.

Qui trnh cng ngh sn xut

Dt nhum l mt ngnh cng nghip bao gm rt nhiu cng on sn xut. Thng thng cng ngh dt nhum gm ba qu trnh c bn: Ko si, dt vi - X l ho hc (nu, ty ), nhum - hon thin vi. Chc nng ca tng cng on l: Chun b nguyn liu: nguyn liu thng c ng di dng cc kin bng th cha cc si bng c kch thc khc nhau cng vi cc tp cht t nhin nh bi, t, ht. . . Nguyn liu bng th c nh tung, lm sch, bng thu c di dng cc tm phng, u. Cc si bng sau c ko si th tng kch thc, bn v c nh thnh ng. H si dc: l qu trnh s dng h tinh bt v tinh bt bin tnh to mng h bao quanh si, tng bn, trn v bng ca si tin hnh dt vi. Ngoi ra cn s dng cc loi h nhn to nh polyvinylalcol PVA, polyacrylat

Dt vi: l s kt hp si ngang vi si dc thnh tm vi. Hin nay qu trnh dt vi c tin hnh bng my mc l ch yu. Nu vi: l qu trnh nu vi p sut, nhit cao (2 - 3at, 120 - 1300C) trong dung dch hn hp gm NaOH, Na2CO3, cht ph tr tch loi phn h cn bm li trn si v cc tp cht thin nhin c trong si (nh pectin, hp cht cha Nit, axit hu c, du, sp ) ng thi lm tng mao dn, ngm ca vi v tng kh nng bt mu thuc nhum ca vi. V th, nc thi t qu trnh nu c kim cao, cha du m, cht ty ra, v mt lng ln h tinh bt. Trc khi nhum, sn phm nhum cn c lm sch b mt, loi b nhng cht bn. Trong qu trnh ny, mt s loi h vi v cc cht kt dnh t nhin c s dng lm cht h chnh trn b mt vt liu. Tuy nhin, s ko cng b mt vi vi tc cao ca nhng my dt to ra nhng loi cht nh PVA (polyvinyl alcohol). PVA l mt cht kh phn hu v l mt polymer mch di, do vy rt kh tch ra khi nc thi. Trong qu trnh ny cng s dng cc cht ho hc nh nhng tc nhn hot ng b mt, tc nhn oxy ho h vi, NaOH, H2O2, NaOCl, axit axetic v nhng cht ph gia khc. V vy, qu trnh ny thng to ra cc cht ho hc kh phn hu vi nng cao trong nc thi. Lm bng vi: mc ch l lm cho si cotton trng n, tng kh nng thm nc, tng kh nng bt mu bt mu thuc nhum, si bng hn. Thng thng s dng dung dch NaOH c nng t 280 - 300g/l nhit thp lm bng vi (vi nhn to khng cn lm bng). Qu trnh ny to ra nhng sn phm c bng cao. Thng p dng i vi loi vi cotton hoc vi la t tm. Qu trnh ngm kim s dng lng ln NaOH, kim ca nc thi c gi tr pH ln ti khong 14, do vy nc thi cn phi c trung ho trc khi thi ra mi trng tip nhn. Ty trng: mc ch l lm cho vi mt mu t nhin, sch vt du, m, lm cho vi c trng theo yu cu. Cc cht ty thng l nc Javen (natri hypocloritNaClO, natriclorit NaClO2), dung dch Clo, hydropeoxit (H2O2), cng vi cc cht ph tr. Nc thi t qu trnh ty cha kim d, cht ty ra. Ngoi ra nc thi cn c mt hm lng cc cht halogen hu c nu s dng cc hp cht ty cha Clo. Cc cht ny c kh nng gy ung th v ang c khuyn co hn ch s dng. Nhum vi: y l qu trnh chnh, s dng cc loi thuc nhum to mu cho vi. Si vi c x l bng thuc nhum, dung dch cc ph gia hu c tng kh nng gn mu. Thuc nhum c th l phn tn, hon nguyn hoc nhng loi khc. nhum vi ngi ta thng s dng cc loi thuc nhum tng hp cng nhiu ho cht tr khc to iu kin cho s bt mu ca ca thuc nhum. Phn ho cht v thuc nhum khng gn vo vi i vo nc thi gy ra mu v ti lng COD cao ca nc thi dt nhum. Hu ht cc loi thuc nhum u l dng anionic v cc loi si bng cng l dng anionic. V vy, cho thuc nhum bt mu vo si vi cn phi s dng n mt lng ln mui (NaCl, Na2SO4), cc cht cm mu syntephix, tinofix D lng ca tt c cc cht ny u vo nc thi gy nhim trm trng nc thi dt nhum. Loi thuc nhum s dng ph thuc vo loi vi, si vi v cc c tnh cn c ca sn phm nh: bn mu, bn vi nh sng, bn nhit Qu trnh ny cng s dng cht phn tn, sunfua, indanthren hay napton theo yu cu sn phm v nguyn liu vi. Do vy nc thi c thnh phn cc cht vi nng dao ng v c mu cao. Ngoi ra do tnh a dng ca thuc nhum nn cc loi cht thi ny thng rt kh nhn bit. Git: Sau mi qu trnh nu, ty, lm bng, nhum c qu trnh git nhiu ln nhmtch cc tp cht, cht bn cn bm trn vi. Hon thin sn phm: qu trnh hon thin l qu trnh thc hin mt s yu cu b sung nh lm mm vi, chng thm cho vi, chng vi khun, chng cn trng, chng chy, tng bn Do vy, mt vi loi ho cht v cht tng hp c s dng nh silicon, acrylic, urthan v florin. Hu ht nhng loi ho cht ny l cht kh phn hu, c bit khi chng phn ng vi nhng hp cht khc c mt trong nc thi.

Trong cc ngun pht sinh nc thi ca qu trnh dt nhum th nc thi cng on nu, ty v nhum l b nhim nhiu nht, cn u tin tch dng v x l.

Kh thi Kh thi ca Nh my Dt - Nhum ch yu t cc cng on x l nhit, x l hon tt hng dt v t nhin liu. C th nhn din cc ngun thi hi kh c nh sau: - Hi kim, hi axit (H2SO4, CH3COOH) v cc dung mi hu c, kh ClO(Cl2) bc ra t khu ty trng va si bng nc Javen; - Kh NO2 bc ra t cng on hin mu trong qu trnh nhum mu vi thuc nhum hon nguyn tan loi "Indigosol"; - Hp cht hu c bay hi trong in Pigment. - Formandehyde: Trong in hoa pigment phi s dng cc cht to mng kt dnh (binder) hoc cht gn mu (fixer) do vy mt lng formandehyde s thot ra mi trng; - Khu vc l hi (t du, than) c cha nhiu cht nhim c bit l kh SO2 (ph thuc vo hm lng lu hunh trong du), CO, NOx v bi than. Lng kh thi ny l rt ln ln ti hng nghn m3/pht v lu lng vi trm m3/giy. - Ngoi ra, mt s khu nh git, nu vi cng thi ra mt vi loi kh thi gy nhim (kh clo, hi H2SO4, CH3COOH).

Bng 3.4. Cc cht nhim trong kh thi sinh ra trong qu trnh dt may

Nhit v ting n nhim nhit l mt loi nhim cn quan tm trong ngnh dt - nhum. Nhit pht sinh ch yu t: - S truyn nhit qua tng thnh ca l hi, ca cc my mc thit b s dng hi (cc my nu, ty, nhum vi, my nh hnh vi) v ca h thng ng ng dn hi, kh nng; - S r r h thng ng ng dn hi, cc van, mi ni trn h thng ng ng; - S to nhit v bc hi nc ca cc my sy kh vi. Tng cc nhit lng ny to vo khng gian nh xng rt ln lm nhit bn trong nh xng tng cao c th chnh vi nhit mi trng bn ngoi t 2 n 5 C (cha k n nh hng ca iu kin kh hu trong khu vc) nh hng ti qu trnh h hp ca c th con ngi tc ng xu ti sc kho v nng sut lao ng. Ngoi ra nhit cao cn c tim nng gy ra cc s c chy, n, v vy cn phi nh gi tc ng ca nhim c bin php x l, gim thiu thch hp. nhim ting n Ting n c trng ca ngnh dt - nhum ph thuc vo th h my mc v ch yu pht ra t cc my dt, my ct ngang vi (hot ng theo nguyn tc dp), cm my nhum git ty - ly tm vt nc vi, l hi v c bit l ting n kh ng do cc dng kh, hi vn chuyn lin tc trong ng ng. Nc thi Ngun thi t qu trnh sn xut: Nhn chung, nc thi t cc c s dt nhum c kim kh cao, c mu v hm lng cc cht hu c, tng cht rn cao.

Bng 3.5 - Cc cht gy nhim v c tnh ca nc thi ngnh dt nhum

Cht thi rn Cht thi d tha s cp sinh ra trong sn xut dt may l cht khng c hi. Chng bao gm cc mnh nh, phn d tha, phn thi b ca si v viNgoi ra trong ngnh dt may cn s dng nhiu bng n chiu sng, v vy thng pht sinh cht thi rn l bng n neon hng, c xp vo loi cht thi nguy hi. Bng 3.6- Ngun gc ca cc loi cht thi rn trong ngnh dt may

Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim khng kh Nh trnh by trong chng 4, nhim khng kh nh my dt nhum ch yu l do khi t l hi t du v cc dng kh c trng pht ra t dy chuyn cng ngh. Do vy gim thiu tc ng mi trng khng kh c th xem xt p dng cc bin php sau: - Dng nhin liu (than hoc du) c hm lng lu hunh thp. - p dng cng ngh tin tin. - Xy dng ng khi c chiu cao ph hp trong mi tng quan vi lu lng, nng kh thi, a hnh v iu kin kh hu khu vc. - Trong cc phn xng ca nh my cn phi c thit k m bo iu kin v sinh cng nghip, m bo thng thong v m bo ch vi kh hu bn trong cng trnh nht l ti nhng v tr thao tacs ca ngi cng nhn bng cch thit lp h thng thng gi t nhin, h thng thng gi ht, thng gi chung hoc thng gi cc b (phn xng nghin bt, ln men...). - Ti cc ngun sinh ra kh thi c hi v bi cn lp t cc thit b x l kh, bi c cng sut ph hp m bm kh thi sau x l t tiu chun mi trng cho php. Hai phng php ch yu thng c p dng x l kh thi dt nhum l phng php hp th v phng php hp ph. Phng php hp th t ra c hiu qu v gi thnh u t c th chp nhn c. Nguyn l ca phng php hp th da trn cc phn ng ho hc, s chnh lch nng gia pha kh v pha lng. Dung dch hp th l nc hoc kim long s hp th c loi kh c nh SO2, H2S, HCl thot ra t mt s cng on ca cng ngh dt nhum.Nc thi ra t cc thitb hp th kh mang tnh axt hoc cha cc cht kt ta v mui v c, do cn phi x l trc khi thi ra mi trng. Thit b s dng hp th kh gm cc loi nh sau:
- Thp phun ac iem cau tao la thap rong ben trong chat long c phun thanh hat nho tiep xuc vi dong kh can x ly. Kh thai o nhiem, bui tac dung vi nc tr thanh dang long va c dan ra he thong x ly nc thai. Kh sach c thoat ra moi trng. - u iem cua thiet b nay la re tien, tr lc be, kch thc thiet b nho, de van hanh. - Nhc iem ch hieu qua oi vi kh tan tot trong chat long hay de phan ng vi tac nhan tan trong chat long, kho khan cho viec x ly chat long. - Thit b dng ra cyclon Nguyen tac hoat ong cua thiet b nay la kh i vao cyclon tao dong xoay, chat long phun t tam cyclon tao cho he thong tao ieu kien cho pha kh va pha long tiep xuc tot. Thiet b nay thng c dung e x ly ket hp ca bui va kh de tan trong dung dch. - u iem giong thap phun nhng kch thc thiet b nho hn. - Nhc iem ton hao nang lng ln hn so vi thap phun. - Thit b gia tc ra kh Tai vung gia toc cua thiet b dong kh c tang toc qua khe hep co lech hng gay nen dong xoay toc o kh va co the at ti 1.500 m/phut. Dong kh phan tan chat long thanh cac hat sng tao ra be mat tiep xuc ln. Do o thiet b co the x ly c ca nhng hat bui co kch thc nho nh khoi. - u iem cua thiet b nay la hieu qua x ly cao. - Nhc iem la hao ton ap lc, chi ph van hanh ln. - Thit b dnga Thiet b cau tao bi cac tang tiep xuc. Chat long i t tren xuong, kh i t di len. Moi tang tng ng mot a hay phan t can bang tach pha. Co cac loai a nh: a li, khay va ap, bay tao bot, van noi. - u iem cua thiet b la thi gian tiep xuc gi pha kh va long ln, hieu qua x ly cao. Thiet b de lam sach. - Nhc iem : Thiet b at tien, hao ton ap lc ln. - Thp m Tuy thuoc vao chuyen ong kh long ngi ta chia lam ba loai thap em nh sau: 1.Thiet b ngc dong: Kh i t thap qua vat em len nh thap, chat long i t nh thap xuong. 2.Thiet b cung chieu: Ca kh va long i vao nh thap i ra ay thap. 3.Thiet b dong cat ngang: Kh chuyen dch theo chieu ngang, chat long i xuong qua vat em. Vat lieu em co the la nha hoac thep khong g. - u iem cua thiet b la hieu suat x ly cao thiet b ieu khien de van hanh.

- Nhc iem gia au t ln, hao ton ap lc do vat em ln.

C th x l ng thi SOx v NOx bng dung dch kim. Hiu qu x l SO2 thng khong 90% cn NOx l 70 90%.

Ting n gim thiu nh hng ting n, rung trong qu trnh hot ng n cc khu vc ln cn, cc bin php gim thiu c phi hp p dng: - Khu vc sn xut c b tr cch ly vi khu vc vn phng - La chn cc thit b c ting n thp hoc khng gy n - i vi cc thit b sn sinh ra nhiu ting n s dng phng php tng cch m, gim chn lm gim ting n nh: ng x kh ca trm kh nn, trm xy u lp t b gim thanh. T my vn hnh trong trm ch xy u b tr chp cch m. Ting n sinh ra trong cc cng on sn xut qua x l gim thanh, cch m, tng nh xng che chn v c ly thch hp lm hn ch ting n, tho mn yu cu ca tiu chun i vi nh hng khu vc xung quanh nh my. - B tr my mc thit b trong cc dy chuyn sn xut mt cch hp l ng thi thng xuyn kim tra bo dng my mc nh k. - Cc chn , b bn c gia c bng b tng, lp t cc m chng rung bng cao su v thng xuyn kim tra cn bng v hiu chnh khi cn thit. - Trng cy xanh hn ch lan truyn ting n Nc thi Gim thiu nhim do nc thi sn xut gy ra Nc thi ca ngnh dt nhum cn phi quan tm v x l, v nc thi ny gy nhim nhiu ti mi trng sng. gim mc nhim ngi ta c th p dng 2 bin php: - Bin php gim thiu cc cht nhim trong qu trnh cng ngh, k c vic thu hi li h trong khi gi, h vi, cng nh tit kim s dng ha cht v thay th ha cht bng cc enzim, nh thay xt bng amilaza chu nhit trong gi, h vi, v.v - Bin php x l nc thi thch hp: Do c th ca cng ngh, nc thi ngnh dt nhum cha tng hm lng cht rn tng s, cht rn l lng, mu, BOD, COD cao, chn phng n x l thch hp phi da vo nhiu yu t nh lng nc thi, c tnh nc thi, tiu chun thi, x l tp trung hay cc b. t hiu qu kinh t cng nh hiu sut x l cn c h thng phn lung dng thi, c bit i vi nhng c s c nng sut sn xut hng dt nhum ln. Phn lung dng thi bao gm: - Dng nhim nng nh dch nhum thi, dch h, nc git h ca cc cng on. - Dng nhim va nh nc git cc giai on trung gian. - Dng nhim nh nc lm ngui, nc git cui. Dng thi nhim nh c th x l s b hoc trc tip tun hon li cho sn xut.

X l nc thi sn xut Tu theo yu cu v mc nhim ca nc thi, ngi ta c th dng phng php x l ha l hay sinh hc hoc kt hp c hai. Dy chuyn x l kt hp thng cho hiu qu cao hn. Di y gii thiu quy trnh x l nc thi dt nhum kt hp phng php ha l v sinh hc.

Ngoi ra, bin php gim thiu nhim nc cn c kt hp thc hin bng gii php p dng cc bin php sn xut sch hn nh: Tun hon ti s dng nc lm lnh, hn ch s dng ha cht tr, thuc nhum dng c hay kh phn hu sinh hc .... Nc thi sau x l phi t QCVN/ TCVN. X l nc thi sinh hot Phng n x l nc thi sinh hot bng b t hoi k kh c cc vch ngn mng, dng chy hng ln v ngn lc k kh ABR (hay cn gi l b BASTAF baffled septic tank with anaerobic filter) Cht rn Cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng bao gm vi ph liu, bi vi, bng, thng nha, chai l thu tinh ng ho cht, bn thi t x l nc, bng n neon hng. Do vy, c th p dng cc bin php sau: - Xy dng kho, bi theo tiu chun cha v bo qun cht thi rn. - Cc cht thi rn v c bn vng t c hi, bao b, giy ph thi c th thu gom v em bn cho cc dch v, i vi rc thi sinh hot cn c bin php thu gom v x l tp trung. - Bn thi x l nc c kim loi nng v cc cht hu c kh phn hu; bng n neon hng; bao b dng ha cht phi x l theo quy ch cht thi c hi.