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SCH HNG DN HC TP
VT L I CNG (A1)
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2005
Gii thiu mn hc
GII THIU MN HC
1. GII THIU CHUNG:
Mn Vt l hc l mn khoa hc t nhin nghin cu cc dng vn ng
tng qut nht ca th gii vt cht nm c cc qui lut, nh lut v bn
cht ca cc s vn ng vt cht trong th gii t nhin. Con ngi hiu bit
nhng iu ny tm cch chinh phc th gii t nhin v bt n phc v
con ngi.
Vt l hc nghin cu cc dng vn ng sau:
9 Vn ng c: l s chuyn ng v tng tc ca cc vt v m trong
khng gian v thi gian.
9 Vn ng nhit: l s chuyn ng v tng tc gia cc phn t
nguyn t.
9 Vn ng in t: l s chuyn ng v tng tc ca cc ht mang
in v photon.
9 Vn ng nguyn t: l s tng tc xy ra trong nguyn t, gia ht
nhn vi cc electron v gia cc electron vi nhau.
9 Vn ng ht nhn: l s tng tc gia cc ht bn trong ht nhn,
gia cc nuclon vi nhau.
Trong phn Vt l i cng A1 ca chng trnh ny s xt cc dng vn
ng c, nhit v in t.
Do mc ch nghin cu cc tnh cht tng qut nht ca th gii vt cht,
nhng quy lut tng qut v cu to v vn ng ca vt cht, ng v mt kha
cnh no c th coi Vt l l c s ca nhiu mn khoa hc t nhin khc
nh ho hc, sinh hc, c hc l thuyt, sc bn vt liu, in k thut, k thut
in t -vin thng, k thut nhit..
Vt l hc cng c quan h mt thit vi trit hc. Thc t v ang
chng t rng nhng pht minh mi, khi nim, gi thuyt v nh lut mi ca
vt l lm phong ph v chnh xc thm cc quan im ca trit hc ng thi
2
Gii thiu mn hc
Gii thiu mn hc
Gii thiu mn hc
Chng 1 - ng hc cht im
CHNG 1 - NG HC CHT IM
1.1. MC CH, YU CU:
Sau khi nghin cu chng 1, yu cu sinh vin:
1. Nm c cc khi nim v c trng c bn nh chuyn ng, h quy
chiu, vn tc, gia tc trong chuyn ng thng v chuyn ng cong.
2. Nm c cc khi nim phng trnh chuyn ng, phng trnh qu
o ca cht im. Phn bit c cc dng chuyn ng v vn dng c cc
cng thc cho tng dng chuyn ng.
1.2. TM TT NI DUNG
1. V tr ca mt cht im chuyn ng c xc nh bi ta ca n
trong mt h ta , thng l h ta Descartes Oxyz, c cc trc Ox, Oy,
Oz vung gc nhau, gc O trng vi h qui chiu. Khi cht im chuyn ng,
v tr ca n thay i theo thi gian. Ngha l v tr ca cht im l mt hm
ca thi
gian:
G G
r = r (t ) hay x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t).
V tr ca cht im cn c xc nh bi honh cong s, n cng l
mt hm ca thi gian s=s(t). Cc hm ni trn l cc phng trnh chuyn
ng ca cht im.
Phng trnh lin h gia cc ta khng gian ca cht im l phng
trnh qu o ca n. Kh thi gian t trong cc phng trnh chuyn ng, ta
s thu c phng trnh qu o.
2. Vect vn tc
G
v
G
G
dr ds
=
dt dt
3.Vect gia tc
G
G dv
a=
dt
G
G
G dr
ds
=
v=v =
dt
dt
thi gian. N gm hai thnh phn: gia tc tip tuyn v gia tc php tuyn.
G
Gia tc tip tuyn a t c trng cho s thay i v ln ca vect vn tc,
c ln:
at =
dv
dt
Chng 1 - ng hc cht im
G
G
G
G
G
a = a x i + ay j + azk
trong , ax=
dv x d 2 x
=
dt
dt 2
, ay=
dv y
dt
d 2y
dt 2
, az= dv z
dt
d 2z
dt 2
ds
= v o + at
dt
at 2
s = v 0 t +
2
2 a .s = v 2 - v 02
Nu s0 = 0 th s=
s = vo t +
at 2
2
2 a .s = v 2 - v 02
Vn tc gc:
Gia tc gc:
G
G d
=
dt
v cc mi lin h: v = R , an= 2 R, a t = R .
Nu =const, chuyn ng l trn, bin i u (>0 nhanh dn u, <0
chm dn u), v cng c cc cng thc ( coi to= 0):
Chng 1 - ng hc cht im
= 0 + 0t +
1 2
t , = 0 + t , 2 - 02 =
2
1 2
t , = 0 + t , 2 - 02 =
2
1.3. CU HI N TP
1. H qui chiu l g? Ti sao c th ni chuyn ng hay ng yn c tnh
cht tng i. Cho v d.
2. Phng trnh chuyn ng l g? Qu o chuyn ng l g? Nu cch
tm phng trnh qy o. Phng trnh chuyn ng v phng trnh qu o
khc nhau nh th no?
3. Phn bit vn tc trung bnh v vn tc tc thi? Nu ngha vt l ca
chng.
4. nh ngha v nu ngha vt l ca gia tc? Ti sao phi a thm khi
nim gia tc tip tuyn v gia tc php tuyn? Trong trng hp tng qut vit
G
dv
c ng khng? Ti sao?
a =
dt
Chng 1 - ng hc cht im
at
ds
= t + 10
dt
an
dv
= 1m / s 2
dt
G
a
v2
52
=
= 0,5 m s 2
50
R
a t2 + a n2 = 1 + 0 ,25 = 1,12 m s 2
G
a
hp vi bn knh qu o (tc l hp vi
at
+1
=
= 2,
0 ,5
an
G
an )
10
h max = v o t 1 -
v2
1 2
gt1 = o
2
2g
=20m
v2v2o=2gs.
Chng 1 - ng hc cht im
T :
hmax = s =
v 2 - v o2
20 2
=
= 20m
2g
2.10
2h max
=
g
t2 =
20.2
= 2s
10
Lc chm t n c vn tc
v= gt 2 = 10.2 = 20m / s
Th d 3. Mt vlng ang quay vi vn tc 300vng/pht th b hm li.
Sau mt pht vn tc ca v lng cn l 180 vng/pht.
a. Tnh gia tc gc ca vlng lc b hm.
b. Tnh s vng vlng quay c trong mt pht b hm .
Bi gii
1=
300
180
.2( rad / s ) =10 (rad/s), 2=
.2 = 6 (rad/s)
60
60
2 - 1
=
t
2 = 1 + t
4
rad / s 2 =
60
- 0 ,209 rad / s 2
= -0,21rad/s 2
= 240
2
vng
Ta suy ra
vB-vA =a ,
vi vB=12m/s
(theo u bi).
11
Chng 1 - ng hc cht im
Ta suy ra:
G
vA
vo
O
xo
G
vB
xA
xB
2.x
2.a .x
vB - vA
- vB =
2.a .x
a
2.20
2
2.x
-12 = 8m / s
v B - v A 12 - 8
=
=2m/s2
2
2
2
v A - v 0 = 2a .x 0
x 0 =
v A2
82
=
= 16m
2.a 2.2
p s:
v=
2v 1v 2
= 34,3Km / h
v1 + v 2
Hng dn
Theo nh ngha v vn tc trung bnh, vtb =(s1+s2)/(t1+t2). V s1 = s2 = s =AB, t1
=s/v1, t2 =s/v2. T , ta suy ra v = 2v 1v 2 = 34,3Km / h
v1 + v 2
3. Mt vt ri t do t cao h = 19,6m.
a. Tnh thi gian vt ri ht cao .
b. Tnh qung ng m vt i c trong 0,1 giy u v trong 0,1 giy
cui cng ca s ri .
c. Tnh thi gian vt ri c 1m u tin v 1m cui cng ca qung ng.
B qua ma st ca khng kh. Cho g = 9,8m/s2.
12
Chng 1 - ng hc cht im
v 2A v 2B = 2as ,
suy ra:
s=
v B v A 152 52
=
= 60m
2.a
2.1,66
a=
2 s( t 2 t1 )
2
= 3 ,1 m/s , vo=11,1m/s
t 1t 2 ( t 1 + t 2 )
Chuyn ng chm dn u.
Hng dn
1
2
s at1
t1 2
vA = -
1
2
2s( t 2 t 1 )
t 1t 2 ( t1 + t 2 )
t2
at 2
2
vB - vA= a.t1
Chng 1 - ng hc cht im
a ) x = 15t ,
b) y =
gx 2
2v o2
y=
1 2
gt = 4,9t 2
2
= 2,18 x 2 ( parabol ),
Chng 1 - ng hc cht im
p s:
a.8,4m/s, lc u i ln, sau ri thng xung t .
b.7,3m/s, ri thng;
c.7,8m/s, ri thng;
d.7,8m/s, c qu o parabol.
11. Mt my bay bay t v tr A n v tr B cch nhau 300km theo hng
ty-ng. Vn tc ca gi l 60km/h, vn tc ca my bay i vi khng kh l
600km/h. Hy tnh thi gian bay trong iu kin: a-lng gi, b-gi thi theo
hng ng-ty, c-gi thi theo hng ty-ng
p s:
a) t1=25pht,
b) t2=22,7pht,
c) t3=25,1pht.
12. Mt bnh xe bn knh 10cm, lc u ng yn v sau quay quanh
trc ca n vi gia tc gc bng 1,57rad/s2. Xc nh:
a. Vn tc gc v vn tc di, gia tc tip tuyn gia tc php tuyn v gia
tc ton phn ca mt im trn vnh xe sau 1 pht.
b. S vng bnh xe quay c sau 1 pht.
p s:
a.=94,2rad/s, v=9,42m/s,at=0,157m/s2, an=0,246m/s2, a=0,292m/s2,
b. 450 vng.
13. Mt xe la bt u chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u i qua trc mt
mt ngi quan st ang ng ngang vi u toa th nht. Cho bit toa xe th
nht i qua mt ngi quan st ht 6s. Tnh khong thi gian toa xe th n i
qua trc mt ngi quan st. p dng cho n=10.
p s: n= 6( n n 1) = 6( 10 10 1) = 0,97 s
14. Mt vt c th ri t cao H+h theo phng thng ng DD (D l
chn cao ). Cng lc mt vt th hai c nm ln t D theo phng
thng ng vi vn tc ban u v0.
a. hai vt gp nhau h th vn tc v0 phi bng bao nhiu?
b. Xc nh khong cch s gia hai vt trc khi gp nhau theo thi gian.
c. Vt th hai s t cao ln nht bng bao nhiu nu khng b cn bi
vt th nht?.
p s:
a. v0= H + h
2H
2gH
15
Chng 1 - ng hc cht im
b. x =
H +h
( 2 H 2 gH t ) ,
2H
c. hmax= ( H + h ) .
2
4H
2( H - h )
g
= 0,71s.
vo=
= 28m/s.
16
Chng 1 - ng hc cht im
2g( H - h )
v
= 0,55.
17
Chng 2 - ng lc hc cht im
CHNG 2 - NG LC HC CHT IM
2.1. MC CH, YU CU:
Sau khi nghin cu chng 2, yu cu sinh vin:
1. Nm c cc nh lut Newton I,II,III, nh lut hp dn v tr, cc
nh l v ng lng v nh lut bo ton ng lng, vn dng c gii
cc bi tp.
2. Hiu c nguyn l tng i Galilo, vn dng c lc qun tnh
trong h qui chiu c gia tc gii thch cc hin tng thc t v gii cc
bi tp.
3. Nm c khi nim v cc lc lin kt v vn dng gii cc bi tp.
2.2. TM TT NI DUNG
1. Theo nh lut Newton th nht, trng thi chuyn ng ca mt vt c
lp lun lun c bo ton. Tc l nu n ang ng yn th s tip tc ng
yn, c nu n ang chuyn ng th n tip tc chuyn ng thng u.
Theo nh lut Newton th 2, khi tng tc vi cc vt khc thG trng thi
chuyn ng ca vt s thay i, tc l n chuyn ng c gia tc a c xc
nh bi cng thc:
G
G
F
a =
m
,
trong , l tng hp ccGngoi lc tc dng ln vt, gy ra s bin i
trng thi chuyn ng, gia tc a c trng cho s bin i trng thi chuyn
ng, m l khi lng ca vt, c trng cho qun tnh ca vt.
Nu bit cc iu kin ca bi ton, ta c th da vo nh lut Newton II
xc nh c hon ton trng thi chuyn ng ca vt. V th, phng
trnh trn c gi l phng trnh c bn ca ng lc hc.
G
Vn tcG v c trng cho trng thi chuyn ng v mt ng hc, cn
G
ng lng k = mv c trng v mt ng lc hc, n cho bit kh nng truyn
chuyn ng ca vt trong s va chm vi cc vt khc. Kt qu tc dng ca
lc ln vt trong mt khong thi gian t no c c trng bi xung
lng ca lc:
G
F
G
F
dt
t2
t1
17
Chng 2 - ng lc hc cht im
G
F
dt
t2
hoc k = t
y l cc dng tng ng ca nh lut Newton II, nhng n tng qut
hn, n p dng c c khi ra khi c hc c in.
T cc nh l ny, ta tm c nh lut bo ton ng lng i vi h
cht im c lp, hoc khng c lp nhng hnh chiu ca lc tng hp ca cc
ngoi lc ln mt phng no b trit tiu. nh lut ny c nhiu ng dng
trong khoa hc k thut v i sng, nh gii thch hin tng sng git li
khi bn, chuyn ng phn lc trong cc tn la, my bay, cc tu v tr
2. nh lut Newton th 3 nu mi lin h gia lc v phn lc tc dng
gia hai vt bt k. l hin tng ph bin trong t nhin. Nh nh lut
ny, ta tnh c cc lc lin kt nh phn lc, lc mast ca mt bn, lc cng
ca si dy, lc Hng tm v lc ly tm trong chuyn ng cong
3. nh lut hp dn v tr cho php ta tnh c lc ht F gia hai vt bt
k (coi nh cht im) c khi lng m1, m2 cch nhau mt khong r:
1
F =G
m 1 .m 2
r2
GM
(R + h )2
GM
R2
go R 2
G
Chng 2 - ng lc hc cht im
Chng 2 - ng lc hc cht im
Chng 2 - ng lc hc cht im
A
N
p s:
M
P
P
H
Hnh 2-1bt
v12
2g
=1,41m.
h1 = s1 . sin =
v12
2g
= 1,41m = h2.
Kt qu ny khng ph thuc vo , :
2. Mt t khi lng m = 1000kg chy trn on ng phng. H s
ma st gia bnh xe v mt ng bng k = 0,10. Ly gia tc trng trng
g = 9,80m/s2. Hy xc nh lc ko ca ng c t khi:
a. t chy thng nhanh dn u vi gia tc 2m/s2 trn ng phng ngang.
b. t chy thng u ln dc trn ng phng nghing c dc 4%
(gc nghin ca mt ng c sin = 0,04).
p s:
a. Fk = m (a + kg) = 2980N
b. Fk = mg (sin + kcos) 1371N.
3. Mt xe ti khi lng m1 = 10 tn ko theo n mt xe r-moc khi
lng m2 = 5tn. H xe ti v r-moc chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u trn
on ng phng ngang. Sau khong thi gian t = 100s k t lc khi hnh,
vn tc ca h xe ti v r-moc t tr s v = 72 km/h. H s ma st gia bnh
xe v mt ng l k = 0,10. Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s2.
a. Tnh lc ko F ca ng c xe ti trong thi gian t = 100s ni trn.
b. Khi h xe ti v r-moc ang chuyn ng vi vn tc v = 72kg/h th
xe ti tt my v hm phanh. Khi , h ny chuyn ng chm dn u v dch
chuyn thm mt on s = 50m trc khi dng hn. Tnh lc hm Fh ca phanh
xe v lc F do xe r-moc tc dng ln xe ti.
p s:
a. F = (m1 + m2) (a + kg) = 17,7.103N.
b. Fh = (m1 +m2) (a + kg) = -45,3.103N.
(Fh ngc chiu chuyn ng ca xe)
21
Chng 2 - ng lc hc cht im
v1
a2
) = 60,4s, s = s1 + s2 = 302m.
Chng 2 - ng lc hc cht im
m 1 . sin km 1 . cos) g
m1 + m 2
3,85m/s2.
Hnh 2-2bt
b. T = m2 (g a) 8,93N.
9. Mt xe khi lng 20,0kg c th chuyn ng khng ma st trn on
ng phng ngang. Trn xe c t mt hn khi lng 4,0kg. H s ma st
gia hn v sn xe l 0,25. Ln th nht, ko hn bng mt lc 6,0N. Ln
th hai, ko hn bng mt lc 12,0N. Cc lc ko u hng dc chiu
chuyn ng ca xe. Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s2. Trong mi trng
hp trn, hy xc nh:
a. Lc ma st gia hn v sn xe.
N
b. Gia tc ca hn ca xe i vi mt t.
a F
F
p s:
a. Fms = m2 a = 5N = Fms.
F
P
a
b. Gia tc ca hn :
1
ms
ms
a1 =
Gia tc ca xe:
F Fms
m1
a2 =
= 0,75m/s2.
F ' ms
m2
Hnh 2-3bt
= 0,40m/s2.
m2
m1
m2
m1
P2
P
P2
P
Hnh 2-4bt
23
Chng 2 - ng lc hc cht im
a. =
m
ln
r
b. x =
mv 0
r
(2)= 1,98s.
r
t
1 e m
714m
4m 1 + m 2
R1
a1=2a2
a
A
A
T T
R
m
T = m1(g a1) = 2,94N
m
B C
B C
12. Mt si dy vt ngang qua rng rc
a
a
m a
m a
tnh R1, mt u dy treo vt nng m1, v u
P
P a
m
m
a
kia treo rng rc ng R2. Mt si dy khc
P
P
P
P
vt ngang qua rng rc ng R2 v hai u
H nh 2-5bt
ca n treo hai vt nng m2 v m3. Rng rc
tnh R1 c treo vo gi bng mt lc k
l xo (H.2-5bt). Hy xc nh gia tc ca vt nng m3 v s ch ca lc k l xo
khi m1 = 500g, m2 = 300g, m3 = 100g. Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s2.
1
p s:
vi
a3 = - g +
F = 2T =
F
4m 3
= 8,575m/s2.
16m 1m 2 m 3 g
m 1 ( m 2 + m 3 ) + 4m 2 m 3
24
vx =
mv. cos
M +m
0,32m/s.
m
v
Hnh 2-6 bt
Chng 2 - ng lc hc cht im
M O
u
1e
MO
b. v = u ln
= 0,375s.
= 330m/s.
R g = 3015N;
a. Ti im thp nht N = mg +
N = 6p
Ti im cao nht N = m
N= 4p.
A
P
N
N
B
P
Hnh 2-7bt
b. v = gR 159km/h = 44,3m/s
(Khi lc nn ca ngi ln gh bng khng)
16. Mt vt nh khi lng m = 1,0kg c t
N
trn mt a phng ngang v cch trc quay ca a mt
m
khong r = 0,50m. H s ma st gia vt v mt a v
F
bng k = 0,25. Hy xc nh:
P
a. Gi tr ca lc ma st vt c gi yn trn
mt a khi a quay vi vn tc n = 12 vng/pht
(vg/ph). Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s2.
Hnh 2-8 bt
b. Vi vn tc gc no ca a quay th vt bt u
trt trn a?
ms
25
Chng 2 - ng lc hc cht im
p s:
26
kg
r
wmin =
kg
m
r 0,79N.
2,2rad/s.
( CD )
G G
G G
dA
Fds
=
= F .v
dt
dt
mv 22
2
mv12
2
(1)
hay
mv 22
2
mv12
2
= mgh1 - mgh2
+ mgh2 =
mv12
2
(3)
+ mgh1
+ mgh = const
Fs = -
dWt
ds
hay
Fs = Wt
s
(4)
Ac
Fh + Fms
a1
l
s
Hnh 3-1bt
355m.
a. Fc =
mv 2
2s
= 25. 103N.
b. v = v 2
2 Fc s '
m
360m/s.
(s = 2,4cm)
5. Mt my bay c khi lng bng 3000kg v phi mt 60s bay ti
cao 1000m (so vi mt t). ng c my bay phi c cng sut bng bao
nhiu? Ly gia tc trng trng g = 9,80m/s2.
p s:
493kW.
6. Mt khu pho c khi lng 500kg bn theo phng ngang. Vin n c
khi lng 5,0kg v c vn tc u nng l 400m/s. Ngay sau khi bn, khu pho
git li mt on 45cm. Hy xc nh lc hm trung bnh tc dng ln khu pho.
p s:
4000N.
7. Mt vt khi lng m trt khng ma
st t nh S ca mt na mt cu bn knh
R = 90cm v ri xung mt phng ngang
(H.3-2bt). Hy xc nh cao h1 ca im M
trn mt cu ti vt ri khi mt cu.
p s:
h=
2
R
3
= 60cm.
H
Pn
M
h
O
Hnh 3-2 bt
Ac =
m
2
vB
B
G
P
G
TB
O
G
TA
A
G
P
Hnh 3-3bt
Q = 2,4J.
b)
- 2A
=15m/s.
m
16.109J.
31
v=
m +M
2 gl sin 462m/s.
2
m
32
CHNG 4 - CHUYN NG CA
H CHT IM V VT RN
4.1. MC CH, YU CU:
Sau khi nghin cu chng 4, yu cu sinh vin:
1. Nm c khi nim khi tm v cc i lng c trng cho chuyn
ng ca khi tm, qui lut chuyn ng ca khi tm.
2. Thit lp c phng trnh chuyn ng ca vt rn quanh mt trc
c nh.
3. Chng minh c nh l mmen ng lng v nh lut bo ton
mmen ng lng.
4. Thit lp c biu thc tnh cng v ng nng ca vt rn trong chuyn
ng quay quanh mt trc c nh.
5. Vn dng nh l bin thin ng nng gii thch cc bi ton trong
chuyn ng quay.
6. Gii thch hiu ng con quay.
4.2. TM TT NI DUNG
1. Vic xt chuyn ng ca h cht im c qui v vic xt chuyn
ng khi tm ca n. Kt qu cho thy: chuyn ng ca khi tm ca h cht
im ging nh chuyn ng ca mt cht im mang khi lng bng tng
khi lng ca c h v chu tc dng ca mt ngoi lc bng tng hp tt c
cc ngoi lc tc dng ln h.
Tht vy, phng trnh ng lc hc c bn ca chuyn ng ca khi tm
ca h cht im c dng ging nh phng trnh ng lc hc c bn ca cht
im:
G
trong a , m tng ng l gia tc ca khi tm v tng khi lng ca c
G
h, F l tng hp cc ngoi lc tc dng ln h.
2. Vt rn l mt h cht im trong khong cch gia cc cht im
lun khng i. Mi chuyn ng ca vt rn u c th phn tch thnh hai
dng chuyn ng c bn: chuyn ng tnh tin v chuyn ng quay quanh
mt trc.
Phng trnh c bn ca vt rn chuyn ng tnh tin c dng ging nh
phng trnh c bn ca chuyn ng ca cht im t ti khi tm ca h,
33
= r Ft
G
M
= I .
l phng trnh c bn ca vt rn chuyn ng quay quanh mt trc
G
G
c nh, trong M l mmen ngoi lc tc dng ln vt rn, l gia tc gc,
I = m i ri2 l mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay . Phng trnh
i
34
Io=
2
mR 2 ,
5
Io=
ml 2
12
- khi tr c, a c:
Io=
ml 2
12
G
G
dL
=M
dt
G t2 G
L = Mdt
t1
35
M = I. = I.
d
dt
d
dt
v cng
ton phn:
A12 =
Id =
I22 I12
2
2
I 2
2
I 2
2
mv 2
2
Nu vt rn ln khng trt th v = R. .
4.3. CU HI N TP
1. Khi nim v khi tm ca h cht im? So snh chuyn ng ca khi
tm vi chuyn ng tnh tin ca vt rn v chuyn ng ca cht im.
36
p s: a) gia tc a =
b) T, = T =
Ma
2
mg
M
m+
2
=2,8 m/s2
3 g cos
rad
= 2l 2
2l
s
P
Hnh 4-2bt
Hnh 4-3bt
sin k cos ) g
2,47m/s2.
M
1+
2m
a
= 9,5 rad/s2.
R
Ma
b) T = T =
30,9 N ; M = 25kg l khi lng ca trc quay.
2
p s: a)
a=
cht im v l nh O.
p s: T = m.02 .
a04
.
r3
.m.R 2 n
b) M, = -
.m.( Rn) 2
600
- 10 Nm,
- 7,0 Nm
F .R.( R. cos r )
;
I + m.R 2
cos>
r
;
R
k .mg ( I _ m.R 2 )
r
I (cos + k sin ) + m.R 2 .( + k . sin )
R
b) F
1 .F 2 .( R. cos r ) 2 2
.t ,
2
I + m.R 2
c) A = .
g
2
= 4,9m/s2.
b) T = m (g a) =
mg
2
= 7,35N.
b. Lc cng ca si dy.
p s:
a) a =
mg
3M
m+
2
= 1,15m/s2.
41
: s mol cht kh
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
Gii
m =10g=10 .10-3 Kg
P1= 3 at = 3.9,81.104 N/m
T1 = 10 oC = 10+273=283 K
V2 = 10l = 10.10-3 m3
T2 =?
Qu trnh ng p ta c:
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
T2 =
V2
T1
V1
RT1
T2 =
T1 P1
=
V1 mR
V2 P1
mR
Bi tp 2. Mt khi kh oxi chim th tch 3l, p sut 10at v nhit 19,5 oC.
a) Tnh khi lng ring ca khi kh.
b) H nng ng tch khi kh n nhit 100oC. Tnh p sut ca
khi kh sau khi h nng.
Gii
V1= 3 l = 3.10-3 m3
P1=10 at =10.9,81.104 N/m2
T1= 19,5oC = 19,5+273 = 292,5 K
T2= 100oC = 100+ 273 = 373K
m2 ? P2 ?
a) Phng trnh Mendeleev-Clapeyron
P1V1=
RT1 m =
P1V1
RT1
42
P2 =
hay
P2= 12,75 at.
B. BI TP T GII
5.1. C 40 g kh oxy chim th tch 3l p sut 10 at.
a) Tnh nhit ca khi kh
b) Cho bit khi kh gin n ng p n th tch 4l. Tnh nhit ca khi
kh sau khi gin n.
5.2. Mt bnh cha 10 kg kh p sut 107N/m2. Ngi ta ly bt kh
trong bnh v gi nhit kh khng i n khi p sut trong bnh cn
2,5.106 N/m2. Hy xc nh khi lng kh ly ra.
5.3. Bm kh nit vo mt bnh thp c th tch c nh V1 = 8,3l n p
sut P1=15 at nhit T1 = 27oC.
a- Tnh khi lng ca khi kh ny.
b- Nu h nng bnh kh ny n nhit T2 = 127oC th p sut ca n l
bao nhiu?
5.4. Mt bng n dy tc cha kh tr nhit t1 = 27oC v p sut
P1= 0,6at. Khi n sng p sut kh trong n P2 = 1at. Hy tnh nhit t2
ca khi kh trong n khi n sng.
5.5 Bnh A c dung tch V1= 3 l cha mt cht kh p sut P1=2at. Bnh B
c dung tch V2= 4l cha mt cht kh p sut P2= 1 at. Ni hai bnh li vi
nhau bng mt ng dn nh. Bit rng nhit hai bnh nh nhau v khng xy
ra phn ng ho hc. Hy tnh p sut ca hn hp kh.
Hng dn, p s
5.1 . T1= 292,5K
T2= 390 K
5.2 . m= 7,5 Kg
5.3 . m = 0,137 Kg
P2= 20 at
5.4 . t2=227oC
5.5 . Gi p sut ring phn ca mi cht kh khi hai bnh thng nhau l
P 1 v P2
Qu trnh ng nhit
P1V1 = P1(V1+V2)
P2V2 = P2(V1+V2)
P '1 =
V1
P1
V1 + V2
P' 2 =
V2
P2
V1 + V2
43
44
P = P1 + P2 =
P1V1 + P2V 2
= 1,43at
V1 + V 2
CHNG 6 - CC NGUYN L CA
NHIT NG LC HC
6.1. MC CH, YU CU:
Chng ny kho st nng lng trong chuyn ng nhit v hai nguyn l
ca nhit ng hc t kho st hiu sut ca ng c hot ng theo chu
trnh Carnot.
6.2. TM TT NI DUNG
Thuyt ng hc cht kh lin h n tnh cht v m ca cc cht kh (p sut,
nhit ) vi cc tnh cht vi m ca cc phn t kh (tc , ng nng ).
Cng thc hin:
V2
A = pdV
V1
Nhit v ng nng:
Wd =
K=
3
RT
2
R
= 1,38.10 23 J / K
NA
A
Q2
= 1
Q1
Q1
l hng s Bolztmann
= 1
T2
T1
Q2 Q1
=
1
A
A
T2
T1 T2
6.3. CU HI N TP
1. Trnh by cc khi nim, cng thc tnh v: nng lng ca chuyn ng
nhit, ni nng, cng v nhit?.
2. Nu nguyn l, h qu, ngha ca nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc?.
3. Trnh by hn ch ca nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc?.
4. Nu nguyn l, biu thc ca nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng hc?.
5. Nu ni dung ca nh l Carnot?
44
A0 89520
=
= 942,3
95
95
A
A
Q1 =
Q1
Q1 =
742,3
= 4283
0,22
J,
J.
T2
273
= 1
= 0,27
T1
373
hay
= 27%
45
A0
A
Q1 = 0
Q1
73600
= 16470
0,27
KJ
Q'1 60. A0
Q2
250
53
4,7
Q1 = A + Q2 =
53 + 250 = 303 J
2. BI TP T GII
6-1. Mt ng c nhit l tng chy theo chu trnh Carnot nh cho ngun
lnh 80% nhit lng m n thu c ca ngun nng. Nhit lng thu c
trong mt chu trnh l 1,5 Kcal.Tm:
a) Hiu sut ca chu trnh Carnot ni trn.
b) Cng m ng c sinh ra trong 1 chu trnh.
6-2. Nhit ca hi nc t l hi vo my hi l t1 = 227oC, nhit
ca bnh ngng l t2= 27oC .
Hi khi tn mt lng nhit Q= 1Kcal th ta thu c mt cng cc i l
bao nhiu?
46
a) =
A Q1 Q2
=
Q1
Q1
Tnh c
Vi
Q2= 80%Q1
= 20%
T
A
= 1 2
Q1
T1
6-3. a) =
A = 1,7 KJ
Q2
T2
=
9,74
A T1 T2
b) Q2= A = Pt 86000Cal
c) Q1 = Q2+ A 94800 Cal
6-4. =
6-5. =
A
A
=
= 45%
Q1 Q + A
A
= 0,36
Q1
= 1
T2
T1
T2 239 K .
47
F
q
kq
r
r 3
e =
DdS = q
(S )
E ds = 0
(C )
VM VN = E ds
M
8) in th gy bi mt in tch im V =
9) Lin h gia E v V: Es = -
48
dV
ds
kq1 q 2
kQ
r
hay E = -grad V.
r 3
7.3. CU HI N TP
1. Nu cc electron trong mt kim loi nh ng c th chuyn ng t do,
chng thng b chn li b mt kim loi. Ti sao chng khng chuyn ng
tip v ri khi kim loi?
2. Mt in tch im chuyn ng vung gc vi ng sc trong mt
in trng. C lc tnh in no tc dng ln n khng?
3. Hai in tch im cha bit ln v du cch nhau mt khong d.
in trng bng khng mt im nm trn ng thng ni chng. Ta c
th kt lun nh th no v cc in tch?
4. Bn quay mt lng cc in sao cho hai u ca n hon v cho nhau
trong mt in trng u. Cng m bn thc hin ph thuc nh th no vo
s nh hng ban u ca lng cc i vi in trng.
5. Mt mt bao trn mt lng cc in. in thng qua mt ny bng bao
nhiu?
6. Mt qu bng cao su hnh cu c mt in tch c phn b u trn
mt ca n. Khi qu bng c bm ln, cng in trng thay i nh th
no cho cc im (a) bn trong qu bng, (b) b mt qu bng v (c) ngoi
qu bng?
7. Electron c xu hng chuyn ng n ni c in th cao hay in
th thp?
8. Hai mt ng th khc nhau c th ct nhau khng?
9. Phn bit gia hiu in th v hiu th nng. Cho cc pht biu trong
mi thut ng c dng mt cch chnh xc.
10. Lm th no anh (ch) c th khng nh in th trong mt min cho
trc ca khng gian c cng mt gi tr trong ton min ?
7.4. BI TP V HNG DN GII BI TP
7.4.1. Hai vin bi nh ging ht nhau, c in tch q1 = 2.10-6C v
q2 = 4.10-6C t cch nhau mt khong r trong chn khng th chng ht nhau
mt lc F = 0,8N.
a) Tnh khong cch r.
b) Cho chng tip xc nhau ri a v v tr c th chng s y nhau hay
ht nhau vi lc F bng bao nhiu?
p s: a) r = 30cm; b) y nhau vi F = 0,1N
49
1
[1 ]n
p s: E =
2 0
1+(R/h)2
7.4.6. Xc nh vct cm ng in D do mt dy thng di v hn, tch
in u, mt in di > 0 gy ra ti im cch dy mt khong x.
p s: D =
n
2x
7.7. Gia mt phng rt rng, thng ng, tch in u, mt in mt
= +4.10-6C/m2 treo con lc gm si dy khng gin, khng dn in v hn bi
khi lng m = 1g sao cho dy cng, thng ng. Tch cho hn bi in tch
q = 10-9C th dy lch gc bng bao nhiu so vi phng thng ng? (H
th nghim t trong khng kh).
Hng dn:
50
v tr cn bng Fe + T + P = 0 vi Fe = q E
t Fe = T + P = Ptg, ta suy ra: tg = q/2 0 mg; suy ra:
= 101749.
a
EM =
= O1O2 =
= const
3 0
3 0
Hnh 7-22.Cho bi 7.10
7.4.9. Ba in tch im q1 = +12.10-9C, q2 = -6.10-9C, q3 = + 5.10-9C t
ti ba nh ca mt tam gic u c cnh a = 20cm trong khng kh. Xc nh
in th ti tm ca tam gic .
p s: 857,2V
7.4.10. Ba im A, B, C nm trong in trng u to thnh tam gic
vung ti C, trong :
AC = 4cm, BC = 3cm, E = 5.103V/m.
Tnh: a) Hiu in th UAC, UBC, UAB
b) Cng ca lc in khi di chuyn mt electron t A n B.
p s:
a) UAC = 200v, UCB = 0, UAB = 200V.
b) AAB = -3,2.10-17J
7.4.11. Tnh in th do mt a trn tm O bn knh R tch in u vi
in tch Q gy ra ti mt im nm trn trc ca a v cch tm mt on l h:
Hng dn: Tnh tng t nh bi 7.5
p s: V = 2kQ2 ( R2 + h2 h)
R
7.4.12. Cn c vo kt qu bi tp 7.8, chn gc tnh in th v cc, hy
tnh in th im M.
Hng dn:
p dng bi ton 4 v phng php tng t bi 7.8, ta c:
51
VM =
52
2
2
2 [3(R1 R2 ) + a(a - 2h)]
6 0
Chng 8 - Vt dn
CHNG 8 - VT DN
8.1. MC CH, YU CU:
1. Mc ch: Kho st cc tnh cht ca vt dn cn bng tnh in v ng
dng; Tm hiu khi nim in dung v cch tnh in dung ca t in phng;
Suy cng thc tnh mt nng lng in trng v cng thc tng qut tnh
nng lng in trng.
2. Yu cu: Sau khi nghin cu chn ny, sinh vin cn :
9 Hiu v chng minh c cc tnh cht ca vt dn cn bng tnh in.
9 Nm v vn dng tt cc cng thc tnh in dung ca vt dn c lp,
ca t in gii cc bi ton in.
9 Hiu v nh cng thc tnh e, We.
8.2. TM TT NI DUNG
1) Lin h gia in th v in tch ca mt vt dn c lp
Q = CV
2) in dung ca mt qu cu kim loi (c lp)
C = 4 0R
3) in dung ca t in phng
C=
0S
d
4) in dung C ca mt b t in
Ghp song song
C = Ci
Ghp ni tip
1=
C
C
i
2
Sd
W = 1 QU = 1 CU2 = 1 Q = 1 0E2Sd = 1
2
2
2 C 2
2 0
52
Chng 8 - Vt dn
ED
Chng 8 - Vt dn
We = 0,192J
C=
R 1R 2
k R 2 - R1
Q
trng trong khong R1 < r < R2, tc l E =
=
, cn E = 0 khi
2 0r 2 0Lr
r < R1 v r > R2. Cch tnh nh bi tp 8-7.
p s:
54
C=
2 0L
ln(R2/R1)
Chng 9 - in mi
CHNG 9 - IN MI
9.1. MC CH, YU CU:
1. Mc ch: Kho st hin tng phn cc in mi, tnh ton in
trng trong cht in mi v tm hiu tnh cht ca mt s cht c bit (cc
hiu ng p in thun, ngc trong in mi scnht).
2. Yu cu: Gii thch c hin tng phn cc in mi, hiu khi nim
vct phn cc in mi v phng php tnh in trng trong cht in mi.
Bit cc tnh cht ca in mi scnht v phn bit c s khc nhau gia
hiu ng p in thun vi hiu ng p in nghch.
9.2. TM TT NI DUNG
in mi l cht khng c in tch t do nn khng dn in. C hai loi
cht in mi: in mi c phn t t phn cc v in mi c phn t khng
phn cc. Khi t in mi trong in trng ngoi th xy ra hin tng phn
cc in mi: xut hin cc in tch phn cc (hay lin kt) nh x trong khi
in mi. Vct phn cc in mi Pe c trng cho mc phn cc ca cht
in mi v hnh chiu ca n ln phng php tuyn ca b mt gii hn c
ln bng mt in tch phn cc ca mt gii hn .
ln ca in trng trong lng cht in mi s gim i ln so vi
in trng ngoi E0 hay in trng trong mt mi trng bt k s gim i
ln so vi cng in trng y nhng trong chn khng.
ng sc in trng b gin on khi i qua mt phn cch gia hai
lp in mi, cn ng cm ng in th khng. Cc cht in mi Scnht c
nhiu tnh cht c bit v cc hiu ng p in thun, p in nghch u c
th xy ra trong chng.
Cc cng thc cn nh
Lin h gia vct cng in trng E v vct cm ng in D
D = 0 E
nh l O G trong in mi:
0 E dS = qi
(S )
Vct phn cc in mi Pe = 0 E v D = 0 E + Pe
Lin h gia Pe v : = Pen = 0En.
55
Chng 9 - in mi
9.3. CU HI N TP
9.3.1. Chng minh rng in trng trong cht in mi gim i ln so
vi trong chn khng.
9.3.2. Hy gii thch ti sao ngi ta dng mui Scnht ch to cc t
in c in dung rt ln nhng kch thc nh gn?
9.4. BI TP V HNG DN GII BI TP
9.4.1. Mt t in phng khng kh c S = 100cm2, d = 10mm. Ta a tm
kim loi phng c b dy b = 8mm vo sao cho n song song vi hai bn cc
ca t in.
a) Tnh in dung ca h thng .
b) Thay tm kim loi bng mt tm in mi c cng kch thc v c
hng s in mi = 5. Tnh in dung ca h thng mi.
p s: a) Ca =
0S
= 44,25pF
d-b
0S
= 24,58pF
d - b (1 - 1/)
56
Chng 9 - in mi
a) C =
d) Q1 = C1U =
0SU0
SU0
SU
, Q2 = C2V = 0
, Q 1 + Q2 = Q = 0 0
d
d(1 + )
d(1 + )
0SU02 1 -
1
2 1
2
e) W = W - W0 = CU - C0U0 =
< 0 (v > 1).
2
2
2d 1 +
(chuyn ho thnh nhit nng Jun Lenx).
57
I = j ds
s
= E * ds
(c )
nh lut Ohm:
58
I=U
R
Cho on mch c ngun: UAB = I(R + r) .
Cho on mch:
Dng vi phn:
nh lut Kirchhoff
Cho nt:
j=
Ii = I j
i
I i Ri
j
j
i
=
Cho vng kn:
10.3. CU HI N TP
10.3.1. Con chim nh u trn dy in cao th m khng b git. V sao?
10.3.2. t on dy dn AB vo in trng
B
khng i nh hnh bn. R rng l VA > VB v VA VB
E
= const > 0. Nh vy, theo nh lut Ohm phi tn ti
mt dng in khng i chy t A n B. iu c
A
xy ra khng? Ti sao?
10.3.3. Chui n trang tr gm nhiu bng n pin
Cuca10-2
Cho
u hoi 10-2
mc ni tip sao cho mi bng chu mt hiu in th
3V (v c chui c mc vo hiu in th 220VAC chng hn). Khi mt
bng b hng, bn tho n ra khi gi (ui n) v nn chm tay vo hai cc
ca gi th in b git rt mnh (nguy him, ng chm vo!). Ti sao?
= 0,05mm/s.
V
- +
R2
2 , r2
Bi 10.5
59
k
- +
- +
1 , r1
2 , r2
Bi tp 10-6
b) q = 0,18.10-6C.
10.3.7. Cho mch in nh hnh v, bit 1 = 3V, 2 = 6V, r1 = r2 = 1,
R1 = R2 = 5, in tr ampe k A khng ng k, b qua in tr ca dy ni.
Hy cho bit s ch ca ampe k.
p s: IA = 1,5A
1 ,r1
R1
+ -
2 , r2
Bi tp 10-7
60
R2
CHNG 11 - T TRNG CA
DNG IN KHNG I
11.1. MC CH, YU CU:
Sau nghin cu chng ny, yu cu sinh vin:
1. Hiu c v nh cc nh lut: Ampre, Boit-Savart-Laplace, cc nh
l: Oxtrogratxki-Gaux v t thng qua mt kn, nh l Ampre v dng in
ton phn.
2. Vn dng c cc nh l v nh lut trn tnh c t trng gy
bi: dng in thng, dng in trn, cun dy hnh xuyn, cun dy thng di,
khung dy in kn...
3. Xc nh c t trng gy bi ht in chuyn ng v lc Lorentz
tc dng ln ht in chuyn ng trong t trng.
11.2. TM TT NI DUNG
1. Thc nghim xc nhn c lc tng tc gia cc dng in tng t nh
tng tc gia cc nam chm. Lc ny c gi l t lc.
G
G
Ampre a ra nh lut thc nghim: lc t dF do phn t dng I dl tc
G
dng ln phn t dng I o dlo cch n mt khong r c xc nh bi tch vect
kp (11-3):
G
G G
G
o I 0 dl0 ( Idl r )
dF =
r3
4
(1)
G
G
Idl r
dB = 0 . 3
4
r
(2)
G
G
G
B = Bi
hay
o I
(cos 1 - cos 2 )
4 a
Nu dng in thng di v hn th
B=
o I
2 a
suy ra
H=
I
2a
G
. 0 I . S
2 ( R 2 + h 2 ) 3/ 2
. 0
2 ( R + h )
2
3/ 2
G
. pm
trong
l mmen t ca dng in trn, c phng trng vi trc
G
ng trn, c
chiu
trng
vi
chiu
ca
vect
. Nu cho h=0, ta tm c
B
G
cm ng t B gy bi dng in trn ti tm O.
G
G
4. T (2), nu chG n mi lin h Idl = nq v , vi n l tng s ht in
trong phn t dng Idl ta d dng tm c vect cm ng t do ht in q
chuyn ng vi vn tc v gy ra ti im cch n mt on r (11-19):
G G
G
qv r
Bq = 0
4
r3
(C)
62
I
k =1
nI
2 R
0
I1 I2.l = F12
2d
64
B1=
B1=
D. .
4.OM
(sin + sin )
Trong :
OM
= a/2
10 7.6
sin + sin = 1,69.10 5 T
2
4
4
5.10
Vy
B = 4B1 = 6,67.10-5 T
H=
6,67.10 5
10 7.4
= 53,50 A / m.
2. Mt dy dn ng
knh d = 1mm qun thnh mt ng dy thng sao
G
cho vect cm ng t B trong ng c gi tr bng 3.10 -2T .Cng dng
in chy trong ng dy bng 6A. Cun dy c my lp, bit rng cc vng dy
qun st nhau.
p s: p dng cng thc: B= D n0
Trong no l s vng qun trn mt n v di (tc l s vng qun trn
mt di ca ng dy bng 1 m).
T cng thc trn, ta rt ra:
no =
D .
3.10 2
= 4000 vng
4 .10 7.6
/m
Vy s lp phi
1
1
= 3 = 10 3 vng
d 10
4000
= 4 lp
qun l:
1000
65
. Cho bit I=12A, a=16cm, b = 30cm . Chiu dng in ngc chiu kim
ng h.
p s:
B=
G
2 D 2
(b + a 2 ) = 68.10 -6 T
2 ab
H=
2a
5
= 39,8 A / m
2.3,14.2.10 2
H=
1
=
= 50 / m .
2 R 2.10 2
I1
M2
x=
I
I
2I
+
=0
2 x
2 (5 - x ) 2 (10 - x )
50
= 3,3cm
15
(3)
I
2a 2
4a 2 d 2
= 58,68 A/m
I
D
C 67
Hnh 11-14bt
2a
2.5
2.3,14.10 1
=15,92A/m
3 1 I
B= D = 6,9.10 6 T = 6,9T
4 12 R
Hnh 11-15bt
A
I
+
_
O
B
H= H 12 + H 22 = 176 A/m.
B2
B1
02
01
M
18. Hai vng dy ging nhau bn knh
r = 10cm c t song song, trc trng nhau
a
v mt phng ca chng cch nhau mt on
B2
B1
a=20cm (hnh 11-18bt). Tnh cm ng t ti
02
01
M
tm mi vng dy v ti im gia ca on
thng ni tm ca chng trong hai trng hp:
a) Cc dng in chy trn cc vng
dy bng nhau v cng chiu.
b) Cc dng in chy trn cc vng dy bng nhau v ngc chiu.
68
a)
b)
R2
2 R2 + h2
3/ 2
[R
R2
2
+ (a h )
3/ 2
Ti M, h=a/2 ta c:
BM =
D
2
D 1
R2
2
2 R R + a 2
(R
R2
2
+a
2 3/ 2
= 2,1.10 5 T
3/ 2
= 1,35.10 5 T
B=
R2
R2
2 (R 2 + h 2 )3 / 2 R 2 + (a h )2
Bo1 =
G
B01
D 1
R2
2 R R 2 + a 2
3/ 2
= 1,7.10 5 T
3/ 2
.r.
2
2R
H=
2r
H=
Vi: r > R.
1 1
20. +
2 2 = 31,8 A / m .
(sin + sin ) =
Hc=
2
4a
4.3,14.5.10
69
H= n0 =
2.10 4
1000
=
= 6670 A / m .
.
2
3
3.10 1
1000
2.10 4
.1 =
= 1250 A / m .
H= n0 =
0,8
3
d=
0 I 1.4 .10 -7 .0 ,5
=
= 0 ,2.10 -3 m = 0 ,2 mm
-3
B
3 ,15.10
I1
Hnh. 24bt
Hnh 11-24bt
0 1 1
0 I 1 I 2 l 2
) I1 I 2l =
= 9 ,52.10 - 5 N .
(
F = F3 - F4 =
2( a + 1 )a
a a +1
2
F =
0 I 1 I 2 ab
2 (a + d )d
1
F = IlB sin = 70.0,7. = 2,45 N
2
mv 6,64.10 27 .10 6
=
7.10 2 m
19
qB
3,2.10 .0,3
2R 2.3,14.7.10 2
=
4.10 7 s
T=
6
v
10
0 I 0
2d
bng:
2mU
= 9.10 2 m
2
eB
2m
= 3.10 8 s
eB
71
72
mR 2 .v
= mRv = 1,5.10 24 kgm 2 / s
R
Chng 12 - Hin t ng cm ng in t
d m
dt
. Du tr - th hin nh
lut Lentz.
Mt khi vt dn t trong t trng bin thin, trong vt dn s xut
hin dng in cm ng. Dng in ny c gi l dng Foucault, hay dng
in xoy. Dng in xoy c vai tr quan trng trong k thut.
2. Nu nguyn nhn ca s bin thin t thng trong mch li do s bin
thin dng in trong bn thn mch gy ra th dng in cm ng lc c
gi l dng t cm.
Sut in ng gy ra dng t cm c gi l S t cm, n c xc
nh bi biu thc (12-1):
c = -
d m
dt
d ( L. I )
dt
Chng 12 - Hin t ng cm ng in t
tc
=-L
dI
dt
d m12
dt
=-M
dI1
dt
hc1 = -
d m 21
dt
=-M
dI2
dt
v trong (C1 ) l:
Wm= LI2; Nng lng ny tch tr bn trong t trng ca cun dy. cng
chnh l nng lng ca t trng bn trong ng dy. Nu lin h vi cc i
lng c trng cho t trng, ta c mt nng lng t trng bn trong
ng dy thng di:
m =
Wm
V
1 2
LI
2
V
1
n2 S 2
( 0 .
)I
2
l
lS
1
2
= . 0 .
n2 2
I
l2
n
l
1 B2
.
2 0
(12-13)
G G
1
B.HdV = 2
( V)
G
B2
1
dV = 2
(V) 0
G2
0 H
dV
(12-15)
(V)
73
Chng 12 - Hin t ng cm ng in t
12.3. CU HI N TP
1. M t th nghim v hin tng cm ng in t.
2. Pht biu nh lut Lentz, nu mt v d minh ho nh lut ny.
3. Thit lp biu thc c bn ca hin tng cm ng in t. c = -
d m
dt
cos = 1-
Rq
0 HS
= -0,5.
= 120
Chng 12 - Hin t ng cm ng in t
B. .l 2 n.t
t
= -B. .l 2 .n
= l.v.B = 0,156
t
V, (i n v vn tc ra m/s).
S .dB
= 10.10 6.10 2.5.10 3 = 5.10 10 C
dt
L
+
- +
2
75
Chng 12 - Hin t ng cm ng in t
p s:
= o .H .L .
dx
= o .H .L .v ( A )
dt
d
dx
= B.l .
= B.v.l = 0,1.15.0,10 = 0,15 V
dt
dt
. o .i .v.a 2
dm
=
dt
2.x ( x + a )
= 4,7mV
b) Dng in chy t a n b.
12. Mt mch in trn bn knh r c t trong mt t trng u c
cm ng t B. Mt phng ca mch in vung gc vi t trng. in tr
mch in l R. Tm in lng chy trong mch khi quay mch mt gc
= 60 o .
p s:
76
q=
B .r 2
2R
Chng 12 - Hin t ng cm ng in t
B.l 2 .n
=
= 0,5 V
2
2
H s t cm
L = 0
N 2S
800 2 .0,04 2
= 4 .10 7.
.
4mH
l
0,25
4
Li 2 4.10 3.12
=
2.10 3 J
2
2
Chng 12 - Hin t ng cm ng in t
p s:
a. T thng
BS = B 0 S.sin . t = B 0 S.sin
2
t
T
= B 0 S.sin100 t (Wb)
trong :
max = Bo .S = 0,01.25.10 4 = 2,5.10 5 Wb
b. Sc in ng cm ng xut hin trong khung:
d
=
= B 0 S.100 cos(100 t) (V)
dt
= Bo .S .100 = 2,5.10 5.314 = 7,85.10 3 V
trong :
max
c. Dng in i xut hin trong khung
i=
trong :
l=
i=
max
R
max . cos(100 .t )
R
max
R
= 2,3 A
d 2 B
S B
=N
=N
=N
= 78,5V
t
t
4 t
B=
q.R 10 6.2.10 3
=
= 0,2T
S .N
2.10 4.50
trong :
78
L .di
= -Li 0 . cos .t = - 0,021.5.2.50 cos .t = -33 cos 100 t
dt
tc max = 33 V
Chng 13 - Trng in t
CHNG 13 - TRNG IN T
13.1. MC CH, YU CU:
Sau khi nghin cu chng ny, yu cu sinh vin:
1. Hiu c hai lun im Maxwell. Thnh lp c phng trnh MaxwellFaraday, phng trnh Maxwell-Ampre dng tch phn v dng vi phn.
2. Nm c khi nim trng in t v nng lng ca trng in t.
3. Nm c khi nim sng in t v nhng tnh cht c bn ca n.
13.2. TM TT NI DUNG
1. Nghin cu bn cht ca cc hin tng in t, Maxwell nhn thy
in trng v t trng bin thin theo thi gian c th chuyn ho ln nhau.
T ng khi qut thnh hai lun im.
Lun im 1: Mi t trng bin i theo thi gian u lm xut hin
mt in trng xoy. ng sc in trng xoy l nhng ng cong kn.
Cc in tch nm trong in trng xoy s dch chuyn theo nhng ng
cong kn to thnh dng in. Dng in ny c gi l dng in cm
ng. Hin tng ny c thc nghim xc nhn.
Lun im 1 c biu din nh lng bi phng trnh Maxwell-Faraday:
Dng tch phn
G
B G
- .dS
( S ) t
G
G
B
rotE = t
G G
E .dl =
(C)
Dng vi phn
G G
H
.dl
(C)
G
G D G
= ( J +
).dS
t
(S )
79
Chng 13 - Trng in t
G
rotH
G
J
G
D
t
(13-36)
(13-37)
1
2
1
2
w = O E 2 + 0 H 2
Chng 13 - Trng in t
B
t
G
B
> 0
t
G
B
< 0 ).
t
G
E
> 0
t
G
B
G
E
< 0 ).
t
G
E
t
G
U
8,85.10 12.6.300.200
. sin 200
J di = o o . sin t =
d
4.10 3
G
-3
2
J di = 2,51.10 .sin200 ( A/m )
A/m2.
Chng 13 - Trng in t
-12
.2.10
-2
G
G
G
D
E
= o .
J di =
= o
t
t
t o
,trong :
q
.
S
V q khng i v
khi dch chuyn hai bn lun lun song song vi nhau, nn S khng i, do
G
khng i. Vy trong trng hp ny
J di = 0.
b. Nu trong khi hai bn dch chuyn, hiu in th U gia hai bn khng
i th:
G
G
G
D
E
U
= o
J di =
= O .
t
t
t d
jdi = oU .
1
. (d ) =
d 2 t
oU
u
d2
dq
= qo o sin o t = 15 ,7 sin (2 .10 3 t ) mA
dt
b) U1 = 70,7 V
82
I1 = -11,1 mA
U2 = 0
I2 = -15,7 mA
U3 = -100 V
I3 = 0.
Chng 13 - Trng in t
We =
)J
WM
)J
1
qU = 12,5.10 5. cos 2 2 .10 3.t
2
1
= Li 2 = 12,5.10 5. sin 2 2 .10 3.t
2
W = WM + WE = 12,5.10-5 J
b)
WE1 = 6,25.10-5 J;
WM1 = 6,25.10-5 J; W1 = 12,5.10-5 J
WM2 = 12,5.10-5 J; W2 = 12,5.10-5 J
WE2 = 0 ;
WE3 = 12,5.10-5 J;
WM3 = 0 ;
W3 = 12,5.10-5 J
6. Cho mt mch in LC. Cho bit phng trnh biu din s bin thin
theo t ca hiu in th trn cc bn t in c dng U = 50 cos 10 4 t (V), in
dung C ca t bng 0,1 F . Tm:
a) Chu k dao ng T ca mch.
b) H s t cm ca mch.
c) nh lut bin thin ca cng dng in trong mch.
d) Bc sng tng ng vi mch dao ng .
p s:
a)
T=
2
= 2.10 4 s = 2 LC
4
10
T2
= 10,15 ( mH )
4C
dU
dq
=C
= C.50.10 4 . sin 10 4 t = 157 sin 10 4 t
i=
dt
dt
b) L =
c)
( mA )
d) = cT = 3.108.2.10-4 = 6.104 ( m ).
7. Phng trnh biu din s bin thin theo thi gian ca cng dng
in trong mch dao ng c cho di dng: i = 0,02. sin 400t (A), h s t
cm L ca mch bng 1H. Tm:
a) Chu k dao ng.
b) in dung C ca mch
c) Hiu in th cc i trn cc bn t in.
d) Nng lng t trng cc i.
e) Nng lng in trng cc i.
83
Chng 13 - Trng in t
p s:
a)
T=
2
= 5.10 3 s ,
400
b) C =
c) Umax = 25,2 V,
e) WE
d) WM
T2
= 6,3.10 7 F
4 2 L
1
2
= L.I max
= 1,97.10 4 J
2
1
2
CU max
= 1,97.10 4 J
2
p s:
U = U 0 cos .t ;I =
Do :
WM =
Ta c:
WM
LC 2 sin 2 .t
=
= LC 2 tg 2.t
WE
cos 2 .t
1 2 1
2
LI = LC 2U 0 2 sin 2 .t
2
2
Ti thi im
t = T/8, sin .t =
Ngoi ra, v:
LC = T 2 / 4 2
Nn cui cng ta c:
WM
sin 2 t
=
=1
WE cos 2 t
; W M = 1 CU 2
2
2/2
1
2
CU 0 cos 2 .t
2
; cos .t = 2 / 2 .
= 1/ 2
b)
Chng 13 - Trng in t
1
LC
1
Z = R 2 + L o
C o
= R
Uo
R
. Nhng tn s t
85
PHN PH LC
CC K HIU THNG DNG
Th t
86
Tn i lng
K hiu
Chng
p
G
D, D
G
B, B
A
P
G
E, E
G
H, H
G
E*, E *
G
E*, E *
I, i
T
G
S, S
C
5, 6
7
11, 12, 13
3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12
3, 4
7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13
11, 12, 13
10
12, 13
10, 11
1
7, 8, 9, 10, 11
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
p sut
Cm ng in
Cm ng t
Cng ca lc, ca mmen lc
Cng sut
Cng in trng
Cng t trng
Cng in trng l
Cng in trng xoy
Cng dng in
Chu k quay
Din tch
in dung
14
15
in th
in tch, in lng
V,
Q, q
7
7, 8, 9, 10, 11
16
17
18
19
20
in thng
in tr
ng lng
ng nng
Gia tc
e
R, r
G
K, K
W
A
7
10
2
3, 11
1, 2, 3, 4
21
22
23
Gia tc gc
H s h cm
H s t cm
M
L
1, 4
12
12
24
25
26
Hiu sut
Hiu in th
Khi lng
U
M, m
6
7
2, 3, 4
Th t
Tn i lng
27
Lc
28
K hiu
G
Chng
F, F
2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11
Mt in tch di
29
Mt in tch mt
30
Mt in tch khi
J,
G
J
31
Mt dng in
32
33
12
34
35
Mmen lc
Mmen qun tnh
4, 11
4
36
Mmen t
M,
I
G
pm, p m
37
38
Mmen ngu lc
Mmen ng lng
G
M
7, 11
4
39
Mmen lng cc in
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
G
M
10
11
G
L, L
G
G
p e , Pe
7, 9, 11
Wm
We
W
Q
T
U
s, l
11, 12, 13
8, 12, 13
3, 8, 11, 13
6
5, 6
5, 6
1, 3, 4, 11
Sut in ng
10
48
Sut in ng cm ng
12
49
Sut in ng h cm
hc
12
50
51
52
53
54
S bc t do
Tn s
Th nng
Th tch
Thi gian
I
F
Wt
V
T
5, 6
1
3
5, 6, 7, 10, 12
1, 2, 3, 4
55
T thng
11, 12, 13
87
Th ph
t lc - Mt s
Tn
islng
K hiu
Phn
hng
vt l thng dng
56
Chng
Vn tc gc
1, 4
88
Tn hng s
K hiu
Tr s
Gia tc ri t do
9,8m/s2
Hng s hp dn
No
6,025.1026kmol
Th tch ca mt kilmol
iu kin tiu chun
VO
22,4m3/kmol
Hng s cc kh
8,31.103J/kmol.K
Hng s Bolzman
1,38.10 -23J/K
in tch electron
1,602.10 -19C
me
9,11.10-31kg
Hng s in mi
8,86.10-12F/m
10
Hng s t
1,257.10-6H/m =4.10-7H/m
11
3.108m/s
12
mp
1,67.10-27kg
89
Mc lc
MC LC
2. Mc ch mn hc...................................................................................................................................
1.2. Tm tt ni dung..................................................................................................................................
1.3. Cu hi n tp........................................................................................................................................
Chng 2 - ng lc hc cht im
17
26
33
Mc lc
4.2. Tm tt ni dung..................................................................................................................................
33
4.3. Cu hi n tp........................................................................................................................................ 36
4.4. Bi tp v hng dn gii bi tp............................................................................................... 37
Chng 5 - Cc nh lut thc nghim v cht kh
41
44
48
52
55
58
91
Mc
10.1.lc
Mc ch, yu cu............................................................................................................................. 58
10.2. Tm tt ni dung............................................................................................................................... 58
10.3. Cu hi n tp..................................................................................................................................... 59
Chng 11 - T trng ca dng in khng i
61
72
79
92
86
88
89