn). Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: (Bn knh hoc ng knh vng y mt nn). Specify radius for top of cone or [Diameter] <0>: (Bn knh hoc ng knh vng nh mt nn ct hnh 3.13c, nu gi tr ny bng 0 th ta c mt nn hnh 3.13a, nu bng gi tr vng trn y th ta c mt tr trn hnh 3.13b). Specify height of cone: (Chiu cao nn). Enter number of segments for surface of cone <16>: (Nhp s ng chy ni hai mt nh v y). 3.4.9. Mt li Mesh (lnh AI_Mesh) S dng lnh Mesh ca lnh 3D hoc lnh AI_Mesh to mt li ba chiu (hnh 3.14). Cn xc nh 4 nh v nhp mt M, N ca li (M, N nm trong khong 2 n 256). Command: 3d Enter an option [Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: M Specify first corner point of mesh: (Chn im P1 ca li). Specify second corner point of mesh: (Chn im P2 ca li).
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Specify third corner point of mesh: (Chn im P3 ca li). Specify fourth corner point of mesh: (Chn im P4 ca li). Enter mesh size in the M direction: (Mt li theo cnh P1P2). Enter mesh size in the N direction: (Mt li theo cnh P1P4).
Hnh 3.14. Mt li
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Chng 4 MT LI A GIC 4.1. To mt Coons (lnh Edgesurf)

Menu bar Draw/surfaces>Edge Surface Toolbars Surfaces Nhp lnh Edgesurf
Lnh Edgesurf dng to mt li (gi l COONS surface) theo 4 cnh bin c nh trng nhau. Cc cnh ny c th l line, arc, 2Dpline, 3Dpoly, spline, Cnh u tin c chn xc nh chiu M ca li (mt li theo hng M bin SURFTAB1), cnh c chn th hai chiu N (mt li theo hng N - bin SURFTAB2). Ty vo gi tr cc bin ny ta thu c cc mt khc nhau (hnh 4.1).
Surftab1 = 6 Surftab2 = 16 a) Trc Edgesurf Command: Edgesurf Current wire frame density: SURFTAB1=4 SURFTAB2=8 Select object 1 for surface edge: (Chn cnh 1). Select object 2 for surface edge: (Chn cnh 2). Select object 3 for surface edge: (Chn cnh 3). Select object 4 for surface edge: (Chn cnh 4). 4.2. To mt trn xoay (lnh Revsurf)
Menu bar Draw/surfaces>Revolved Surface Toolbars Surfaces
Surftab1 = 4 Surftab2 = 8
a) Sau Edgesurf Hnh 4.1. Mt cong COONS
Nhp lnh Revsurf
S dng lnh Revsurf to mt trn xoay (hnh 4.2) bng cch xoay mt ng cong phng (i tng 2D gi l ng cong to dng mt object to
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revolve) chung quanh mt trc xoay (Axis of revolution). Mt li c nh bi bin SURFTAB1, SURFTAB2. hiu chnh li ta dng lnh Pedit, khi thc hin lnh Explode th mt li b ph v ra cc mt phng 3 cnh hoc 4 cnh.
2
2 1
1 Object to revolve 2 Axis of revolution
Hnh 4.2. Mt trn xoay SURFTAB1=6, SURFTAB1=8 Command: Revsurf Current wire frame density: SURFTAB1=6 SURFTAB2=8 Select object to revolve: (Chn ng cong 1 to dng mt trn xoay, ng cong ny c th l arc, line, circle, 2Dpline, 3Dpline). Select object that defines the axis of revolution: (Chn trc xoay 2 l line, 2Dpline, 3dpline, Spline). Specify start angle <0>: (V tr bt u mt trn xoay). Specify included angle (+=ccw, -=cw) <360>: (Gc xoay ca path curve chung quanh trc xoay, chiu dng ngc chiu kim ng h). 5.3. To mt k (lnh Rulesurf)
Menu bar Draw/surfaces>Ruled Surface Toolbars Surfaces Nhp lnh
Rulesurf
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S dng lnh Rulesurf to mt k gia hai ng bin c chn, mt ny c cc ng k l ng thng. Mt li (s cc ng k) c nh bi bin SURFTAB1 (hnh 4.3). Command: Rulesurf Current wire frame density: SURFTAB1=6 Select first defining curve: (Chn ng bin 1). Select second defining curve: (Chn ng bin 2).
1
a) Defining curve
b) Mt cong c to Hnh 4.3. Mt k Rulesurf ng bin (Defining curve) c th l: line, arc, circle, 2Dpline, spline, 3Dpline hoc 3Dspline. Mt trong hai ng cong c th l mt im. Nu mt Defining curve l mt ng kn (pline kn, circle,) th ng kia cng phi l ng kn hoc l mt im (point). Khong cch ca cc nh ng k trn cc Defining curve s khc nhau nu chiu di ca cc Defining curve ny khc nhau. 5.4. To mt tr (lnh Tabsurf)
Menu bar Draw/surfaces>Tabulated Surface Toolbars Surfaces Nhp lnh
Tabsurf
Lnh Tabsurf dng to mt li tr theo hnh dng ca ng chun (path curve) qut dc theo vc t nh hng (direction vector). Mt li (s ng sinh) nh bng bin SURFTAB1 (hnh 4.4).
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Command: Tabsurf
Current wire frame density: SURFTAB1=6 Select object for path curve: (Chn ng chun nh dng mt tr: c th l line, arc, circle, 2Dpline, 3Dpline, ellipse,). Select object for direction vector: (Chn vc t nh hng: line, 2Dpline, 3D pline m).
a) Chn Path curve 1 v Direction 2 Hnh 4.4. Mt li tr
b) Sau Tabsurf
Nu ta chn 2Dpline hoc 3Dpline m ti dng nhc Select object for direction vector th vc t nh hng s l ng thng i qua im u v im cui ca pline. Mt c to bt u t path curve 1 theo chiu t im cui ca vc t dn hng gn im 2 nht.
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Chng 5 CC PHP BIN HNH BA CHIU 5.1. Php quay chung quanh trc (lnh Rotate3D)
Menu bar Modify/3D Operation>Rotate3D Toolbars Nhp lnh Rotate3D
S dng lnh Rotate3D quay cc i tng quanh mt trc (hnh 5.1). Command: Rotate3d Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn quay). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng cn quay hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Specify first point on axis or define axis by [Object/Last/View/Xaxis/Yaxis/Zaxis/2points]: (Chn im u tin ca trc quay hoc s dng cc la chn). Specify second point on axis: (Chn im th hai ca trc quay). Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: (Nhp gi tr gc quay hoc nhp R xc nh gc tham chiu).
2 1
Rotation angle = 900 a) Trc Rotate3D Cc la chn trc quay 2points Trc quay i qua hai im 1 v 2 (hnh 5.1). Chiu dng gc quay theo ngc chiu kim ng h khi nhn t im 2 hng v im 1. b) Sau Rotate3D Hnh 5.1. Quay i tng 3D chung quanh mt trc
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Object Trc quay l mt i tng 2D: line, arc, circle hoc 2Dpline. Nu i tng l line hoc phn on thng ca 2Dpline th trc quay chnh l on thng ny. Cn nu i tng l ng trn, cung trn hoc phn on cung trn ca pline th trc quay s l ng thng i qua tm v vung gc vi mt phng cha cung hoc ng trn. Command: Rotate3d Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn quay). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng cn quay hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Specify first point on axis or define axis by [Object/Last/View/Xaxis/Yaxis/Zaxis/2points]: O Select a line, circle, arc, or 2D-polyline segment: (Chn ng thng, ng trn, cung hay mt phn on ca pline). Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: (Nhp gi tr gc quay hoc nhp R xc nh gc tham chiu). Last Khi ta chn la chn ny th ta quay cc i tng chung quanh trc quay ca lnh Rotate3D thc hin trc . Nu trc ta khng thc hin lnh Rotate3D th dng nhc chnh xut hin tr li. Command: Rotate3d Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn quay). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng cn quay hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Specify first point on axis or define axis by [Object/Last/View/Xaxis/Yaxis/Zaxis/2points]: L Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: (Nhp gi tr gc quay hoc nhp R xc nh gc tham chiu). View
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Trc quay l ng vung gc vi mn hnh v i qua im chn to dng nhc (*). Command: Rotate3d Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn quay). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng cn quay hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Specify first point on axis or define axis by [Object/Last/View/Xaxis/Yaxis/Zaxis/2points]: V Specify a point on the view direction axis <0,0,0> (*): Chn im m trc quay vung gc vi mn hnh i qua. Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: (Nhp gi tr gc quay hoc nhp R xc nh gc tham chiu). Xaxis/Yaxis/Zaxis Trc quay l trc X (Y hoc Z) hoc song song vi trc X (Y hoc Z) v i qua im m ta xc nh ti dng nhc (**). Command: Rotate3d Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn quay). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng cn quay hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Specify first point on axis or define axis by [Object/Last/View/Xaxis/Yaxis/Zaxis/2points]: X (Y hoc Z ) Specify a point on the X axis (**): (Xc nh im m trc quay i qua). Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: (Nhp gi tr gc quay hoc nhp R xc nh gc tham chiu). La chn Reference xc nh gc quay: Command: Rotate3d Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn quay). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng cn quay hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng).
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Specify first point on axis or define axis by [Object/Last/View/Xaxis/Yaxis/Zaxis/2points]: (Dng cc la chn nu trn) Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: R Specify the reference angle <0>: (Gc tham chiu c th l tr s, c th chn hai im xc nh gc hoc dng lnh CAL) Specify the new angle: (Gi tr gc quay mi). 5.2. Php i xng qua mt phng (lnh Mirror3D)
Menu bar Modify/3D Operation>Mirror3D Toolbars Nhp lnh Mirror3D
S dng lnh Mirror3D to cc i tng mi i xng vi cc i tng c sn c chn qua mt phng i xng (hnh 5.2).
a) Trc Mirror3D Command: Mirror3D
b) Sau Mirror3D
Hnh 5.2. Php i xng qua mt phng xc nh bng ba im Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn ly i xng). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng cn ly i xng hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Specify first point of mirror plane (3 points) or [Object/Last/Zaxis/View/XY/YZ/ZX/3points] <3points>: (Chn im u tin 1 ca mt phng i xng hoc s dng cc la chn). Specify second point on mirror plane: (Chn im th 2 ca mt phng i xng) Specify third point on mirror plane: (Chn im th 3 ca mt phng i xng)
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Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: (Nhn Y xa cc i tng chn hoc nhn N gi li cc i tng ). Cc la chn xc nh mt phng i xng 3points Mt phng i xng c xc nh bi ba im (hnh 5.2). Sau khi chn mt phng i xng th mt phng s c s dng tm thi lm mt phng XY v bt u thc hin lnh. Object Mt phng i xng l mt phng cha i tng c chn. Command: Mirror3D Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn ly i xng). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng cn ly i xng hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Specify first point of mirror plane (3 points) or [Object/Last/Zaxis/View/XY/YZ/ZX/3points] <3points>: O Select a circle, arc, or 2D-polyline segment: (Chn cung, ng trn hoc phn on l cung trn ca pline). Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: (Nhn Y xa cc i tng chn hoc nhn N gi li cc i tng ). Last Khi chn Last ta s dng li mt phng i xng ca lnh Mirror3D thc hin trc . Nu trc cha thc hin lnh Mirror3D th xut hin li dng nhc chnh. Command: Mirror3D Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn ly i xng). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng cn ly i xng hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Specify first point of mirror plane (3 points) or [Object/Last/Zaxis/View/XY/YZ/ZX/3points] <3points>: L
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Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: (Nhn Y xa cc i tng chn hoc nhn N gi li cc i tng ). Zaxis Mt phng i xng l mt phng XY vung gc vi trc Z m ta s xc nh bng hai im theo dng nhc (*) v (**). Command: Mirror3D Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn ly i xng). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng cn ly i xng hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Specify first point of mirror plane (3 points) or [Object/Last/Zaxis/View/XY/YZ/ZX/3points] <3points>: Z Specify point on mirror plane (*): (Chn mt im lm gc ta ). Specify point on Z-axis (normal) of mirror plane (**): (Chn mt im nh chiu ca trc Z). Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: (Nhn Y xa cc i tng chn hoc nhn N gi li cc i tng ). View Mt phng i xng song song vi mt phng mn hnh ti im nhn hin ti v i qua im chn ti dng nhc (***). Command: Mirror3D Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn ly i xng). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng cn ly i xng hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Specify first point of mirror plane (3 points) or [Object/Last/Zaxis/View/XY/YZ/ZX/3points] <3points>: V Specify point on view plane <0,0,0> (***): Chn im m mt phng i xng song song vi mn hnh s i qua.
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Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: (Nhn Y xa cc i tng chn hoc nhn N gi li cc i tng ). XY/YZ/ZX Mt phng i xng song song vi mt phng XY (YZ hoc ZX) v i qua mt im m ta chn. Command: Mirror3D Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn ly i xng). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng cn ly i xng hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Specify first point of mirror plane (3 points) or [Object/Last/Zaxis/View/XY/YZ/ZX/3points] <3points>: XY (hoc YZ hoc ZX ) Specify point on XY plane <0,0,0>: (Ta im m mt phng i xng song song vi mt phng XY s i qua). Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: (Nhn Y xa cc i tng chn hoc nhn N gi li cc i tng ). 5.3. Sao chp dy cc i tng (lnh 3Darray)
Menu bar Modify/3D Operation>3Darray Toolbars Nhp lnh 3Darray
S dng lnh 3Darray dng sao chp cc i tng ra dy dng hnh ch nht (Rectanggular theo hng (rows), ct (columns), lp (levels)) hoc nm chung quanh mt ng tm (Polar), cc i tng ny nm trong khng gian ba chiu. Tng t lnh Array trong mt phng 2D ta chia lnh 3Darray thnh Rectangular 3Darray v Polar 3Darray. 5.3.1. Rectangular 3Darray S dng sao chp cc i tng c chn thnh dy vi s hng (rows), s ct (columns), s lp (levels) nht nh (hnh 5.3).
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a) Trc 3Darray Command: 3Darray
b) Sau 3Darray
Hnh 5.3. Rectangular 3Darray

Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn thc hin sao chp theo dy). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>: R Enter the number of rows (---) <1>: (Nhp s hng). Enter the number of columns (|||) <1>: (Nhp s ct) Enter the number of levels (...) <1>: (Nhp s lp) Specify the distance between rows (---): (Nhp khong cch gia cc hng). Specify the distance between columns (|||): (Nhp khong cch gia cc ct). Specify the distance between levels (...): (Nhp khong cch gia cc lp). Trn hnh 5.3 ta thc hin sao chp solid trc thnh 2 (2 rows) hng 3 ct (3 columns) v 2 lp (2 levels). 5.3.2. Polar 3Darray La chn ny to cc dy sp xp chung quanh mt ng tm (hnh 5.4).
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Hnh 5.4. Polar 3Darray Command: 3Darray Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn thc hin sao chp theo dy). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>: P Enter the number of items in the array: (Nhp s bn cn sao chp) Specify the angle to fill (+=ccw, -=cw) <360>: (Gc gia i tng u tin v i tng cui cng, c gi tr m (-=w) nu cng chiu kim ng h, c gi tr dng (+=w) nu ngc chiu kim ng h). Rotate arrayed objects? [Yes/No] <Y>: (C quay cc i tng khi sao chp hay khng). Specify center point of array: (Chn im th nht trn trc quay). pecify second point on axis of rotation: (Chn im th hai trn trc quay). Trn hnh 5.4 ta sao chp dy cc hnh cu vi 20 Items, Angle to fill l 3600, sp xp chung quanh mt ng tm.
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Chng 6 TO M HNH 3D SOLID (SOLID MODELING) 6.1. To cc min (lnh Region)

Menu bar Draw/Region Toolbars Draw Nhp lnh Region
Min l mt solid khng c khi lng. to min ta ch cn v mt i tng 2D sau dng lnh Region to min. Command: Region Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn to thnh min). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng cn to thnh min hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Khi to min t cc i tng 2D cn lu : ch to c min t cc i tng 2D khi cc i tng 2D to thnh mt vng khp kn (hnh 6.1c), khng c cc nt giao nhau (hnh 6.1a), khng c cc on tha (ba via) (hnh 6.1b).
a) 6.2. To cc solid c s trc tip
b) Hnh 6.1
c)
Ta c th to cc solid c s mt cch trc tip bng cc lnh: Box (khi ch nht), Cone (khi nn), Cylinder (khi tr), Sphere (khi cu, Torus (khi xuyn), Wedge (khi hnh nm). Khi to solid c s ta nhp lnh hoc gi t Draw menu mc Solid (hnh 6.2). Cc lnh to solid c s tng t nh cc lnh to cc mt c s. 6.2.1. Khi ch nht (lnh Box)
Menu bar Draw/Solids/Box Toolbars Solids Nhp lnh Box
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Hnh 6.2. Draw menu v Solids toolbar S dng lnh Box to khi ch nht (hnh 6.3).
Hnh 6.3. Khi ch nht (Box) Command: Box Specify corner of box or [CEnter] <0,0,0> (*): (Chn im gc th nht ca ng cho khi). Specify corner or [Cube/Length] (**): (Chn im gc i din ca ng cho khi). La chn CEter t dng nhc (*)
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Command: Box
Specify corner of box or [CEnter] <0,0,0>(*): CE Specify center of box <0,0,0>: (Chn tm khi) Specify corner or [Cube/Length] (**): (Chn im gc i din ca ng cho khi). Cc la chn t dng nhc (**) Cube La chn ny to khi lp phng. Command: Box Specify corner of box or [CEnter] <0,0,0> (*): (Chn im gc th nht ca ng cho khi hoc nhp CE chn tm khi) Specify corner or [Cube/Length] (**): C Specify length: (Chiu di cnh ca khi lp phng). Length La chn ny v khi hp theo chiu di cc cnh. Command: Box Specify corner of box or [CEnter] <0,0,0> (*): (Chn im gc th nht ca ng cho khi hoc nhp CE chn tm khi) Specify corner or [Cube/Length] (**): L Specify length: (Chiu di khi hp theo phng trc X). Specify width: (Chiu rng khi hp theo phng trc Y). Specify height: (Chiu cao khi hp theo phng trc Z). 6.2.2. Khi hnh nm (lnh Wedge)
Menu bar Draw/Solids/Wedge Toolbars Solids Nhp lnh Wedge
S dng lnh Wedge to khi hnh nm (hnh 6.4). Command: Wedge Specify first corner of wedge or [CEnter] <0,0,0> (*): (Chn im gc mt y khi nm trong mt phng XY).
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Specify corner or [Cube/Length] (**): (Chn im gc i din ca mt y khi nm trong mt phng XY). Specify height: Chiu cao khi nm. La chn CEter t dng nhc (*)
Hnh 6.4. Khi hnh nm (Wedge) Command: Wedge Specify first corner of wedge or [CEnter] <0,0,0> (*): CE Specify center of wedge <0,0,0>: (Chn tm khi). Specify corner or [Cube/Length] (**): (Chn im gc i din ca mt y khi nm trong mt phng XY). Specify height: Chiu cao khi nm. Cc la chn t dng nhc (**) Cube La chn ny v khi nm c ba cnh bng nhau. Command: Wedge Specify first corner of wedge or [CEnter] <0,0,0> (*): (Chn im gc mt y khi nm trong mt phng XY hoc nhp CE xc nh tm mt y khi nm). Specify corner or [Cube/Length] (**): C Specify length: (Chiu di cnh khi nm). Lenth
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La chn ny v khi nm theo kch thc 3 cnh. Command: Wedge Specify first corner of wedge or [CEnter] <0,0,0> (*): (Chn im gc mt y khi nm trong mt phng XY hoc nhp CE xc nh tm mt y khi nm). Specify corner or [Cube/Length] (**): L Specify length: (Chiu cao khi nm theo phng trc Z). Specify width: (Chiu rng khi nm theo phng trc Y). Specify height:(Chiu di khi nm theo phng trc X). 6.2.3. Khi nn (lnh Cone)
Menu bar Draw/Solids/Cone Toolbars Solids Nhp lnh Cone
S dng lnh Cone to khi nn c mt y l circle (hnh 6.5a) hoc ellipse (hnh 6.5b).
a) Command: Cone
b) Hnh 6.5. Cc dng khi nn
c)
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=8 Specify center point for base of cone or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>(*): (Chn im tm y nn hnh trn). Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: (Nhp bn knh ng trn y nn hoc nhp D nhp ng knh ng trn y nn). Specify height of cone or [Apex] (**): (Chiu cao hnh nn). La chn Elliptical dng nhc (*)
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La chn ny v hnh nn c y nn l hnh elip. Command: Cone Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=8 Specify center point for base of cone or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>(*): E Specify axis endpoint of ellipse for base of cone or [Center]: (im mt th nht trn mt trc ca elip hoc nhp C chn tm ca elip y nn). Specify second axis endpoint of ellipse for base of cone: (im mt th hai trn trc ca elip m ta va xc nh im mt th nht). Specify length of other axis for base of cone: (Chiu di na trc th hai ca elip) Specify height of cone or [Apex](**): (Chiu cao nn) La chn Apex t dng nhc (**) La chn ny v hnh nn nm ngang, thng ng hoc nm nghing (hnh 6.5c). Command: Cone Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=8 Specify center point for base of cone or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>(*): (Dng cc la chn trnh by trn). Specify height of cone or [Apex] (**): A Specify apex point: (nh ca khi nn) 6.2.4. Khi tr (lnh Cylinder)
Menu bar Draw/Solids/Cylinder Toolbars Solids Nhp lnh Cylinder
S dng lnh Cylinder to khi tr c y l circle (hnh 6.6a) hoc ellipse (hnh 6.6b).
a)
b)
c)
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Hnh 6.6. Cc dng khi tr Command: Cylinder Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=8 Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>(*): (Chn im tm y tr hnh trn). Specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]: (Nhp bn knh hoc nhp D nhp ng knh y tr). Specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end](**): (Chiu cao khi tr). La chn Elliptica t dng nhc (*) La chn ny v khi tr c y l elip (hnh 6.6b). Command: Cylinder Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=8 Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>(*): E Specify axis endpoint of ellipse for base of cylinder or [Center]: (im mt th nht trn mt trc ca elip hoc nhp C chn tm ca elip y tr). Specify second axis endpoint of ellipse for base of cylinder: (im mt th hai trn trc ca elip m ta va xc nh im mt th nht). Specify length of other axis for base of cylinder: (Chiu di na trc th hai ca elip). Specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end] (**): (Chiu cao khi tr). La chn Center of other end t dng nhc (**) La chn ny v khi tr nm ngang, thng ng hoc nm nghing (hnh 6.6c). Command: Cylinder Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=8 Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>(*): (Dng cc la chn trnh by trn). Specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end]: C Specify center of other end of cylinder: (Ta tm mt nh tr).
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6.2.5. Khi cu (lnh Sphere)

Menu bar Draw/Solids/Sphere Toolbars Solids Nhp lnh Sphere
S dng lnh Sphere to khi cu (hnh 6.7).
Hnh 6.7. Khi cu Command: Sphere Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=12 Specify center of sphere <0,0,0>: (Tm khi cu). Specify radius of sphere or [Diameter]: (Nhp bn knh khi cu hoc nhp D sau nhp ng knh khi cu). 6.2.6. Khi xuyn (lnh Torus)
Menu bar Draw/Solids/Torus Toolbars Solids Nhp lnh Torus
S dng lnhTorus v khi xuyn (hnh 6.8).
a) Torus radius > Tube radius Command: Torus
b) Torus radius = Tube radius Hnh 6.8. Khi xuyn
c) Torus radius < Tube radius
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=12 Specify center of torus <0,0,0>: (Tm khi xuyn). Specify radius of torus or [Diameter]: (Nhp bn knh hoc nhp D sau nhp ng knh xuyn, l khong cch t tm xuyn n tm ng).
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Specify radius of tube or [Diameter]: (Nhp bn knh hoc nhp D sau nhp ng knh ng). Khi v khi xuyn cn lu : - Nu Torus radius > Tube radius ta c khi xuyn nh hnh 6.8a. - Nu Torus radius = Tube radius ta c khi xuyn nh hnh 6.8b. - Nu Torus radius < Tube radius ta c khi xuyn nh hnh 6.8c. 6.3. Qut bin dng 2D (lnh Extrude)
Menu bar Draw/Solids/Extrude Toolbars Solids Nhp lnh Extrude
S dng lnh Extrude qut bin dng 2D theo trc Z hoc theo ng dn thnh 3D solid (hnh 6.9). Cc i tng 2D c th qut thnh 3D solid bao gm: pline kn, polygon, circle, ellipse, spline kn, donut, region,Cc pline khng c c cc phn on giao nhau. S nh ti thiu ca pline l 3 v ti a l 500. Nu pline c chiu rng (width) th s qut theo ng gia a tuyn. Nu i tng c THICKNESS th khi qut THICKNESS = 0.
a)
Circle
Polygon
Pline
b)
Extrude vi Taper angle = 00
c)
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Extrude vi Taper angle = 50 Hnh 6.9. Qut i tng 2D thnh 3D theo trc Z Command: Extrude Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=12 Select objects: (Chn i tng 2D cn qut thnh 3D). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng 2D cn qut thnh 3D hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Specify height of extrusion or [Path] (*): (Chiu cao theo trc Z). Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: (Nhp gc vut l gc gia mt solid v mt phng vung gc vi mt phng XY. Nu gc vut dng th s vut vo trong, nu gc vut m th vut ra ngoi). La chn Path ti dng nhc (*) La chn ny vut bin dng 2D theo ng dn (Path) (hnh 6.10).
a) Trc Extrude Command: Extrude Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=12
b) Sau Extrude
Hnh 6.10. Qut cc i tng 2D thnh khi 3D theo ng dn
Select objects: (Chn i tng 2D cn qut thnh 3D. Trn hnh 6.10 i tng 2D cn chn l 1, 2). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng 2D cn qut thnh 3D hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Specify height of extrusion or [Path] (*): P Select extrusion path or [Taper angle] (**): (Chn ng dn path). La chn Taper angle ti dng nhc (**)
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La chn ny to gc vut cho khi 3D khi ko i tng 2D thnh 3D theo ng dn (hnh 6.11).
a) Trc Extrude Command: Extrude Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=12
b) Sau Extrude
Hnh 6.11. Qut cc i tng 2D thnh khi 3D theo ng dn
Select objects: (Chn i tng 2D cn qut thnh 3D)Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng 2D cn qut thnh 3D hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Specify height of extrusion or [Path] (*): P Select extrusion path or [Taper angle] (**): T Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: (Nhp gc vut). Select extrusion path: (Chn ng dn). ng dn (path) c th l: line, arc, circle, pline 2D, spline, sllipse, ng dn v bin dng 2D khng th thuc cng mt mt phng. 6.4. To solid trn xoay (lnh Revolve)
Menu bar Draw/Solids/revolve Toolbars Solids Nhp lnh Revolve
S dng lnh Revolve to solid trn xoay bng cch quay mt i tng 2D (profile object) chung quanh trc xoay (axis of revolution). i tng 2D c th quay bao gm: circlr, region, ellipse, spline kn hoc 2D pline kn c s cnh t 3 n 300 (hnh 6.12). iu ch l profile object v axis of revolution khng c giao nhau.
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a) Trc Revolve Hnh 6.12 Command: Revolve Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=12
b) Sau Revolve
Select objects: (Chn i tng 2D cn xoay thnh 3D. Trn hnh 6.12 i tng 2D cn chn l 1). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng 2D cn xoay thnh 3D hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Specify start point for axis of revolution ordefine axis by [Object/X (axis)/Y (axis)](*): (im th nht trn trc xuay trc 2) Specify endpoint of axis: (im th hai trn trc xuay trc 2) Specify angle of revolution <360>: (Gi tr gc xoay). Cc la chn t dng nhc (*) chn trc xoay Object Chn mt i tng lm trc xoay: line hoc phn on thng ca pline. Command: Revolve . Specify start point for axis of revolution ordefine axis by [Object/X (axis)/Y (axis)](*): O Select an object: (Chn i tng lm trc xoay). Specify angle of revolution <360>: (Gi tr gc xoay). X (axis)/Y (axis) Trc quay l trc X (hoc trc Y). Command: Revolve .
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Specify start point for axis of revolution ordefine axis by [Object/X (axis)/Y (axis)](*): X (hoc Y ) Specify angle of revolution <360>: (Gi tr gc xoay). Gc xoay dng l gc theo ngc chiu kim ng h khi nhn t im cui n im u ca axis of revolution. S dng lnh Revolve ta c th to cc solid c s nh: Sphere (khi cu), Cone (khi nn), Torus (khi xuyn), bng cch xoay na hnh trn, tam gic vung, mt ng trn chung quanh mt trc. 6.5. Cc php ton i s boole cho solid: cng (Union), Tr (Subtract), giao (Intersect) 6.5.1. Cng cc solid (lnh Union)
Menu bar Modify/Solid Editing>Union Toolbars Solid Editing Nhp lnh Union
Lnh Union dng to cc region hoc solid a hp bng php cng cc solid hoc region thnh phn (hnh 6.13). Command: Union Select objects: (Chn cc i tng 2D cn cng vi nhau). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng 2D cn cng hoc nhn ENTER kt thc).
a) Trc Union Hnh 6.13 6.5.2. Tr cc solid (lnh Subtract)
b) Sau Union
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Menu bar Modify/Solid Editing>Subtract Toolbars Solid Editing Nhp lnh Subtract
S dng lnh Subtract to solid hoc region bng php tr cc solid hoc region thnh phn (hnh 6.14).
a) Trc Subtract Hnh 6.14 Command: Subtract
b) Sau Subtract
Select objects: (Chn cc i tng b tr, i tng 1 trn hnh 6.14a, i tng box trn hnh 6.14b). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng b tr hoc nhp ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng b tr). Select solids and regions to subtract: (Chn i tng tr, i tng 2 trn hnh 6.14a, i tng cylinder trn hnh 6.14b). Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng tr hoc nhp ENTER kt thc). 6.5.3. Giao cc solid (lnh Intersect)
Menu bar Modify/Solid Editing>Intersect Toolbars Solid Editing Nhp lnh Intersect
S dng lnh Intersect to cc solid hoc region bng php giao cc solid hoc region thnh phn (hnh 6.15).
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a) Trc Intersect Hnh 6.15 Command: Intersect
b) Sau Intersect
Select objects: (Chn cc i tng cn ly phn giao) Select objects: (Chn tip cc i tng cn ly phn giao hoc nhp ENTER kt thc).
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Chng 7 HIU CHNH M HNH SOLID 7.1. Vt mp cnh solid (lnh Chamfer)
Menu bar Modify/Chemfer Toolbars Modify Nhp lnh Chemfer
S dng lnh Chamfer vt mp cc i tng 2D hoc solid. Lnh ny s t ng to ra mt solid ph v sau s cng (union) hoc tr (subtract) vi solid m ta chn cnh vt (hnh 7.1, 7.2). Lnh Chamfer tr gip qu trnh ta m hnh solid, thay th cho cc lnh to solid hnh nm (wedge), to solid nn ct,
a) Trc Chamfer Command: Chamfer
b) Sau Chamfer
Hnh 7.1. Vt mp solid bng lnh Chamfer
(NOTRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 = 10.0000, Dist2 = 10.0000 Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/mUltiple]: (Chn cnh ca solid cn vt mp). Base surface selection... Enter surface selection option [Next/OK (current)] <OK>: (Chn mt cnh ca solid nh mt chun, mt ny hin ln ng nt khut. V cnh l giao tuyn ca hai mt, do nu ng mt hin ln ng nt khut th nhn ENTER, cn khng nhp N (Next) chn mt cn li.
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Specify base surface chamfer distance <10.0000>: (Khong cch vt mp mt chun). Specify other surface chamfer distance <10.0000>: (Khong cch vt mp mt bn). Select an edge or [Loop]: (Chn cnh cn vt mp trn mt chun). Select an edge or [Loop]: (Chn tip cc cnh trn mt chun hoc chn ENTER). Cc la chn Select an edge Chn cnh cn vt mp trn mt chun (base surface). Loop La chn ny cho php vt mp ton b cc cnh ca mt chun c chn. Command: Chamfer Select an edge or [Loop]: L Select an edge loop or [Edge]: (Chn mt cnh trn mt chun). Select an edge loop or [Edge]: La chn Edge cho php tr li phng thc chn tng cnh vi dng nhc: Select an edge or [Loop]. 7.2. To gc ln, bo trn cc cnh (lnh Fillet)
Menu bar Modify/Fillet Toolbars Modify Nhp lnh Fillet
S dng lnh Fillet dng to gc ln (cho giao tuyn lm) v bo trn (cho giao tuyn li). Khi thc hin lnh Fillet, AutoCAD s t ng to thm solid c s ph v s cng (union) hoc tr (subtract) solid c s ny vi solid m ta chn cnh to gc ln (hnh 7.2). Command: Fillet Current settings: Mode = NOTRIM, Radius = 10.0000 Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim/mUltiple]: (Chn mt cnh ca solid).
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Enter fillet radius <10.0000>: (Nhp gi tr bn knh fillet). Select an edge or [Chain/Radius]: (Chn giao tuyn fillet). Select an edge or [Chain/Radius]: (Tip tc chn, chn xong nhn ENTER).
a) Trc Fillet Cc la chn Chain
b) Sau Fillet
Hnh 7.2. Cc cnh c bo trn v to gc ln bng lnh Fillet
La chn ny cho php fillet mt lot cnh lin tip nhau, cc cnh c chn fillet to thnh mt chui (Chain). Nu chui r rng th ta ch cn cc cnh cui v AutoCAD s t ng tm mt chui cc cnh lin tip nhau ni cc cnh cui ny (hnh 7.3).
a) Trc Fillet Command: Fillet Select an edge or [Chain/Radius]: C
b) Sau Fillet
Hnh 7.3. Fillet cc cnh lin tip ca solid
Select an edge chain or [Edge/Radius]: (Chn cnh cui hoc cc cnh lin tip ca chui). Select an edge chain or [Edge/Radius]: 7.3. Ct solid thnh hai phn (lnh Slice)
Menu bar Draw/Solid/Slice Toolbars Solid Nhp lnh Slice
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Lnh Slice dng ct tch mt solid thnh hai solid ring bit (hnh 7.4). Lnh ny s dng trong vic to cc m hnh 3D c hnh dng c bit. Khi ct ta c th gi li c hai hoc ch mt solid c to thnh.
a) Trc khi Slice Command: Slice
b) Trong khi Slice Hnh 7.4. Ct solid bng lnh Slice
c) Sau khi Slice
Select objects: (Chn i tng cn ct). Select objects: Specify first point on slicing plane by [Object/Zaxis/View/XY/YZ/ZX/3points] <3points>: XY (Chn mt phng ct, theo cc la chn tng t chn mt phng i xng (mirror plane) ca lnh Mirror3D). Specify a point on the YZ-plane <0,0,0>: (Chn mt im m mt phng ct i qua). Specify a point on desired side of the plane or [keep Both sides]: (Chn mt im trn solid cn gi li hoc nhp B gi li c hai phn). 7.4. V mt phng ct solid (lnh Section)
Menu bar Draw/Solid/Section Toolbars Solid Nhp lnh Section
S dng lnh Section to mt min (region) l giao ca solid v mt phng ct (hnh 7.5). Mt phng ny s nm trn lp hin hnh. Command: Section Select objects: (Chn solid mun to mt ct). Select objects:
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Specify first point on Section plane by [Object/Zaxis/View/XY/YZ/ZX/3points] <3points>: YZ (Xc nh mt phng v mt ct, theo cc la chn tng t chn mt phng i xng (mirror plane) ca lnh Mirror3D). Specify a point on the YZ-plane <0,0,0>: (Chn mt im m mt phng ct i qua). Ta c th s dng cc lnh Copy hoc Move mt ct va to.
Hnh 7.5. To mt ct bng lnh Section 7.5. c tnh khi lng (lnh Massprop)
Menu bar Tools/Inquiry>Mass Properties Toolbars Inquiry Nhp lnh Massprop
Hnh 7.6 S dng lnh Massprop tnh cc c tnh v khi lng ca min (region) hoc solid c chn. Cc c tnh v khi lng ca solid bao gm: Mass (khi lng), Volume (th tch), Bounding box (kch thc bao), Centroid (trng tm), Moment of Inertia (moment qun tnh), Product of Inertia (tch qun tnh), Radii of gyration (bn knh hi chuyn), Principal moments and X-, Y-, Z- directions
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about centroid (moment qun tnh chnh), Tuy nhin trong AutoCAD tnh khi lng v cc c tnh c hc khng c n v. Ngha l tnh ton vi khi lng ring vt liu l 1. Command: Massprop Select objects: (Chn solid hnh 7.6). ---------------- SOLIDS ----------------
Mass: Volume: Bounding box:
22547.3392 22547.3392 X: 77.0851 -- 118.3903
Y: 18.9480 -- 30.6119 Z: 0.0000 -- 53.1417 Centroid: X: 99.7935 Y: 24.7799 Z: 26.5708 Moments of inertia: X: 35917208.8962 Y: 249165529.4128 Z: 241449750.5386 Products of inertia: XY: 55756794.2312 YZ: 14845710.8967 ZX: 59786475.4083 Radii of gyration: X: 39.9120
Y: 105.1227 Z: 103.4822 Principal moments and X-Y-Z directions about centroid: I: 6153469.8990 along [1.0000 0.0000 0.0000] J: 8703764.7761 along [0.0000 1.0000 0.0000] K: 3061541.0563 along [0.0000 0.0000 1.0000] Cui cng xut hin dng nhc sau: Write analysis to a file? [Yes/No] <N>: (C ghi li thnh mt file hay khng?).
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Nu ta nhp Y (Yes) s xut hin dng nhc sau: File name < >: (Nhp vo tn file, to mt file c phn m rng l . MPR).
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Chng 8 TO BN V HAI CHIU T M HNH BA CHIU Trnh t to hnh chiu hai chiu t m hnh ba chiu: - M (hoc to) m hnh ba chiu trn mt lp (layer) ring, v d lp 3D. - nh bin Tilemode = 0 hoc chn nt Layout1 trn dng trng thi. - S dng lnh Limits nh gii hn bn v theo kh giy. Sau thc hin lnh Zoom (la chn All). - S dng lnh Mview to 4 (hoc 1, 2, 3)floating viewport bng nhau trn vng ha. - S dng lnh Mspace chuyn sang khng gian m hnh (hoc chn nt Model trn dng trng thi). - Nhp (load) dng ng Hidden vo bn v bng lnh Linetype. - Chuyn sang paper space (chn nt Layout1), s dng lnh Vpoint ln lt to 4 hnh chiu (Isometric, Top, Front, Side) trn 4 viewport. - S dng lnh Zoom chnh kch thc cc hnh chiu m hnh trong 4 viewport (nh gi Scale nh nhau). - S dng lnh Mvsetup chnh v tr (theo phng nm ngang hoc thng ng) cc hnh chiu trn 4 viewport. - Dng lnh Solprop ln lt to cc ng bao v ng khut cho tng hnh chiu trong cc viewport. - ng bng (Freeze) lp cha m hnh solid trong hp thoi Layer&Linetype Properties, to lp KHUNG v ng bng lp ny. - S dng lnh Chprop hoc Properties chuyn cc ng bao khung nhn sang lp KHUNG. - Tin hnh ghi kch thc cc hnh chiu. Nu vn cha thy ng khut xut hin th dng lnh Ltscale hiu chnh. Thng thng cc ng khut v ng thy c c th trng ln nhau, do tt cc lp cha cc ng bao thy (lp PV-) v dng lnh Explode ph v cc block cha ng khut v xa bt cc ng trng nhau. Ta c th
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gn mu cho cc lp cha ng bao (PV-) v ng khut (PH-), nu cc ng bao v ng khut khng thay i mu theo lp th ta dng lnh Chprop (hoc Properties) hiu chnh (mu ca cc i tng phi l BYLAYER). Ta c th s dng cc lnh Solview v Solprof to cc hnh chiu 2D mt cch t ng. 8.1. Khng gian m hnh (model space) v khng gian phng (Paper space), bin TILEMODE 8.1.1. Bin TILEMODE Trong AutoCAD c hai cch quan st vt th ty vo gi tr ca bin TILEMODE = 0 (OFF) hay TILEMODE = 1 (ON). Command: TILEMODE Regenerating layout.TILEMODE <1>: 0 (Chuyn sang phng thc to khng gian giy v). Nu bin TILEMODE = 1 th s dng lnh Vports ta ch to c cc tiled vport (khung nhn tnh) v sp xp chng cnh nhau. Cc khung nhn ny ch c th quan st, khi in ch in c cc i tng vi im nhn (vpoint) ti viewpoint hin hnh. Trong paper space, khi ta c th to nhiu viewport nm v tr bt k (gi l khung nhn ng floating viewport) trn mn hnh, cc viewport c th chng ln nhau, v khi in c th in tt c cc hnh nh hin hnh trn tt c cc viewport ca mn hnh. Khi lm vic trong mi trng ny ta t bin TILEMODE = 0 (chn nt Paper), lc t paper space ta c th chuyn sang model space bng lnh MS (Mspace hoc chn nt Model) v t model space chuyn sang paper space bng lnh PS (Pspace hoc chn nt layout11 v Layout2). Ta c th gn trc tip bin TILEMODE bng cch chn vo cc nt chn trn dng trng thi. Theo mc nh ta c hai trang cho paper space: Layout1 v Layout2. 8.1.2. Lnh Mspace, Pspace, Model
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Thc hin lnh Mspace chuyn t model space sang paper space, khi biu tng ta c dng hnh tam gic s xut hin v ti dng trng thi xut hin nt PAPER, trong mi trng ny ta ch to c cc i tng 2D. chuyn t paper space sang model space ta s dng lnh Pspace hoc Model. 8.2. To khung nhn ng (lnh Mview)
Menu bar View/Viewports>1 Viewpots Toolbars Nhp lnh Mview
Trong AutoCAD ngoi cc tiled viewport (khung nhn tnh to bng lnh Vports) sp xp cnh nhau ta cn c th to cc floating viewport. C hai lnh to viewport l Mview v Mvsetup. Trong mc ny ta kho st lnh Mview. Lnh Mview ch thc hin trong paper space khi bin TILEMODE = 0. Trc khi thc hin lnh Mview ta nh li gii hn bn v trong paper space bng lnh Limits v Zoom All. V d sau khi nh bin TILEMODE = 0 ta nh gii hn bn v l 420, 297 nh sau: - nh gii hn bn v: Command: Limits Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: Specify upper right corner <273.0500,209.5500>: 420,297 - Thu phng mn hnh: Command: Zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: A - To cc khung nhn ng: Command: Mview Switching to Paper space: (chuyn sang khng gian giy v). Specify corner of viewport or [ON/OFF/Fit/Shadeplot/Lock/Object/Polygonal /Restore/2/3/4] <Fit>: Cc la chn Specify corner
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Command: Mview
Specify corner of viewport or [ON/OFF/Fit/Shadeplot/Lock/Object/Polygonal/Restore/2/3/4] xong im ny dng nhc s xut hin tip). Specify opposite corner: (nh im gc th hai P2 viewport). ON/OFF Command: Mview Specify corner of viewport or [ON/OFF/Fit/Shadeplot/Lock/Object/Polygonal/Restore/2/3/4] <Fit>: ON (hoc OFF ) M/ tt cc i tng trong viewport. Fit To mt viewport c kch thc va kht vi vng ha. Command: Mview Specify corner of viewport or [ON/OFF/Fit/Shadeplot/Lock/Object/Polygonal/Restore/2/3/4] <Fit>: F Lock Kha viewport c chn. Command: Mview Specify corner of viewport or [ON/OFF/Fit/Shadeplot/Lock/Object/Polygonal/Restore/2/3/4] <Fit>: L Select objects: (Chn mt hoc nhiu viewport). Object Ch nh pline kn, ellipse, spline, region hoc circle chuyn thnh viewport. Pline bn ch nh cn c t nht ba nh. N c th t giao nhau v c th cha c phn on arc v line. Command: Mview Specify corner of viewport or <Fit>: (nh mt im u ng cho th nht P1 xc nh v tr viewport. Sau khi chn
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[ON/OFF/Fit/Shadeplot/Lock/Object/Polygonal/Restore/2/3/4] <Fit>: O Select object to clip viewport: (Chn i tng). Polygonal To ng bao viewport c hnh dng bt k bng phng php nh cc im (tng t to pline kn bng lnh Pline). Command: Mview Specify corner of viewport or [ON/OFF/Fit/Shadeplot/Lock/Object/Polygonal/Restore/2/3/4] <Fit>: P Specify start point: (Ch nh im u tin) Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Length/Undo]: (Ch nh im tip theo hoc chn la chn). Restore Gi mt cu hnh vport c lu trong lnh Vports: Command: Mview Specify corner of viewport or [ON/OFF/Fit/Shadeplot/Lock/Object/Polygonal/Restore/2/3/4] <Fit>: R Enter viewport configuration name or [?] <*Active>: (Nhp tn ca mt cu hnh viewport chn vo). Specify first corner of [fit] <Fit>: (Viewport s tra kht vng ha hoc nh hai im xc nh kch thc ca n). 2 Cho php to 2 viewport nm ngang hoc thng ng: Command: Mview Specify corner of viewport or [ON/OFF/Fit/Shadeplot/Lock/Object/Polygonal/Restore/2/3/4] <Fit>: 2 Enter viewport arrangement [Horizontal/Vertical] <Vertical>: (Chn khung nm ngang hoc thng ng). Specify first corner or [Fit] <Fit>: (Nu chn Fit th hai viewport s tra kht mn hnh ha vi t l thch hp cho tng viewport. Hoc ta c th nh kch thc
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cho cc viewport bng cch chn hai im trong paper space v cc viewport s tra kht trong paper space va to). 3 Cho php to 3 viewport: Command: Mview Specify corner of viewport or [ON/OFF/Fit/Shadeplot/Lock/Object/Polygonal/Restore/2/3/4] <Fit>: 3 Enter viewport arrangement [Horizontal/Vertical/Above/Below/Left/Right] viewport). Specify first corner or [Fit] <Fit>: (tng t la chn 2). 4 Cho php to 4 viewport: Command: Mview Specify corner of viewport or [ON/OFF/Fit/Shadeplot/Lock/Object/Polygonal/Restore/2/3/4] <Fit>: 4 Specify first corner or [Fit] <Fit>: (nhp F 4 viewport tra kht mn hnh ha). Ch Cc i tng trn cc viewport nm trn cc lp ca m hnh trc . ng bao viewport nm trn lp hin hnh. 8.3. Lp trong khng gian giy v (lnh VPlayer) Lnh VPlayer (Viewports Layer) dng iu khin lp trong tng floating viewport ring bit, ch thc hin khi gi tr bin TILEMODE = 0. Mt lp ang trng thi ON mi c th iu khin bng lnh VPlayer c. Command: Vplayer Enter an option [?/Freeze/Thaw/Reset/Newfrz/Vpvisdflt]: Cc la chn <Right>: (Chn cc v tr
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? Lit k cc lp b lm ng trong viewport m ta chn: Command: Vplayer Enter an option [?/Freeze/Thaw/Reset/Newfrz/Vpvisdflt]: ? Select a viewport: (Chn vport lit k cc lp b ng). Freeze Lm ng mt hoc nhiu lp trn mt hoc nhiu viewport m ta chn. Command: Vplayer Enter an option [?/Freeze/Thaw/Reset/Newfrz/Vpvisdflt]: F Enter layer name(s) to freeze or <select objects>: (Tn lp cn lm ng, c th nhp nhiu tn lp cch nhau bi du phy). Enter an option [All/Select/Current] <Current>: S (Chn la chn chn viewport: All tt c cc vport, Select AutoCAD hin th dng Select objects v ta s chn viewport no ta cn lm ng cc lp chn, cn Current l chn viewport hin hnh). Select objects: (Chn cc viewport lm ng cc lp chn). Thaw Lm tan bng (thaw) mt hoc nhiu lp trn mt hoc nhiu viewport m ta chn. Command: Vplayer Enter an option [?/Freeze/Thaw/Reset/Newfrz/Vpvisdflt]: F Enter layer name(s) to thaw: (Tn lp cn lm tan bng, c th nhp nhiu tn lp cch nhau bi du phy). Cc dng nhc tip theo tng t la chn Freeze. Reset Thit lp s hin th cc lp (Freeze hay Thaw) theo mc nh ca la chn Vpvisdft (Vport Visibility default). Command: Vplayer Enter an option [?/Freeze/Thaw/Reset/Newfrz/Vpvisdflt]: R
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Enter layer name(s) to reset or <select objects>: (Chn tn lp cn Reset, c th a vo nhiu tn lp v chng cch nhau bi du phy). Cc dng nhc tip theo tng t la chn Freeze. Newfrz Cho php to lp mi v lp ny b ng trong mi viewport. Command: Vplayer Enter an option [?/Freeze/Thaw/Reset/Newfrz/Vpvisdflt]: N Enter name(s) of new layers frozen in all viewports: (Tn ca lp mi to v b ng, c th a vo nhiu tn lp v chng cch nhau bi du phy). Cc dng nhc tip theo tng t la chn Freeze. Vpvisdflt (Vport visibility default) Thay i gi tr mc nh v s hin th (Feeze/Thaw cho cc viewport mi to bng lnh Mview, AutoCAD s t ng nh du cc lp c xc nh l Feeze hay Thaw mi khi c mt viewport mi c to nn). Command: Vplayer Enter an option [?/Freeze/Thaw/Reset/Newfrz/Vpvisdflt]: V Enter layer name(s) to change viewport visibility or <select objects>: (Tn cc lp cn thay i hin th hoc mc nh trn cc viewport). Enter a viewport visibility option [Frozen/Thawed] <Thawed>: (nhp F hoc T v ENTER). 8.4. Lnh Mvetup Lnh Mvetup dng thit lp bn v trong model space v paper space. S dng lnh ny ta c th to cc floating viewport, hiu chnh v tr v kch thc cc i tng nm trong cc viewport, chn khi khung tn vo bn v y l mt chng trnh vit bng ngn ng Autolisp. Command: Mvsetup Initializing... Enter an option [Align/Create/Scale viewports/Options/Title block/Undo]:
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Nu bin TILEMODE = 1 Khi xut hin dng nhc ph: Enable paper space? [No/Yes] <Y>: (Mun chuyn sang paper space khng?). Nu nhp NO tc l ch lm vic trong khng gian m hnh, cc dng nhc sau s xut hin ln lt: Enter units type [Scientific/Decimal/Engineering/Architectural/Metric]: (Chn dng n v). Enter the scale factor: (Chn t l). Enter the paper width: (Chn chiu rng kh giy, v d gi tr 420). Enter the paper height: (Chn chiu cao kh giy, v d gi tr 297). Dng la chn ny ta c th xc nh n v, t l v gii hn bn v trong model space. Sau khi nh xong s t ng chn ng vin vo bn v hin hnh. Nu bin TILEMODE = 0 Nu nhp YES hoc khi thc hin lnh Mvsetup vi bin TILEMODE = 0 th cc dng nhc sau xut hin. Enter an option [Align/Create/Scale viewports/Options/Title block/Undo]: Cc la chn Align S dng chnh v tr cc m hnh trn cc viewport: Command: Mvsetup Initializing... Enter an option [Align/Create/Scale viewports/Options/Title block/Undo]:A Nu nhp H (Horizontal )hoc V (Vertical) (Chnh v tr theo phng ngang v thng ng). Specify basepoint: (Chn im chun). Specify point in viewport to be panned: (Chn im khc chnh v tr theo im chun). Nu nhp R (Rotate view): Specify basepoint in the viewport with the view to be rotated: (Chn im chun).
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Specify angle from basepoint: (Gc so vi im chun). Create Dng to cc floating viewport, c chc nng nh lnh Mview: Command: Mvsetup Initializing... Enter an option [Align/Create/Scale viewports/Options/Title block/Undo]:C Enter option [Delete objects/Create viewports/Undo] <Create>: (Cc la chn to floating viewport). Nu chn Create viewports (C): Available layout options: . . .(la chn cc dng viewport). 0: 1: 2: 3: None (khng c). Single (Ch c mt). Std. Engineering (Theo tiu chun). Array of Viewports (Dy cc viewport).
Enter layout number to load or [Redisplay]: (S ca dng viewport a vo). Gi s ta chn 3 dng nhc sau xut hin. Specify first corner of bounding area for viewport(s): (Kch thc bao cc viewport, chn mt im lm gc tri viewport). Specify opposite corner: (Chn im gc ng cho i din xc nh kch thc bao cc viewport). Enter number of viewports in X direction <1>: (S cc khung nhn theo trc X). Enter number of viewports in Y direction <1>: (S cc khung nhn theo trc Y). Specify distance between viewports in X direction <0>: (Khong cch gia cc khung nhn theo trc X, gi tr ny bng 0 th cc khung nhn s nm cnh nhau theo trc X). Specify distance between viewports in Y direction <0>: (Khong cch gia cc khung nhn thep trc Y, nu gi tr ny bng 0 th cc khung ca s s nm cnh nhau). Nu chn Delete objects (D) S dng la chn ny xa cc khung nhn.
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Select the objects to delete... Select objects: (Chn i tng cn xa). Scale viewports S dng la chn ny chnh ln viewport: Command: Mvsetup Initializing... Enter an option [Align/Create/Scale viewports/Options/Title block/Undo]:S Select the viewports to scale... Select objects: (Chn viewport v nhn ENTER). Set the ratio of paper space units to model space units... Enter the number of paper space units <1.0>: Enter the number of model space units <1.0>: Options La chn cc c tnh cho khung va chn vo. Command: Mvsetup Initializing... Enter an option [Align/Create/Scale viewports/Options/Title block/Undo]:O Enter an option [Align/Create/Scale viewports/Options/Title block/Undo]: (Chn c tnh cn gn cho khung, v d nhp L). Enter an option [Layer/LImits/Units/Xref] <exit>: (Nu nhp LI ta cn nh li gii hn bn v). Set drawing limits? [Yes/No] <N>: (Gn gii hn bn v). Title block Chn khi khung tn vo bn v. Command: Mvsetup Initializing... Enter an option [Align/Create/Scale viewports/Options/Title block/Undo]:T Enter title block option [Delete objects/Origin/Undo/Insert] <Insert>: Available title blocks:...:(Chn la kh giy ca block khung tn).
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0: 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: 13:
None ISO A4 Size(mm) ISO A3 Size(mm) ISO A2 Size(mm) ISO A1 Size(mm) ISO A0 Size(mm) ANSI-V Size(in) ANSI-A Size(in) ANSI-B Size(in) ANSI-C Size(in) ANSI-D Size(in) ANSI-E Size(in) Arch/Engineering (24 x 36in) Generic D size Sheet (24 x 36in)
Enter number of title block to load or [Add/Delete/Redisplay]: (a m s ca kh giy ta chn, gi s chn kh giy A1 th ta a s 4 vo dng nhc trn). Create a drawing named iso_a1.dwg? <Y>: (Nhn ENTER ng to bn v cha khung vi tn ISO- A1.DWG). Undo Hy b mt thao tc va thc hin. Command: Mvsetup Initializing... Enter an option [Align/Create/Scale viewports/Options/Title block/Undo]:U 8.5. To ng bao, ng khut 3D solid (lnh Solprof)
Menu bar Draw/Solid>Setup>profile Toolbars Solids Nhp lnh Solprof
Ta kho st cc lnh lin quan n to cc hnh chiu t m hnh 3D: Solprof, Solview, Soldraw, Cc lnh ny nm trn Draw menu v Solids toolbar (hnh 8.1).
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Hnh 8.1
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Lnh Solprof dng to ng bao thy c v khut cho cc solid. Cc ng nt ny nm mt mt phng v trn cc lp khc nhau. thc hin lnh ny bin TILEMODE = 0 v ang trong model space. Trc khi thc hin lnh Solprof nu bin TILEMODE = 1 ta phi thc hin cc lnh sau: Command: TILEMODE Enter new value for TILEMODE <1>: 0 Command: LIMITS Reset Paper space limits: (nh gii hn bn v cho paper space). Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.00000>: Specify upper right corner < >: 420,297 Command: ZOOM Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: A Command: MVIEW Specify corner of viewport or [ON/OFF/Fit/Shadeplot/Lock/Object/Polygonal/Restore/2/3/4] <Fit>: 0,0 Specify opposite corner: 420,297 (Ch c mt khung nhn duy nht). Command: MSPACE Lc by gi ta ang trong model space v thc hin lnh Solprof: Command: Solprof Select objects: (Chn cc solid). Display hidden profile lines on separate layer? [Yes/No] <Y>: (Trnh by cc ng bao v khut trn lp ring hay khng?). Nu nhp Y (YES) th hai block s c to nn, mt block l cc ng bao nhn thy c cn block kia l cc ng khut. Block ng thy c c cng ng bao vi solid c chn v nm trn lp t to PV- (tn Vports), cn block ng khut nm trn lp PH- (tn Vports) v c dng ng HIDDEN
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(nu trong bn v c HIDDEN hnh 8.2, cn khng c th vn xut hin ng CONTINUOUS). Nu nhp N (NO) th ch c lp cha cc ng bao thy.
a) NO
b) YES
Hnh 8.2. Display hidden profile lines on separate layer Project profile lines onto a plane? [Yes/No] <Y>: (Chiu cc ng bao ln mt mt phng hay khng?). Nu nhp Y (YES) s t ng chiu cc ng bao ln mt phng song song vi mn hnh v mt phng ny i qua im gc ca UCS hin hnh. Nu tr li N (NO) cc ng bao gi nguyn hnh dng 3D (dng wireframe). Delete tangential edges? [Yes/No] <Y>: (C xa cc cnh tip xc hay khng?, Nu ta nhp Y (YES) th s xa cc i tng chuyn tip cn nhp N (NO) th cc ng chuyn tip vn gi nguyn).
a) YES Hnh 8.3. Delete tangential adges
b) NO
V d trn hnh 8.3 trc khi thc hin lnh Solprof ta bo trn cnh l giao tuyn mt tr v mt phng ca solid th sau khi thc hin lnh Solprof ti b mt chuyn tip ny s khc nhau. Ch
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- bit tn ca viewport ta s dng lnh List khi ang trong khng gian giy v (paper space). - quan st cc ng bao ta tt (OFF) lp cha solid gc (hnh 8.4).
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Hnh 8.4. To cc hnh chiu t m hnh 3D solid
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Hnh 8.5. Cc lp c to khi thc hin lnh Solprof Cc lp c to khi thc hin lnh Solprof (hnh 8.5) ch thuc viewport tng ng. Khi ta to i tng thuc mt trong cc viewport ny th cc i tng ny s khng xut hin ti cc viewport khc. 8.6. To cc hnh chiu t m hnh 3D (lnh Solview)
Menu bar Draw/Solid>Setup>View Toolbars Solids Nhp lnh Solview
Lnh Solview dng to cc floating viewport vi cc hnh chiu vung gc, hnh chiu ph v hnh ct ca cc solid. Cc thng tin v mi hnh chiu c gi trong floating viewport m ta to. Cc thng tin ny ta s s dng khi thc hin lnh Soldraw. Lnh Solview thc hin trong paper space. Lnh Solview s t ng to cc lp mi: lp cc ng bao thy c (Visible lines), lp cc ng khut (Hidden lines), lp ng ct (Section
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Hatching), lp ng kch thc (Dimesions), Tn cc lp c th hin nh sau. Tn Layer View name - VIS View name - HID View name - DIM View name - HAT Ch Cc thng tin c lu tr trong cc lp va to s c xa hoc cp nht khi ta thc hin lnh Slodraw. Do trn cc lp ny khng nn lu tr cc thng tin thng tr ca bn v. Lnh Solview sp xp cc i tng ca viewport trn lp VPORTS. Lnh Solview s to lp ny nu trong bn v cha c lp cng tn. Lnh Solview c s dng khi bin TILEMODE = 0 v trong paper space. Nu ta ang trong mi trng model space th s dng lnh pspace chuyn sang paper space. Command: Solview Enter an option [Ucs/Ortho/Auxiliary/Section]: (Cc la chn). Cc la chn UCS La chn ny cho ta to cc hnh chiu theo UCS. Command: Solview Enter an option [Ucs/Ortho/Auxiliary/Section]: U Enter an option [Named/World/?/Current] <Current>: Nu trn mn hnh khng c floating viewport th la chn UCS gip ta to viewport chnh v theo viewport ny ta to cc hnh chiu khc. Ta c th s dng UCS hin hnh hoc cc UCS c lu tr trc lm mt phng chiu. Cc hnh chiu trong cc viewport song song mt phng XY ca UCS hin hnh v trc X t tri sang phi. trc Y hng ln trn (tng t Vpoint vi 0, 0, 1). Cc la chn Current Dng Object Visible lines), Hidden lines Dimesions Hatching pattern (for sections) V d Solucs -VIS Solucs - VIS Solucs - DIM Solucs - HAT
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S dng mt phng XY ca viewport hin hnh lm mt phng chiu. La chn ny cho ta to cc hnh chiu theo UCS. Command: Solview Enter an option [Ucs/Ortho/Auxiliary/Section]: U Enter an option [Named/World/?/Current] <Current>: Enter view scale <1>: (T l view). Specify view center: (Chn mt im lm tm quan st). Specify view center <specify viewport>: (Chn mt im khc lm tm quan st, nu va ta nhn ENTER). Specify first corner of viewport: (im ng cho th nht ca viewport). Specify opposite corner of viewport: (im ng cho i din ca viewport). Enter view name: (Tn khung nhn). World S dng mt phng XY ca WCS lm mt phng chiu. Trnh t thc hin tng t la chn Current. Command: Solview Enter an option [Ucs/Ortho/Auxiliary/Section]: U Enter an option [Named/World/?/Current] <Current>: B
? Lit k cc UCS lu tr trong bn v: Command: Solview Enter an option [Ucs/Ortho/Auxiliary/Section]: U Enter an option [Named/World/?/Current] <Current>: ? Enter UCS names to list <*>: Named Hnh chiu s song song vi mt phng XY ca UCS c lu tr trc v ta s gi li. Command: Solview
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Enter an option [Ucs/Ortho/Auxiliary/Section]: U Enter an option [Named/World/?/Current] <Current>: N Enter name of UCS to restore: (Nhp tn ca UCS c ghi). Enter view scale <1.000>: (Nhp t l quan st). Cc dng nhc tip theo tng t la chn Current. ORTHO To cc viewport vi hnh chiu vung gc t m hnh ca viewport hin c. u tin ta chn cnh ca viewport ang c xc nh hng chiu, sau chn tm chiu v v tr viewport cha hnh chiu. Command: Solview Enter an option [Ucs/Ortho/Auxiliary/Section]: O Specify side of viewport to project: (Chn mt cnh ca viewport). Specify view center: (nh im lm tm hnh chiu). Specify view center <specify viewport>: Specify first corner of viewport: (Chn im gc viewport). Specify opposite corner of viewport: (Chn im i din viewport) Enter view name: TOP (Nhp tn ca viewport). AUXILIARY To hnh chiu ph (Auxiliary view) t m hnh ca khung nhn ang c. u tin ta nh hai im xc nh mt chiu cho hnh chiu ph. C hai im phi cng nm trn mt viewport. Command: Solview Enter an option [Ucs/Ortho/Auxiliary/Section]: A Specify first point of inclined plane: (Chn im th nht ca mt nghing). Specify second point of inclined plane: (Chn im th hai ca mt nghing). Specify side to view from: (Chn mt im ty ri nhn ENTER). Specify view center: (Chn mt im vng cn t hnh chiu ph). Specify first corner of viewport: (Chn im gc khung nhn). Specify opposite corner of viewport: (Chn im i din khung nhn).
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Enter view name: HINHCHIEUPHU (Nhp tn khung nhn). SECTION La chn ny to hnh ct cho solid, sau kt hp vi lnh Soldraw ta v mt ct. Theo tiu chun v k thut khng cho php v cc ng khut trn mt ct, do lnh Solview s ng bng (Freeze ) lp tn -HID. u tin ta chn hai im trn viewport cha m hnh nh mt phng ct. Command: Solview Enter an option [Ucs/Ortho/Auxiliary/Section]: S Specify first point of cutting plane: (Chn im th nht mt phng ct). Specify second point of cutting plane: (Chn im th hai mt phng ct). Specify side to view from: (Chn im quan st mt phng ct). Enter view scale < >: (Nhp gi tr dng). Specify view center: (Chn mt im lm view center). Specify first corner of viewport: (Chn im gc th nht ca viewport). Specify opposite corner of viewport: (Chn im gc th hai ca viewport). Enter view name: (Nhp tn viewport).
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8.7. Lnh Soldraw

Menu bar Draw/Solid>Setup>Drawing Toolbars Solids Nhp lnh Soldraw
Lnh Soldraw to cc ng bin dng v mt ct trong cc viewport to bi lnh Solview trc . Cc ng khut v ng thy c chiu trn mt phng vung gc hng quan st. i vi hnh ct, cc ng ct c to nh vo cc bin HPNAME (tn mu mt ct), HPSCALE (t l mu mt ct) v HPANG (gc ca mu mt ct). Tt c cc ng bin v hnh ct trn cc viewport c xa ng thi to cc ng bin v hnh ct mi. Tt c cc lp, ngoi tr cc lp cha ng bin v hnh ct s c ng bng trn mi viewport. Command: Soldraw Select viewports to draw.. Select objects: (Chn viewport). Ch Khng c sp xp cc i tng thng tr ca bn v trn cc lp: View name-VIS, View name-HID v View name HAT. Cc thng tin nm trn cc lp s b xa hoc cp nhp khi thc hin lnh Soldraw. S dng lnh U (Undo) xa viewport va v bng lnh Soldraw.
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Chng 9 QUAN ST M HNH BA CHIU 9.1. Quan st m hnh 3D bng lnh Dview
Menu bar View/3D Dynamic View Toolbars Nhp lnh Dview
S dng lnh Dview (Dynamic dview) ta c th quan st hnh chiu phi cnh m hnh 3D. Command: Dview Select objects or <use DVIEWBLOCK>: (Chn cc i tng cn quan st hnh chiu phi cnh. Nu ti dng nhc ny ta ENTER s xut hin m hnh chi tit thn ca van tit lu hnh 9.1)) Select objects or <use DVIEWBLOCK>: (Tip tc chn m hnh cn quan st hoc nhn ENTER kt thc vic chn i tng). Enter option [CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/CLip/Hide/Off/Undo]: (Cc la chn).
Hnh 9.1 Cc la chn 9.1.1. iu chnh ng knh (Camera) La chn Camera dng quay ng kinh (Camera) chung quanh mc tiu (Target), khong cch t ng knh n mc tiu l khng i (hnh 9.2), tng t nh ta xc nh im nhn ca lnh Vpoint. Command: Dview
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Select objects or <use DVIEWBLOCK>: (Chn cc i tng cn quan st v nhn ENTER). [CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/CLip/Hide/Off/Undo]: CA Specify camera location, or enter angle from XY plane,or [Toggle (angle in)] <35.2644>: (Gc quay ca camera so vi mt phng XY). Specify camera location, or enter angle in XY plane from X axis, or [Toggle (angle from)] <35.26439>: (Gc quay so vi trc X trong mt phng XY).
Hnh 9.2. La chn Camera 9.1.2. iu chnh mc tiu (Target) La chn Target dng quay mc tiu chung quanh ng knh, khong cch gia mc tiu v ng knh khng i (hnh 9.3) v lu bng bin TARGET.
Hnh 9.3. La chn Target Command: Dview Select objects or <use DVIEWBLOCK>: (Chn cc i tng cn quan st v nhn ENTER).
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[CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/CLip/Hide/Off/Undo]: TA Specify camera location, or enter angle from XY plane, or [Toggle (angle in)] <>: (Gc ca mc tiu so vi mt phng XY). Nu nhp T s xut hin dng nhc: Specify camera location, or enter angle in XY plane from X axis, or [Toggle (angle from)] <>: (Gc quay so vi trc X trong mt phng XY). 9.1.3. Quan st hnh chiu phi cnh (Distance) La chn Distance dng thay i khong cch ng knh so vi mc tiu dc theo tia nhn (tia nhn l tia xut pht t ng knh hng v mc tiu). Khi s dng la chn ny m hnh t hnh chiu song song chuyn sang hnh chiu phi cnh (hnh 9.4).
a) Hnh chiu song song Hnh 9.4
b) Hnh chiu phi cnh
Biu tng ta ging nh mt khi lp phng thu nh dn, pha trn mn hnh xut hin mt thc ngang c con chy hnh thoi, trn thc c nhiu vch ng ghi h s t l khong cch t 0x (tri) 16x (phi) nh hnh 9.5. T l cng ln th khong cch cng xa v hnh cng nh dn. Lc ny cng xa im nhn kch thc b thu nh li.
Hnh 9.5
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Trc khi thc hin la chn Distance ta nn nh li v tr mc tiu v im nhn bng la chn Point ca lnh Dview, hoc s dng lnh Vpoint nh im nhn v tr c th quan st ton b m hnh (nhp gi tr tng i ln, v d 100, -100, 100). Gi tr khong cch nhn hin ln ti dng trng thi. Command: Dview [CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/CLip/Hide/Off/Undo]: D Select objects or <use DVIEWBLOCK>: (Chn cc i tng cn quan st v nhn ENTER). Specify new camera-target distance <>: (Khong cch mi hoc ko con chy hnh thoi nh t l khong cch). 9.1.4. Xc nh li v tr v khong cch quan st (POints) La chn POints thay i v tr ng knh, mc tiu v khong cch t ng knh n mc tiu (bin VIEWDIR). Khi s dng la chn Distance m khong cch gia ng knh v mc tiu qu gn ta khng th quan st c m hnh, do phi nh li khong cch v v tr im nhn v mc tiu (hnh 9.6). Command: Dview [CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/CLip/Hide/Off/Undo]: D Select objects or <use DVIEWBLOCK>: (Chn cc i tng cn quan st v nhn ENTER). Specify target point <>: (Nhp vo ta mi ca mc tiu). Specify camera point <>: (Nhp vo ta mi ca ng knh). Trong du < > l ta mc tiu v ng knh hin hnh.
Hnh 9.6. V tr Camera, Target v hnh nh quan st 9.1.5. Thu phng hnh nh (Zoom)
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La chn Zoom phng to hay thu nh mn hnh m khng thay i v tr ng knh v mc tiu, tc l hiu chnh tiu c ng knh (hnh 9.7). Command: Dview [CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/CLip/Hide/Off/Undo]: D Select objects or <use DVIEWBLOCK>: (Chn cc i tng cn quan st v nhn ENTER). Specify zoom scale factor <1>: (Nhp gi tr tiu c mi vo).
Hnh 9.7. M hnh c khong cch quan st gn v tiu c nh 9.1.6. Di chuyn hnh nh (PAn) La chn Pan di chuyn ng knh v mc tiu song song vi mt phng nhn, khong cch nhn khng i. Command: Dview Select objects or <use DVIEWBLOCK>: (Chn cc i tng cn quan st v nhn ENTER). [CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/CLip/Hide/Off/Undo]: PA Specify displacement base point:(Chn im chun di nh lnh PAN). Specify second point: (im di n).
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9.1.7. Quay ng knh (Twist) La chn Twist cho php quay ng knh quanh tia nhn (hnh 9.8), gi tr lu bng bin VIEWTWIST. Command: Dview Select objects or <use DVIEWBLOCK>: (Chn cc i tng cn quan st v nhn ENTER). [CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/CLip/Hide/Off/Undo]:TW
a) Hnh chiu song song 9.1.8. Thit lp mt phng ct (Clip)
b) Quay ng knh vi twist angle = 2900 Hnh 9.8
La chn Clip t hai mt phng ct vung gc vi tia nhn, gi l mt ct trc v mt ct sau qui nh phm vi nhn thy. Ta ch quan st c cc i tng nm gia hai mt phng ct m thi. Command: Dview Select objects or <use DVIEWBLOCK>: (Chn cc i tng cn quan st v nhn ENTER). [CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/CLip/Hide/Off/Undo]:CL Enter clipping option [Back/Front/Off] <Off>: (Chn mt ct trc (front), sau (back) hoc off thot ra khi la chn ny). Nu chn F (front) xut hin dng nhc tip: Specify distance from target or [set to Eye(camera)/ON/OFF] <173.2049>: (xc nh v tr mt ct trc so vi mc tiu). Nu chn B (back) xut hin dng nhc:
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Specify distance from target or [ON/OFF] <-373.8111>: (Khong cch t mc tiu n mt ct sau).
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9.1.9. Che cc nt khut (Hide) La chn Hide dng che cc nt khut. Khi thot ra khi lnh Dview th cc nt khut xut hin tr li (hnh 9. 9). Command: Dview Select objects or <use DVIEWBLOCK>: (Chn cc i tng cn quan st v nhn ENTER). [CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/CLip/Hide/Off/Undo]:H
a) Trc khi Hide Hnh 9.9
b) Sau khi Hide
9.1.10. Tt ch quan st hnh chiu phi cnh (OFF) La chn Off chuyn cc hnh chiu phi cnh ca m hnh 3D ang quan st sang hnh chiu song song. Command: Dview Select objects or <use DVIEWBLOCK>: (Chn cc i tng cn quan st v nhn ENTER). [CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/CLip/Hide/Off/Undo]:O 9.1.11. Hy b thao tc (Undo) v kt thc lnh Dview (eXit) La chn Undo hy b thao tc va thc hin lnh Dview. La chn eXit kt thc lnh Dview. 9.2. Quan st m hnh bng lnh 3dorbit
Menu bar Toolbars 3Dorbit Nhp lnh 3Dorbit
Kim tra s quan st tng tc i tng trong 3D. Lnh 3Dorbit cho php bn thao tc hnh nh i tng 3D bng cch nhp v ko chut.
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Bn c th quan st ton b bn v ca bn, hoc chn mt hoc nhiu i tng trc khi bt u thc hin lnh. Lnh 3Dorbit kch hot 3D view trn viewport hin hnh. Nu UCS c m th biu tng 3D UCS c to mu, m t UCS hin hnh, s xut hin trn 3D orbit view. 3D orbit view hin th mt arcball vi ng trn c chia lm 4 im (quadrant) bi cc ng trn nh (hnh 9.10). Khi 3Dorbit c kch hot th mc tiu ca view tr thnh im dng v v tr camera hoc im quan st di chuyn dc mc tiu. Tm ca arcball khng phi l tm ca i tng m bn ang quan st, m l im mc tiu (target).
Hnh 9.10
Hnh 9.11
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Di chuyn cursor theo cc v tr khc nhau ca arcball lm thay i gc biu tng cursor, ch nh hng m trn view s quay. Trong khi lnh ang c kch hot bn c th truy cp vo cc la chn khc ca lnh 3Dorbit t shortcut menu bng cch nhp phi chut trn vng ha hoc chn cc nt trn thanh cng c 3D Orbit (hnh 9.11). 9.2.1. Realtime 3D rotation Lnh 3Dorbit kch hot s tng tc 3Dorbit view trn viewport hin hnh. Khi thc hin lnh 3Dorbit, bn s dng chut thao tc cc cnh ca m hnh. Bn c th quan st ton b m hnh hoc i tng bt k trn m hnh t cc im khc nhau chung quanh chng. Khi lnh 3Dorbit c kch hot, cc im m bn quan st, hoc gi l mc tiu quan st (target), tr thnh cc im dng. im m t bn quan st m hnh, hoc gi l v tr camera, di chuyn chung quanh mc tiu. Tm ca arcball l im mc tiu (Target). Bn c th t mu cc i tng trn bn v ca bn khi ang kch hot lnh 3Dorbit. 9.2.2. S dng cc la chn lnh 3Dorbit Bn c th thc hin cc la chn 3Dorbit theo shortcut menu. Tuy nhin, nu lnh 3Dorbit khng c kch hot, bn c th nhp lnh 3Dorbit bt u v kch hot mt trong cc la chn trong cng mt lc. bt u 3Dorbit 1 Chn i tng m bn mun quan st vi lnh 3Dorbit. Bn c th quan st ton b m hnh bng cch khng chn bt k i tng no. Tuy nhin, khi chn i tng quan st lm ni bt s biu din ca i tng . Cn ch cc i tng OLE v cc i tng raster khng xut hin 3D orbit view. 2 T View menu, chn 3D Orbit. Mt arcball c xut hin bn trong mt viewport ang kch hot (hnh 9.10). Nu biu tng UCS ang m th chng xut hin di dng t mu. Nu ang m GRIP, mt ng li 3D (3D line grid) thay th cc im li 2D.
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Nhp v ko cursor quay view. Khi bn di chuyn cursor trn cc vng khc nhau ca arcball, biu tng cursor s thay i. Khi bn nhp vo cursor v bt u quay m hnh.
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9.2.3. Ko (Pan) v thu phng (Zoom) trn 3D Orbit View Bn c th vo cc la chn Pan v Zoom t 3D Orbit shortcut menu trn thanh cng c 3D Orbit. ko (pan) trn 3D orbit view 1 bt u 3Dorbit, nhp phm phi trn vng v v chn Pan t 3D Orbit shortcut menu. Khi cursor thay i thnh hand cursor (hnh bn tay). 2 Nhp v ko cursor di chuyn view nm ngang, thng ng hoc theo ng cho. View di chuyn theo hng m bn ko hand cursor. Bn c th chn cc la chn trn shortcut menu nh Projection, Shading modes v Visual aids cng mt lc vi Pan. 3 kt thc la chn Pan, nhp phm phi v chn Orbit hoc Zoom t shortcut menu. thu phng (zoo) trn 3D orbit view 1 Bt u 3Dorbit, nhp phm phi trn vng ha v chn Zoom t shortcut menu. Cursor thay i thnh biu tng hnh knh lp vi du cng (+) v tr (-). Zoom m phng cc nh hng thu knh c tiu c thay i ca my nh bng cch lm cho cc i tng gn hn hoc xa hn. Nu bn ang s dng hnh chiu phi cnh, Zoom phng to hnh chiu phi cnh vi nhng g m bn c th quan st c i tng. iu c th lm bin dng khng ng k hin th ca vi i tng. 2 Nhp v ko ln trn mn hnh phng to. Nhp v ko xung di mn hnh thu nh. 3 thay i Projection hoc Shading model hoc s dng Visual aid bn nhp phm phi v la chn t shortcut menu. 4 kt thc Zoom, nhp phm phi v chn Orbit hoc Pan t shortcut menu. s dng zoom window trn 3D orbit view 1 Bt u 3Dorbit, nhp phm phi trn vng ha v chn More>Zoom Window t shortcut menu. Cursor thay i thnh biu tng hnh ch nht.
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Nhp v ko to mt hnh ch nht chung quanh vng m bn mun chn. Khi bn th nt chn, bn v c phng to ln v hin th vng bn v m bn chn. zoom theo gii hn hnh v (extent) trn 3D orbit view Bt u lnh 3Dorbit, nhp phm phi trn vng ha v chn More>Zoom>Extent t shortcut menu. View c nm tm mn hnh v hin th tt c cc i tng trn mn hnh theo kch thc ln nht c th. hiu chnh khong cch camera trn 3D orbit view Bt u 3Dorbit, nhp phm phi trn vng ha v chn More>Adjust Distance t shortcut menu. Cursor thay i thnh ng thng c mi tn ch ln v xung. Nhp v ko ln trn mn hnh di chuyn camera n gn hn i tng. Nhp v ko v pha di mn hnh di camera ra xa i tng (hnh 9.12). Adjust Distance m phng nh hng ca vic di chuyn camera n gn hn hoc ra xa khi i tng.
a) Ko mi tn ln trn Hnh 9.12
b) Ko mi tn xung di
9.2.4. S dng la chn Projection trn 3D orbit View Bn c th chn s dng php chiu song song hoc phi cnh ca view trong 3Dorbit ang kch hot. chn php chiu song song (parallel) v phi cnh (perspective) trn 3D orbit view 1 2 Bt u 3Dorbit, nhp phm phi trn vng ha v chn Projection. Chn mt trong cc la chn sau:
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Song song (Parallel): Thay i view sao cho hai ng thng song song khng bao gi ht t ti mt im. Hnh dng ca m hnh lun ging nhau v khng c s bin dng khi quan st chng gn hn. Php chiu ny c mc nh. Phi cnh (Perspective): Thay i view sao cho tt c cc ng thng song song nhau hi t v mt im. i tng xut hin li xa dn theo khong cch trong khi cc b phn ca i tng xut hin cng ln khi cng gn im quan st. Cc hnh dng b bin dng mt cht khi quan st i tng rt gn. Mt du kim c hin th ngay sau khi chn la chn Projection. 9.2.5. T mu cc i tng trn 3D Orbit View Cc i tng trn 3D orbit view c t mu cho chng s biu din ba chiu tht hn. Bn c th thay i phng php hin th i tng bng cch s dng cc phng thc t mu khc nhau. thay i phng thc t mu trn 3D orbit view 1 Bt u 3Dorbit, nhp phm phi chut trn vng ha v chn Shading Modes t shortcut menu. 2 Chn mt trong cc la chn sau: Wireframe: Hin th cc i tng trn 3D view bng cch s dng cc on thng v ng cong hin th cc cnh bin (hnh 9.13).
Hnh 9.13
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Hnh 9.14 Hidden: Hin th cc i tng trn 3D view s dng cch hin th dng khung li vi cc ng hin th v cc mt sau c che khut (hnh 9.14). Flat Shaded: T mu cc i tng trn 3D view gia cc mt a gic. iu lm cho cc i tng phn chia thnh cc mt phng v hin th vi mn thp nht (hnh 9.15).
Hnh 9.15 Gouraud Shaded: T mu cc i tng trn 3D view v lm trn cc cnh gia cc mt a gic. iu lm cho cc i tng trn hn, hin th tht hn (hnh 9.16).
Hnh 9.16 Flat Shaded, Edges On: Kt hp cc la chn Flat Shaded v Wireframe. Cc i tng l mt a gic t mu vi s hin th khung li (hnh 9.17).
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Hnh 9.17 Gouraud Shaded, Edges On: Kt hp cc la chn Gouraud Shaded v Wireframe. Cc i tng c t mu theo phng php Gouraud vi khung li c hin th (hnh 9.18).
Hnh 9.18 9.3. Cc lnh lin quan n quan st m hnh 3D Ngoi lnh 3DOrbit, trong AutoCAD cn c mt s lnh lin quan n quan st m hnh 3D: 3Dcorbit, 3Dclip, 3Ddistance, 3Dpan, 3Dsviwel, 3Dzoom, Camera, Cc lnh ny nm trn 3D Orbit toolbar. 9.3.1. Lnh 3Dclip
Menu bar Toolbars 3Dorbit Nhp lnh 3Doclip
Shortcut menu: Bt u lnh 3Dorbit, nhp phm phi trn vng ha v chn More Adjust Clipping Planes. Bt u 3D view tng tc v m Adjust Clipping Planes window, AutoCAD hin th Adjust Clipping Planes window. 9.3.2. Lnh 3Ddistance
Menu bar Toolbars 3Dorbit Nhp lnh 3Ddistance
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Shortcut menu: Bt u lnh 3Dorbit, nhp phm phi trn vng ha v chn More Adjust Distance. Bt u 3D view tng tc lm cho i tng xut hin gn hoc xa hn. Lnh 3Ddistance m phng nh hng ca vic di chuyn camera gn i tng hn hoc xa hn. Khng ging nh 3Dzoom, 3Ddtance khng lm tng qu mc hnh chiu phi cnh hoc lm cho chng bin dng. Lnh 3Ddistance thay i hnh dng cursor thnh mt ng thng c mt mi tn hng ln v mt mi tn hng xung. Nhp v ko cursor ln trn v pha nh mn hnh di chuyn camera gn hn i tng khi s lm cho i tng xut hin ln hn. Nu ta nhp v ko cursor theo hng thng ng xung di mn hnh th di chuyn camera xa i tng hn v lm cho i tng xut hin nh hn. 9.3.3. Lnh 3Dpan
Menu bar Toolbars 3Dorbit Nhp lnh 3Dpan
Shortcut menu: Bt u lnh 3Dorbit, nhp phm phi trn vng ha v chn Pan. Bt u 3D view tng tc v cho php bn ko n v tr bt k. Lnh 3Dpan thay i cursor thnh hand cursor. Khi bn nhp v ko cursor, th view di chuyn theo hng m bn ko. Bn c th ko view theo hng nm ngang, hng thng ng hoc hng bt k. Bn c th quan st ton b bn v ca bn hoc chn mt hoc nhiu i tng trc khi nhp 3Dpan. Quan st ton b bn v c th lm nht i hnh nh ca bn v. 9.3.4. Lnh 3Dswivel
Menu bar Toolbars 3Dorbit Nhp lnh 3Dswivel
Shortcut menu: Bt u lnh 3Dorbit, nhp phm phi trn vng ha v chn More Swivel Camera. Bt u 3D view tng tc v m phng nh hng ca vic quay camera. Lnh 3Dswivel thay i con chy thnh mi tn cun v m phng nh hng
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ca vic quay camera trn tripod. Lnh ny lm thay i mc tiu ca view. V d, nu bn t camera trn i tng v sau quay camera sang bn phi th i tng s di chuyn sang tri trn vng quan st ca bn. Nu bn ch quay camera ln trn, th cc i tng s di chuyn xung di trn vng quan st ca bn. S xoay (swivel) m phng chuyn ng ny bng cch s dng cursor nh l knh ngm ca camera. 9.3.5. Lnh 3Dzoom
Menu bar Toolbars 3Dorbit Nhp lnh 3Dzoom
Shortcut menu: Bt u lnh 3Dorbit, nhp phm phi trn vng ha v chn zoom. Bt u 3D view tng tc, khi m bn c th phng to hoc thu nh trn view. Lnh 3Dzoom m phng nh hng ca thu knh c tiu c bin i ca my nh. N lm cho i tng xut hin gn hn hoc xa hn m khng thay i v tr ca camera. Zoom in phng to hnh nh. Nu bn ang s dng hnh chiu phi cnh, Zoom in phng to hnh chiu phi cnh vi nhng g m bn quan st i tng. iu c th lm bin dng khng ng k hin th ca vi i tng. Zoom thay i con chy thnh hnh knh lp vi cc du hiu cng (+) v tr (-). Nhp v ko ln trn mn hnh phng to. Nhp v ko xung di thu nh. 9.3.6. Lnh 3Dcorbit
Menu bar Toolbars View Nhp lnh Camera
S dng lnh Camera gn v tr camera v target khc nhau, gip bn quan st i tng t cc v tr khc nhau trn bn v. Command: Camera Current camera position is: (V tr hin hnh). Current camera target is: (V tr hin hnh). Specify new camera position <current>: (Nhp gi tr mi camera). Specify new camera target <current>: (Nhp gi tr mi target).
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Ta gn v tr camera v target cho 3D orbit view bng lnh Camera trc khi bt u lnh 3Dorbit 9.3.7. Lnh 3Dcorbit
Menu bar Toolbars 3Dorbit Nhp lnh 3Dcorbit
Shortcut menu: Bt u lnh 3Dorbit, nhp phm phi trn vng ha v chn More> Continue Orbit. Bt u 3D view tng tc v cho php bn gn cc i tng trn 3D view thnh chuyn ng lin tc. Command: 3Dcorbit
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Chng 10 XUT BN V 3D RA GIY Cc bn v xut ra giy bng my in (Printer) hay my v (Plotter). Thc hin xut bn v ra giy dng lnh Plot hoc Print. Khi thc hin lnh Plot nu bin CMDDIA = 1 th xut hin hp thoi Plot. Khi bin ny bng 0 ch xut hin cc dng nhc. Lnh Plot gii thiu k trong ti liu 2D. Khi in cc hnh chiu phi cnh ta chn t l theo scale to Fit. Trnh t thc hin in bn v trong khng gian giy v: Trnh t in bn v trong paper Space c cc bc u tin ging nh to cc hnh chiu 2D t m hnh 3D. 1. 2. Xy dng m hnh bng cc lnh hc. t bin TILEMODE = 0, chn nt MODEL trn dng trng thi hoc chn nt LAYOUT1, LAYOUT2 chuyn sang mi trng lm vic khng gian giy v. Biu tng khng gian giy v xut hin. lc ny ta nn ch l m hnh vn cha xut hin trn mn hnh. 3. nh li gii hn bn v trong khng gian giy v (lnh Limits v ZoomAll). 4. Khng gian giy v c xem nh l mt phng hai chiu, do ta c th chn khung tn v cc ng khung bn v mu vo bn v hin hnh (s dng lnh Insert). Tuy nhin ta c th to khung tn v cc ng khung bn v sau khi thc hin lnh Mview. 5. Sau khi to xong khung tn v ng bao ta s dng lnh Mview to cc khung nhn ng. Cc khung nhn ng c th c kch thc bt k v nm chng ln nhau. Ch rng cc khung nhn c to bng lnh Mview s nm trn lp ang hin hnh v mang cc tnh cht ca lp hin hnh nh color, linetype,Nu sau li tt (OFF) hoc ng bng lp ny th ng bao khung nhn s tt i v s khng c in ra. Tuy nhin cc hnh nh bn trong khung nhn vn c gi nguyn v ta c th in chng.
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6.
Dng lnh Mspace chuyn sang khng gian m hnh v s dng lnh Vpoint ti mi khung nhn to cc im nhn c th quan st cc hnh chiu khc nhau (hnh 10.1). chnh kch thc cc hnh chiu trn cc khung nhn ta dng lnh zoom theo t l XP (t l ny ch c th s dng khi bin TILEMODE = 1). y l t l quan h gia m hnh v t l in trong khng gian giy v. V d: Mun cho kch thc m hnh gp 2 ln kch thc khi in ra trong khng gian giy v th t l s l 1/2XP. Ti mi khung nhn ta nh nh sau: Comman: Zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: 1/2XP . Ta ln lt thc hin lnh Zoom cho cc khung nhn cn li. S dng lnh Mvsetup chnh v tr m hnh. Khi ang khng gian m hnh cc lp ca mi khung nhn c lp vi nhau. S dng lnh Vplayer to cc lp ring cho cc khung nhn ng, khi cc i tng to trn lp ny s khng xut hin cc khung nhn khc. Chuyn sang khng gian giy v, sau ta c th nhp cc dng ch vo bn v, ghi kch thc. Dng lnh Mview gn che nt khut cho m hnh trong cc khung nhn khi in. Command: Mview Specify corner of viewport or [ON/ OFF/ Fit/ Hideplot/ Lock/Object/Polygonal/Restore/2/3/4]<Fit>: F Hidden line removal for plotting [ON/OFF]: ON Select objects: (Chn khung nhn no m ta mun che nt khut khi in bng cch chn vo ng bao ca khung nhn ).
7.
8.
9.
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Mun che khut cc ng bao cc khung nhn th ta tt lp cha ng bao khung nhn (l lp hin hnh khi s dng lnh Mview), hoc ta to mt lp tn KHUNG v s dng lnh Properties hoc Chprop chuyn cc ng bao khung nhn v lp ny, sau tt lp ny i. 10. Lu tp tin bn v (Ch l ang trong khng gian giy v). 11. Sau khi nh cu hnh my ta thc hin lnh Plot, lc ny chn Hide objects khng c tc dng v trong khng gian phng vic che nt khut cho cc m hnh trong cc khung nhn nh bng lnh Mview. Trnh t thc hin vic in cc hnh chiu v che cc nt khut thc hin chung cho cc m hnh 3D. Tuy nhin tng loi m hnh c cc c im nh sau: - i vi m hnh dng Wireframe ta khng th che cc nt khut c. - Nu s dng lnh Solprof to cc ng bin v ng khut th khi in ta tt lp cha m hnh v khng cn thc hin lnh Mview che cc nt khut, v khi ta ch c cc i tng trong khng gian giy v. Sau khi thay i cc bin nh 11 bc trn ta thc hin in bn v bng lnh Plot.
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PHN BI TP THC HNH
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Giao Trinh Cad 3d Nam 2010

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Giao Trinh Cad 3d Nam 2010

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TRNG CAO NG KINH T K THUT

KHOA K THUT CNG NGHIP B MN C KH

THIT K M HNH 3D BNG AUTOCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Hnh 1.2. Hp thoi Hidden Line Settings

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

V d bn c th gn dng ng DASHED cho tt c ng khut m hnh 3D nh sau:

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Hnh 1.6. M hnh mt cong

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

a) Sau khi Hide

b) Sau khi Render

Hnh 1.7. Hnh chiu song song

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

b) Hnh 1.9. UCS v trc Z qui c

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

-1, -2, 3 Rotate

SW hng Ty Nam. SE hng ng Nam. NE hng ng Bc. NW hng Ty Bc.

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

a) Trc khi Plan Hnh 1.15 Command: Plan

b) Sau khi Plan theo WCS

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Hnh 1.16. Hp thoi View

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

b) 3D icon Hnh 2.2

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Chng 3 MT 2 CHIU V CC MT CONG C S 3.1. To mt 2 chiu (Elevation, Thickness)

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

a) Trc khi Edge Hnh 3.4 Cc la chn Specify Edge

b) Sau khi Edge

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Hnh 3.7. Mt hnh nm Command: 3d Enter an option

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Hnh 3.9. Mt na cu di 3.4.5. Mt na cu trn Dome (lnh AI_Dome)

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

Thit k m hnh 3D bng AutoCAD

S dng lnh Cone ca lnh 3D hoc lnh AI_Cone to mt nn (hnh 3.13).