CHNG 4 : HNH CHIU CA CC KHI HNH HC

MC CH - YU CU Sau khi hc xong bi ny, sinh vin c kh nng : * Xy dng c hnh biu din ca cc khi hnh hc c bn. * Xc nh c nhng im nm trn mt ca mt s khi hnh hc c bn. NI DUNG (4 tit) 4.1. Khi a din 4.1.1. Khi nim 4.1.2. thc ca khi a din 4.1.3. thc ca hnh lng tr 4.1.4. thc ca hnh chp u, hnh chp ct u 4.1.5. Cc mt phng ct khi a din 4.2. Khi tr 4.2.1. Khi nim 4.2.2. thc ca khi tr 4.2.3. im thuc mt tr 5.2.4. Cc mt phng ct khi tr 4.3. Khi nn 4.3.1. Khi nim 4.3.2. thc ca khi nn 4.3.3. im thuc mt nn 4.3.4. Cc mt phng ct khi nn 4.4. Khi cu 4.4.1. thc ca khi cu 4.4.2. im thuc mt cu 4.4.3. Cc mt phng ct khi cu

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CHNG 4 : HNH CHIU CA CC KHI HNH HC

4.1. KHI A DIN 4.1.1. Khi nim Khi a din l khi hnh hc c gii hn bng cc a gic phng. Cc a gic phng gi l cc mt ca khi a din. Cc nh v cc cnh ca a gic gi l cc nh v cc cnh ca khi a din (Hnh 4.1a).

a) Hnh 4.1

b)

4.1.2. thc ca khi a din Mun v hnh chiu ca khi a din phi v hnh chiu ca cc nh, cc cnh v cc mt ca khi a din. Khi chiu ln mt mt phng hnh chiu no , nu cnh khng b cc mt ca vt th che khut th cnh c v bng nt lin m, ngc li, nu cnh b che khut, th cnh c v bng nt t (Hnh 4.1b). Hnh chp, hnh lng tr l cc khi a din c bit. 72

4.1.3. thc ca hnh lng tr 4.1.3.1. thc ca hnh hp ch nht : n gin, t cc mt ca hnh hp song song vi cc mt phng hnh chiu. Cc hnh chiu ca cc mt ca hnh hp l cc hnh ch nht (Hnh 4.2).

Hnh 4.2 Mun xc nh im K nm trn mt ca hnh hp, ta v qua K mt ng thng thuc mt hnh hp. 4.1.3.2. thc ca hnh lng tr u : Cch v hnh chiu v cch xc nh im nm trn mt ca hnh lng tr tng t nh trn. Hnh 4.3 l hnh chiu ca mt lng tr tam gic.

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Hnh 4.3 4.1.4. thc ca hnh chp u, hnh chp ct u 4.1.4.1. Hnh chiu ca hnh chp u : Xt hnh chp u SABCDEF. n gin, nn t mt y ABCDEF ca hnh chp u song song vi mt phng hnh chiu P2 v ng cho AD song song vi mt phng hnh chiu P1, s c cc hnh chiu nh hnh 4.4. Hnh chiu bng l hnh lc gic u, Hnh chiu bng ca nh S trng vi tm ca hnh lc gic u. Hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu cnh l hai hnh tam gic cn, l hnh chiu ca cc mt bn. Chiu cao ca tam gic cn bng chiu cao ca hnh chp. Mun xc nh mt im K nm trn mt ca hnh chp, hy k qua nh S v im K nm trn ng thng SK nm trn mt bn ca hnh chp. Cch v nh hnh 4.4.

Hnh 4.4 4.1.4.2. Hnh chiu ca hnh chp ct u : Cch v hnh chiu v cch xc nh im nm trn mt bn ca hnh chp ct tng t nh trng hp hnh chp. Hnh 4.5 l hnh chiu ca mt hnh chp ct c y l hnh vung.

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Hnh 4.5 4.1.5. Cc mt phng ct khi a din Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi khi a din l mt a gic phng, cnh ca a gic l giao tuyn ca mt phng vi b mt ca a din, nh ca a gic l giao im ca mt phng vi cnh ca a din.

a) Hnh 4.6

b)

Trong hnh 4.6 a mt phng Q vung gc vi P1 ct hnh lng tr lc gic u to thnh giao tuyn l mt a gic. V Q P1 nn hnh chiu ng ca giao tuyn trng vi hnh chiu ng ca mt phng Q, l on thng A1D1. Cc mt bn ca lng tr vung gc vi P 2 , nn hnh chiu bng ca giao tuyn trng vi hnh chiu bng ca cc mt bn, chnh l lc gic A2B2C2D2E2F2 . v hnh chiu cnh ca giao tuyn, ta v hnh chiu cnh ca tng im ca giao tuyn (Hnh 4.6 b). 4.2. KHI TR 4.2.1. Khi nim Hnh tr trn xoay thng gi l hnh tr, l khi hnh hc c gii hn bi mt mt tr trn xoay v hai mt ct song song vi nhau v vung gc vi trc quay. 75

Hnh tr cng c xem nh khi hnh hc c to thnh bi mt hnh ch nht quay quanh mt cnh ca n (Hnh 4.7 e).

d) Hnh 4.7

e)

4.2.2. thc ca khi tr Hnh chiu ca khi tr trn mt phng vung gc vi trc quay l hnh trn c ng knh bng ng knh y ca khi tr. 76

Hnh chiu ca khi tr trn mt phng song song vi trc quay l cc hnh ch nht bng nhau (Hnh 4.7e). 4.2.3. im thuc mt tr Mun xc nh mt im K nm trn mt ca hnh tr, bit hnh chiu ng K1 , hy k qua K1 ng dng K1 K2 vi K2 A2B2C2D2. Cch v nh hnh 4.7e. 4.2.4. Cc mt phng ct khi tr Ty theo v tr ca mt phng i vi trc ca hnh tr, ta c cc giao tuyn khc nhau (Hnh 4.8). - Nu mt phng vung gc vi trc hnh tr th giao tuyn l mt ng trn (Hnh 4.8a). - Nu mt phng nghing vi trc hnh tr th giao tuyn l mt ng elip (Hnh 4.8b). Nu mt phng song song vi trc hnh tr th giao tuyn l mt hnh ch nht (Hnh 4.8c).

Hnh 4.8 V d 1: u trc vt phng (hnh 4.9). Phn vt phng l do giao tuyn ca mt phng Q song song vi trc ca hnh tr v mt phng R vung gc vi trc ca hnh tr to thnh. 77

Khi v giao tuyn ta v hnh chiu bng trc v bng cch xc nh im nm trn mt tr ta v hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu cnh ca giao tuyn.

Hnh 4.9 V d 2: u trc x rnh (hnh 4.10). Phn x rnh l do giao tuyn ca hai mt phng A1 , A2 song song vi trc ca hnh tr v mt phng B vung gc vi trc ca hnh tr to thnh. Khi v giao tuyn ta v hnh chiu bng trc v bng cch xc nh im nm trn mt tr ta v hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu cnh ca giao tuyn.

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Hnh 4.10

4.3. KHI NN 4.3.1. Khi nim

a)

b)

Hnh 4.11 Hnh nn trn xoay thng gi l hnh nn, l khi hnh hc c gii hn bi mt phn mt nn trn xoay k t nh ti mt ct vung gc vi trc quay (Hnh 4.11a).. Hnh nn cng c xem nh khi trn c to thnh bi mt hnh tam gic vung quay quanh mt cnh gc vung ca n . 4.3.2. thc ca khi nn Hnh chiu ca khi nn trn mt phng vung gc vi trc quay l hnh trn c ng knh bng ng knh y ca khi nn. Hnh chiu ca khi nn trn mt phng song song vi trc quay l cc tam gic cn bng nhau (Hnh 4.11b). 4.3.3. im thuc mt nn Mun xc nh mt im K nm trn mt ca hnh nn, bit hnh chiu ng K1 , hy k qua K1 ng sinh S1 K1 , t xc nh S2 K2 . Cch v nh hnh 4.11a. 4.3.4. Cc mt phng ct khi nn Ty theo v tr ca mt phng i vi trc ca hnh nn trn xoay, ta c cc giao tuyn khc nhau (Hnh 4.12). - Nu mt phng i qua nh hnh nn th giao tuyn l mt tam gic cn, cnh ca tam gic cn l ng sinh hnh nn (Hnh 4.12b). 79

- Nu mt phng song song vi mt ng sinh hnh nn th giao tuyn l mt parabol (Hnh 4.12c). - Nu mt phng song song vi trc hnh nn hoc hai ng sinh hnh nn th giao tuyn l mt hyperbol (Hnh 4.12d). - Nu mt phng nghing vi trc hnh nn v ct tt c cc ng sinh ca hnh nn th giao tuyn l mt ng elip (Hnh 4.12e).

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

Hnh 4.12 thc ca khi nn ct (hnh 4.13) :

Hnh 4.13 4.4. KHI CU 4.4.1. thc ca khi cu Hnh chiu ca khi cu trn cc mt phng hnh chiu l cc hnh trn c ng knh bng ng knh ca khi cu. Cc hnh trn ny l ng bao hnh chiu ca hnh cu, ng thi l hnh chiu ca ng trn ln song song vi mt phng hnh chiu (Hnh 4.14b).

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a) Hnh 4.14

b)

4.4.3. im thuc mt cu Mt im thuc mt cu khi im thuc mt ng trn ca mt cu. Mun xc nh mt im K nm trn mt cu, ta dng qua im ng trn nm trn mt cu, v mt phng cha ng trn song song vi mt phng hnh chiu. Cch v nh hnh 4.14b. 4.4.4. Cc mt phng ct khi cu Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi khi cu l mt hnh trn. - Nu mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu th hnh chiu ca ng trn giao tuyn trn mt phng hnh chiu cng l mt ng trn (Hnh 4.15). - Nu mt phng nghing vi mt phng hnh chiu th hnh chiu ca giao tuyn trn mt phng hnh chiu l mt ng elip (Hnh 4.16).

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Hnh 4.15

Hnh 4.16 V d 3: u inh vt chm cu x rnh (hnh 4.17). Phn x rnh l do giao tuyn ca hai mt phng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu cnh v mt mt phng song song vi mt phng hnh ciu bng to thnh. Khi v giao tuyn ta v hnh chiu ng trc v bng cch xc nh im nm trn mt cu ta v hnh chiu bng v hnh chiu cnh ca giao tuyn.

Hnh 4.17 CU HI V BI TP . 1. Lm th no xc nh mt im thuc mt ca khi a din, mt im thuc mt ca khi chp, mt im thuc mt ca khi trn xoay, hnh cu ? 82

2. Cho hai hnh chiu ca cc khi a din (Hnh 4.18). V hnh chiu th ba v cc hnh chiu cn li ca im nm trn mt ca khi a din.

Hnh 4.18

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3. Cho hai hnh chiu ca cc khi trn xoay (Hnh 4.19). V hnh chiu th ba v cc hnh chiu cn li ca im nm trn mt ca khi trn xoay.

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Hnh 4.19 4. 4.20 , 4.21). V hnh chiu cnh ca cc khi lng tr b ct mt phn (Hnh

Hnh 4.20

Hnh 4.21

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5. Hon thin hnh chiu bng v v hnh chiu cnh ca cc khi trn xoay b ct mt phn (Hnh 4.22).

Hnh 4.22

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