Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TING TRUNG C BN
PHN I KHI NIM C BN
Bi 1. DANH T
1. T dng biu th ngi hay s vt gi l danh t. Ni chung trc danh t ta c th thm vo s t
hay lng t nhng danh t khng th nhn ph t lm b ngha. Mt s t danh t n m tit c th
trng lp din t tng/mi. Th d: (mi ngi=), (mi ngy=), v.v...
Pha sau danh t ch ngi, ta c th thm t v (mn) biu th s nhiu. Th d: (cc
gio vin). Nhng nu trc danh t c s t hoc lng t hoc t khc vn biu th s nhiu th ta
khng th thm t v vo pha sau danh t. Ta khng th ni m phi ni
(5 gio vin).
2. Ni chung, danh t u c th lm ch ng, tn ng, v nh ng trong mt cu.
a/. Lm ch ng .
= Bc Kinh l th ca Trung Quc.
= Ma h nng.
= Pha ty l sn chi.
= Gio vin dy chng ti.
b/. Lm tn ng .
= Tiu Vn c sch.
= By gi l 5 gi.
= Nh chng ti pha ng.
= Ti lm bi tp.
c/. Lm nh ng .
= y l s Trung Quc.
= Ti thch m ma h.
= Ng php ting Anh kh n gin.
= Y phc ca m ng kia.
3. T ch thi gian (danh t biu th ngy thng nm, gi gic, ma, v.v...) v t ch ni chn (danh t
ch phng hng hoc v tr) cng c th lm trng ng, nhng ni chung cc danh t khc th khng
c chc nng lm trng ng. Th d:
= Ngy mt hn s n.
= Bui ti chng ti i hc.
= Xin mi vo trong ny.
= Chng ta hy ni chuyn bn ngoi.
Bi 2. HNH DUNG T
Hnh dung t l t m t hnh trng v tnh cht ca s vt hay ngi, hoc m t trng thi ca hnh vi
hay ng tc. Ph t t trc hnh dung t to dng thc ph nh.
* Cc loi hnh dung t:
1. Hnh dung t m t hnh trng ca ngi hay s vt: , , , , , , , .
2. ng t lm ch ng .
ng t c th lm ch ng vi iu kin v ng l hnh dung t hoc l ng t biu th nh ch,
bt u, phn on. Th d:
= Lng ph th ng xu h.
= Trn u xong.
3. ng t lm nh ng .
Khi ng t lm nh ng, pha sau n c tr t . Th d:
? = Anh c g n khng?
= iu n ni rt ng.
4. ng t lm tn ng .
= Ti thch hc.
= Chng ti chm dt tho lun lc 10 gi.
5. ng t lm b ng .
= Ti nghe khng hiu.
= N nhn khng thy.
6. ng t lm trng ng .
Khi ng t lm trng ng, pha sau n c tr t . Th d:
= B m anh y tip i ti nhit tnh.
= Cc hc sinh chm ch nghe thy ging bi.
*Vi vn cn ch khi dng ng t:
1. ng t Hn ng khng bin i nh ng t ting Php, c, Anh... tc l khng c s ho hp
gia ch ng v ng t (Subject-verb agreement), khng c bin i theo ngi (s t/s nhiu) v theo
th (tense).
= Ti l hc sinh.
= B y l gio vin.
= H l cng nhn.
= Ti ang lm bi tp.
= Chiu no ti cng lm bi tp.
= Ti lm bi tp.
2. Tr t gn sau ng t din t mt ng tc hay hnh vi hon thnh. Th d:
= Ti c xong mt quyn sch.
= N i ri.
3. Tr t gn sau ng t din t mt ng tc ang tin hnh hoc mt trng thi ang ko
di. Th d:
= Chng ti ang hc.
= Ca ang m.
4. Tr t gn sau mt ng t nhn mnh mt kinh nghim qua. Th d:
= Ti tng i Bc Kinh.
= Ti tng c quyn sch ny.
Bi 4. TR NG T
N sc kho rt tt.
Ti u au (= ti au u).
C th phn tch cu trc ny theo: ch ng + v ng, trong ch ng l mt ng danh t cha
:
Sc kho n rt tt.
u ti au.
CU TRC 5: (cu c ch )
*Cu trc: Loi cu ny phn on hay khng nh:
y l sch.
Ti l ngi Vit Nam.
Hn l bn ti.
*M rng:
a/ Ch ng + + (danh t / i t nhn xng / hnh dung t) + :
Sch ny l ca thy L.
Ci kia l ca ti.
T bo nh ny mi.
b/ Dng ph nh:
ng y khng phi thy L, m l thy Vng.
c/ Dng to cu hi:
Sch ny c phi ca thy L khng?
d/ Dng to cu hi:
Sch ny c phi ca thy L khng?
(= )
CU TRC 6: (cu c ch )
Cch dng:
1* Ai c ci g ( s s hu):
Ti c rt nhiu sch Trung vn.
2* Ci g gm c bao nhiu:
, Mt nm c 12 thng, 52 tun l. Mt tun c by
ngy.
3* Hin c (= tn ti) ai/ci g:
Khng c ai trong nh.
, Trong th vin c rt nhiu sch, cng c rt nhiu tp ch
v bo nh.
4* Dng k khai (lit k) xem c ai/ci g:
, , sn vn ng c ngi nh banh, c ngi chy b,
c ngi tp Thi cc quyn.
h/ Hi v s lng:
Lp ca bn c bao nhiu hc sinh?
4* Cu hi chnh phn, cng l hi xem c ng vy khng:
Hn ng c kh khng?
Anh c phi l ngi Vit Nam khng?
Anh c t in Khang Hi khng?
5* Cu hi hay/hoc, hi v ci ny hay ci khc. Ta dng :
y l t in ca anh hay ca n?
(= )
Cu ny ng hay khng ng? (ng hay sai?)
Hm nay ngy 9 hay 10?
CU TRC 12: Cm danh t
1* Cm danh t l nhm t mang tnh cht danh t, l dng m rng ca danh t, c dng tng
ng vi danh t, v c cu trc chung: nh ng + + trung tm ng. Trong trung tm ng
l thnh phn ct li (vn l danh t); cn nh ng l thnh phn b sung /xc nh ngha cho thnh
phn ct li. Yu t c khi b lc b. Th d:
t bo hm nay
ngi tham quan
ngi i cng vin
truyn thuyt lu i
() cuc sng hnh phc
2* Trung tm ng phi l danh t. nh ng c th l:
a/ Danh t: vn ho Vit Nam.
b/ i t: c gng ca n.
c/ Ch nh t+lng t: t tp ch ny
d/ S t+lng t: ba ngi; mt tm bn th gii.
e/ Hnh dung t: () cuc sng hnh phc; bn tt.
f/ ng t: ngi tham quan.
g/ ng t+tn ng: ngi i xe p.
h/ Cm ChV: xe p (m) n mua.
CU TRC 13: (so snh)
1* T so vi bn thn: cng thm.../ li cng.... Ta dng .
Phng php cng tt.
Hn kho mnh hn trc.
2* Dng biu th s tuyt i: ... nht.
, My ngy nay, hm nay l lnh nht.
Ti thch bi li nht.
3* So snh gia hai i tng thy s chnh lch v trnh , tnh cht, v.v... , ta dng . Cu trc
l: A + + B + hnh dung t . (= A hn/km B nh th no).
Ti ln hn n 10 tui.
Hm nay hn n sm hn hm qua.
Hn hc tp tt hn trc.
Cy ny cao hn cy kia.
Cy ny cao hn cy kia nhiu lm.
N bi li gii hn ti.
* Dng v v nhn mnh:
Ti ln (tui) m n cn ln hn ti na.
Ti cao m n cn cao hn ti na.
4* Dng so snh bng nhau.
N cao bng ti.
5* Dng hoc so snh km: khng bng....
N khng cao bng ti. (= )
6* Dng A B () + hnh dung t ni hai i tng A v B khc nhau hay nh nhau.
Sch ny dy nh sch kia.
cu ny khc cu kia.
* C th t trc hay trc cng c.
cu ny khc cu kia.
* Dng A B ni hai i tng A v B khng nh nhau.
Sch ny khc sch kia.
Ti ni ting Trung Quc khng lu lot nh hn.
* T so snh:
Sc kho ng ta khng c nh xa.
* Dng ... ... din cng... cng....
No cng dng cng minh mn.
Cht lng sn phm cng ngy cng tt hn.
CU TRC 14: (cu phc)
1* Cu phc do hai/nhiu cu n (= phn c ) ghp li:
* Cu trc Ch ng + (ng t1+tn ng1) + (ng t2+tn ng2) + (ng t3+tn ng3) ... din t
chui hot ng.
, , Bui ti ti n li t mi, vit ch Hn, v lm bi tp.
* Cu trc Ch ng1 + (ng t1+tn ng1) + ch ng2 + (ng t2+tn ng2) +...
, Ti hc Trung vn, n hc Anh vn.
2* Dng ... ... hoc ... ... din va... va....
Hn va bit ting Trung Quc, va bit ting Anh.
Nng va bit ht, va bit khiu v.
ng ta va l bn ti, va l thy ti.
H va n cm va xem TV.
Chng ti va lm va hc.
3* Dng ... ... din khng nhng... m cn....
hp vi cc t , , th ng kh cng nh hn
trong cu l ng t khng phi tr t, do phi c l blio
4. :
a. Gii t
b.C ngha nh , , ch hnh ng theo nguyn tc no , thng ch cc thi , tinh
thn, phng chm, nguyn tc c tnh tng i tru tng v trnh trng, thng dng trong vn vit
c. Da vo, cn c...
d. Vd:
L ln b x lin x sh j
(L thuyt phi lin h vi thc t)
Xi wn zhng b x tio l qng ch, nng gu shu mng wn t
(Vit vn chng nht nh phi mch lc r rng, c th ni r vn )
e. Lu : chng ta c th dng t hay ph nh nh trong v d
(qng kung y jng lio ji n w x zi shu le-tnh hnh r ri, bn khng cn thit
phi ni na)
7.
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh hay , yu cu phi c kt lun hay kt qu cui cng
c. Rt cuc, chung quy, suy cho cng...
d. Vd:
J t de l ling b jng b g rn d
(Sc mnh ca tp th suy cho cng cng hn mt ngi)
-t phn cu pha trc nhn mnh nguyn nhn
Hu y to ln bng tng gu le zh g t n
(Hi ngh tho lun cng thng qua n ny)
*ng ngha: c th dng thay th
-Ph t:
* t trc cc t ph nh nh , , , , ph nh s tht khng phi nh th,
c tc dng nhn mnh thm ng kh
+ Hon ton
+Vd:
P png n sh wi le bng zh n jn b bng w g rn chng jin
(Gp vi bn l v gip bn tin b, hon ton khng v thnh kin c nhn)
* t trc ng t n m tit, biu th cc s vic ang xy ra, tin hnh hay tn ti cng mt lc
+ Cng, chung
+Vd:
Hi zi men b dng yu do n r q wn le
Jio o de rn ch zo yo sh bi
(Ngi kiu ngo sm mun g cng tht bi)
Wn t su du zh yo d ji xing bn f ch zo zng hu ji ju
(Vn d nhiu, ch cn mi ngi ngh cch sm mun cng s gii quyt c)
-So snh: ngha v cch s dng ca hon ton nh , tuy nhin thng dng
trong vn vit.
19. :
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh , biu th s vic xy ra 1 ln na hoc bt u li t u
c. Mt ln na, li (t u)
d. Vd:
,
J hu n pi b sh dng x yo chng xn tio zhng y xi
(K hoch sp xp khng thch hp, cn iu chnh li 1 cht)
-So snh:
+ T cng c th vit thnh nhn mnh s bt u ca s vic
+T c ngha nh nhng t ny thng dng trong cc trng hp tng i trang trng
Qng n chng bi ch
(Nh anh pha ly tr)
T trong vd trn l ng t
21.
a. Lin t
b. C ngha nh ni r ngoi nhng iu ni pha trc cng cn nhng vn
khc hoc khng cn g khc na. T ny c th dng lin kt cc phn cu, cc cu hay t u
mi on. Khi t t ny u cu hay u on vn th pha sau phi c du phy (thng dng trong
vn vit)
c. Ngoi ra, mt khc, v li, hn na
d. Vd:
Yun zi l zhng zhe ling k y m h ling k hi tng c wi hi yu j cng yu j
(Trong vn trng hai cy bp, hai cy hi ng ngoi ra cn c my bi hoa hng)
-So snh: khi t lm lin t th ngha v cch s dng hon ton ging nh t .
thng dng trong khu ng.
22.
a. Ph t
b. Ch r s vic c bt u t khi ni n
c. T , t y
d. Vd:
25.
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh ch s dc sc hon thnh 1 vic no , thng c dng trong phng
din tch cc
c. Ra sc, y mnh
d. Vd:
28.
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh , biu th nguyn nhn v p dng 1 bin php no m t
c kt qu nh vy, thng c dng trong vn vit
c. c, c th
d. Vd:
B x fng shu f dng qn zhng, rng qn zhng de y jin de y cng fn f bio ch li
(Cn pht ng qun chng, kin ca h c pht biu y )
Lin r bo y, jing shu mng zhng xng ho d b b dun ji g, j mn de y zhun wi wi n
(Lin tip my ngy ma nh trt, nc sng dng cao, may m iu khng ngng c gia c nn
ngi dn mi c th chuyn nguy thnh an)
29.
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh , biu th s kin quyt loi b, ch dng trong cu ph nh
c. Tuyt i
vn vit.
Thc t: trong vd
Shu do zhng jin, t dn le y xi
(Ni n on gia, anh ta ngng 1 lt) l ng t.
31.
a. Lin t
b. C ngha nh ch r da st vo ng tc pha trc thc hin
c. Sau , ri sau s
d. Vd:
Qu yu b w r hu dng shu
(Nm cho tht chc ri sau mi lm)
J li le fn fng f de s ci r hu ci nng xi zu
(Hy tch ly t liu sng cho phong ph sau hy sng tc)
[ vd ny, t nh nh vn Nam Cao c 1 cu ni rt ni ting sng ri hy vit, vy theo t vd trn
cng c th dch theo cu ni ny]
-So snh: t c th dng trc ch ng
Vd:
Rn hu t zhng l ci lio xi chng wn zhng
(Sau khi c y chnh l ti liu th s vit thnh tc phm)
Nhng thng khng dng nh vy.
32.
a. Ph t
b. Ch s ngc li so vi iu kin nu pha trc hoc khng bnh thng, thng dng kt hp vi
cc t , lm cho ng kh ca s chuyn cng thm r rng
c. Tri li, m cn
d. Vd:
Fng b dn mi tng fn r yu li yu d le
(Gi khng nhng khng ngng m tri li cng lc cng mnh thm)
N ti j l le fn r nng de d ji b fng bin
(Bn qu cu n ri, tri li lm cho mi ngi thy khng thoi mi)
-ng ngha: t , u c ngha nh , nhng t thng dng trong khu ng
v c mang sc thi ca phng ngn, t mang sc thi vn ngn v thng dng trong vn vit.
Vd trong vn ni s l
33.
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh , nhn mnh trong trng hp no th kt qu cng khng thay i.
D ji fn tu q zhn bi
(Mi ngi chia nhau i chun b)
-So snh: c th thay bng . thng dng trong vn vit. Tuy nhin trong vd
th c th thay bng
39.
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh , biu th trong trng hp bt c d phi tm chp nhn, sau ny hy
kt lun, c tnh cht nhng b
c. Tm, tm thi
d. Vd:
Bi xng j g qi tng t jing wn le zi shu
(ng nng, hy tm nghe anh ta gii thch xong mi ni)
-Lu : Nhng iu pha sau t ra u cha thc hin v thng mang ng kh ng vin hay
c v
-So snh: T v c ngha rt gn nhau, ch trng n thi gian cn ch
trng s nhng b.
40.
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh biu th mc tng i cao, thng i vi cc t . Thng dng
trong khu ng, pha trc khng c dng ph t ph nh
c. Rt, kh
d. Vd:
Gui b ho y s de
(Rt ngng, ngi qu)
Zh xio xing mo gui k i de zhn du rn
(B gu trc ny d thng qu, tht hi hc)
-So snh: Phm vi s dng ca khng rng bng , ch c mi c th i vi cc ng t ,
, ..., khng th kt hp c.
-Thc t: trong Vd
Zu le cu sh yo gui z j b nng gui bi rn
(Lm sai ri th nn t trch mnh, khng th trch ngi khc)
L ng t
41.
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh , biu th s gii hn trong 1 phm vi nht nh, thng dng trong khu
ng; cng c ngha nh , ch s vic thng xuyn xut hin
c. Ch; mi, vn lun, mi lun
d. Vd:
Shng hi sh g d chng sh gung y g q ji yu shng bi wn rn
B wn zi xio mi gung
(Tiu dit sch l mui)
L tnh t
42.
a. Gii t
b. C ngha nh ch ra ngi ph trch s vic hay thc hin cc ng tc, hnh vi. T
ny thng dng trong khu ng
c. Do, thuc v
d. Vd
Gng lo gu d ji
(Cng lao thuc v mi ngi)
-So snh: trong cu c dng thng c th thay th bng . Trong trng hp cu khng nu r
phm vi trch nhim th ch c th dng
-Thc t: trong Vd
Qin tio h li gu d hi
(Trm sng cng v bin)
L ng t
43.
* Lin t
a. C ngha nh biu th 1 gi thit, thng t u cc phn cu pha trc, u cc
phn cu sau c du phy. Trong trng hp cui phn cu u c tr t ng kh th ng kh gi
thit cng mnh hn
b. Nu thc s, nu qu nh th, qu l
c. Vd:
Gu zhn xing n su shu de n yng sh qng ji ho bn le
(Nu thc s ging nh nhng g bn ni, th s vic d x l ri)
N gu zhn do w men zh l li gng zu de hu n ji ti ho le
(Nu bn qu tht n ch chng ti, vy qu tt ri)
-Ch : c nhng trng hp dng t hay thay cho ngha nu ln pha trc th
T gu zhn li le
(Qu tht anh y n ri)
-Dng trong tiu cu pha sau ca cu phc, nu r t nguyn nhn cp pha trc dn n kt qu
trong tiu cu pha sau l khng ngoi d on
T xu x le bn nin jn b gu zhn bsho
(C y hc tp na nm ri, qu l tin b khng t)
44.
a. Ph t
b. Nu r s vt qu 1 mc hay gii hn cho php
c. Qu mc, qu ng
d. Vd:
-B ngha cho tnh t
W men b yng gi gu fn yo qi bi rn
(Chng ta khng nn yu cu qu ng i vi ngi khc)
-Lu :
+Cu dng t thng c hm ngha trch mc
+ng t hay tnh t pha sau u l t a m tit
45.
a. Ph t
b. t trc 1 s tnh t 2 m tit biu th mc cao, c mang 1 sc thi tnh cm nht nh, c th
thay th bng
c. Rt, qu, bit bao
d. Vd:
Xng q tin hi zi men hu li ji l ho b r no
(Ch nht bn tr quay v, trong nh no nhit bit bao)
Zh bn cn ko sh ho b rng y ci zi t sh gun ji do
(Quyn sch tham kho ny tht khng d dng g mi mn c ca th vin)
Ho zi t shng sh b zhng
(May m vt thng ca anh y khng nng lm)
-So snh: cc t , , , cng c ngha gn nh , chng u dn ra iu
kin thun li trnh i tnh hung xu c th xy ra hay t 1 kt qu tng i tt, thng mang
tnh ngu nhin cao
47.
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh ng kh phn vn v to thnh cu hi, c khuyn ngi hay t nh vi
bn thn, cui cu dng du ?
c. Sao khng
d. Vd:
Zhng xin shng sh gu ni yu mng de zhun ji n h b xing t qng jio
(ng Trng l chuyn gia c ting trong nc, sao bn khng thnh gio ng y?)
48.
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh c ng kh phn vn, nu r khng ng lm nh th
c. Cn g, bt tt phi lm kh mnh
d. Vd:
-
Mng zh t jn tin b hu li h k hi zizh l lo dng
(Bit r anh y hm nay khng v, bt tt phi lm kh mnh cn y i mi?)
-Dng kt hp vi tr t biu th ph nh
H k ne n zi shu y mi yng
(Cn g ch, bn ni na cng v dng thi)
-So snh: c th thay th bng nhn mnh tnh cht khng cn thit
49.
a. Lin t
b. Lm cho ngha c s tng tin thm 1 bc, trc v sau c hm so snh, ng kh phn vn. T
+ c th kt hp vi nhng th khng.
-Thc t: trong cu
W de chng j b j n
(Thnh tch ca ti khng bng bn)
L ng t
56.
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh biu th hnh ng trc khi s vic xy ra c th mang li hiu qu cao
c. ng lc, kp thi, nhanh chng, sm
d. Vd:
Q zhng ko sh j jing j xng tng xu men yo j zo zhn bi
(Sp thi cui k ri, cc bn hc sinh phi sm chun b i)
57.
a. Lin t
b. Biu th thi gian, c ngha nh , , thng dng trong vn vit.
c. Mi n, ch n
d. Vd:
-+danh t (gii hn v mt thi gian)
J zh sh y yu n bin de xio x ci chun le ch li
(Mi n thng 11, tin tc bn y mi truyn n)
-+ng t/tiu c
Du zi n png sh fng rn b gun j zh f xin wn t zi ji gun jio xio gu dng rn b go
(Bnh thng b mc con ci, ch n lc c chuyn mi dy d, ng nhin l hiu qu khng cao)
58.
*Ph t
a. C ngha nh , , biu th thi gian ngn ngi, s vic xy ra rt nhanh, thng
dng trong vn vit
b. Th, ngay, tc th, lin
c. Vd:
Sh jin gu de zhn kui chn ji j zi yn qin
(Thi gian qua tht nhanh, Tt ngay trc mt)
*Lin t
a. C ngha nh , ni r thm mi quan h, thnh phn pha sau l gii thch r cho
thnh phn pha trc
b. Chnh l, tc l
c. Vd:
Dun y j c z sh ling g y shng de c de z h
(on ng tc l cm t, c t 2 t tr ln t hp thnh)
-C ngha nh , nu gi thit v nhng b, pha sau thng i vi t n m tit,
c th dng kt hp vi cc t , c ngha l cho d, d cho
Vd:
J w t fng zh zh yun y nng n q wn chng rn w
(Cho d khng c s gip ca ni khc cng c th hon thnh nhim v ng thi hn)
-C th i chung vi to thnh c ngha nh biu th mi
quan h la chn
Vd:
Fi c j b
(Khng phi ci ny th tc l ci kia)
59.
*Ph t
a. Dng kt hp vi cc h t biu th 2 s vic cng song song tn ti; c ngha
nh t pha trc ng t biu th ng tc kt thc hay hon thnh. Thng thy trong 1 s
cm c nh nh: ( thnh s tht), (khng trch li xa)
b.
c. Vd:
T xi z j kui qi ho
(Anh y vit ch nhanh li cn p)
*Lin t
a. C cch dng tng t nhng khng th t trc ch ng, dng a ra 1 tin v c th
kt hp vi biu th mi quan h suy lun, thng dng trong vn vit
b.
Rn j y hu q shu y li b j le
(Ngi v, ni cng khng kp ri)
60.
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh , , t u cu hay u phn cu pha sau, biu th thi gian,
thng dng trong vn vit
c. Lt sau
d. Vd:
J r y j xn rn dng shn
(Lt sau ma ngt li vui v ln ni)
61.
a. ph t
b. C ngha nh , , ch r t n hay gn t n 1 mc no , c ng
kh khoa trng
C ngha nh nu r s tin n gn 1 tnh hung, ng kh nng hn
c. Qu l, qu tht, tht l; gn nh, dng nh
d. Vd:
Lo xio zhng qn z li cn ji lin hun, jin zh ti jio rn go xng le
(ch thn v hiu trng gi n tham d lin hoan, qu tht khin mi ngi rt vui)
G xing bin hu zhn d sn nin mi hu ji jin zh rn b ch li le
(Qu hng thay i nhiu qu, 3 nm khng v gn nh khng nhn ra na)
-Dng chung vi biu th s kinh ngc, than th hay bt mn
N jin zh sh h shu b do
(Anh ng l ni v vn)
62.
a. Lin t:
b. C ngha nh , , thng c t trc 1 phn cu
c. Nhn thy, thy rng
d. Vd:
Jin y t j x jin ch cu w gng s ju dng jing t ki ch
(Nhn thy anh y vn tip tc gi ci sai ca mnh, cng ty quyt nh sa thi anh ta)
63.
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh , biu th mi th u bao qut bn trong, pha sau thng i vi t n
m tit v thng dng trong khu ng
c. u
d. Vd:
S hi zh ni ji xing d
(T hi giai huynh -Anh em bn b 1 nh)
Shi zh pn zhng cn l l ji xn k
64.
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh biu th s hn ch trong mt phm vi nht nh, nhn mnh thi gian ngn, s
lng t; hoc c ngha nh nhn mnh 1 iu ni bt trong 1 phm vi gii hn. T ny
thng kt hp vi
c. Ch, vn vn; ring, duy c
d. Vd:
Jn jn y g xng q t ji xu hu le hn y pn yn
(Ch vn vn 1 tun anh y hc ht phin m ting Hn)
Zh jn jn sh y g sh xing nng fu chng wi xin sh hun hn nn shu
(y ch l iu gi nh, cn c th thnh hin thc hay khng th rt kh ni)
-ng ngha: cng c ngha nh , c th thay th cho nhau. Ng kh ca nh hn v thng
dng trong vn vit
65.
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh biu th s c gng t n mc cao nht trong phm vi c th
c. C gng, c gng ht sc
d. Vd:
Jn tin jio li hu f yn de rn du shu hu qng jn ling jin yo y xi
(Bui tic giao lu hm nay rt nhiu ngi pht biu, nu c ni xin c gng khi qut tm tt 1 cht)
66
a. Ph t
b. C ngha nh biu th s u tin hng u trong vic thc hin 1 vic no .
c. u tin
d. Vd:
Zu ch chng chun yng gi jn xin zho g lo nin rn
(Ln xe hay i thuyn, nn chiu c u tin cho ngi gi)
Kt cu c php ca ting Hn
Kt cu c php ca ting Hn ch yu c cc loi hnh di y:
1.Kt cu ch v
Gia cc b phn cu thnh c quan h ni r v c ni r, kt cu kiu ny l kt cu ch v.V d:
//
Mun bit c phi l quan h ch v hay khng c th dng (ci g(ai) nh
th no?) kim tra.V d:
2.Kt cu chnh ph
Gia cc b phn cu thnh c quan h b ngha v c b ngha, dng kt cu ny c gi l kt cu
chnh ph.Da vo tnh cht ca cc thnh phn c b ngha c th chia c th thnh 2 loi:
a.Kt cu nh trung:thnh phn c b ngha l danh t tnh.Thnh phn b ngha l nh ng, thnh
phn c b ngha l trung tm ng.V d:
///
Mun bit c phi l quan h nh trung hay khng, ta c th dng cu hi
(S vt ca ngi(ca ai)hoc nh th no?) kim tra.V d:
Trong vn vit c phng php n gin l khi thy pha trc 1 t c , thng thng quan h kt
hp cc b phn trc v sau l quan h nh trung, ng nhin y ch l nhng trng hp
thng thng, s c lc khng chnh xc, v d c ngi s vit thnh :
V vy, quan trng nht l vn xem quan h kt cu, t m b ngha khng phi l danh t m l
ng t v vy tuy dng nhng trng hp ny khng thuc kt cu nh trung.
b.Kt cu trng trung:thnh phn c b ngha mang tnh cht nh 1 ng t hoc tnh t.Thnh phn
b ngha l trng ng , thnh phn c b ngha l trung tm ng.V d:
/////
Mt nhn t quan trng trong vic xc nh c phi l quan h trng trung hay khng l xc nh xem b
phn sau trong t hp c phi l ng t hoc tnh t hay khng, nu ng, th c th loi b quan h
nh trung,Sau xem tip b phn ng trc ca t hp ny, nu l danh t hoc i t , rt c th t
hp ny l quan h ch v, nhng cng ch l kh nng, xem t hp sau:
//
Tuy cc t ng l danh t , cc t pha sau cng
l ng t nhng khi dng hnh thc kim nh quan h ch v kim tra th s bit c y khng
phi l quan h ch v m la quan h trng trung.Nu b phn pha trc l tnh t, thng thng c
th khng nh l quan h trng trung, v d .Nu l ng t,
c 4 kh nng xy ra:
-Mt l quan h lin ng:
//
trng hp ny nu dng phng thc kim nghim kt cu lin ng th c th nhn ra.
-Hai l quan h ng tn:
//
trng hp ny nu dng hnh thc kim nghim kt cu kiu ng tn th c th nhn thy c.
-Ba l quan h ngang hng.V d:
/
V gia 2 ng t ny c th dng lin kt, v vy cng khng kh xc nh:
-Nu c 3 loi kt cu ni trn u b loi b, kh nng cn li l "t hp ng ng"ca quan h trng
trung.V d:
//
Kiu kt cu dng ny cng c hnh thc kim nghim ca n.T nhng nhn nh trn chng ta c th
nhn bit c, 2 ng t kt hp vi nhau, quan h rt phc tp, nhng hon ton khng phi khng
th lm r c.
Tng t nh quan h nh trung, hnh thc vn vit nu nhn thy tr t , c th nhanh chng
nhn nh rng t hp ny c quan h trng trung.Ngoi ra, trc ng t hoc tnh t nu l ph t
hoc t t gii t, th quan h t hp ny nht nh l quan h trng trung.y l cch xc nh n gin
v d thc hin nht.
3.Kt cu ng tn
Gia cc b phn cu thnh c quan h chi phi v b chi phi, kiu kt cu ny l kt cu ng tn.V
d:
///
Hnh thc kim tra kiu kt cu ntt l :ng t danh t.V d:
*
S khc bit rt r rng, cu trc l i tng ca,cu sau l ni r v mt
phng thc nh th no, nn cu trc l quan h ng tn , cu sau l quan h trng
trung.Thng sau ng t nu l danh t hoc i t , c th trc tip nhn nh l quan h ng tn, ch
khi sau ng t khng phi l danh t hoc i t th mi phi dng hnh thc kim nghim kim tra.
4.Quan h ng b
Gia cc b phn cu thnh c quan h b sung ni r v c b sung ni r, kt cu ny l kt cu
ng b.Thng thng b phn sau b sung ni r cho b phn trc.V d:
////
Phng thc nhn nh loi hnh kt cu ny l hnh thc vn vit khi nhn thy tr t , quan h
gia 2 b phn trc v sau n nht nh l quan h ng b;t hp sau ng t l ,sau ng t l
tnh t, sau ng t l t t ng t(nh),v t t thi lng (nh),cng nht nh l
quan h ng b; sau ng t nu l ng t n m tit, thng l quan h ng b.V d:
////
2.S m v s th t
C th chia s t thnh s m v s th t.S m dng ch s t nhiu ca con s, s th t l con
s ch th t:
S m:
S th t:
Ranh gii ca s m v s th t trong ting Trung th khng c ranh gii r rng.Ngoi tr tin t
ra, rt nhiu trng hp dng s m biu t s th t.V d:
300
Hai s t 300 thc ra u l biu th th t nhng hon ton khng dng .
3.S biu t ca s c lng
S c lng l s khng xc nh, khi biu t s c lng ting Trung thng dng cc phng
php sau:
a.Thm v .V d:
/*
/
b,Thm .V d:
//
c.Thm .V d:
/
Hnh thc ny ch thng dng trong khu ng,tn sut s dng khng tht cao.
d.Thm .V d:
Ch :Sch bo Trung Quc khng ghi l 5,3 m ghi 5.3 (c l wu dian san)
l 1 s t c bit khng dng lin vi cc s t khc (Tr v ) v nht nh phi
dng trc hoc sau lng t.
V d: (nm t ri giy)
(16 tui ri)
(Na cn go)
c.S th t:
-Cc biu th s th t thng thng trc s nguyn thm
V d:
-Ngoi ra cn c 1 s cch biu th s th t theo tp qun.
V d:
-Mt s danh t trc tip ni sau s th t c th b t
V d:1994
d.Phn s v s phn trm:
-Cch biu th phn s thng dng cng thc:
e.Bi s:
-Cch biu th bi s l sau s nguyn thm
V d:
-Dng hnh thc phn s cng c th biu th bi s
V d:=
f.S c lng
biu th s c lng c th:
-Mn i t nghi vn biu th s c lng.
V d:
-Thm ...sau con s
V d:
_Dng ch s c lng:
V d:
-Trc con s thm
V d:
-Dng 2 s lin nhau
V d:
Ch :Ting vit ni "mi by,mi tm ngi" ting hn hin i ni
2.c im ng php ca s t:
S t ni chung phi kt hp vi lng t s dng.Ch trong thnh ng hoc vn ngn s t mi trc
tip kt hp vi danh t:
V d:
S t khng th n c lm thnh phn cu, ch khi lm i tng trn thut, gii thch hoc biu th
quan h gia cc con s mi c th lm ch ng, tn ng hoc trang ng.
V d:
1. (Lm ch ng)
2. (Lm tn ng)
3. (Lm nh ng)
Gii t
Gii t ch yu kt hp vi danh t, i t v cm danh t (1 s cm ng t c bit) to thnh cm
gii t, n b ngha cho ng t, tnh t hoc c cu v cc mt i tng,thi gian,ni chn, phng
thc...Kt cu in hnh l:
Gii t+danht/i t+ng t/tnh t
1.c im ng php ca gii t
Gii t trong ting Hn hin i phn ln l ng t trong Hn ng c i h ha m thnh, c gii t
hon ton khng cn cch dng ca ng t, v d nhng cng c 1 s cng tn ti 2 cch dgg
gii t v ng t.V d:
Gii t v ng t c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau nh th nn cn xc nh r gii hn ca 2 loi t
ny.
(1)ng t c th n c lm v ng, cn gii t th khng th.D gii t c th kt hp vi cc t ng
khc to thnh cm gii t th n cng khng th n c lm v ng c.V d:
*
Cm gii t trong cu ch yu lm trng ng v b ng, 1 b phn cm gii t c th lm nh ng
(phi thm ).Tt c cc gii t c th to thnh cm gii t lm trng ng.Gii t c th to thnh
cm gii t lm b ng ch c .Tc dng ch yu ca gii t trong
cu l lm tiu ch quan h ng php, nh quan h ca cm gii t v ng t ch yu l "i
tng -ng tc".
(2) ng t c th s dng c lp,gii t lun phi s dng chung vi t ng khc
(3) ng t phn ln c th s dng hnh thc lp li cn gii t th li khng th dng hnh thc lp
Cn lu ,ng t khi thm thng biu th s tip din ca trng thi ng tc, c ngha ng
thi r rng,cn gii t khi thm th khng mang ngha ng thi r rng nh ng t:
a.
b.
trong cu b hon ton c th b i, m ko nh hng ngha din t ca cu.Do c ngi gi
cch dng ny ca l cch dng hi ha m tit.
Cn v khng phi l gii t thm m c l 1 gii t.
(5)ng t c th dng hnh thc X / X hi, rt nhiu gii t cng c th dng hnh thc ny
hi.V d:
Theo s liu thng k th trong hn 70 gii t th c n hn 40 gii t dng hnh thc ny hi.
Gii t l do s h ha khng ngng ca ng t to thnh,do vy gia 2 t loi ny va ny sinh khc
bit rt ln, ng thi 1 s mt cn c nhng c trng ging nhau.
2.Ranh gii gia gii t v lin t
Gii t v lin t c vn phn ranh gii ch yu cc t:
j.Gii t ch s loi tr Khi mang t t phi danh t,pha sau c cc lin t c tc dng
ni nh ,th l lin t.V d:
e.Gii t ch cng c
g.Gii t ch cn c
i.Gii t ch so snh
k.Gii t ch hip ng
l.Gii t ch c li
T tng thanh
1.nh ngha
T m phng m thanh l t tng thanh, nh (m m, ro ro)(coong,boong,m)...mi
t tng thanh u lin quan n 1 m thanh nht nh ,v d nh thng c mi lin h vi
ting sm st, ting pho.T tng thanh cn gi l t t thanh (t ging vi m thanh), l t loi c
th trong ting Hn, va khng
thuc t thc cng khng thuc h t.
*.Lm trng ng
11
*.Lm nh ng
,.
Used at the end of a declarative sentence to confirm a fact.
Dng cui cu trn thut biu th s sc nhn hoc cng iu vi s tht.
examples:
1.
t men du yo qi b si ne
They all demanded the match.
Bn h u mun thi u y.
2.
t hi mi li ne
She hasn't come yet.
C y vn cha n.
3.
zh xi y fu de zh ling ho zhe ne
The quality of these clothes is very good.
Cht lng b qun o ny rt tt.
4.
t hu shu s gu y yn ne
He can speak four different languages.
Anh y c th ni c 4 loi ngn ng.
(),.
Used at the end of a declarative sentence, indicating the notion that an action or situation is in progress.
Dng cui cu trn thut biu th ng tc hoc tnh hnh ang c tin hnh, tip din.
examples v d:
1.
t xu x ne
He is studying.
Anh y ang hc.
2.
wi min xi y ne
It is raining outside.
ngoi tri ang ma.
3.
ni nai chng g ne
Grandma is singing.
B ang ht
k y c th
It is used before a verb, to indicate a capability to do something or the possibility of doing something.
Dng ng trc ng t biu th c nng lc hoc c kh nng lm 1 vic g .
examples v d:
1.
y x n k y gi w y xi jin y
(Maybe you can give me some advice.)
C th a cho ti vi kin c khng.
2.
t k y h sn jn bi ji
(He can drink three jin of Bai Jiu.)
Anh ta c th ung 3 cn ru trng.
3.
zh zhng sh g sh k y b min de
(This kind of accident is avoidable.)
S c ny c th trnh c.
4.
n k y do w zh er li ma?
(Can you come over?)
Anh c th n ch ti c khng?
k y
(Yes.)
C th.
2.
zh l b k y chu yn!
(You can't smoke here!)
y khng c ht thuc.
3.
n k y zu le
(You may leave now.)
Anh c th i ri.
4.
zu wn ji tng zu y n ji k y kn din sh le
(You can watch TV after finishing your homework.)
Lm xong bi tp v nh th con c th xem tivi.
()
can also indicate agreement, just like or .
cn c th biu th s ng v khng nh cng ging nh .
examples v d:
1.
zh ge k y ma?
(Is this one alright?)
Ci ny c c khng
/
k y/ ho de
(Yes.)
c y.
2.
hng ji hi sh xing bng?
(Red wine or champagne?)
Ru hay sm banh?
du k y
(Either is OK.)
u c.
3.
ling din w yu shsn din bn ho ma?
k y
(OK.)
() not bad; passable; pretty good:khng ti, cng c
hi k y
(Not bad.)
Cng tm tm
exercise bi tp
Dch cc cu sau sang ting Trung dng .
1. Loi nm ny c th n c
2. Bn c th gip ti b ci my tnh ny 1 cht c khng?
3. Bn khng nn n vt qu nhiu
4. Bn mun ung g? Bia c c khng?
c
5. Anh nhn xt th no v thi lm vic ca anh ta?
Khng t.
answer p n:
1. zh zhng m g k y ch
2. n k y bng w bn y xi dinno ma?
3. n b k y ch zh me du lng sh
4. xing h din r shn me?p ji k y ma?
k y
5. n rn wi t de gng zu ti d zn me yng?
hi k y
......q li
It is used after a verb, to indicate a person's body or certain part of the body or some other object rises up
from a lower position to a higher position.
Dng ng sau ng t biu th c th con ngi, 1 b phn no trong c th con ngi hoc 1 vt
no c phng hng t thp n cao.
examples V d:
1.
zhn q li
(Stand up.)
ng dy.
2.
b zhu zi ti q li
(Lift the table up.)
Nhc ci bn ln.
3.
ni ni mn mn de cng chung shng zu le q li
(Grandma sat up from the bed slowly.)
B t t t ging ngi dy.
4.
n b tu ti q likn zhe w
(Raise your head and look at me.)
Anh y ngc u nhn ti.
1.
zh jin y f kn q li b cu
(This coat looks good.)
B qun o ny xem ra cng c.
2.
zh tng q li sh g ho zh y
(It sounds like a good idea.)
Nghe th c v y ra 1 kin hay.
3.
zh ling ch ki q li hn lng hu
(This car handles well. )
Ci xe ny chy rt tt.
4.
zh ch kn q li b zn me yngdn sh h q li hn
xing
(The tea doesn't look impressive, but it tastes very good.)
Tr ny thot nhn khng bt mt, nhng ung vo th rt thm
exercise:
Dch cc cu sau sang ting Trung v s dng "".
1. Ai bit cu tr li th gi tay ln.
2. Loi giy ny s vo rt mm.
3. Mt ngy no c y s tt hn.
4. Mn n ny ngi c v rt thm.
5.Ti b tri li.
6. H giu h chiu ca c y i.
answer:
1.
zh do d n de rn b shu j q li
2.
zh zhng zh m q li hn run
3.
t zng yu y tin hu ho q li
4.
zh ge ci wn q li hn xing
5.
w bi bng q li le
6.
w mn b t de h zho cng le q li
zhng zi ang
be + -ing
It is used before verbs, to indicate that the action is in progress. Sometimes it can be replaced by or
.
c dng ng trc ng t biu th hnh vi hoc ng tc ang c tin hnh.Cng c khi c
hay th bi hoc .
examples V d:
1.
t zhng zi x zo
(He is having a bath.)
Anh y ang tm.
2.
w zhng zi x y fyu hn zi zu wn fn
(I'm doing some washing and John is cooking dinner.)
Ti ang git qun o,John ang nu cm.
3.
n d din hu g i w de sh huw zhng zi kn din
sh
(I was watching TV when you rang me.)
Lc bn gi in cho ti th ti ang xem tivi.
4.
t bi kn zi zhng zi rn sho de fng w l
(He was trapped in a burning house.)
Anh y b bao vy trong cn phng ang bc chy.
5.
j shu zh rn zhng zi ki huk t sh j shang zhng
d go r f qi ne
(Officially, the director is in a meeting, although he's actually
playing golf.)
Nghe ni l ch nhim ang hp,tuy nhin thc t l ng y ang i nh golf.
6.
t xin zi zhng mng zhe xi y b xn xio shu
(He is busy at present writing a new novel.)
Anh y hin ang vit 1 b tiu thuyt mi.
7.
2.
mn wi ji sh ch k
(Beyond this door is the garage.)
Bn ngoi cng chnh l nh xe.
3.
gui wn ji sh yu j le
The post office is just around the corner.
R chnh l bu in.
4.
shng hu ji sh r c
Life is just like this.
Cuc sng l nh th.
Ch,ch c (only; just)
,
two.
Lm lin t.Thng dng chung vi ch 1 trong 2 s vt khc nhau.
examples V d:
1.
zh j tin b sh gu fngji sh xi y
(It is either windy or rainy these days.)
Nhng ngy gn y hoc l c gi hoc l ma.
2.
b sh n qji sh w q
(Either you or I will go.)
Hoc l anh i,hoc l ti i.
3.
t men b sh d gu rn ji sh lu s rn
(They are either German or Russian.)
Bn h hoc l ngi c hoc l ngi Nga
Ngay c khi,cho d (even if)
4.
5.
6. or
7.
8. or or
ji sh Chnh l
zhr ji sh cho sh
This is a supermarket.
y chnh l siu th.
2.
mn wi ji sh ch k
(Beyond this door is the garage.)
Bn ngoi cng chnh l nh xe.
3.
gui wn ji sh yu j le
The post office is just around the corner.
R chnh l bu in.
4.
shng hu ji sh r c
Life is just like this.
Cuc sng l nh th.
Ch,ch c (only; just)
,
3.
ji sh b x hunn y di rn zhe
(Even if you don't like it, you will have to lump it. )
Cho d khng thch, nhng anh vn phi c chu.
exercise Bi tp:
4.
5.
6. or
7.
8. or or
or
24)Va... ...
H... l...
25)Va... va...
26)Khi th... khi th...
1
2
3
4
5
6 a
b.
7 a
b.
c.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
( )
--------------------------------------------------------
1.
put after the verb or adjective, indicate the completion ofaction:
indicatingthe action is already completed:
(2 verbs: future tense, the first futureaction happens before the second future action)
Jirai au restaurant aprs que jaurai finila classe.
Put at the end of a sentence or after the pause in a sentence:change of situation or state:
Meansthe change of situation or state is already or will be completed:
.
(if you choose this way, you cant use lein the sentence)
(note:you still need le in the answer)
VV
6.
all theverbs except be
3 Yesterday he ate 3 apples.
withthe verb be never use
Now its hot:
Yesterday it was hot:
Now he is teacher:
Last year, he was teacher:
Now he is reading newspaper:
Yesterday afternoon at 3pm he was readingthe newspaper: 3
7. Where to put
Examples:
Put after the verb or adjective ornoun:
3
Put at the end of the sentence: = Put afterverb/adj/noun
Repeat after thev./adj./n. and at the end of the sentence: = a perfect tense
He went to China,and learned Chinese for 2 years..
He has gone to China.
(In this case, you may also add before the verb)
2 He has already learned Chinesefor 2 years.
: I bought a car yesterday.
Ive bought a car.
He would be happywhen he knows this news.
()Hesalready know this news
3 : He ate 3 apples.
3 Hes already eaten 3 apples.
We arrived Seoul.
Weve already arrived inSeoul.
Two past actions:
After class Ill go to eat.
After the class, I went toeat.
You may watch TV afteryou finish the homework.
After he had done thehomework, he watched TV.
8. Duration of an action:
In this case (duration of an action), or without at the end of sentence: both arecorrect.
perfect tense
3 Ive read the book for 3 days.
Ive read the book for aweek.
20 I havnt seen you since 20 days.
Ive been in US for morethan 2 years.
Tnh t
""
T biu th tnh cht, trng thi ca ngi hoc s vt hay trng thi ca ng tc hnh vi th c
gi l hnh dung t ( tnh t).Tnh t khi ph nh th thng xut hin ph t ph nh "" ng trc
tnh t .
.
Tnh t c nhng loi sau y:
1.
Biu th trng thi ca ngi hoc s vt
2.
Biu th tnh cht ca ngi hoc s vt:
3.
Biu th trng thi ca ng tc, hnh vi:
.
Chc nng ca tnh t:
Lm nh ng
Chc nng ch yu ca tnh t l b sung cho trung tm ng.V d nh:(ci vy ) (ci
m xanh l )(tho nguyn rng ln)(nh dng sng ngi)
Lm v ng
Thi gian ang rt gp.
C y rt p.
Hoa nhi rt thm.
Anh ta rt cao.
Lm trng ng
Mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng ca tnh t l lm trng ng ng trc ng t.V d:
Chy nhanh ln!
Anh ta ung qu chn ri.
Anh nn ph bnh 1 cch ng n vi anh y.
Cc hc sinh chm ch nghe ging.
Lm b ng
Mt s tnh t c th lm b ng.Nh:
a.
b.
Ch :tnh t c th lm b ng nh trong vd b nhiu hn so vi v d a,c th a vo cu b khng
chc c th a vo cu a c.V d:
*
.Lng t ch ng vt
4.Lng t ch cy ci
7.Lng t ch thc n
14.Lng t dng cho vn phng phm
13Dng trong vn hc
14Dng trong t ng
Dng cho ngi Dng 1 cch lch s, trang trng Cn trong nhng trng hp bnh thng th
dng
Dng cho lc
Dng cho cy ci
Dng ch ngi
Dng ch tng, ca
Dng cho mnh lnh, mc
Dng cho s th t
Dng cho ba n
Dng cho tung, kch
Dng cho in, in t
Dng ch cc tit hc
Dng cho cc vt phn thnh tng khc, on
Dng cho mn n
Dng cho ci xay
Dng cho cc vt c cun li
Dng cho cc trn thi u th thao
Dng ch nh,cn h
Dng ch nh,cn h
Dng ch ni , ch
Dng ch li sai ca t
Dng ch ni , ch
Dng ch kt cu
Dng ch xe c
Dng cho tu b
Dng ch nhng vt c dn li
Dng trong th ca
Dng trong vn hc
Dng trong hi ha
Dng ch vi vc
Dng ch sch bo
Dng ch n,phoging
Dng cho n
Dng cho nhng vt thnh dng
Dng cho mi,hng v,lc lng
Dng cho 1 tp ngi
[li]
[l]
[li]
[ling]
[m]
[min]
[mng]
[pngfnggngl]
[m]
[pi]
[p]
[p]
[pin]
[pin]
[png]
[gngqng]
[qn]
[shu]
[shung]
[su]
[ti]
[to]
[tio]
[tng]
[tu]
[wi]
[xing]
[yng]
[y]
[zhng]
[zh]
[zh]
[zhng]
[zhung]
[zu]
NG LNG T
[c]
[bin]
[xir]
[tng]
[hu]
[chng]
[zhn]
[dn]
year, mouth, date, time of the clock, hour
Nm,thng,ngy,gi ng h,gi
01
V d 1:
9 10 1986
1986 9 10
September 101986 1986 9 10
September 1O1986is the English way of expressing date In Chinese languageconcepts are
arranged in a descending order-- from large ones down to smaller onesThusit should be 1986 9
10
September 1O1986 l cch biu th thi gian ca ting Anh,cn nguyn tc trong ting Trung li c
khi nim l t b n ln cho nn chng ta nn sa thnh 1986 9 10 .
02
V d 02
5 12
12 5
5 12 five past twelve "12 5
5 12 is the literal translation offive past twelveOne should change it into12 5 in
line with the Chinese way of expressing time
5 12 l cch dch trc tip ca "five past twelve".Nn da theo phng php biu th thi gian
trong ting Trung m sa thnh "12 5 .
03
V d 03
()
()
()
The sentence is intended to tell the duration of studyBut the right word israther than
()Another word for time duration iS which usually occurs in spoken Chinese
Cu c ni vic chim thi gian ca .Do ta nn sa () thnh .Trong khu ng
cng c th ni biu th thi on.
04
V d 04
What the sentence means to show is the time when classes be gin should be replaced with
which indicates a point in time
ca cu mun ni r thi gian no ca bui sng i hc.Do nn i thnh ,biu th thi
im.
05
V d 05
a half hour
is the literal interpretation of"a haft hour"In Chinesethe proper form is
l cch dch trc tip ca "a haft hour".Da theo cch ni ca ting Trung th nn sa thnh
.
The time noun refers to a time in the near pastHowev_erwhat the sentence implies is that the
event oftook place not long agoThusshould be replaced by.
Danh t dng th ch thi gian va qua i khng bao lu. y l ni vic va pht sinh
cch y khng bao lu.Nn sa thnh ph t .
this year
Nm nay
015
V d 015
this year
While
Trong khi
016
V d 016
:
The sentence means that his coming into the classroom occurred during the time we were having
class. To express such meaning in Chinese, a subject-predicate phrase such as should be
used with after it, together serving as the adverbial adjunct of time.
Ngha ca cu l :s vic "anh y i vo phng hc" c pht sinh trong thi gian "chng ta ang trn
lp".Trong ting trung th nn t cm ch v ln trc , lm trng ng
thi gian.
017
V d 017
018
V d 018
019
V d 019
When preceded by the verb , can be simplified as . To revise the sentence, we may either
add to or delete .
ng t dng trc ,c th ni ngn gn thnh .Cu ny c th thm
ng sau hoc l lc bt lun .
020
V d 020
and can not occur simultaneously. A choice has to be made between the two
patterns.
Hai cch thc ch thi gian v c th dng ln ln vi nhau, nhng ch c th
c s dng 1 trong 2 cch ni y.
day
ngy
021
V d 021
10 25
10 25
10 25
The speaker has confused the word with which is the proper word to be used here. An
alternative to is . But is frequent in spoken Chinese where as is often seen in written
Chinese.
v b xo trn cho nhau.Nn sa thnh 10 25 .Trong khu ng thng dng cch
ny.Trong sch v th cn c th dng thm .
022
V d 022
andsignify two distinct time concepts and must not be mixed up.refers to the
time after a particular moment. According to what the sentence means, the curing of the disease takes
time. Therefore, should be deleted.
v (ch thi im sau 1 khong thi gian no ) l 2 danh t khi nim thi gian
khng ging nhau, khng th dng ln ln nhau c.Da theo gc,tr bnh cn c thi gian ta nn
xa i.
023
V d 023
Adverb and time noun represent different time concepts. The coexistence of these two words
makes the sentence sekcontradictory. Thus we delete .
Ph t v danh t thi gian ch vic khng ng vi thi gian thc t.Nu dng 2 t 1
lc th s gy ra s i lp,c th xa bt i.
before
Trc y
024
V d 024
I havent been here before.
This is a literal interpretation of I havent been here before. In Chinese, (a time noun) either
follows the subject() or occupies the initial position of a sentence.
Cu ny c dch trc tip t cu "I havent been here before.".Trong ting Trung danh t thi gian
phi c t ng sau ch ng ,hoc u cu.
Cu ch [ba]
Cu ch l loi cu v ng ng t. Khi ta mun nhn mnh s x l ca ng t v kt qu ca s
x l , ta dng cu ch .
Ti lm xong bi tp.
ng y chun b xong bo co hc thut .
Ta hon ton c th dng cu v ng thng thng din t hai cu trn.
Cch din t ca cu ch
CH NG + + TN NG + NG T + THNH PHN KHC
Ch :
Tn ng sau l s vt b x l. Thnh phn khc nu ln x l nh th no hoc kt qu x l.
Tiu Nguyn c lu lu bi c.
Xin ng gii thiu mt cht tnh hnh ni ny.
Nhng yu cu khi dng cu ch
a. Tn ng ca v ngha chnh l ngi hay vt chu s chi phi ca ng t v ng, ni chung
c xc nh trong ngha ca ngi ni.
<Quyn sch bt k no cng c>
<Quyn sch bit>
b. ngha c bn ca cu ch l biu th x l. ng t chnh hoc ng ng b trong loi cu ny
phi l ng t cp vt (ng t mang tn ng) v phi c ngha x l hoc chi phi. Do cc ng
t nh khng dng c trong loi cu ny.
Ch c th ni:
Khng th ni:
Ch c th ni:
Khng th ni:
Ngoi ra, sau ng t cng khng c dng tr t ng thi .
c. Tc dng ca cu ch khng phi ch nu ln s x l m cn phi ni ln kt qu v phng thc
ca s x l. V vy sau ng t chnh phi c thnh phn khc nh tr ng t tnh thi [le], b ng,
tn ng hoc ng t lp li ca ng t . Tuy nhin, khng c dng b ng kh nng.
Bn ngoi rt lnh, con mc o len vo i.
Anh y vit xong ch Hn, cng dch t mi ri.
Em ni vi anh y vic cha?
Ti git qun o mt cht.
Nu ng t c mt loi trng ng khc (khng phi l ph t) sau ng t c th khng dng thnh
phn khc.
V tr ca ng t nng nguyn v ph t ph nh trong cu ch
ng t nng nguyn v ph t ph nh c t trc .
Hm nay ti khng em my chp hnh ti, khng th chp
hnh ri.
Hm nay trc khi i ng, bn nn lm xong bi tp.
Khng hc tt mn hc ny th khng tt nghip c.
Nhng trng hp bt buc dng cu ch
a. Nu sau ng t chnh c b ng kt qu v.v. v tn ng, bt buc phi
dng cu ch .
Sau thng l tn ng ch ni chn.
C y a hai a tr v nh.
Xin anh li xe n cng trng i ti.
ng y ci ti du lch ln trn gi hnh l.
C y t hoa cc bn tng ln bn.
N nm bng cho Tiu Vng.
Nh anh a thi kho biu cho n.
Sau tn ng thng biu th thng qua s x l tr thnh ci g.
Anh hy i cu ny thnh cu ch .
Anh vit ch thnh ch ri.
Ti coi bc th c Vng l ngi than ca mnh.
b. Nu sau ng t chnh c b ng xu hng phc hp v c tn ng ch ni chn, ni chung phi dng
cu ch .
Bn n cho thuyn qua bn kia ri.
Tri ma, anh y y xe my vo trong nh.
cu c gii t kt hp vi tn ng ca n lm trng ng trong cu c gi l cu ch cu ch
dng nhn mnh,ni r kt qu ,nh hng m ng tc gy ra nhm biu th phng thc
,phng hng,nguyn vng,mc ch
3
1.
2.
4
(5)
1.
2
3.
B. ng bi cuunon0811 :
CHI
chi thay cho t / cm t trc. Th d:
thng dng chi ch d trc vi chi : giy thng dng [ngi ta] ly tre trc
lm ra n. (chi = ).
lo gi an chi, bng hu tn chi , : i vi ngi gi th lm cho h an tm; i
vi bn b th thnh tn vi h. (chi trc = ; chi sau = ).
chi l h t khng cn dch. Th d:
qun chi ti T : ngi nc T.
t chi s ph : con phc v cha.
ng t chi v nng tn : ta cha th tin iu ny. (t : ci ny, iu ny).
Sau y l phn wo c c (lc bt theo kiu sc thuc 3lt cn 1 chn y ^,^ v trnh c hn,
c m k hu ht ni)+"ch" li theo cch hiu ca mnh t quyn "T in H T" ca Trn Thc v
vn phong hi c, nu bn no c link hay Ebook v n xin chia s cng mi ngi nh, wo ch c cch
post th cng ny thi
Ch thng c nhng cch dng sau:
1. Dng nh i t:
1.1 Thay th cho danh t, n l 1 i t: ch ngi, ch vt, ch s v ch ni chn.
1.1.1 Dng ch ngi: c th dch thnh n, ngi, Ngi, ng y, ngi y
Vd:
Shng rn, w b de r jin zh
(Bc thnh nhn, ta chng c m thy Ngi)
Ch thay th cho danh t
1.1.2 Dng ch vt:
Vd:
Kng zi ku yo bi r shu zh
(ng Khng T em thuc tng ngi, ngi vi t m nhn ly thuc)
Ch thay th cho ch , khng dch l n m dch l thuc.
Hoc:
Do png lo sh, wi fng su j, hng y d shng, xio r jin zh, wn f yu...
(Nhng cy c th trng 2 bn ng, b gi thi lt gc, ng nm ngang trn t. Em b thy th hi
cha rng)
Ch trong cu ny khng phi thay th mt vi danh t m n ch cnh tng ang din ra nn
Wn wng zh d
(Ci c ca Vn Vng)
Cng c trng hp ch trong cu khng cn dch m vn r ngha c cu
Vd:
C fi chng ji zh j y
(Ci khng phi l k hoch lu di)
Y zh sh jn qi r sh nin
(Ti quen bit ng gn 20 nm ri)
2.2 Cng c ngha l vi:
Vd: -
De zh b de, yu: yu mng-mng zi
(c vi khng c, Ngi ni rng: c nh mnh-Mnh T)
3. Dng nh ng t, ging ngha ca ch (i n, n):
Vd: -
Kng zi zh w chng-ln y
(Khng T i n V Thnh-Lun Ng
Tit 1: NH NG + + DANH T TRUNG TM ( DTTT)
A.NH NG V DTTT C QUAN H TU SC
Khng dch ngha ca
VD:
1. Cuc sng hnh phc
Xngf de shnghu
2Cuc sng c n c c.
Gdn gd de shnghu
3. Cuc sng nh th no ?
Znmeyng de shnghu
B. NH NG V DTTT C QUAN H HUYT THNG HOC N V TP TH
Trng hp ny c th lc b
VD:
1. Ba ti
cu y
W bba
2. Cng ty ca ch y
( cu y )
T gngs1
III.KHI DTTT V NH NG CH QUAN H TU SC
Bt buc phi dch
VD:
1. Cha ca Vng Lan
Wng ln de bba
2Bc s ca i V
D wi de yshng
Shu de zhx
2. Anh y l ngi gii thiu
T de jisho rn
V. KHI NH NG L DANH T HOC I T CH NGI, NG T PHA TRC KT
HP VI DTTT DIN T MT HNH NG, NGI C NHC N TIP NHN NG
TC .
VD:
1. Gy phin phc cho ti
( : Gy phin phc)
Zho wde mfan
2. a ( gin) anh ta
( : a gin)
Ki t de wnxio
1. B ng trnh
B ng trnh din t trnh hoc trng thi.Thut ng thng dng l tnh t hoc ng t tm l.
B.
2.:
hoc c dng ng sau thut ng lm b ng,biu th kt qu ca vic c th hoc
khng th thc hin.V d:
liaoliao
Ngoi ra th liao hoc liao cng c th c dng ng sau thut ng lm b
ng kh nng.V d:
Source: Dtt
Member: Meoluoi
Posted: 18/3/2008
@: Ai c thm t liu v vn ny a ln nh!
(B sung thm bn ting Vit cng tt)
Thng dng din t ngi hoc s vt.L i tng c trn thut,ng u cu tr li cho
cu hi "ai" hoc "ci g"...V d:
1
ch ng( cm chnh ph) v ng
2 []
trng ng thi gian ,ch ng( i t) v ng
Ly hnh ng,trng thi hoc s tnh trn thut cho i tng ca ch ng cu.V d:
1
Ch ng (ng t) v ng
2
Ch ng(cm tnh t lin hp) v ng
2 v ng
Trn thut,miu t hoc phn on cho ch ng,c th tr li cho ch ng "nh th no" hoc "l ci
g"...
1Cc t ng mang ng t tnh thng lm v ng.
[]<>
++
Ch ng v ng( trng ng+ng t+trng ng)
<>()
+++
Ch ng v ng(ng t+b ng+nh ng+tn ng)
[]<><>
+++
Ch ng v ng (trng ng+b ng+tn ng)
2Cc t ng c tnh cht tnh t cng thng lm v ng.
+
Ch ng v ng ( tnh t +)
,<>
+)
ch ng v ng (tnh t+ b ng)
[]<>
++)
ch ng v ng (trng ng+tnh t+b ng)
3Cm ch v m nhim v ng cu
Ch ng v ng(cm ch v)
Ch ng v ng (cm ch v)
Ch ng v ng (cm ch v)
4 Cc
t ng mang tnh cht danh t lm v ng trong cu.Trng hp ny rt him gp,c iu kin hn
ch.C th tham kho thm vn ngn trong cu phn on .
)
ch ng v ng(cm danh t)
)
Ch ng v ng (danh t)
Ch ng v ng (cm t c nh miu t dung mo)
ng t, tn ng
1 ng t
Cm b ng lm ng t
Cm lin hp lm ng t
T bt cp vt lm ng t
Cm b ng lm ng t
2 Tn ng
1 Tn ng c to bi cc t ng mang danh t tnh
2 V ng l tn ng
ng t lm tn ng
Cm ch v lm tn ng
Cu phc lm tn ng
nh ng,trng ng v b ng
1 nh ng
1, Cc nh ng mang tnh miu t,thng do cc tnh t m
nhim.
()()
2 nh ng hn cht: Phn loi s
vt hoc vch nh phm vi.Lm cho ngn ng cng tng thm chnh xc.
()()()
3 Tr
t : nh ng kt hp vi t trung tm th c t bt buc phi thm ,c t khng th thm
,cng c t c th thm hoc khng thm.
Tnh t n m tit lm nh ng th thng thng khng thm
()()()()
Tnh t song m tit lm nh ng
th thng phi thm c bit l cc t dng miu t trng thi.
()()()()
2 Trng ng
1
Trng ng c tnh miu t: ch yu b ngha cho thnh phn v ng,cng c loi l miu t trng thi
hnh ng,cng c loi hn ch hoc l miu t tnh thi ca nhn vt.
[] []
2
[][] []=
3 Tr t
Tr t l im nhn ca trng
ng.ng sau trng ng vic thm hoc khng rt phc tp
Ph t n m tit lm trng ng
th nht nh khng c thm.C 1 s t ph t song m tit thm hoc khng thm u c
2
B
ng trnh :B ng trnh rt t,thng gm cc t nh ...biu th vic
t n 1 trnh ,mc rt thp hoc rt cao,cng c th dng cm lng t biu
th mc rt nh.Trung tm ng ca v ng a phn l tnh t.
3 B
ng trng thi: biu th trng thi xut hin ca ng tc,tnh trng.Trung tm ng v b ng u c tr
t .
4 B ng xu
hng: biu th phng hng ca ng tc hoc phng hng hot ng ca s vt da theo ng
tc,hnh vi.Thng do ng t xu hng m nhim.
5
B ng s lng: biu th s ln ng tc pht sinh,thi gian m ng tc duy tr hoc l khong
thi gian kinh nghim tri qua trc khi ng tc c thc hin
2008
7
/ B ng kh nng: vi loi b ng ny
th trung tm ng ch yu l ng t cng c s t l tnh t.B ng c 2 loi :1 l dng hoc
biu th kt qu c th hoc khng th thc hin c hnh ng,ng tc.Mt loi khc l thm
/ vo gia b ng kt qu hoc b ng xu hng v trung tm ng biu th kt qu,xu hng
ca hnh ng c th hoc khng th thc hin.
<>
phn Hai
Trung tm ng
nh ng trung tm ng v trng ng
trung tm ng u l cm chnh ph,l thnh phn trung tm trong cm b ng .
1Trung tm ng nh ng
2Trung tm ng trng ng
[][][]
3Trung tm ng b ng
Trung tm ng b ng thng do ng
t hoc hnh dung t m nhim, cng c th do on ng m nhim.
<><>
<<>
T c lp
Mi mt thc t hay
on ng trong cu, kt hp vi mt t khc trc hay sau n khng c quan h g, khng cng l thnh
phn trong cu, nhng li l thnh phn khng th thiu trong ngha ca cu, chnh l ng c lp. V tr
ca n tng i linh hot, u cu, gia cu hay cui cu u c.
1
Ng u vo: tc dng ca ng u vo lm cho cu thm cht ch, b sung thm ngha ca
cu, bao gm thi trong cc cu i thoi ca ngi ni hoc thu ht s ch ca ngi nghe.
Dng biu
th khng nh hoc nhn mnh hoc l c bit ng ch .
dng
biu th s suy on, nh gi.
C khi biu t s
suy on hoc nh gi ny khng phi do ngi ni to ra, ch l thu ht s ch ca ngi khc th
dng ni r; c khi ngi ni hy vng ngi nghe tip nhn kin gii ca mnh, li
khng mun dng 1 loi ng kh nhn mnh th dng thu ht s ch
ca i phng, lm cho i phng c th ng vi ni dung ni.
Dng
biu th ngha tng qut, im danh on vn di l kt lun ca on trn, hoc
ch r t ci ny n ci kia, ni r s vic khc, mt loi t ng, c tc dng tip tc on trn v dn
ra on di, c th lm cho on trn v di lin kt mt cch tt hn.
Cn c mt
trng hp biu th ch thch, b sung, ly v d, thng dng biu th.
2 T xng h: dng xng h vi i phng, thu ht s
ch .
3 T cm thn: biu th
cch gi mang sc thi biu cm, nh kinh ngc, cm ng v than th, h n i .cm tnh v i
ph.
4 T tng thanh: m
phng li m thanh s vt, miu t mt cch hnh tng v tng cng hiu qu biu t.
V d mu phn tch cu
() []<>()
() []
> ()
A<>
||||
|<>|
B <>
| |||
|<> |
C <>
||||
|<>|
t xng wng
His surname is Wang (lit. he surname Wang)
Anh y h Vng.
n xng shnme?
What is your surname? (lit. you surname what)
Bn h g?
""""
Nhng t biu th ng tc, hnh vi, hot ng tm l, pht trin thay i th gi l ng t.ng t c
th da vo vic i km hoc khng i km vi tn ng phn thnh ng t cp vt v bt cp
vt.ng t c th trc tip i cng vi tn ng ng sau th c gi l ng t cp vt.ng t khng
th trc tip i cng vi tn ng ng sau th c gi l ng t bt cp vt.ng t hnh thc ph
nh thng thm t "" hoc " ng trc.
. Cch dng ca ng t
Lm v ng
I like Beijing.
Ti thch Bc Kinh.
""
ng t khi lm ch ng cn phi tun theo cc iu kin sau:V ng bt buc phi l tnh t hoc cc
ng t b sung mang ngha nh "".
Waste is disgraceful.
Lng ph l rt ng h thn.
I like studying .
Ti thch hc.
I can understand.
Ti nghe hiu c.
Lm trng ng
""
Khi ng t lm trng ng th ng sau phi i vi tr t "".
I am a student.
Ti l hc sinh.
She is a teacher.
C y l c gio.
I am doing my homework.
Ti ang lm bi tp.
I did my homework.
Ti lm bi tp ri.
2.""
ng sau ng t khi thm tr t "" th biu th cho ng tc, hnh vi c hon thnh.
He left.
Anh ta i ri.
3.""
ng sau ng t m thm tr t "" th ang biu th 1 hnh ng ang c tin hnh hoc 1 trng
thi ang c tip din.V d:
""
Verbs that "help" other verbs to express necessity, possibility and willingness are called auxiliary verbs.
Auxiliary verbs are often used to modify verbs or adjectives. A noun cannot immediately follow them.
They are negated by .
1.
Auxiliary verbs include the following kinds:
<LI ="f10">
C y mun ti n n c y
2. n nng kn qng ch ma
Bn c th nhn thy r khng?
3. t shn mo d hu
Anh s khng n
Ti ri
Ch :C th dng biu th nhu cu thc t,v dng cho ph nh
- l ng t,l ng t nng nguyn,c th dng trc cc ng t khc cng lm v ng biu th hi
vng hay d tnh tin hnh hot ng no ,gn ging vi ngha ca .Hnh thc ph nh thm
vo trc
VD:
w xing yng yun zi n shn bin
Anh mun mi mi bn em
- v biu th c nng lc lm vic g ,hnh thc ph nh l thm vo trc v
VD:
1. w nng shu yng y y nng shu hn y
C ta c th n c 5 bt cm
- biu th s cn thit v mt tnh k hoc thc t
VD:
1.t chng de zh mo ho tng yng gi q dng g
shu
C y ht hay vy th nn i lm ca s
2. n b yng gi zh mo zu
Bn khng nn lm th ny
Trong ngn ng c 1 s hnh vi hoc ng tc thng lin quan hoc nh hng n 1 i tng, cng
c nhng hnh vi ng tc khng nh th.V d ng t thng phi pht sinh quan h vi vt g
,tc l ( n ci g ), cn ( ngh ngi) th khng lin quan n s vt khc.Cc
ng t thuc v hnh thc trc chnh l ng t cp vt.Cn thuc v hnh thc sau l ng t bt cp
vt.Nhng nh ngha trn cn bn da vo ngha ca ng t,bt buc phi tm ra tiu ch phn loi
v mt hnh thc.Trong 1 cu c bn th nu ng t mang thnh phn tn ng c th pht sinh quan h
ng tn vi n th ng t ny l ng t cp vt, ngc li l ng t bt cp vt.Cu c bn l cu
khng phi thng qua cc bin php chuyn i cu nh tnh lc, hon v.V d:
(Cu c bn)
( Cu hon v)
(Cu tnh lc)
Vic xc nh ng t c mang tn ng hay khng ch c th da vo cu c bn.
ng t cp vt :
ng t bt cp vt
H ng t
H ng t l cc ng t khng phi biu t ng tc, hnh vi, hot ng hoc trng thi m l lm
r s lin h v mi quan h gia hai b phn. l i biu cho h ng t, ngoi ra cn c cc ng
t khc nh .So snh tm ra s khc bit ca h ng t v ng t
(1) Sau ng t thng khng th thm nhng h ng t li c th.
(2) Trc ng t thng c th dng biu th ph nh, nhng h ng t khng th
dng, ch c th dng biu th ph nh.
(3) Sau ng t thng c th c lng t nhng h ng t khng c.
Danh t
""
""
""""""
Danh t l t ch danh xng ca ngi hoc vt.ng trc danh t thng c th thm s t hoc
lng t.Tuy nhin khng th thm ph t b sung ngha.Rt t danh t n m tit c th trng
ip biu th ngha l mi ,v d: Mi ngi Mi ngy.Ta c th
thm "" vo ng sau t biu th s nhiu nh:( cc thy c gio).Khng th ni "
"(*) m phi ni l "".
In summer it is hot.
Ma h nng.
I do my homework.
Ti lm bi tp.
3. Lm nh ng
T thi gian( L nhng danh t biu hin ngy thng,thi khc, tit ma) v t phng v(L nhng
danh t ch phng hng hoc v tr) thng c lm trng ng.Tuy nhin cc danh t thng thng
th khng c chc nng ny.V d:
xut hin ngay trc v sau ch ng ngha biu t khng khc my.Cn cc danh t
thng a s khng th lm trng ng.
Danh t biu th danh t ca ngi hoc s vt, bao gm biu th thi gian, ni chn v phng v.Danh
t c nhng loi sau y:
1
Biu th danh xng ca ngi v s vt c gi l danh t thng.Phn chia k hn nh sau:
A. Danh t ph thng
B. Danh t ring
C. Danh t tp hp
D. Danh t tru tng
E. Danh t vt cht
2 Biu th thi gian Danh t thi gian
3 Biu th ni chn Danh t ni chn
4 Biu th phng v Danh t phng
v
2[Link n, ng nhp c xem link. Hoc click vo y ng k...] c
im ng php c trng ca danh t
Danh t khng th dng hnh thc trng ip biu th ngha ng php tng ng.Cc t nh
,...l hnh thc trng ip ca t t ko tnh l hnh thi bin ha ca kt cu t.
4
c trng ng php bao gm chc nng v hnh thi ca t, c tnh ng php bao gm chc nng hnh
thi v ngha ca t.
[Link n, ng nhp c xem link. Hoc click vo y ng k...]
hp vi c 3 t t.
--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
v - - v -v - -v --v ---v - v --- v --v --v ---x --v -- x --v --v
v --- v - v ---v - v ---v --v --- v --v --v ---x --v ---x --v --x
v ----v --v ---v - x -- x - v ----v --x - x ---x --v -- x --v - x
Ngoi ra cn c cc t nh .
Danh t phng v n v phng v kp u c c im chung l pha trc u c th kt hp vi
danh t thng.
V d:
Nhng "" th khng th c lp kt hp vi danh t.
V d: *
Danh t phng v sau khi i vi danh t thng th mang ngha ch ni chn, c th xut hin sau
.
im khc nhau gia danh t phng v n v danh t phng v kp l:
(1)Danh t phng v n c tnh c lp km, thng phi kt hp vi cc t khc xut hin.
A.Danh t+danh t phng v n
VD:
B.Gii t+danh t phng v n
VD:
Ch khng th kt hp vi gii t.
Do tnh c lp km ca danh t phung v n nn c ngi a chng vo phn tr t.Tuy nhin xt
v vic chng vn c th kt hp c vi gii t, iu ny khc vi cc tr t thng thng.
(2)Chc nng ng php ca danh t phng v kp v danh t ch ni chn ging nhau
*
C ngha l 1 b phn danh t phung v kp pha trc c th thm cn pha trc danh t
phng v n th khng th thm .
Cu phi ch v ( cu khng c ch ng, cu ch c 1 t) chim a s trong cu cm thn:
Tnh t l t loi c s dng nhiu nht trong cu cm thn, ng t c s dng tng i t.Nu
c dng ng t th cng dng trong kt cu cha tnh t nh:
Cc thn t khc nhau th biu t khc nhau. biu th s than th, biu th s thch th.Trong
ng cnh nht nh thn t n c c th biu t c ngi ni mun din t,l ni trong ngoc
n nu trn.Lc th im cm thn n trong ng cnh c th, c 2 bn giao tip u c th hiu
c.
Trong khu ng ting hn c 1 s hnh thc din t cm thn c nh khc.Ch yu nh:
Tc dng chnh ca cu trn thut l ni ln s tht.Cng c lc l hnh thc khng nh, c khi l ph
nh..Cho nn cu trn thut tn ti di 2 hnh thc mang tnh khng nh v ph nh.Cu trn thut
mang tnh ph nh nh:
Ch , khng nh l hnh thc n thun v khng nh hnh thc"ph nh+ph nh", ngha biu
t khc nhau.So snh cu sau:
a.
b.
ngha biu t ca cu a hon ton khng ch l biu t ca cu b m n cn bao hm mun gii
thch nguyn nhn cho i phong, v vy pha sau cu ny thng c 1 cu mang tnh gii thch nh
cu trong ngoc n cu a. ca cu khng phi l (ti c th gip
anh y 1 tay) m l (ti phi gip anh y 1 tay)v vy khng th gp chung biu t
ca 2 hnh thc ny lm 1.
Cu trn thut mang ng kh trn thut,khin cho ngi ngoi c th da vo ng iu biu t cn
ni.Cn c hnh thc ng php khc chnh l tr t ng kh.Tr t ng kh thng dng biu t
trn thut ch yu c :.V d:
biu th thi gian
ng t tn ng t ch thi gian biu th t lc pht sinh ra hnh ng n khi ni
cch 1 khong thi gian:
ng t t ch thi gian tn ng biu th thi gian m ng tc tip din
Cc t khc kt hp cng
biu th mc cao
cng iu s rt,qu
cng iu s xy ra
khuyn cn khng lm vic j ko nn bt u hoc tip tc lm
biu th s c on hoc nhc nh
biu th mc cc cao
Cc cch dng khc ca
biu th ng kh khng ng.Chng hn so snh vi th cu trc
biu th ng kh khng nh hn.
c tc dng kt thc cu.Vd:. nhng cu ny th c th dng trc
hoc sau ng tc hon thnh.Cn phi da trn ng cnh phn on, trong th ch c tc
dng kt thc cu.
biu th vic lm n mc no/lm trong thi gian bao lu,thm na cn c
th tip tc tin hnh:
V d 2
cc b phn lm v ng ca cu tng i phc tp, khng nn v xut hin thnh phn khng thuc
trung tm v ng m b mt v ng ca c cu.
Danh t nh...
ng t nh...
Tnh t nh...
T trng thi nh...
T khu bit nh...
S t nh....
Lng t nh....
i t nh ...
Ph t nh...
Gii t nh....
Lin t nh...
Tr t nh 1...
T ng kh nh 1 2...
Thn t nh 2...
T tng thanh nh...
Ta chia 15 loi t trn thnh 3 loi ln l:
Th nht l thc t bao gm danh t, i t, tnh t, t trng thi ,t khu bit,s t, lng t(
).Thc t c c im l c th m nhn cc
thnh phn ch cht trong cu nh ch ng, v ng, thut ng, t trung tm...
Th 2 l h t bao gm ph t, gii t, lin t, tr t, t ng kh.H t thng c dng biu th cc
ng tng i tru tng.H t c 1 c im d nhn bit l khng th m nhn cc thnh phn ch
cht trong cu .
Th 3 l cc t c bit nh thn t v t tng thanh.Cc loi t ny th khng qua trng nh thc t
v h t.
Di y chng ta phn loi k hn v thc t v h t.
Thc t
Danh t
Danh t tha s biu th s vt c th l cc s vt c th nh
[Cc t t en l ch ng danh t]
C th i km vi
C th i km vi b ng:
C th lm trng ng:
a phn c th i vi:
Mt s tnh t cng c th trng lp.Tnh t n m tit c 2 hnh thc trng lp .Nu sau khi lp khng
c m un li th hnh thc lp lAA:...Nu nh sau khi lp c
m un li th hnh thc lp lAA :...
T trng thi
T trng thi gm nhng t nh sau:
Cc t trn th thot nhn kh ging tnh t.Tuy nhin trn thc t li c khc bit kh ln.Chng ta c
th so snh tnh tvi cc t rt ra s khc nhau gia chng.
Th nht tnh t c th i km vinh.Tuy nhin
u khng th i km vichng ta khng th ni**.
Th 2 tnh tc th i km vinh.Tuy nhin
u khng th i km vichng ta khng th ni**.
Th 3 tnh tc th i vi b ng nh,
.Tuy nhinth khng i cng vi
b ng c.Chng ta khng th ni**
.
Ta thy tnh t thng ch tnh cht ca s vt nhng cc t trn u biu th trng thi ca s vt .Do
chng ta gi cc t trn l.
T khu bit
T khu bit gm cc t sau y:
V mt ng php th cc t ny c th trc tip b ngha cho danh t hoc i cng vi tr t to
thnh kt cu:
Lng t
Lng t l t ch n v s lng ngi,s vt,ng tc hnh vi,thi gian.Cho d th t ca s
vt,ng tc,thi gian trc sau ra sao th thng thng u khng dng 1 ch s din t.Nht nh
phi thm t ch n v s lng.Cc t ny c gi l:
**
**
**
Lng t trong ting hn c th chia ra lm 3 loi:
Danh lng t biu th n v s lng ca s vt nh...
ng lng t biu thn v s lng ca ng tc nh...
Thi lng t biu th n v s lng thi gian nh:...
H t
i t
Trong ting hn i t c chia lm 3 loi nh khc nhau nh i t nhn xng, i t ch th vi t
nghi vn.
i t nhn xng
Trong ting hn thi t nhn xng gm 17 t c bn sau:
Mt s ch i vi i t nhn xng nh:
Th nht phi ch n s khc nhau giav.Khi dng,th nht nh
phi bao gm c ngi nghe trong .
1
Trong v d1th bao gm c ngi nghe v trong .Cn th c th c
hoc khng bao gm c ngi nghe trong .
2
3
Trong v d2khng bao gm ngi nghe trong .Cn trong v d3)li
bao gm ngi nghe trong.
Th 2 lcch xng h 1 cch lch s ca
4
5
Hnh thc s nhiu cal.Tuy nhin ch thnh thong mi dng trong sch( a phn l s
dng khi vit th)Trong khu ng th khng dngta thng dng:
6
7
i t ch th.Trong ting hn th c th chia i t ch th thnh 2 h l h v
h.
1
2
i t nghi vn thng dng ch s nghi vn.Trong ting hn thi t nghi vn
gm cc loi c bn nh sau:
Gii t
Gii t gm cc t nh sau:
Gii t khng th ni 1 mnh cng khng th n c lm ch ng v ng hoc cc thnh phn khc
trong cu.ng sau gii t thng i vi 1 phn khc( a phn l thnh phn mang tnh cht danh t)
to thnh kt cu gii t.V d:...Kt cu gii t cng khng th ni 1
mnh hoc n c lm v ng do chng ta khng th ni:
1*
*
Kt cu gii t thng lm trng ng:
2
3
Khng t cc kt cu gii t thng i vi ng sau c th lm nh ng b ngha cho danh t:
4
Lin t
Lin t dng lin kt t,cm t hoc cu
Theo mi quan h logic ca lin t ta c th chia lin t ra lm 2 loi sau:
Biu th quan h lin hp:
Quan h ng lp
Quan h la chn
Quan h tng tin;
Biu th quan h ch yu.
Quan h nhn qu
Quan h gi thit
Quan h nhng b
Quan h nhng b gi thit
Quan h iu kin
Kt cu tr t th bao gm.
vu c cch c ldekhinh thanh Cc t ny thng c dng biu th quan
h b sung gia cc thnh phn trc v sau.Tuy nhin 2 t ny c s khc bit l ta dng ng sau
nh ng v ng sau trng ng.V dkhng th vit l*,
khng th vit l*cn c 1 cch dng khc l dng chung vi cc thc t
to thnh 1 kt cu ch s vt.Nhdng ch cc vt c lm ra t g.dng
ch cc vt c gi thnh r.Ch nhng ngi li xe.Kt cu mang tnh cht nh danh t
cho nn cng c dng nh 1 danh t.
c dng sau ng t hoc tnh t b ng cho kh nng, trng thi hoc mc :
4 [kh nng]
5 [trng thi]
6 [mc ]
khi t trc cc ng t cp vt th to nn 1 kt cuc tnh cht nh danh t
.Kt cuc lu li t ting hn c.Trong ting hn hin i th kt
curt him khi thy trng hp c th n c lm ch ng hoc tn ng.Nhng li thy kh
nhiu trng hpvkt hp.
7
8
Kt cuthng c dng nhiu trong sch v t khi s dng trong vn ni,khu ng.
T ng kh
T ng kh thng xut hin cui cu biu th 1 loi ng kh no .
1!
2?
3!
Trong th cc t ng kh dng trong cu biu th ng kh cm thn,nghi vn v k
vng.Cc t ng kh thng dng nh:
2
T ng kh 2v tr t 1ging nhau v cch ng v cch vit tuy nhin cch c v cch s
dng khng ging nhau.T ng kh 2ch dng cui cu biu th s bin i v khng nh.Tr t
1ch dng trong cu biu th hnh vi ng tc hon thnh,thc hin.,u tin l
tr t 1,ci sau l t ng kh 2.
Cng c t c th lm nhiu loi t khc nhau.Ta gi l t kim loi
Trong ting hn cng c khng t chc t c th va m nhim chc nng ng php ca t loi ny va
ca c t khc.Cc t nh th th c gi l t kim loi.
(a) . [danh t]
(b) . [ng t]
(a) . [danh t]
(b) . [tnh t]
(a) . [tnh t]
(b) . [ng t]
Ch (danh t)trong v(ng t) trongkhng phi l t kim loi m l t
ng m.V 2 t ny khng c quan h v mt ngha ch l ch c cch c v vit ging nhau.Khi s
dng th khng c coi l t kim loi.
1
2
3
Vd13u l danh t c s dng nh tnh t.Trong v d 1,vd2
,vd3u l danh t th ng ra khng th i km vi cc ph t ch mc .Tuy nhin
trong cc v d trn li i km vi nn c v nh tr thnh tnh t.Tuy nhin ch c
cch s dng l tng t nh tnh t ch khng h bin thnh tnh t.Cc t trn khng thuc vo t
kim loi.
____________ Cc li thng gp khi s dng t loi
Dng sai t loi.
1* 20
20
(7) nn thaythnh.VD8thaythnh.
Nhm danh t thnh ph t
9*
10*
Trong v d910u l danh t khng th lm trng ng.Nn v
d9phi sa thnhhoc.VD10th
sathnh.
____
n v ng php gm: t t, t, cm t v cu
T t
T t l n v b nht trong ng php,l th kt hp ngha m b nht trong ngn ng.V d nh trong
cu: th t t trong cu gm 6 t l,mi t t u c cch
c ring v ngha m ring.T t c 1 t im l khng th chia tip ra thnh nhng phn nh hn
na.V d nh t t
nu nh ni trn mt ng m th c th phn tip thnh cc n v b hn na( c th chia thnh thanh
iu, thanh mu m v vn mu ei), tuy nhin nu ni theo mt kt hp ngha m th li khng th chia
thnh cc n v nh hn na.Cho nn l 1 t t trong ting hn.Cc t t trong ting hn i a s
u l t n m tit nhng cng c 1 s l song hoc a m tit nh:
C 1 s ln t t l t ngoi lai.
T t c cng dng l cu thnh nn t.
T
T l n v nh nht trong ngn ng c ngha v c kh nng vn dng c lp.V mt ng php th t
l 1 n v ng php cao hn 1 cp so vi t t.
T u do t t cu thnh.Nhng t ny th c gi l t n.Nhng t do 2 hoc hn 2 t t cu thnh
th c gi l t ghp.
1 t cng c th mang ngha l ,Nh th th lm sao li mi l 1 t ? Chng ta cn
bit rng khng phi c ch r ngha th c gi l t.Cn phi xem n c th n c vn dng hay
khng.Chng ta khng th ni**** ...R
rng ta nhn thy tmc d c ngha nhng trong ting hn hin i li khng c s dng c
l danh t, ni hin ti hoc sau mt khong thi gian no , c th dng sau mt t hoc sau
mt t hp t.
:
(1)
(2)
(3) 12 ()
(4)()
L lin t, thng dng biu th sau khi kt thc mt ng tc hoc mt s vic th c mt ng
tc hoc mt s vic khc tip theo. (m khi l danh t, ch ch thi gian sau khi mt khong
thi gian trc i qua. V khong cch v thi gian l tng i di.)
:
(5)
(6)
c th lin kt vi s vic xy ra trong qu kh, v cng c th lin kt vi s vic s pht sinh
trong tng lai. (Trong khi ch c th dng ni v s vic qua )
:
(7) 301
(8)
thng kt hp vi . thng kt hp vi , v thng kt hp vi
:
(9)
(10)
c th dng mt mnh, cng c th lm thnh phn sau ca cu, ch c th dng c lp.
c th ni qu kh v cng c th ni v tng lai, ch c th ni v nhng g qua.
:
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)()
(15)
Tham kho:
Meaning: after something done, or after certain situation, can be translated into whereafter or and
thenor after that.
In other words, this must be used between two verbs, two actions, or two events. To indicate the
order of happening.
2.3 o ngc kt cu
o ngc trt t vn c to thnh t mi.
AC 1 s t mang ngha tng ng vi t gc to nn cc t ng ngha hoc gn ngha :
ng t :
Tnh t :
3.2 Hnh thc tn thut
Danh t :
ng t :
Tnh t :
Ph t :
3.3 Hnh thc chnh ph
Danh t :
ng t :
Tnh t :
Ph t :
Lin t :
3.4 Hnh thc b thut
ng t :
3.5 Hnh thc lin hp
Danh t :
ng t :
Tnh t :
Ph t :
Gii t :
Lin t :
Do da theo hnh thc cu to t nn khng th b t t- n v c bn trong vic to t.T t l b
phn nh nht trong ngn ng nhng li mang ngha m c ca ch.Chng ta trong vic to t u
bt ngun t ngha chnh tin hnh nhiu hnh thc to t khc nhau.Sau khi tng hp th c cc
loi di y.
A ( Cch gii thch) Dng ng t to t thng qua 1 hnh thc nht nh to
thnh.Gii thch r s hnh thnh ca t mi.
T mt tnh trng ca s vt :
T cng dng ca s vt :
Cch cu t
1. T n
1.1 T n 1 m tit nh :
1.2 T n a m tit c nhng loi c bn sau:
A ( T lin tc) Ch t do 2 m tit to thnh tuy nhin li khng th tch ra ni gm
t song thanh, t ly v cc loi khc
( T song thanh) Ch t c 2 m tit c thanh mu ging nhau to thnh nh:
Cc loi khc
C ( Phin m theo t ngoi lai)
2 T hp thnh
Do 2 t t hoc nhiu hn hp thnh t gi l t hp thnh.T hp thnh bao gm hnh thc phc
hp,ip hp v hnh thc pht sinh.
2.1 ( Hnh thc phc hp) t nht do 2 t t khng ging nhau kt hp m
thnh.Da vo quan h ca cc t t ta c th chia lm nhng loi sau y.
A ( Loi lin hp) Do 2 t t mang ngha tng ng, tung t nhau ghp thnh.
( Lin hp ng ngha )
ng t + ng t
Ly t t mang tnh t tnh lm thnh phn trung tm
Danh t + tnh t
Tnh t + Tnh t
ng t + Tnh t
Ph t + Tnh t
C ( Hnh thc b sung ) Do 2 t t to nn.Trong t sau b sung cho t trc.
Do t tnh ca cc t t khng ging nhau nn chia lm 2 loi chnh sau:
ng trc thnh phn trung tm l t t mang danh t tnh.c phn lm 2 loi:
Danh t + Lng t
Danh t + Danh t Thnh phn b sung l danh t n c tc dng hnh tng ha thnh phn
trung tm:
2.3 ( Hnh thc pht sinh ) Do 2 hoc hn 2 t t to thnh.Trong t t biu th
ngha chnh l t gc, t cn li ch c tc dng thm ng ngha.Da vo v tr xut hin ca t t m ta
c th chia thnh cc loi sau y:
A+ ( T im thm + T gc)
B+( T gc + T im thm)
___
___
___
ng t ch hnh ng tru tng
___
___
___
Hm nay rt hn hm qua
2. w b t shui
Ti p trai hn anh ta
+) c th dng so snh v thi gian ca cng 1 vt
VD:
t de png yu li de b t zo
Bn ca anh ta n sm hn anh ta
+Nu nh cn ch r s khc nhau c th gia hai vt th sau thnh phn ch yu ca v ng th ta cn
dung s lng t lm b ng.
VD:
zh jin y f b n jin gu w sh kui
B ny t hn b kia 50 ng
+)Nu nh mun biu th s khc bit 1 cch i khi th c th dng hoc ni r s
khc bit nh,cng c th dung kt cu tr t v b ng mc ni v s khc bit ln.
VD:
1. t b w pio ling y din r
Ch xinh hn em 1 cht
2. mi mi b w go de du
Em gi cao hn ti rt nhiu
+Trc hnh dung t c th dung ph t biu th s so snh ch mc .
VD:
1. w b t gng i n
Em gi ti vn hin hn c y
+)C 1 s cu v ng ng t c th dng biu th s so snh
VD:
w b n lio ji zhng gu de wn hu
png go ma
Trnh ting Hn ca bn c cao nh anh ta khng?
2.yu nn mi yu zhng gu lng
yng
VD:
t de s xing h w de s xing du b y
yng
VD:
5 + A + + + + B +
VD:
6A B + + ///
VD:
7A B + /+
VD:
8A B + +
VD:
Ngoi ra trong phng thc so snh cn c thm 3 kiu l:
1) dng
2) dng
3) dng
-T ni
1Quan h ngang hng,ng lp
: biu th 2 trng thi cng tn ti 1 lc.
: biu th 2 loi trng thi cng tn ti, pha sau c th thm ng t hoc tnh t n m
tit.
: biu th 2 loi trng thi cng tn ti, tuy nhin ng sau ch c kt hp vi ng t.
c t trc ng t biu th 2 hnh ng cng tin hnh
1 lc.
: biu th 2 trng thi sp c din ra.
: Pha sau gii thch r hn trc.
c 2 u mang y
2quan h tip ni
Chn 1 trong 2
5Quan h chuyn ngot
/ :nhng b , nn t ng sau ch ng.
: nhng b, th nhn vic A tuy nhin vic B ko v m hnh thnh.
:Ph nh v trc,khng nh tnh hnh pha sau .
: Khng nh v trc,ph nh v sau.
: phm vi s dng hp,trc v sau thng l nhng t ni r tnh hnh hoc gii thch r hn.
6quan h gi thit
:Ni trc tin ,v sau da vo a ra kt lun.
8quan h loi tr
:Biu th vic thng qua suy xt chn 1 trong 2, ngi ni chn v trc.
: biu th vic sau khi so snh th khng chn vic y na m chn vic khc.Pha
sau l vic khng c la chn,cn sau th l vic c chn.
9quan h iu kin
:bt buc cn c iu kin.Pha sau thm iu kin.
:Quyt nh iu kin trc,duy nht 1, khng th thiu c iu kin.
:D kt qu hoc kt lun c th no th iu kin cng ko thay
i.Cu sau thng i vi .
:Biu th trong 1 phm vi nht nh khng c ngoi l.
:cho d kt qu th no cng khng thay i.
: biu th vic nht nh phi nh th ny mi c th t n kt qu nh
kia,cn khng th s dn n 1 kt qu khc.
: trnh 1 hu qu khng tt.
: dng biu th 1 loi quan h tt nhin, v trc l iu kin to thnh tt yu
ca v sau.
10 Cc loi khc
: v sau tha nhn v trc,v sau do v trc hnh thnh
: mang tnh cng iu
: khng c la chn no khc.
A B biu th mc B thay i theo s bin i ca A.
Phn tch: thng mang ngha yu cu ,tuy nhin khi mun ph nh ta khng th dng
m phi dng .y l 1 cch dng tng i th ca t ny.
3. *
Phn tch: mang ngha lm vic g,s dng phng php no, s lng bao nhiu
u c th t do la chn. Cn th li mang ngha , ch khi lm ang lm 1 vic
no sn tin lm thm 1 vic khc na.
4. (*)
Phn tch : l 1 ng t, vn d l 1 c t c lp cn th l 1 danh t.Khi 2 t ny
kt hp li vi nhau th li to thnh 1 ng t.Trong ting trung th ng sau kt cu ng tn th khng
th i cng vi tn ng.
5. (*)
ng tn th ta phi lp li ng t.
6. (*)
Phn tch: cng l 1 cm t mang kt cu ng tn. l kt cu gii t trong hnh thc
c nh,thng i cng vi ng t, cu vn rt tri chy, v d:
1. (*)
2. (*)
9. *
Phn tch: Cc tnh t u c th c lp li nh:
--
c ngha l c ngha l .Tuy nhin khng phi bt c tnh
t no cng u c th lp c v d nh th c th lp nhng th khng th. th
c th nhng th li khng.
(*)
Trong s nhng tnh t 2 m tit th s tnh t c lp li ch chim khong 1/6 s y. Thng thng
m ni th a phn cc tnh t dng trong sch v thng khng th lp,trong khu ng cng c 1 s
khng lp c nh:
10. *
*
Phn tch: ng trc tnh t lp th ta khng th dng hoc .
Cho nn chng ta khng th ni:
(*)
(*)
M nn ni:
1. *
*
Phn tch khi lm nh ng th cc t biu th s hu thng thng c t ln u nh:
2. *
Phn tch: u l tnh t.Tuy nhin khi chng ta ni: th thng khng dng
, cn khi ni th cn phi thm .
Nh vy khi dng c 2 1 lc th ci no t trc, ci no t sau?
ng ra nn t t c "" ln trc nh ng, khng c "" t sau nh ng.
V d :
3. *
*
Phn tch: "" v "" u mang ngha "".
Khi biu th mc rt cao th "" v "" ch c th lm v ng trong cu khng
c lm ch ng.
4. *
Phn tch: "" y mang ngha "".
V d: C ngha l anh y bt u bo ln.
N nh ng trc "" l 1 ng t m ng t ny c mang tn ng th tn ng ny phi c t
vo trong ""
V d:
5. *
*
Phn tch: c ngha
M nn ni :
6. *
*
Phn tch: Trong cu ch c th ni 1 ng t, sau ng t nn c nhng t ng khc cng c th l
trng im ca cu biu th .
Nu nh khng c nhng t ny th ch c th dng 1 ng t.Cho nn nu trong cu ch nhc n
ng t m khng ni n th cu vn cha hon chnh.
V d nh ta khng th ni:
*
*
Nhng c th ni:
7. *
Phn tch: khng phi l 1 t m l 2 t, l ng t + tn ng cho nn ch c th ni : .
Tng t ta c : - - - - - -
- ...
V d:
8. *
*
Phn tch: cng khng phi l 1 t m n l 2 t ghp li, l ng t, l tn ng,
l ng t + tn ng, ng sau khng th i cng vi 1 tn ng khc.
Di y l 1 s t u l ng t + tn ng :
Cho nn chng ta nn ni
9. *
*
Phn tch : Di y l 1 s ph t ng kh:
Ph t ng kh thng c t v tr u ca v ng.V d nh:
10. *
Phn tch: Ph t ni khng nhng c th c t pha sau ch ng m cn thng c t pha sau
trng ng ch thi gian.
Cho nn trong cu , l ch ng, l trng ng
ch thi gian, l ph t ni cho nn nn c t ng sau .
Ch trng ng ch thi gian y bt buc phi l danh t,nu l ph t th phi t ng sau ph t
ni,v d:
B v kt hp dng chung
c ngha biu t kh phc tp.C rt nhiu ngn ng thiu hoc khng c t tng t.N
c bit va mang khc vi thng tnh va t kha cnh ph nh tng thm 1 tng ngha na.Cho
nn nm c ng ngha cc hm ca n i vi ngi hc ting hoa khng phi l d.Chng ta
thng mc phi 3 li sai c bn sau: Vn dng sai
1(*)
2(*)
Ph t c dng lm trng ng trong cu,biu th cc tnh hung thng thng pht sinh ca
hnh vi hoc trng thi,tuy nhin li tri ngc hon ton vi thc t nh:
Cho nn khi s dng nht nh phi c trn thut hnh vi,trng thi mi ng.Cho nn v d
1,2 th 2 thnh phn trc sau trong cu mang quan h ngang hng, ngha cng h tr cho
nhau nn khng th s dng c,do trong 2 cu trn ta nn b i:
Nhm ln vi ...
4(*)
5(*)
v thng dng a ra hoc dn dt ni ln s i lp v mt ngha so vi
trc ,biu th quan h chuyn ngot; biu th tt c tnh hnh thc t c ni n,c tc dng
b sung thm ngha cho trc,cng c chuyn ngot,tuy nhin quan h chuyn ngot m ni biu
t c phn n nht nh:
biu th phn ngc vi on vn trn,nhng tnh cht v mc li nng hn,khc xa so vi
d liu rt nhiu. ngha va mang chuyn ngot li va mang tng tin,v d:
A.
B.
Trong v d4),5 th ch n thun biu th s i lp vi trc cho nn khng th dng
trong trng hp ny, 2 cu trn ta nn sa thnh v :
(*)
(*)
Dng sai cc v tr ca
2(*)
trong cu tng thut c tnh tng hp,phi c t sau i tng cn c tng hp nh :
(*)
Dng lm nh ng
3(*)
l ph t thng dng biu th tnh tng hp,ngoi tr trong cu nghi vn th n thng
c ng sau vt c tng hp lm trng ng.Trong cu v d3 th nhm ln gia,
v. v u l tnh t,biu th thng lm nh ng b sung
ngha cho danh t,cn th dng nh ph t ch c th lm trng ng b sung ngha cho ng t
hoc tnh t trong cu v khng th lm nh ng .Trong v d3 th nn c sa thnh
Dng khng ng v tr ca
2(*)
Ph t khi lm trng ng c th ng trc ch ng khng nhiu,a s chng ta thng dng
...V d nh:
Cu cng li sai nh:
*
Ta c th dng v cng 1 lc c c khng?
Trong c 1 cu vn nh sau:
Khi c n cu vn ny th ai ny cng u thc mc biu th ton b,khng tha
1 t no cn th biu hin tnh khng ton b,ng ngha vi.Hai t ny dng chung vi
nhau liu c mu thun lm ko?
Nhn v kha cnh logic th cu trn thuc nhng trng hp ngoi l,n i ngc li vi cc quy
tc t duy thng thng--mang tnh mu thun.C 2 trng hp song song cng tn ti l
v .Tuy nhin bt c s vic gi u c tnh tuyt i v
tng i.Con ngi trong i sng hng ngy cng iu mt vn no thng dng din t
cu 1 cch mu thun nhng vn khng khin cho ngi nghe cm thy m h.
Trong tc phm A Quy chnh truyn ca L Tn c cu Q
Trong tiu thuytcng c cu
.Dng nh cch biu t 1 cch y mu thun li dn dn tr
nn ph bin,v c mi ngi tip nhn.V tr thnh 1 b phn trong cu cng iu,ni theo cch
thm xng v l 1 trong nhng cch biu t c hiu qu,tc dng nht.
Cho nn c th dng v cng 1 lc cng c.Cu vn m u c th gii thch
ngha nh sau:.
Cc bin php tu t ^^
l hnh thc thng qua tng tng nhn ha con vt thnh con ngi,hoc cng c th xem
vt nh con ngi cng c khi xem vt ny nh vt kia vit.Thng thng c th chia lm 2 loi cn
th nhn ha v vt ho.
Nhn ha
chnh l hnh thc xem vt nh con ngi vit hoc l dng nhng biu hin c trng ca con
ngi miu t cho loi vt, cng c th trc tip coi con vt nh con ngi.V d nh
1
Vt ha
chnh l hnh thc coi thnh vit,khin cho con ngi c tt c nhng hnh ng cng
nh tnh thi ca loi vt,hoc mn i cnh ca loi vt ny miu t cho loi vt khc.Thng dng
cng iu tnh cm yu ght.V d nh:
4
5
6
: so snh
chnh l hnh thc so snh 2 i tng vi nhau.C th ly ngay s vt hoc o l lm hnh
tng cng c khi ly 1 s vt c th no lm bin php tu t.Thng thng ta thng ly nhng
im ging nhau ca 1 s vt t thy so snh vi 1 s vt khc.S vt b em ra so snh gi l
,cn dng so snh th ta gi l ,khi ni 2 ci ny vi nhau ta thng dng t so snh
nh ...V d:
1<<
>>
Trong cu trn th vt b so snh l,cn vt c em ra so snh l
,t so snh l
So snh thng thng phn ra lm 3 cch thc:
Ch tt c cc t so snh trong cu khng so snh trc tip vt vi vt cho nn khng nht thit l
cu so snh.V d:
4mang d on
5mang so snh
:n d
C vt c so snh v em ra so snh u khng ch r ra,thng dng
lm lin t,nh:
6
7
Ch tt c cc t so snh trong cu khng so snh trc tip vt vi vt cho nn khng nht thit l
cu so snh.V d:
9
11
12
13
14
b,T ng kh
Cng ging nh ting ph thng, ting a phng cng c rt nhiu t ng kh,c 1 s t khng c
trong ting ph thng nh:
c dng cui cu mang tnh trn thut:
Trong ting a phng thng dng cu trc "X X",cn ting a phng thng dng "X
"
Ting ph thng:
Ting a phng:
4,Trt t t
C 1 s cch ni hnh thnh theo thi quen cho nn trt t t cng khc trong ting ph thng
Ting ph thng
Ting a phng
Cch dng
l ph t ng kh.Ch yu thng c t trong cu nghi vn lm trng ng.Ch yu c 2
hnh thc sau y:
A + + ng t hoc tnh t
1.
2.
3.
4.
B + + i t nghi vn
1.
2.
3.
V tr ca trong cu nghi vn rt hn ch nn chng ta thng mc phi nhng li sau y:
1.Dng trong
1*
ch c dng trong v .Nhng loi cu nghi vn ny u mang t
nghi vn,cng c trng hp ly hnh thc ph nh hoc khng nh hi,cng c khi dng cc t ch
s la chn lm lin t nh .... nh
2.Nhm ln cc v tr ca
2*
Khi lm trng ng trong cu nghi vn nu ch ng trong cu l danh t hoc i t nhn
xng,i t ch th ch c th c t sau ch ng v pha trc ng t hoc tnh t,cng c
th t trc ch ng nh
Trong v d (2) i t nghi vn lm ch ng trong cu cho nn nu t ng sau th khng ng
vi quy tc ng php.Chng ta phi chuyn ln trc ch ng nh:
Cu Phc Lin Hp
Cu phc lin hp:mi quan h gia cc phn cu vi nhau trong cu phc l bnh ng,v nt ngha
khng phn chnh ph,nhng cu ny gi l cu phc lin hp.Cn c vo mi quan h ng ngha gia
cc phn cu,cu phc lin hoepj c th chia thnh nhng li sau:
1.Cu phc ng lp:Miu t hoc ni r 1 vi s vic,1 s tnh hung hoc 1 vi mt ca s vt.
VD:
1.
Ti hm nay i Thng Hi,anh i Bc Kinh
2.
C ta ang hc ting Trung,ting Nht,ting Anh
2.Cu phc ni tip:Ln lt trn thut my ng tc,s vic xy ra lin tip,th t trc sau ca cc
phn cu l c nh,khng th o ngc.Gia cc phn cu c th khng dng cc t lin kt.
VD:
nh ngha:
Cu phn on dng gii thch r mt s vt l g hoc khng phi l g.Da vo tnh cht ca v ng
phn loi c hnh thc cu, v ng thng l danh t hoc cm danh t,da vo tnh cht ca s
vt a ra phn on.
1.Cu khng mang ngha phn on th khng phi l cu phn on
V d:
Mc d cc cu trn u l cu v danh t nhng li khng phi l cu phn on. c cu v ng u l
danh t nhng li khng mang ngha phn on m li nghing v miu t.
2.cu phn on khng c l cu v ng t.
c bit l cu dng to thnh.V d:
Trong ting hn c i, l ng t c ngha rt rng ln, gii thch c chnh xc thng phi
da theo ngha cu vn. 2 cu trn th dng nh u mang ngha nh .c ngi cho rng
2 cu trn l cu phn on nhng y ch l s nhm ln.Cu dng thng mang tnh tng
thut.Xt v mt ngha th ging nh cu phn on dng tuy nhin thc t th u l cu tng
thut.
c im chnh ca cu phn on
khng ging ting hn hin i by gi trong ting hn c a phn cu phn on khng dng h t
m dng v danh t trc tip ni ln ngha phn on.phn cui cu thng thm t ng kh nhn
mnh.
V d
Cch dng h t mi n sau ny pht trin mi hnh thnh.T trong ting hn c l i t,n
1 +++
2 ++
3 ++
4 +
Hnh thc hnh thnh nn cu phn on trong ting hn c
Cu phn on trong ting hn c danh t thng lm v ng .C 4 kiu c bn to thnh cu phn on
trong ting hn c.Da trn vic dng hoc khng dng ,sau v ng c th thm t ng kh
nhn mnh thm,cng c th thm sau ch ng ch li ch ng.
1.ch ng++ v ng +
2. ch ng +v ng +
3. ch ng ++v ng
4.ch ng +v ng
1
2
3
4
Hnh thc biu t ca cu phn on trong ting hn c
1. biu th loi,chng loi
2. biu th v d
3.biu th tnh logic
4.biu th nguyn nhn
2. ng sau ng t lm b ng kt qu
-biu th ng tc t c mc ch hoc c kt qu (c mt s trng hp c th thay bng )
()
()
-biu th c kt qu tch cc hoc gy nh hng (tiu cc)
l nhng g mnh c hc,ai c ti liu no khc th post ln cng hc nh
3.: ng sau ng t biu th trng thi ca ngi hay s vt,hin tng ang tip xy ra. ( C th b)
EX:1.
2.
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