ai hoc Quoc gia Tp Ho Ch Minh Trng ai hoc Bach Khoa Khoa Cong nghe Hoa hoc & Dau

kh BO MON CONG NGHE SINH HOC

Tieu luan

TRA-CA PHE- CA CAO LEN MEN

GVHD SVTH

Lp Nam hoc

: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng : Ngo Th Minh Chau Pham Th Nh ang Phan Thu Quynh Ly Hong Ngoc Van : HC02BSH : 2005 2006

ai hoc Quoc gia Tp Ho Ch Minh

MUC LUC
TRANG PHAN I: TRA LEN MEN I GII THIEU VE TRA ...................................................................................... 02 1.Gii thieu ve tra ..................................................................................... 02 1.1 Nguon goc cay tra ................................................................ 02 1.2 Mot so giong cay tra 2. Gii thieu ve tra .................................................................................... 03 2.1 nh ngha ........................................................................... 03 2.2 Phan loai .............................................................................. 03 2.3 Tnh hnh san xuat tra nc ta .......................................... 03 2.4 Thanh phan hoa hoc cua tra ................................................ 03 2.4.1 Tanin........................................................................... 05 2.4.2 Protid va axit amin..................................................... 05 2.4.3 Ancaloit....................................................................... 05 2.4.4 Enzym ......................................................................... 05 2.4.5 Gluxit .......................................................................... 05 2.4.6 Chat mau .................................................................... 05 2.4.7 Chat thm ................................................................... 05 II.QUY TRNH SAN XUAT 1. Quy trnh san xuat tra en .................................................................... 06 2. Mot so quy trnh san xuat cac loai tra khac........................................... 07 3. Giai thch quy trnh ................................................................................ 07 3.1 Giai oan lam heo ............................................................... 07 3.2 Giai oan vo ........................................................................ 08 3.3 Len men............................................................................... 08 3.4 Say ....................................................................................... 09 PHAN II: CA PHE LEN MEN CHNG I: TONG QUAN VE CA PHE VA CA PHE NHAN........................ 11 I. Nguon goc va lch s phat trien ..................................................................... 11 II. Mo ta cay ca phe va ph an loai .................................................................... 11 1. Mo ta cay ca phe ................................................................................... 12 2. Phan loai ................................................................................................ 12 2.1 Ca phe che........................................................................... 12 2.2 Ca phe voi ........................................................................... 13 2.3 Ca phe mt ........................................................................... 13 III. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua ca phe nhan ......................................................... 14 1. Cau tao hat ca phe................................................................................. 14 2. Thanh phan hoa hoc hat ca phe ............................................................. 15 3. Tong quan ve caffeine........................................................................... 16 3.1 Tnh chat hoa hoc ................................................................ 16 3.2 Tac dung dc ly cua caffeine ............................................ 16 IV. Cong dung ca phe ....................................................................................... 18 1. Cong dung ca phe .................................................................................. 18

2. Dc tnh ca phe.................................................................................... 18 V. Tieu chuan chat lng ca p he hoa tan........................................................... 18 1. Yeu cau thanh phan .............................................................................. 18 2. Ch tieu khac ......................................................................................... 18 CHNG III: QUY TRNH CONG NGHE THEO PHNG PHAP TRUYEN THONG I. Tac nhan vi sinh vat ........................................................................................ 19 II. Ban chat sinh hoa .......................................................................................... 19 III. Quy trnh cong nghe ..................................................................................... 19 CHNG IV: QUY TRNH SAN XUAT CA PHE THEO P HNG PHAP SINH HOC I. Tac nhan vi sinh vat ........................................................................................ 25 II. Ban chat sinh hoa .......................................................................................... 26 III. Quy trnh san xuat va phan tch quy trnh .................................................... 26 1. Thu nhan ca phe ..................................................................................... 28 2. Boc vo ..................................................................................................... 28 3. Len men.................................................................................................. 28 4. Say .......................................................................................................... 28 IV. Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh len men ............................................... 29 1. Anh hng o am hat ca phe en qua trnh len men ............................. 29 2. Anh hng thi gian len men en pH cua dung dch va trong lng khoi len men........................................................................................................................ 29 3. Anh hng ham lng moc them vao .................................................... 29 4. Anh hng nhiet o cua qua trnh len men ............................................. 29 V. Ch tieu cam quan va ch tieu chat lng ...................................................... 30 PHAN III: CA CAO LEN MEN I. Gii thieu ve cay ca cao .................................................................................. 32 1. Phan loai thc vat hoc .......................................................................... 32 2. ac iem hnh thai cay ca cao.............................................................. 32 3. ac iem sinh thai cay ca cao .............................................................. 33 4. Thanh phan hoa hoc trai ca cao............................................................ 33 II. Th trng san xuat ca cao.............................................................................. 33 III. Qua trnh len men ca cao............................................................................... 34 1. Muc ch cua qua trnh len men ca cao ............................................... 34 2. He vi sinh vat gay len men ca cao....................................................... 34 3. Ban chat sinh hoa va nhng bien oi sinh hoa dien ra trong qua trnh len men u hat ca cao.................................................................................................... 35 4. Nhng bien oi vi sinh vat trong qua trnh len men ............................. 35 5. Thi gian len men................................................................................. 35 6. Cac kieu len men hat ca cao tren the gii ............................................ 35 6.1 Phng phap u thanh ong ................................................ 35 6.2 Phng phap u trong thung................................................ 35 6.3 Phng phap u trong thung................................................ 35 6.4 Phng phap u tren khay ................................................... 35 IV. Cong nghe san xuat bot ca cao ...................................................................... 36

1. Quy trnh cong nghe ............................................................................. 36 2. Giai thch quy trnh .............................................................................. 37 2.1 U hat ca cao ..................................................................... 37 2.2 Phi va say hat ca cao nhan ............................................ 38 2.3 Loai bo tap chat ............................................................... 39 2.4 Rang tach vo .................................................................... 39 2.5 Nghien tho, phan ly ......................................................... 39 2.6 Nghien nhan ca cao ......................................................... 39 2.7 Ep..................................................................................... 39 2.8 Xay banh dau ................................................................... 40 2.9 Sang ................................................................................. 40 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

PHAN I : TRA LEN MEN

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

LEN MEN TRA

I. GII THIEU VE TRA: 1. Gii thieu ve cay tra: 1.1.Nguon goc cua cay tra[1]: Cay Tra xuat hien t luc nao tren qua ia cau nay cha ai xac nh c , theo nh cac bang thong ke viec san xuat tra tren the gii va kho d lieu ve tra cua Trung Hoa a lam cho ngi ta lam tng rang que hng cua cay tra la Trung Quoc hay An-o. Nhng theo cac tai lieu xa co va ket qua nghien cu gan ay cua nhng nha khoa hoc va hiep hoi tra th tra khong xuat x t Trung Hoa hay An o ( ngi ta khong tm thay cay tra thien nhien hay cay tra hoang moc cac vung chau tho song Hoang Ha hay song Hang Ha).Que hng that s cua cay tra tan mai phng Nam. Mac du ngi Trung Hoa a biet en cay tra t thi nha Chau (1134 -770 BC) nhng mai en i nha Tuy ( 581 - 618 AC) tra mi c du nhap vao Trung Quoc t hai nc Nam Chieu va Nam-Viet. en at Tau tra c cham soc ky lng va tinh vi, sau khoang thi gian dai, tra c a len hang nghe thuat. Hien nay tren the gii co tren 40 dan toc co thi quen dung tra lam thc uong Nam 1753, nha thc vat hoc Thu-ien ten la Carl Von Liaeus at ten khoa-hoc cho cay tra la Theaceae, loai Camellia sinensis va xac nh cay tra co nguon goc Trung Quoc. Nhng mot so cac nha hoc gia ngi Anh th cho rang nguon goc cay tra xuat phat t An-o, va cuoc tranh luan keo dai tren hai the ky. Nam 1976, Djemukhatze mot nha nghien cu thuoc vien Han-Lam khoa-hoc Nga-Xo , a en nghien cu vung tra co thu tai Viet Nam trong 2 nam lien bang phng phap sinh hoa thc vat, Ong a tm ra nhng vet tch cay tra va la tra hoa thach t thi ky o a vung at to Hung Vng Phu-Tho. Tai vung Suoi Giang, Ngha Lo Yen-Bai tren o cao khoang 1000 thc tren mat bien, co mot vung tra hoang dai khoang 40,000 cay, co 3 cay tra co thu song hang ngan nam, cay ln nhat chieu cao khoang 9 thc, vong ngang o 3 ngi om khong xue. vung Cao Bac Lang co nhng cay tra hoang co thu cao ti18 thc. Do o ong xac nh rang Viet-Nam chnh la que-hng cua cay tra tren the gii. 1.2 Mot so giong cay tra [2]: Tra trong vung oi nui cao co kh hau va tho nhng thch hp . -Camellia sinensis: la cay tra trong An o va Trung Quoc.

-Honey bush (Cyclopia spp): trong Nam Phi, co v ngot nhe, giong v mat ong. 2

Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

2. Gii thieu ve tra: 2.1 Tra la mot loai nc giai khat pho bien. hien nay ngi ta a phat hien ra ngoai tac dung giai khat ra, tra con co kha nang cha benh bi v trong tra co nhng dc chat nh: vitamin C, B, PP, cafein, cathesin, muoi khoang... tra lam tinh than sang khoai, tnh tao, met moi, de tieu hoa, tra con chong c benh ng ruot nh tieu chay... 2.2 Phan loai: Co 3 loai tra c san xuat hien nay: -Tra en (Black Tea) la tra c len men hoan toan, co mui thm nong, mau ho phach hay mau o nau am. -Tra xanh (green tea) la tra khong len men, co mui thm nhe, mau xanh. -Tra len mot phan( Oolong tea).
Non-fermented Light-fermented Medium-fermented Fully-fermented

Fuding Bai Hao Green Pu-erh tuo cha, a type of compressed Yinzhen tea, a white tea raw pu-erh 2.3. Tnh hnh san xuat tra nc ta: Theo Tong cong ty tra Vinatea ( Tra Viet Nam ) t nam 2000, toan coi Viet Nam co 124 au moi xuat khau tra va 43 quoc gia ban hang. Va Viet Nam tr thanh mot trong 10 quoc gia san xuat tra nhieu nhat tren the gii vi san lng 327 ngan tan /1 nam tra kho. Ngoai nc ta ra con co rat nhieu nc tren the gii san xuat tra rat manh nh India, China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Iran, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Japan, Indonesia, Nepal, Australia, Argentina, va Kenya 2.4. Thanh ph an hoa hoc cua tra: Nc : chiem 76% bup tra va 74-75% la tra non. 3

Da Hong Pao tea an Oolong tea

Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Chat hoa tan: chiem 56% trong lng chat kho, trong o 50 % la hp chat phenol va gan 50% la gluxit tan, protit, axit amin, alcaloit ( chu yeu la cafein), sac to, vitamin, enzyme. Bang 1: Thanh phan hng cua tra en Hp chat a-pinene Linalool oxide 1 Linalool oxide 2 Citronellal Benzaldehyde Linalool Phenyl acetaldehyde Geranyl acetate Methyl jasmonte Nerol Geraniol a-ionone Benzyl alcohol Phenyl ethanol b-ionone cis-nerolidol Methyl jasmon

Bang 2: Thanh phan hoa hoc cua tra en Thanh p han Theaflavins (%) Thearubigins (%) High polymerized substances (%) Caffeine % Total polyphenols % Amino acids % Protein % Lipid % Carbohydrates % Moisture % Calcium (mg/100 g) Phosphorus (mg/100 g) Iron (mg/100 g) Sodium (mg/100 g) Potassium (mg/100 g) Vitamin A (U /100 g) Vitamin A (IU/100 g) Vitamin B1 (mg/100 g) Vitamin B2 (mg/100 g) Niacin (mg/100 g) Gallic acid (%) Epigallo catechin (%) (+) Catechin (%) Epicatechin (%) Epigallocatechin gallate (%) Epicatechin gallate (%) 4 Giau tro 0.78 8.02 11.19 3.51 20.0 1.0 20.6 2.5 32.1 6.0 470 320 17.4 3.0 2000 900 500 0.10 0.80 10 0.15 0.57 0.18 1.51 2.86 0.30

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

2.4.1 Tanin: Tannin la hp chat phenol va poliphenol (dan xuat cua no). Hien nay co nhieu kieu phan loai tannin nhng ngi ta thng dung 2 kieu phan loai sau: *Phan loai theo thanh phan hoa hoc: -Tanin ngng tu: gom ester cua acid galic vi ng -Tanin thuy phan: gom ester cua axit galic vi phan phi ng *Phan loai theo khung cacbon: -Dang 1:co khung cacbon dang C6-C1 -Dang 2: co khung cacbon dang C6-C2 -Dang 3: co khung cacbon dang C6-C3-C6 2.4.2 Protit va axitamin: Chiem 22-26% chat kho Protit cua tra hoa tan trong nc va co tnh chat kiem, tan t trong con va axit tra kho lng protit chiem 29,6% con tra non lipit chiem 24-26% Qua che bien ham lng protit va axit amin co thay oi. Lng protit giam con lng axit amin tang len do trong qua trnh thuy phan mot phan protit tao thanh axit amin. Axit amin t do tac dung vi dan xuat cathesol cua tra tao andehyt co mui thm de chu cho tra 2.4.3 Ancaloit: Cafein la ancaloit quan trong chiem thanh phan chu yeu trong tra. Chiem 3-5 % trong lng tra. Ngoai ra con co Theo-bromin, Theo-philin vi ham lng rat nho 0.33% nhng co vai tro quan trong trong tao hng tra. Lng cafein trong tra nhieu gap 4 lan trong ca phe 2.4.4 Enzym: Trong la tra co 2 nhom enzym quan trong la enzyme oxy hoa kh va nhom enzyme thuy phan. Enzyme oxy hoa kh: polyphenol oxydase va peroxydase 2.4.5 Gluxit: Tuy theo ieu kien trong trot va thu hai ma ta co ham lng gluxit thay doi nhieu hay t 2.4.6 Chat mau: Mau cua nc tra la mot ch tieu cam quan quan trong cua tra thanh pham. Mau cua tra do hai loai sac to tao nen: sac to co san trong nguyen lieu ban au va sac to tao ra trong qua trnh che bien. -Sac to t nhien ban au chu yeu la clorofil A, clorofil B, pheo[hytyl A, B carotenoit, Xantophin, Viocxantin,qua gia cong che bien th thng giam i. -Sac to tao ra trong qua trnh che bien: Teaflavin (TF) va Tearubigin (TR) la 2 chat mau ac trng co trong che en. TF co mau vang anh kim, con TR co mau o nau. Chung c hnh thanh do hang loat phan ng ke tiep nhau, oxy hoa cac hp chat polyphenol trong qua trnh len men la che, nh o, a tao ra nhng tnh chat ac trng ve mui, v.. mau sac cua che en. 2.4.7 Chat thm: Cung la mot ch tieu quan trong cua tra thanh pham. Tao t nguon t nhien va qua gia cong che bien. II. QUY TRNH SAN XUAT:

Tra-ca phe-ca cao 1. Quy trnh san xuat tra en:

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

2. Mot so quy trnh san xuat cac loai tra khac:

3. Giai thch quy trnh: 3.1) Giai oan lam heo: Muc ch giai oan nay la giam bt ham lng nc trong bup che, tao ieu kien thuan li cho qua trnh vo. Khi lam heo, lng nc cua bup che giam i 38 - 40%, lam cho bup che deo dai hn giup cho qua trnh vo giap nat. Khi lng nc giam th ham lng chat kho tr nen am ac, tao ieu kien cho cac phan ng sinh hoa va cac qua trnh bien oi khac dien ra de dang hn, nang cao chat lng che thanh pham. Protein bien oi sau sac e tao thanh cac axit amin hoa tan. Mot so chat khac nh VitaminC, diep luc. Tinh bot giam i, cafein co tang len mot chut do axitamin hnh thanh cafein. ieu kien can thiet e lam heo tot la: - Am o khong kh : 60 - 70% - Nhiet o khong kh: 44 - 450 C - Thi gian heo: 3 - 4 gi. Phng phap lam heo: co the dung phng phap t nhien nh nh nang, gio, khong khhay dung phng phap nhan tao :Tra thu hoach se c trai eu tren cac mang co nhieu lo nho an sen co be ngang 4 en 5 feet, con chieu dai la t 50-70 feet. Khong kh nong va lanh se c thoi xuyen qua cac la tra e lam giam o am , thi gian thc hien la 16-18 gi.

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

3.2. Giai oan vo : Cac chat hoa tan trong nc co trong te bao, ac biet la Catesin muon thc hien c qua trnh oxy hoa di tac dung cua cac enzym Polyphenoxlaza va Peroxidaza phai c tiep can vi oxygen, vay can phai pha v vo va mang te bao e chuyen cac enzym va c chat cua chung ra be mat cua la. Ngoai ra, do qua trnh vo, cac chat hoa tan se i vao nc nong tot va nhanh hn khi pha che, va the tch khoi che cung giam han i. Qua trnh vo can at c o giap cua te bao la 70 75%. Trong giai giai oan nay qua trnh len men cung bat au xay mot phan. Nhiet o la 220 24 C, o am khong kh 90 - 92%. Hien nay dung phng phap vo thu cong hay vo bang may.

3.3 Len men: Thc s dung t ng len men ay la khong ung, v ta tan dung he enzyme co san trong tra e oxy hoa cac chat trong tra ch khong dung he enzyme cua bat k vi sinh vat nao. Cac nha khoa hoc chia qua trnh len men la che lam hai giai oan (2 pha). Giai oan mot khi te bao cua la b pha v sau lan vo 1, giai oan nay keo dai t 2 - 3 gi. Gia oan hai ke t khi bat au a che vao phong len men cho en khi qua trnh len men ket thuc. Trong giai oan len men e cac enzyme trong la tra co the hoat ong ieu kien tot nhat th nhiet o len men la 24-26 0C, o am khong kh la 95-98%, trung bnh 1 m3 khong kh/70-100 kg tra va phai luon lu thong khong kh mat cho phong len men (6 lan/khong kh/gi). Ta xep tra len cac khay bang ximang hay bang nhom, chieu day lp tra tren khay len men la 4-6 cm. cac khay co the c xep chong len nhau tren mot gia . Trong qua trnh len men hang loat phan ng sinh hoc xay ra.ham lng tanin giam dan trong qua trnh len men. S giam ham lng tanin la do qua trnh oxy hoa di s xuc tac cua men polyphenoloxydaza e hnh thanh cac chat mi co v chat du va tao nen chat mau (oquinon). ong thi vi s giam tannin la s tch luy ham lng TF co xu hng lien tuc giam dan mot cach eu an, ieu o chng to co s chuyen hoa manh me e bien TF la chat co mau vang sang thanh TR. Mau sac cua nc che bien oi dan t mau xanh vang - Vang nhat - o nau sang - o nau, co vien vang - o nau am, co vien vang - Nau, hi toi - Nau, toi uc, co the thay rat ro ham lng TR tang dan, lam cho nc che am dan va chuyen sang mau nau va nc che tr nen uc, o la dau hieu suy giam chat lng cua che. Mui thm cua nc che 8

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

cung thay oi cung vi thi gian len men. Thi gian au, qua trnh len men mi xay ra cha u tch luy mui ac trng nen nc che kem thm va co mui hang ngai. V cua che cung thay oi nhieu phu thuoc vao thi gian len men. Khoang thi gian au cua qua trnh len men, v cua che con mang nhieu net cua tanin cha b oxy hoa nen nc che co v chat ang. V cua che dan dan chuyen t v chat sang v chat du roi sau v nc che tr nen am va co hau. ay la v rat ac trng cua che en co chat lng cao. Sau thi iem nay, nc che dan dan giam cng o v, tc la v che nhat dan. ieu nay xay ra la do tanin che a b ton that mot phan do lien ket vi protein trong la che va bien thanh trang thai khong hoa tan. Cac sac to carotenoid b oxy hoa se tao thanh cac chat thm nh andehyt khong no va cac axeton, v ang chat cua tra se b thay dan bi v chat du hap dan. Thi gian len men la t 2 -4 gi. Trong qua trnh len men co s len men cua nam si Aspergillus spp., A. indicus, A. flavus and A. niveus, cac loai nam si nay se tiet ra enzyme pectinase, giup cho qua trnh giai phong cac chat tr nen de dang hn. 3.4 Say: Nh a noi tren, mc o len men tra khac nhau se tao ra cac loai tra khac nhau, khi a thay la la tra co mau va mui ac trung cua loai san pham ma ta nuon thu nhan th dng qua trnh len men lai bang cach em tra i say nhiet o khoang 1200C e loai het o am cua tra, s y 30-40 pht. Neu o am cua tra khong thch hp th luc nay cac nam moc co san tren la tra se phat trien va tao ra cac chat oc va nhng chat gay benh ung th, do o ay la qua trnh len men khong can thiet va ta phai tranh qua trnh nay.

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

PHAN II : CA PHE LEN MEN

10

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

CHNG I: TONG QUAN VE CAY CA PHE VA CA PHE NHAN

NGUON GOC VA LCH S PHAT TRIEN CUA CAY CA PHE: Ten goi coffee xuat phat t tieng A rap la kahwa, ma luc au la mot t ng trong th ca e ch ru vang. Do luat cua ao hoi nghiem cam giao dan uong ru, nen ten goi ay b bien tng thanh coffee va thong qua tieng goi tng ng cua tho nhy ky la Kahweb tr thanh Cafe ( Phap), Caffee (Y), Kaffee (c), Koffie (Ha Lan), Coffee (Anh), va ten Latinh la Coffea dung trong phan loai giong ca phe thc vat Tai Viet Nam cay ca phe c cac nha truyen ao cong giao a vao trong th nam 1857 Bo Trach (Quang Bnh) va Quang Tr. en nam 1870 cay ca phe a thay Ha Nam Ninh. Nam 1888, thc dan Phap a thanh lap cac on ien ca phe Nghe An, Quang Tr, ac Lac. Cac on ien ln moc len Ngan Tri, Ngan Pho, Ngan Sau - Ha Tnh (1910), Yen My Thanh Hoa (1911), Ngha an - Nghe An (1913)en 1920-1925, khi khai pha vung at bazan ph nhieu Tay Nguyen, ngi Phap a a ca phe vao trong ay. en 1945 tong dien tch ca phe toan quoc khoang 10.070 ha, nang suat ca phe che khoang 4-5 ta/ha, ca phe voi 5-6 ta/ha. Khoang 10 nam gan ay, cay ca phe Viet Nam a co nhng bc phat trien manh me ve dien tch, nang suat va san lng. II. MO TA CAY CA PHE VA PHAN LOAI: 1. Mo ta cay ca phe: I.

Hnh 1.1: Cay ca phe

Hnh 1.2: Qua ca phe

Hnh 1.3: Hoa ca phe

Ca phe la ten mot chi thc vat thuoc ho thien thao vi bao gom khoang 500 chi khac nhau vi tren 6000 loai cay nhiet i. Chi ca phe bao gom nhieu loai cay lau nam khac nhau. Tuy nhien khong phai loai nao cung cha caffeine trong hat. Ch co hai loai ca p he co y ngha kinh te la ca phe Arabica va ca phe Robusta ngoai ra con co ca phe mt vi san lng khong ang ke. Cay ca phe che co the cao ti 6m, ca phe voi ti 10m. tuy nhien cac trang trai ngi ta thng phai cat ta e gi c o cao t 2-4m, thuan li cho viec thu hoach. Cay ca phe co canh thon dai, la cuong ngan, xanh am, hnh oval. Mat tren la co mau xanh tham, mat di xanh nhat hn. Chieu dai cua la khoang 8-15cm, rong 4-6cm. Re cay ca phe la loai de coc, cam sau vao long at t 1-2.5cm vi rat nhieu re phu toa ra xung quanh lam nhiem vu hut chat dinh dng nuoi cay. 11

Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Hoa ca phe mau trang, co nam canh, thng moc thanh chum oi hoac chum ba. Mau hoa va hng hoa de lam ta lien tng ti hoa nhai. Hoa ch n trong vong t 3 en 4 ngay va thi gian thu phan ch vai ba tieng. Trong thi gian chn mau sac cua qua thay oi t xanh sang vang roi cuoi cung la o. Qua co mau en khi a chn nau. Thong thng qua caphe co hai hat. Chung c bao boc bi lp tht qua ben ngoai. Hai hat ca phe nam ep sat nhau. Moi hat c bao ve bi hai mang mong: mot lp mau trang bam chat lay vo hat, mot lp mau vang ri rat hn boc ben ngoai. Thnh thoang cung gap nhng qua co mot hat.

Hnh 1.4: Cau tao qua ca phe 2. Phan loai: Ca phe co nhieu chung loai nhng pho bien nhat la 3 giong sau: 2.1 Ca phe che (coffea Arabica L. ): Gii: Thc vat Nghanh: Magnoliophyta (Hat kn). Lp: Magnoliopsida (Hai la mam). Bo: Gentianales (Long m). Ho: Rubiaceae (Ca phe). Chi: Coffea (Ca phe). Loai : C. arbica. Danh phap khoa hoc la Coffea Arabica

Hnh 2.1: Cay ca phe che

Hnh 2.2: Qua ca phe che

Nguon goc cao nguyen Jimma, thuoc nc Etiopia, vung nhiet i pha ong Chau Phi. Gom cac chung nh : Typpica Bourbon, Moka, Caturra, Catuai, Catimor 12

Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

ay la ca phe c trong lau i nhat va tieu thu nhieu nhat tren the gii v thm ngon, du (chiem 70% san lng ca phe tren the gii). Ham lng caffeine trong hat trung bnh 1,3%. Cay thuoc dang bui, than cao 3 - 4m, canh oi xng, mem, ru xuong. La moc oi xng, hnh trng dai, au nhon, ra la quan, xanh am. Qua ca phe thuoc loai qua tht, hnh trng, khi chn co mau o ti (chung Caturra amarello co qua mau vang), chieu dai 10 - 18mm, rong 8 12mm. Hat ca phe hnh tron det, co mau xanh xam, xanh luc, xanh com tuy theo giong va ieu kien bao quan, che bien. Cay ca phe che co ac tnh t thu phan nen co o thuan chung cao hn cac loai ca phe khac. Cay ca phe che a ni mat va hi lanh. Pham vi thch hp 18 25oC, thch hp nhat la t 10 20oC. Do yeu cau nh vay nen ca phe thng trong mien nui co o cao t 1000 1500m. Cac nc trong ca phe che co hng v thm ngon nh : Kenya, Tazania, Etiopia, Colombiathng trong ni co o cao 800m tr len. ay la cay co gia tr kinh te nhat trong so cac loai cay ca phe. Ca phe che chiem 61% cac san pham ca phe tren toan the gii. Ca phe Arabica con c goi la Brazilian Milds neu no en t Brasil, goi la Colombian Milds neu no en t Colombia va goi la Other Milds neu no en t cac nc khac. Qua o ta thay Barsil va Colombia la hai nc xuat khau chnh loai ca phe nay, chat lng ca phe cua ho cung c anh gia cao nhat. Cac nc xuat khau gom co Ethiopia, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Peru, An o. Tren th trng ca phe che c anh gia cao hn ca phe voi v co hng v thm ngon va cha t ham lng caffeine hn. Mot bao ca phe thng co gia cao gap 2 lan ca phe voi. Viet nam la nc xuat khau ca phe ln ng th hai tren the gii nhng chu yeu la ca phe voi. 2.2 Ca phe voi ( Coffea Canephora hay Coffea Robusta):

Hnh 2.3: Cay ca phe voi

Hnh 2.5: Qua caphe voi

Gii: Thc vat Nghanh: Magnoliophyta (Hat kn). Lp: Magnoliopsida (Hai la mam). Bo: Gentianales (Long m). Ho: Rubiaceae (Ca phe). Chi: Coffea (Ca phe). Loai : C. robusta. Danh phap khoa hoc la Coffea canephora Ca phe voi la cay quan trong th hai trong cac loai ca phe. Khoang 39% cac san pham ca phe c san xuat t loai ca phe nay. Nc xuat khau ca phe voi ln nhat the gii la viet nam. Cac nc xuat khau quan trong khac gom: Uganda, Brasil, An o.

13

Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Nguon goc khu vc song Cong-go, mien vung thap xch ao va nhiet i Tay Chau Phi, co rat nhieu chung loai khac nhau ve kch thc la, o gn song cua phien la, mau sac la va qua, hnh dang quaSong chung loai c trong pho bien nhat cac nc tren the gii la Robusta. Ca phe voi co ham lng caffeine trong hat chiem 1,97 - 3,06% (cao nhat trong 3 loai ca phe). Cay co mot hoac nhieu than, cay cao 8 - 12m, canh dai ru xuong. La hnh trng hoac hnh li mac, mui nhon, phien la gn song manh. Qua hnh trng, num qua nho, tren qua thng co nhieu gan doc, qua chn co mau o hoac hong. Kch thc hat thng nho hn ca phe che, hat co dang hnh tron, day, mau xanh bac, xanh luc hoac xanh nau tuy chung loai va cach che bien. T le nhan tren qua cao hn ca phe che. Ca phe voi khong t thu phan c, ieu nay dan ti s a dang vn ca phe voi trong bang hat. Ca phe voi thch ni nong am, nhiet o thch hp nhat la 24-29oC, can nhieu anh sang mat tri hn ca phe che. Ca phe voi cha ham lng caffeine cao hn va co hng v khong tinh khiet bang ca phe che, do vay c anh gia thap hn. Gia mot bao ca phe Canephora thng ch bang mot na so vi ca phe Arabica. Hien nay ca phe nay gan 90% dien tch ca phe viet nam, 10% trong ca phe che, khoang 1% con lai trong ca phe mt. Loai nay hien nay co hai loai ang c trong Viet Nam la: Moka: mui thm quyen ru, ngao ngat, v ngot nhe, nhng san lng rat thap, v trong khong u chi ph nen ngi dan t trong loai ca phe nay. Catimor: mui thm nong nan, hi co v chua, gia xuat gap hai lan Robusta nhng khong thch hp vi kh hau vung at tay nguyen v trai chn trong mua ma va khong tap trung nen chi ph hai rat cao. Hien nay tai Quang Tr hien ang trong th nghiem, ai tra loai cay va co trien vong tot. 2.3 Ca phe mt (Coffea Excelsa Chev): Phat hien au tien nam 1902 x Ubagui- Chari nen thng c goi la ca phe Chari. Ham lng caffeine trong hat 1,02-1,15%. Cay cao 6 - 15m, la to, hnh trng hoac hnh li mac. Qua hnh trng, hi det, num qua loi. Qua to khi chn co mau o sam, hat mau xanh nga vang, vo lua bam chat vao hat kho lam troc het. Ca phe mt t thm, co v chua hng kem hoac khong co hng, chat lng nc uong t c a chuong. THANH PHAN CUA CA PHE NHAN: 1. Cau tao hat ca phe: Hat ca phe bao gom co vo qua, lp tht qua, vo thoc, vo lua va nhan. 2. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua hat ca phe: Hat ca phe xanh giau lucid va lipid, glucid chiem hn 50% phan ln la cac polysacaride. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua ca phe nhan phu thuoc vao chung loai, o chn, ieu kien canh tac, phng phap che bien va bao quan. Thanh phan hoa hoc trong hat ca phe co anh hng rat tot trong qua trnh anh gia chat lng th nem cam quan. 1.1.1 2.1 Nc: Trong nhan ca phe a say kho con khoang 10-12% nc dang lien ket. Sau khi rang, ham lng nc trong ca phe con khoang 2,7%. Ham lng nc trong ca phe anh hng thc III.

14

Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

tiep en chat lng ca phe. Neu o am cao, vi sinh vat de phat trien va hng ca phe de b ton that. 1.1.2 2.2 Chat khoang: Ham lng chat khoang trong ca phe khoang 3-5%, chu yeu la Kali, Magie, Phospho, Clo ngoai ra con co nhom, sat, ong, iot, lu huynh Nhng chat nay anh hng khong tot en mui ca phe rang. Ca phe co lng khoang cang thap th cang tot. 1.1.3 2.3 Glucide: Glucide chiem khoang 50% tong lng chat kho trong ca phe. Cac chat nay khong tham gia vao thanh phan nc uong ma co tac dung tao mau sac va v caramel cho ca phe. 1.1.4 2.4 Protein: Ham lng protein trong ca phe khong cao nhng co vai tro quan trong trong viec hnh thanh hng v cho san pham. Trong o, cac acid amin cha lu huynh nh cystine, methionine la quan trong nhat, chung tao nen hng thm manh cho ca phe rang. ac biet, methionine va proline co tac dung lam giam toc o oxy hoa cac chat thm, giup gi c mui thm cua ca phe trong qua trnh bao quan. 1.1.5 2.5 Lipid: Ham lng lipid trong ca phe kha ln (10 -13%) gom co dau va sap. Trong qua trnh che bien, mot phan acid beo tham gia phan ng di tac dung cua nhiet o cao tao nen hng thm cho san pham. Lng lipid con lai khong b bien oi chnh la dung moi tot e hoa tan cac chat thm. 1.1.6 2.6 Cac ankaloid: Trong ca phe co cac ankaloid nh caffeine, trigonelline, betain, colin. Trong o, quan trong nhat la caffeine va trigonellin. Caffeine Ham lng khoang 1-3% phu thuoc vao chung loai, ieu kien kh hau, ieu kien canh tac. Trigonelline (acid metinbe) Trigonelline la ankaloid khong co hoat tnh sinh ly, t tan trong ru etylic, khong tan trong cloroform va eter, tan nhieu trong nc nong. Tnh chat quy cua trigonellin la di tac dung cua nhiet o cao, no b nhiet phan tao thanh acid nicotinic (tien vitamin PP).

CH3 N

COO

Hnh1: Cong thc cau tao trigonelline.

1.1.7 2.7 Chat thm: Hien nay ngi ta a tm ra co ti hn 70 chat thm hon hp lai thanh mui thm cua ca phe. 15

Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Ham lng chat thm trong hat ca phe tng oi nho bao gom cac acid, andehit, ceton, ru, phenol, ester Cac chat nay c hnh thanh va tch luy trong qua trnh phat trien cua qua ca phe hay c tao thanh trong qua trnh che bien nhat la trong qua trnh rang. Ca phe rang len co nhng chat thm, goi chung la cafeol nhng ong thi tao ra mot yeu to phc hp oc la cafeotoxin. Cac chat thm cua ca phe de b bay hi, de bien oi lam giam chat lng ca phe nen can bao quan ca phe trong bao b kn. Ngoai ra trong nhan ca phe con co mot lng ang ke vitamin. Trong ca phe chu yeu la vitamin nhom B nh B1, B2, B6, B12 va cac loai acid hu c la tien cac loai vitamin. Bang 1: Thanh phan Nc Chat dau am Protein Caffeine Chlorogenic acid Trigonelline Tannin Caffetanic acid Caffeic acid Pentosane Tinh bot Sacchrose Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignine Calcium Phosphor Sat Sodium Manganese Ham lng g/100g 8-12 4-18 1.8-2.5 9-16 1 (Arabica), 2 (robusta) 2 1 2 8-9 1 5 5-23 5-10 10-20 20 4 mg/100g

85-100 130-165 3-10 4 1-4.5

3. Tong quan ve caffeine: Caffeine la mot hp chat t nhien co mat trong la, hat va qua cua hn 60 loai thc vat. Do o, cac loai thc pham hay o uong s dung cac loai thc vat tren lam nguyen lieu se cha caffeine mot cach t nhien. Ngoai ra, nhieu nha san xuat thc pham con bo sung caffeine vao san pham e tang mui v hoac tang tac dung y hoc oi vi mot so san pham ac biet. 3.1 Tnh chat hoa hoc cua Caffeine: Caffeine la mot alkanoid cha am, cong thc C8H10O2N4.H2O, thuoc nhom hp chat co vong purin. Caffein ket tinh vi mot phan t nc nhng tr nen khan khi un nong en nhiet o 80-100oC. Caffeine khan cha 28.8%N. Caffein khan dang tinh the trang hnh kim, tan trong nc va chloroform. 16

Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Cong thc cau tao cua caffeine

3.2 Tac dung dc ly cua caffeine: oi vi he than kinh trung ng, caffein co tac dung rat manh, ngi dung caffein hoac o uong cha caffein cam thay tnh tao, mat buon ngu, t met moi va t duy minh man. Caffein dung vi lieu ln th kch thch manh he than kinh trung ng, xuat hien trang thai bon chon, lo lang, mat ngu, nhng ngi quen dung cafe th nhng trieu chng nay nhe hn. Lieu cao se lam xuat hiem co giat cuc bo hoac toan than. Caffeine con co tac dung kch thch ho hap. oi vi he tim mach, caffeine co tac dung lam giam tr ngai khang ngoai vi, , kch thch tim. Lieu 250-350g caffein gay nen nhp tim nhanh, huyet ap tang nhanh ca huyet ap tang thu va huyet ap tang trng, nhng cung vi lieu lng tren oi vi nhng ngi dung caf th cac trieu chng tren khong xuat hien. nong o cao hn, caffein co tac dung lam tang nhp tim ro ret, nhng ngi man cam co the xuat hien loan nhp tim. oi vi c trn, caffeine co tac dung lam giam c trn kh phe quan ac biet oi vi kh phe quan b co that nhng benh nhan hen suyen lam sang hoac trong mo hnh gay co that kh phe quan thc nghiem. oi vi c van, caffeine co tac dung tang cng khan nang lam viec cua c bap ngi S hap thu caffeine t he thong da day va ruot dien ra nhanh chong va ket thuc ch sau 45sau khi c tieu hoa. Khoang 15120sau khi tieu hoa nong o caffeine trong huyet tng co the at c gia tr cc ai : 810mg/l neu s dung 58mg caffeine/kg the trong. C che chuyen hoa caffeine tuy thuoc giong loai. ngi khoang 80% caffeine b loai nhom methyl thanh paraxanthine va 16% chuyen thanh theobromine va theophylline tai gan. Cac qua trnh loai methyl va oxy hoa tiep theo sinh ra cac muoi urate va cac dan xuat uracil. Nhieu nghien cu cho thay caffeine kch thch giai phong calcium noi bao. nong o 0.51mM caffeine c che hoat ong cua cac enzyme nucleotide phosphodiesterase (thuoc he thong tuan hoan). C che chnh gay ra tac dung kch thch he than kinh trung ng cua caffeine c cho la bat au nong o 10M, tai o caffeine c che hoat ong cua adenosine (chat dan truyen xung ong than kinh) bang cach canh tranh vi adenosine trong viec ket hp vi cac au tiep nhan adenosine, qua o lam thay oi nong mot so chat trong noi bao. Ngoai tac dung kch thch he than kinh trung ng bang c che c giai thch tren, caffeine con c coi la gay ra mot so tac dung tieu cc cho sc khoe nh : Gay mat hoac kho ngu, Anh hng en he tim mach: mc hap thu 250mg caffeine lam gian cac c mem cua mach mau va lam tang nhp tim. 17

Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Caffeine lam tang tiet acid da day, do o khong tot cho nhng ngi b chng viem loet da day. Caffeine con c cho la lien quan en cac benh mach vanh. IV. CONG DUNG CUA CA PHE: 1. Cong dung cua ca phe: Ca phe la mot loai nc uong cao cap c s dung rong rai hau het cac nc tren the gii. Ca phe la san pham cua cac nc nhiet i, nhng th trng chu yeu lai cac vung on i. Ca phe c dung lam o uong di dang chiet ham bang nc soi, t bot hat ca phe rang. Hoat chat chu yeu trong caphe la caffein. Ngoai ra, trong hat ca phe con cha nhieu chat dinh dng can thiet cho c the nh: ng saccharose, ng kh, protein hoa tan, cac vitamin nhom B va PP la nhng vitamin can thiet cho c the. ong thi ca phe con co hng v oc ao. Bang phng phap phan tch quang pho, ngi ta a xac nh gan 300 hp chat phc tap khac nhau cau thanh nen hng thm ca phe. Do o tap tuc uong caphe tr thanh nhu cau va thc uong thong dung cua nhan dan nhieu nc tren the gii. Ngoai ra phu pham cua ca phe nh tht qua con la nguyen lieu che bien ru, nc giai khat, vo ca phe lam phan bon, ba che bien thc an gia suc. Mot so thuoc cha benh cung c che bien t ca phe. 2. Dc tnh cua caphe: Ca phe co v ang, co tac dung kch thch than kinh, lam tang hoat ong cua tim, co mach trung ng, co mach ngoai vi. Ca phe con co tac dung ha sot, li tieu, lam khoan khoai, kch thch tieu hoa. Cay co oc nhng ch khi dung vi lieu cao va thi gian keo dai, gay bon chon, mat ngu, au day than kinh tram cam, oc to o la cafeotoxin. Nhng neu uong ca phe un soi th cafeotoxin se b tieu huy. Trong nhan dan, hat ca phe song gia nat ngam vi ru uong cha te thap, sot ret. Ca phe rang uong co tac dung tieu m, tieu oc ru va thuoc phien. La ca phe sac uong lam chong tieu thc an. Trong y hoc, caphe thng c dung e cha suy nhc, mat sc do benh nhiem trung, mat trng lc da day. Ngi ta co the pha bot ca phe e uong, dung caffein dang vien hoac dang thuoc tim dui da. Tuy nhien chong ch nh cho mot so trng hp nh loan than kinh, viem c tim tien trien. V. TIEU CHUAN CHAT LNG CUA CA PHE HOA TAN: Tieu chuan nay do Bo Y te cua nc Cong hoa Philippines ban hanh ngay 18/10/1985 so 136-a s. 1985. Theo tieu chuan nay, ca phe hoa tan la san pham dehydrate hoa co kha nang hoa tan trong nc, co dang bot, hat, dang bong hay di dang ran khac, c san xuat duy nhat t dch chiet ca phe (dung moi phai la nc). 1. Yeu cau ve thanh phan:

Tieu chuan o am

n v o (% w/w)
18

Ca phe hoa tan toi a 6,0

Ca phe hoa tan a loai caffein toi a 6,0

Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

(% w/w tren khoi lng chat kho) Tro (% w/w tren khoi lng chat kho) Chat ran khong tan (% w/w tren khoi trong nc lng chat kho) pH Arsenic mg/kg Ch mg/kg Vi sinh vat gay benh Ham lng caffein

2-6 6,0 15,0 toi a 0,5 4,7 5,5 toi a 0,1 toi a 0,3 Khong co

toi a 0,3 6,0 15,0 toi a 0,5 4,7 5,5 toi a 0,1 toi a 0,3 Khong co

2. Cac ch tieu khac: 2.1. o hoa tan: 25g san pham hoa tan trong 150 ml nc soi trong 30 giay vi ieu kien khuay on hoa. 2.2. Cam quan: ca phe hoa tan co mau va v ac trng, co hng cua ca phe rang. Khong c them bat ky chat tao hng tao v nao co nguon goc khong phai t nguyen lieu ca phe.

CHNG II: QUY TRNH CHE BIEN CA PHE HOA TAN THEO PHNG PHAP TRUYEN THONG
Tac nhan vi sinh vat: Leuconostoc mesenteroides; Lactobacillus plantarum; Lactobacillus brevis, Streptococcus faecalis, Aerobacter (Enterobacter) va Escherichia (vi khuan), Saccharomyces marscianus, S. bayanus, Erwinia dissolvens, Fusarium spp, Aspergillus spp and Penicillium. II. Ban chat sinh hoa: Tien trnh len men thong thng do cac vi sinh vat, au tien la cac loai nam men tm thay cac ieu kien thch hp e phat trien va trong qua trnh phat trien, chung lam gia tang lng con t cac chat ng trong khoi u. Sau o, cac vi khuan s dung cac chat con nay e lam thc an, tao thanh cac axit lactic, acid butyric va cac axit carboxylic do s oxy hoa trong qua trnh len men. Khi axit butyric bat au hnh thanh cung la luc v axit phat trien trong ca phe. III. Quy trnh cong nghe: Ca phe Thu hai ch chon hat ca phe chn khong b h hong I.

Tach phan vo va phan tht Phng phap che bien kho 19 phng phap che bien t

Tra-ca phe-ca cao Say kho ong goi

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng say t nhien bang cach phi nang hay say nhan tao bang may say

San pham IV. Giai thch quy trnh cong nghe: Hai ca phe: Co 2 cach hai ca phe: Hai toan bo trong 1 vu: Co the thc hien bang tay hay bang may. Ch chon nhng trai chn ma hai: cach nay ch thc hien bang tay. Nhng ngi hai ao mot vong khap cac sau moi 8 10 ngay. Do cach lam nay phai tap trung nhieu lao ong nen chi ph cao, ch c s dung e thu hoach ca phe Arabica do loai nay co chat lng cao hn. Nhng trai co mau xanh, vang, cam co chat lng thap hn nen khong c la chon. Nhng trai co chat lng tot thng nam trung tam cay. Mot ngi hai lanh nghe trung bnh hai c khoang 100 200 pound ca phe 1 ngay. So nay co the san xuat c 20 40 pound ca phe nhan. (1 pound = 0,454 kg).

Hnh 4.1: Ca phe c la chon va thu hai Ca phe sau khi hai rat de b h hong nen phai tien hanh che bien ngay Che bien: co 2 phng phap che bien o Phng phap che bien kho o Phng phap che bien t Phng phap che bien kho: ay la phng phap lau i va n gian hn so vi phng phap t, thng c ap dung cho ca phe Robusta. Cach lam: Phi hay say ca qua. Muc ch: giam o am cua trai ca phe ti trong khoang 3 tuan le. en khi o am cua trai ca phe at 11% th ngng.

20

Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Hnh 4.1 : Phi ca phe tren chieu

Hnh 4.2: Phi ca phe tren san

Hat ca phe can c cao ao thng xuyen, che phu cho ca phe vao ban em va khi tri ma e o am cua khoi ong eu, han che s nhiem cac vi sinh vat lam giam mui v ca phe khi uong. Phng phap nay ch ap dung cho nhng nc co o am thap. Neu khong o am cao se lam lp chat nhay b len men va ca phe se nhanh chong b h hong. Xay kho. Muc ch: loai bo tat ca cac vo bao quanh hat. u: - De thc hien, chi ph thap Nhc: chat lng ca phe khong cao. Phng phap che bien t: Nhc : ton kem, phc tap hn phng phap che bien kho u : cho chat lng ca phe tot hn, sach hn. Thng c ap dung cho loai ca phe Arabica. Cach lam: Thu nhan Xat vo Tach lp nhay Ra va phan loai theo ty trong dong nc Phi (say) Tach vo Phan loai qua: Ca phe trc khi vao may xat ti can phai c phan loai e loai bo cac tap chat nh at, a, sat, canh, la, ong thi phan loai rieng cac qua ca phe khong at yeu cau nh qua xanh, kho, lep, sau benh. (trai nao nang se chm xuong be, trai nao chn kho se nhe, noi len tren) Phan loai bang c gii bang cac ban rung, cac tru quay,khong tot bang phan loai theo ty trong bang be xiphong v lam theo cach nay th khong nhng phan loai c ma con ra sach ca phe qua trc khi qua may xat.

21

Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Hnh 4.3: Ca phe c o vao be xiphong va be xiphong

Hnh 7: Canh la, tap chat va nhng manh vun cua trai ca phe noi len tren mat nc Be c bm nc ti 4/5 va c cap nc lien tuc theo ong ng va ong ngang pha tren chay ra ngoai, keo theo cac qua ca phe theo nguyen ly bnh xiphong. Nc d tha chay qua 1 mieng xa at gan thanh be, keo theo cac tap chat nhe nh rac, canh, la, qua ca phe lep, sau benh, Cac tap chat nang nh gach, at, a, cat, san, lang xuong ay be, va c xa ra ngoai sau moi lan ngng may. Xat ti: Muc ch: Loai bo lp vo tht ben ngoai. Phai tien hanh ngay sau khi thu hoach 24 gi.

Hnh 8: May xat a lp nht bam chat vao vo trau. Lp nht nay du phi kho nhng sau nay van hut am rat nhanh, gay kho khan cho viec phi say. V vay phai tm cach loai bo ngay lp nht nay ngay sau khi xat ti. Loai nht: Cac phng phap loai nht: 22

Hat ca phe may xat ti ra, tuy a troc lp vo tht nhng van b bao quanh bang 1

Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Phng phap len men. Phng phap sinh hoa: s dung enzyme: pectase, protopectinase, pectinase, pectinesterase. Phng phap hoa hoc: s dung NaOH, Na2CO3 hoac voi Nc am Phng phap c gii: s dung may xat ti. ay ta quan tam en phng phap len men. Ca phe thoc sau khi may xat ti ra c dan en cac be ngam bang xi mang, the tch 1 10m3, thanh be cao 1 1,5m. Hien nay co 2 phng phap len men t nhien: len men kho va len men t. + Len men kho: nc c thao het khoi nhng be cha, ca phe c gi o cho ti khi lp nhay hoan toan tan ra va cung c xa lien tuc ra ngoai. Mat khac, nham tranh cho lp hat ben tren khoi b kho, ngi ta dung la chuoi, bao b tphu len tren be men. Phng phap nay dung trong san xuat ca phe Robusta cung nh ca phe Arabica Costa Rica, Columbia. + Len men t: thng c s dung trong san xuat ca phe Arabica hao hang nhng quoc gia ong Phi. Qua trnh tien hanh trong khoi nc va dch len men ch c xa ra 1 lan khi hoan tat qua trnh len men. Muc ch cua qua trnh len men la phan huy lp chat nhay co trong vo ca phe e giup viec ra hat de dang va sach se. Viec u ca phe c thc hien trong be ximang hay trong thung nha, thung ton dung tch tuy thuoc vao khoi lng hat. o hat caphe va c boc vo vao be, dan eu roi dung bao tai phu len. Thi gian keo dai t 12-36 gi tuy theo thi tiet. Neu nhiet o moi trng cao, thi gian u se nhang hn.

Sau moi 5 6 gi, ca phe c ao tron eu e cung cap ay u oxy cho khoi u, nhiet o eu khap khoi u neu khong nhiet o se tang cao anh hng xau en chat lng len men.

23

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Khi kiem tra thay cac hat xao vao nhau khong con trn ma co cam giac nhap, th cong viec ngam u coi nh hoan thanh, co the ra sach nht va a i phi. Thi gian ngam u phu thuoc vao: Nhiet o moi trng: nhet o cang cao th cang gia tang tien trnh len men. Be day lp nhay va mc o chn cua trai ca phe: lp nhay cang mong va trai ca phe cang cha chn th thi gian len men cang dai. Nong o cac pectic enzyme. Ra: Muc ch: loai bo lp chat nht a len men, tap chat, vo trai con dnh vao vo thoc. Ra ca phe co anh hng rat quan trong en pham chat ca phe nhan v no tay sach nhng chat gay anh hng en mau sac hat va mui v hat luc rang. Cach tien hanh: ca phe c ra trong be ngam u, khuay tron, thay nc lien tuc cho en khi nc hoan toan trong vat.

Hat ca phe sau khi len men Phi say: Ca phe thoc sau khi ra va e rao nc, con cha 50 60% nc. e giam o am xuong con 12%, at yeu cau bao quan hat, phai tien hanh phi, say. Bien phap thc hien:phi di anh nang mat tri hay bang may say.

Phan loai: Sau khi phi say, hat ca phe khong ong eu ve kch thc, mau sac, ty trong. Do o, ta phai tien hanh phan loai e co mat hang ong nhat theo yeu cau cua th trng. Co 3 phng phap phan loai : Theo kch thc.

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Phan loai theo trong lng:

Phan loai theo mau sac:

ong bao: san pham ca phe hat.

CHNG III: QUY TRNH SAN XUAT CA PHE THEO PHNG PHAP SINH HOC
I. Tac nhan vi sinh vat: 25

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Tac nhan vi sinh vat cho qua trnh len men la he vi sinh vat co kha nang tong hp cellulose va pectinase. Cac vi sinh vat co kha nang tong hp pectinase nh nam moc, nam men, vi khuan. Con oi vi cellulose th co nam si, xa khuan, vi khuan. Tuy nhien qua qua trnh nay ta s dung Aspergillus niger.

ac iem sinh ly: Aspergillus niger sinh trng nhiet o toi thieu 6-8oC, toi a 45-47oC, toi u 3537oC. oc to: Aspergillus niger la nam si khong sinh oc to va c s dung rong rai trong che bien thc pham. Cac enzym thuy phan thu nhan c t chung nay khong gay ot bien vi khuan va cac mo cua chuot. Sinh thai: Aspergillus niger chiem u the vung kh hau nhiet i. Bao t nh mau en nen khong b anh hng bi tia mat tri va tia cc tm. Aspergillus niger thng c phan lap t cac san pham phi nang nh ca, cay gia v,tuy nhien chung con lam thoi ra trai cay (tao, cam, quyt, dau,) va hoa mau (hanh, toi, ca chua). II. Ban chat sinh hoa: Ban chat cua qua trnh len men la s phan giai cellulose va pectin co trong vo ca phe di tac dung cua enzyme pectinase va cellulase. Hoat ong cua enzyme pectinase: pectinase lam t trang thai gan chat gia nhn phan t acid galacturonic e lam ngan chuoi pectin t nhng oan ln thanh nhng oan nho hn. Hoat ong cua cellulose: Endocellolase: chung thuy phan lien ket -1.4-glycosid v tr ngau nhien trong chuoi cellulose, chuoi Cellodextrin va cac dan xuat Cellulose nh Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose va Hy droxyethyl cellulose. Chung tham gia tac ong manh en cellulose vo nh hnh va tac ong yeu en cellulose ket tinh. S thuy phan endocellulose tao ra nhng chuoi cellodextrin co au khong kh. Exocellulase thuy phan ac hieu lien ket - 1,4-glycosid au khong kh cua chuoi cellulose hoac cac cellodextrin e giai phong cellobiose. Enzyme nay khong co kha nang phan giai cellulose dang ket tinh ma ch lam thay oi tnh chat hoa ly, giup cho enzyme endocellulase phan giai chung -glucoside chung khong co kha nang phan huy cellulose nguyen thuy ma tham gia phan huy cellobiose, cellodextrin tao thanh D-glucose. III. Quy trnh san xuat va phan tch quy trnh:

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1. Quy trnh san xuat:

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2. Phan tch quy trnh: 2.1 Thu nhan ca phe: Ca phe trai sau khi thu hoach c em ve va chon gay vao be ay nc co trang b ong xiphong e phan loai, nham muc ch phan loai trai: trai nao nang se chm xuong, trai nao a chn kho se nhe, noi len tren. Ngoai ra con canh, la, tap chat, noi len tren mat nc cung c loai ra khoi khoi trai. 2.2 Boc vo: ay la giai oan quan trong nhat trong che bien ca phe theo phng phap t. Viec xat vo c thc hien cang sm cang tot, nham tranh tien trnh len men ngoai y muon va phat sinh v la trong hat caphe. Giai oan nay nen hoan tat trong vong 12-24 gi sau khi hai trai, nhng neu v ly do nao o khong thc hien ngay c, trong khi ch em i xat vo, khoi trai nen c bao quan trong be nc. Xat vo la s tac ong c gii vao trai caphe trong dong nc. Yeu cau cho cac thiet b xat vo la thc hien chnh xac cong viec tach vo ben ngoai ma khong lam ton thng en vo thoc va hat ca phe ben trong. Bi v trong phng phap che bien t, nguy c nhiem vi sinh vat de dang xay ra mot khi tren vo thoc va hat co xuat hien cac thng ton, ket qua la se lam anh hng en pham chat caphe ve sau. 2.3 Len men: Be day cua lp nhay trong trai ca phe khoang 1.5mm nhng thay oi tuy theo giong ca phe. Lp nhay khong hoa tan trong nc, khong co cau truc te bao ro ret nhng the keo vo nh hnh, no ket dnh rat chat vao vo ca phe. Bang : Thanh phan hoa hoc cua lp nhay caphe. Thanh phan Nc Protein ng Pectic acid Tro Tong so Phan tram 84.2 8.9 4.1 0.9 0.7 98.8

Ngoai ra con co mot so enzyme c tao ra trong lp nhay va trong lp tht bao quanh lp nhay nh: protopectinase, pectinase va pectase. Khi ca phe c tien hanh xat vo, vo so vi sinh vat nh: nam men, nam moc vi khuan,.. trong moi trng chung quanh khoi hat a tm thay ay mot moi trng vo cung thuan li cho s phat trien cua chung. Trong qua trnh phat trien, chung t san xuat ra cac enzyme va tac ong len lp nhay cua khoi ca phe xat vo. Thong thng trc khi tien hanh qua trnh len men ngui ta thng ngam nc ca phe e at o am can thiet, sau o cho vao (1-2)% giong, tron eu va u trong (24-36) gi, lam mem hat, pha v thanh te bao cua hat, tiet kiem c chi ph va thi gian nhanh hn phng phap che bien thong thng. Sau qua trnh len men ta tien hanh ra nham lam tach triet e chat nhay con bam tren vo thoc. V ch vi mot t chat nhay con sot lai se b cac vi sinh vat tan cong va lam cho hat ca 28

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

phe len men ngoai y muon trong cac cong oan che bien tiep theo, va dan en hau qua lam ton hai en pham chat v caphe sau nay. Cong viec ra co the thc hien trong be len men trc o bang cach cho vao be va khuay tron hat bang phng phap thu cong hoac bang c gii nh vao cac may ra. 2.4 Say: oi vi phng phap che bien kho th giai oan nay n gian hn nhieu do: o am ban au cua ca phe t rat ong eu. Lng nc can lam cho boc hi t. Co the say tai cac nhiet o say va toc o say cao Co the ket hp vi say nhan tao trong giai oan au roi sau o em i phi nang e ha o am hat en o mong muon. 2.5 Rang: Qua trnh rang lam bien oi mau va tao hng ( do cac thanh phan thoat ra khoi te bao). Sau o em i u, luc nay toan bo tinh dau va chat beo thoat ra ngoai dan en hat caphe co mau en nhanh. Sau khi rang hat ca phe tang kch thc t 1-1.5 lan. III. Cac yeu to xay ra trong qua trnh len men: 1. Anh hng cua o am hat ca phe en qua trnh len men: Qua trnh len men la da vao hoat tnh cua he enzyme cellulose va pectinase do Aspergillus niger tiet ra. ieu kien hoat ong cua nam moc la phai co moi trng co o am thch hp. Do o trc khi tien hanh bo sung nam moc vao e tien hanh qua trnh len men th hat ca phe nhan can phai c ngam vi nc. Thi gian ngam hat cang lau th o am cua hat cang tang. o am cua hat tang tao ieu kien thuan li cho nam moc phat trien, tiet ra enzym thuy phan pectin va cellulose thanh nhng hp chat de tan, ong thi giai phong nhng thanh phan tan trong nc co trong hat ca phe. V vay khoi lng chat tan se tang. Tuy nhien neu ngam hat qua lau th hat trng n lam cho qua trnh phan giai pectin va cellulose xay ra qua manh, tao ra nhng lo hong tren mat vo ca phe. Do o, khi tien hanh ra hat sau khi u, s xuat hien cua nhng lo hong nay tao ieu kien cho s mat mat nhng thanh phan hoa tan cua hat de dang hn. Mat khac, khi o tao ieu kien thuan li cho qua trnh len men phu tao axit cua mot so loai vi sinh vat nh nam men, nam moc, vi khuan co san tren be mat hat ca phe cung nh nhiem vao trong qua trnh len men v vay lam cho pH cua dung dch giam xuong. 2. Anh hng thi gian len men en pH cua dung dch va trong lng cua khoi len men: pH giam dan trong qua trnh len men. Nguyen nhan la do qua trnh nam moc phan giai pectin thanh cac n chat cua no la acid galacturonic, ong thi tao ieu kien giai phong cac thanh phan tan trong nc co trong hat ca phe, trong o co axit. Theo thi gian, nam moc phat trien tao ra trong dch ca phe cang nhieu axit lam cho pH cua dung dch ngay cang gian xuong. Trong qua trnh len men th trong lng cua khoi u giam dan nguyen nhan la do nam moc ngay cang phat trien, s dung ngay cang nhieu c chat e lam thc an va chuyen hoa nhng chat hu c phc tap co trong lng phan t ln thanh nhng phan t nho. Mat khac trong qua trnh len men co mot lng hi nc boc hi vao khong kh, qua trnh thuy phan cung tao mot so hp chat bay hi nh CO2 va H2O. tuy nhien neu thi gian len men qua 24 gi th trong lng khoi len men tang len la do thi gian cang lau nam moc cang phat trien, sinh khoi cua chung tang len, ben canh o s co mat cua cac loai vi khuan, nam moc, nam men co san tren be mat hat ca phe cung nh t khong kh. V vay chung lam gia tang trong lng cua khoi ca phe len men. 29

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

3. Anh hng cua ham lng nam moc them vao trong qua trnh len men: Lng nam moc them vao cang ln, qua trinh thuy phan pectin va cellulose cang manh, tao ra san pham lanhieu cac chat tan. Nhng neu ta cho vao qua nhieu th chung se s dung c chat la chat tan, s dung het nhng chat n gian, chung se s dung het nhng chat tan ma chung va tao ra lam giam ham lng chat tan trong san pham. Mat khac khi ta them vao nhieu nam moc th cung tao ra nhieu axit lam giam manh pH cua dung dch. 4. Anh hng cua nhiet o en qua trnh len men: Trong qua trnh len men th nhiet o tang dan, khoang 8 gi au sau o giam dan. Khi nam moc phat trien, phan giai c chat va toa nhiet, ngoai ra con do qua trnh boc hi nc nen nhiet o tang. Sau o nhiet o lai giam xuong do qua trnh phan giai c chat cua nam moc. IV. Ch tieu cam quan va ch tieu chat lng: Ca phe c len men theo phng phap sinh hoc co v thm am, sau khi uong vao co v ngot hau, cang e lau cang ngon ve sinh an toan thc pham hoan toan c bao am. Ca phe c san xuat theo phng phap len men co hieu suat trch ly en 95%, cac thanh phan trong hat ca phe c hoa tan gan nh hoan toan.

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PHAN II : CA CAO LEN MEN

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1. Gi i thi u v cy cacao
1.1 Phn lo i th c v t h c Cy cacao (Theobroma cacao) thu c: -Th Theobroma cacao L. -H Sterculiaceae. Th Theobroma g m 20 loi, trong ch c loi Theobroma cacao l c gi tr kinh t . Theobroma cacao c chia ra lm 2 loi ph : Criollo v Forastero. -Criollo: tri , kch th c l n, c nhi u vng Nam M (Venezuela, Ecuado, Colombia) -Forastero: c mu vng , c nhi u Chu Phi (Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria) -Trinitario (cy lai c a Criollo v Forastero) : tri vng nh , c nhi u vng Trung M (Trinidad, Jamaica)

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c i m hnh thi c a cy cacao Cacao l loi thn g nh c th cao n 10-20 m n u m c t nhin trong r ng. Trong s n xu t ng i ta th ng ch t xn ng n b t vi c thu ho ch qu c th d dng hn v cao c a cy khi tr ng thnh khng qu 7,5 m, ng knh t 10-15 cm. pht tri n m nh, cy cacao c n c che ch n trnh b t tia n ng m t tr i v gi, c bi t l trong nh ng giai o n u c a th i k ph t tri n. Th i k kinh doanh hi u qu c th ko di t 25-40 nm. L di 25 cm, mu m, hnh gn lng chim. M i nm cho n hng nghn hoa thn chnh v cnh to nhng ch c 1-3% thnh tri. Cy s ra qu khi c 3-4 thng tu i. Sau khi th ph n tri tng tr ng ch m trong h ang 40 ngy u v t t c t i a sau 75 ngy. Sau khi th ph n 85 ngy s tng tr ng c a tri ch m l i, trong khi h t bn trong tri b t u tng tr ng nhanh, aay cng l th i k h t tch ly ch t bo. L p com nh y hnh thnh kh ang 140 ngy sau khi th ph n. T khi th ph n n khi tri chn ko di t 5-6 thng.

1.2

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Tri cacao c th t chi u di 15-20 cm, cn nng t 200g-1kg. Ty theo t ng loi, hnh d ng c a tri thay i t hnh c u, hnh di v nh n, hnh tr ng h c hnh ng. Mu s c c a tri kh a d ng: mu xanh, mu vng, mu . M i tri ch a kho ng 20-40 h t

c i m sinh thi c a cy cacao Cy cacao l loi cy nhi t i, th ng c tr ng vng xch s sinh tr ng l 30-40oC, m l t 70-80% v l cy a bng mt.

1.3

o. Nhi t

thch h p cho

1.4Thnh ph n ha h c c a tri cacao N oc, ch t bo (b cacao), cacbohydrates, nitrtogen, acid h u c, mu i khang,. Cc thnh ph n ny s c hm l ng khc nhau ch t nh y, v h t v th t h t. - Ch t nh y (th t qu ) c hm l ng n c v ng cao nh t, ngoi ra cn c acid citric lm cho pH c a th t qu lun 3,5 - V h t c hm l ng cacbohydrates cao - Th t h t c hm l ng b cacao r t cao, v h t c m t t v ch t nh y khng c.

2. Th tr ng s n xu t cacao
Cc s n ph m c m t trn th tr ong 34

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

S n ph m bn han ch nh ng dung trong nhi u ngnh khc: - B t cacao b sung vo bnh k o, n c gi i jht - B cacao s n xu t m c, m ph m, d c ph m. S n ph m han ch nh tiu th ngay: - Chocolate t m - Chocolate b t - M c k o chocolate.

3. Qu trnh ln men h t cacao

3.1 M c ch c a qu trnh ln men cacao

-Th c hi n qu trnh ln men t nhin, s d ng kh nng sinh t ng h p c a h VSV t

nhin nh m lo i b ph n th t qu bao xung quanh h t cacao thu c cacao nhn nguyn v n v hnh th . - Cho php m t s ch t ph c t p chuy n sang tr ng thi ho t ng. - Lo i b b t v ng cho cacao - T o ra mi v c trng cho cacao 3.2 H VSV gy ln men cacao - N m men Saccharomyces Cerevisiae l ch y u (ngoi ra ng i ta cn tm th y c 12 loi n m men khc n a c m t trong kh i ln men cacao nhng s l ng khng nhi u) - Vi khu n: Lactobacillus lactis Lactobacillus plantarum Acetobacter aceti Gluconobacter oxydans 3.3 B n ch t sinh ha v nh ng bi n i sinh ha di n ra trong qu trnh ln men, h t cacao -Trong 24 gi u: C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 d i s ho t ng c a n m men trong i u ki n k kh khng b t bu c. 35

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Ngoi ra cn c m t s s n ph m ph khc nh acid lactic, acid oxalic, enzyme ngo i bo, h p ch t h u c d bay hi,.. -24 gi ti p theo: th t qu b phn r v chi t rt h t, t o i u ki n thng thong cho kh i . Hn n a sau 2-3 ngy u ln men th ng ti n hnh o tr n kh i h t. Do c m t c a O2 nn c n b oxi ha thnh acid acetic d i s ho t ng c a vi khu n acetic: C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O + Q - Cu i qu trnh ln men, l ng c n v acid lactic gi m d n, ch cn acid acetic. Nh acid acetic v nhi t cao (sau 2 ngy ln men) lm cho mng t bo b v v cc ch t d ha tr n vo nhau. i u ny cho php m t s ch t ph c t p chuy n sang tr ng thi ho t ng (ho t ng c a enzyme, qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh phn gi i protein thnh aminoacid) S ho t ng c a nh ng ch t ny l y u t quy t nh n mu v mi c a b t cacao sau ny. Tuy nhin s c m t c a acid acetic trong h t cacao s lm tng chua c a s n ph m cu i sau ny. Do sau qu trnh ln men b t bu c ph i c giai o n lm kh h t cacao acid acetic b oxi ha.

3.4 Nh ng bi n i c a VSV trong qua trnh ln men - N m men chi m u th ho t ng trong 24 gi u: - chuy n tan b th t qu (c hm l ng ng r t cao) thnh c n - phn h y acid citric lm chp pH tng t 3,5-4,2 t o i u k n cho vi khu n pht tri n. - s n xu t m t s acid h u c (acid oxalic, acid succinic, acid malic, acid acetic,..) c tc d ng gi t ch t m m h t. - s n xu t m t vi h p ch t h u c d bay hi t o mi c trng cho cacao. - t o ra enzyme pectinase, lm gi m tnh d o c a th t qu gip cho ph n ng nhanh hn. - Vi khu n lactic cng chi m u th ho t ng trong 24 gi u khi pH 4 v trong i u ki n k kh t o ra acid lactic. -Trong 24 gi ti p theo: th t qu b phn h y h t, c s xm nh p c a kh O2 vo khu v c ln men, vi khu n acetic b t u chi m u th ho t ng chuy n c n thnh acid acetic. Trong su t th i gian ny nhi t tng n 50oC t o i u ki n thu n l i xc tc cc ph n ng sinh ha v s ho t ng c a cc loi vi khu n. Bo t VSV cng v i n m s i c th xu t hi n trn b m t kh i ln men gy ra nh ng mi i th i, kh ch u.

3.5 Th i gian ln men Trung bnh l t 6-7 ngy c bi t i v i lo i Criollo: t 2-3 ngy, lo i Forastero: 5 ngy, lo i Trinitario : 7 ngy ho c hn n a. Sau qu trnh ln men m c a h t l 16-17%

3.6 Cc ki u ln men h t cacao trn th gi i 3.6.1 Phng php thnh ng

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

y l phng php ph bi n nh t Ty Phi v Vanuatu. H t cacao c ng trn m t t c ph l chu i. Bn trn v xung quanh cng c y b ng l chu i. C 2 ngy m t l n gi l chu i ra xo tr n h t cho u, r i y l chu i l i. Kh i lng ng h t th ng t 100-250 kg. Th i gian ln men th ng l 5-6 ngy. C th t o thnh nh ng ng rnh gip cho s thot d ch nh y, khng nn ln men trong nh ng l t lm, th t qu b phn h y thnh l ng khng ch y i c s lm th i kh i h t ln men. 3.6.2 Phng php trong thng Phng php th ng c th c hi n trong cc ti u trang tr i ho c theo quy m gia nh. H t cacao c y vo trong nh ng thng b ng tre, xung quanh v bn trn cng c ph l chu i. D ch nh y ch y qua cc m t bn v y thng. Vi c o tr n c th c hi n b ng cch t thng ny sang thng kia, c 2 ngy m t l n. Phng php ny d c th c hi n Chu Phi (Ghana)

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3.6.3 Phng php trong thng Cc thng g c ng knh kh ang 1-1,5 m, su 1m, c th ch a t 1-2 t n cacao c b tr theo hnh b c thang, d i y c l 15mm d ch nh y c l i thot v thng hi. Ti n hnh lt l chu i y v quanh thng r i h t cacao ti vo. C 2 ngy ti n hnh o tr n b ng cch chuy n cacao t thng ny sang thng khc qu trnh ln men ng u, xc tc ph n ng nhanh. Phng php ny th ng c p d ng trong cc trang tr i, n i n l n. Th i gian ln men t 6-7 ngy. - Phng php ny c p d ng t i vng Trung M (Venezuela).

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3.6.4 Phng php trn khay Khay b ng g su 10cm, y khay l m t ci v t b ng nan tre t song song v cch nhau ch ng 0,5 cm. M i khay chia thnh 2 ph n b ng nhau, b ng m t ci ngn di ng b ng g . Ch y cacao n a khay. Ch ng 12 khay ln nhau, gc y h t quay v cng m t pha. L p h t trn c a m i khay ti p gip v i v t tre lm ay c a khay trn v nh ng kh ang tr ng gi a cc nan tre l nh ng ng thng kh m qua khng kh coa th th m vo kh i . Sau 24 gi ngoi ta ph ln ch ng khay m t m nh v i bao b v a ch ng m t nhi t v a m b o s thng thong. Thi gian trn khay l 3-4 ngy, ng n hn so v i cc phong php khc.

3.7 Qu trnh lm kh h t cacao sau ln men M c ch: - trnh hi n t ng m c h t cacao. - gi m m c a h t cacao sau khi (55% xu ng n 6-7%) qu kh (U5%) h t s b gin, d gy. - han t t cc bi n i ha h c ang x y ra bn trong h t. - t o hng v c bi t cho cacao. 39

b o qu n. khng

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Bi n php th c hi n: phi d i nh n ng m t tr i ho c s y b ng my s y. - Phi d i n ng m t tr i: ko di 1-2 tu n v m i ngy o tr n 4 l n, bu i t i kh i h t c y l i b ng bao t i. - S y b ng cc my s y th i gian s rt ng n hn (1-2 ngy) nhng l ng acid acetic cha b oxi ha h t v n cn b gi l i trong h t lm cho s n ph m cu i c hm l ng acid cao. c i m h t sau khi phi: c mu nu.

3.8 Phn lo i h t v ng gi

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4 Cng ngh s n xu t b t cacao

4.1 Quy trnh cng ngh
Tri cacao

N o h t cacao

h t cacao

Thu h t nhn

Phi v s y h t cacao nh n

Thu h t cacao kh

Lo i b t p ch t

Rang

Nghi n th v phn ly

Nghi n m nh nhn

Xay bnh d u

Sng

ng gi

S n ph m

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4.2 Gi i thch quy trnh 4.2.1 h t cacao L qu trnh ln men h t cacao phn h y tan b khi th t qu bao quanh h t v thu nh n h t cacao nhn bn trong nh vo h VSV t nhin.

4.2.2Phi v s y h t cacao nhn

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GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

Nh m m c ch: - gi m m c a h t cacao sau khi (55% xu ng n 6-7%) b o qu n. khng oc s y qu kh (U5%) h t s b gin, d gy. - han t t cc bi n i ha h c ang x y ra bn trong h t. - t o hng v c bi t cho cacao. Bi n php th c hi n: phi d i nh n ng m t tr i ho c s y b ng my s y. Tuy s y b ng cc my s y th i gian s rt ng n hn (1-2 ngy) nhng l ng acid acetic khng bay i h t v n cn b gi l i trong h t lm cho s n ph m cu i c hm l ng acid cao. c i m h t sau khi phi: c mu nu. 4.2.3 Lo i b t p ch t S d ng sng ho c ry lo i b cc t p ch t, b i b m trong qu trnh ln men v phi h t cacao. Trong hnh l m t thi tt b c khng kh nng th i t d i ln v n c c tu i nhe t trn xu ng, ngoi m c ch lm s ch h t thi t b ny cn lm cho h t sng bng ln

4.2.4 Rang tch v Nh m m c ch: - tch nhn v v nhng ch m c lm l ng l p v h t - gi m m nhn cacao thch h p cho qu trnh nghi n, p d u. - tng hm l ng ch t thm, mi v cho cacao. - thay i mu s c cacao thnh mu nu c trng (do L-epicatesin chuy n ho thnh flobaphen, do ph n ng Maillard gi a ng kh v acid amin, ph n ng caramen ha,) 43

Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

- v ho t cc VSV c h i khc - gi m hm l ng cc ch t gy ng, gy cht (tanin, L-epicatesin) Bi n php th c hi n: rang 120oC, th i gian 10-15 pht. 4.2.5 Nghi n th, phn ly Nh m m c ch: tch han tan v ra kh i nhn Bi n php th c hi n: s d ng my phn ly c h c dng sng, my phn ly ng dng qu t. 4.2.6 Nghi n nhn cacao Nhn cacao c ch a kh ang 55% b cacao, i m nng ch y c a b cacao kho ng 34-35oC. Trong qu trnh nghi n v nhi t sinh ra do ma st s nng nhi t ln trn 34oC lm ha l ng ch t bo t o thnh m t ch t b t nho (g i l r u mi cacao). B t cacao nho nghi n xong c th s n xu t b cacao, b t cacao, scla, c th gi cho n th l ng hay th r n. 4.2.7 p M c ch l tch b cacao ra kh i cc thnh ph n khng ch a ch t bo. Sau khi p hm l ng b trong b t cacao ch cn kh ang 18%. B cacao l m t trong nh ng ch t bo c gi tr r t cao, dng s n xu t scla bo, ng d ng trong ngnh d c ph m (ch supputoria), ngnh m ph m (son nh mi), s n xu t x phng, p l c p kh ang 400 kg/cm2, nhi t 65-70oC, th i gian kh ang 5-10 pht 4.2.8 Xay bnh d u Bnh d u cacao sau khi ra kh i mm p s ri vo thng ch a v a n my xay nghi n thnh b t m n hn. 4.2.9 Sng S n ph m b t cacao cu i cng c sng qua v i l c, nylon ho c l i kim lo i tr c khi em i ong gi b ng v t li u ch ng ht m.

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Tra-ca phe-ca cao

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thuy Hng

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1] http://dactrung.net/baiviet/noidung.aspx?BaiID=JGESUDkBrYozNJzV7GpL8Q%3D%3D [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea [4] http://www.upasitearesearch.org/chemistry2_content.html [5]ong Th Thanh Thu, Sinh Hoa ng Dung, NXB-ai Hoc Quoc Gia TP Ho Ch Minh [6] http://irv.moi.gov.vn/News/PrintView.aspx?ID=13139 [7] http://www.efn.org/~sundance/Tea.html. [8] http://www.arawak-islands.com/spices.htm [9] http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/tropical/lecture_18/lec_18.html# [10] http://www.vonl.com/chips/sltd.htm [11] http://www.cirad.fr/en/index.php [12] http://www.vivani.de/index_englisch.html [13]http://www.theobroma-cacao.co.uk/index.php [14]http://www.hotelchocolat.co.uk/cx1/brand/1/cid/7VTOX1RT3LOZI9NZJZYD5O29NE0WZ 7Q9/article-Terms-and-Conditions-terms_ctc.htm [15] http://www.ceniap.gov.ve/ceniaphoy/articulos/n5/arti/rliendo2.htm [16] http://www.nvogue.com/nVogueFoods [17] http://www.auiswiss.com/culin_main.cfm?section=5a

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