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BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Li m u
Cng ngh phn mm l 1 trong nhng ngnh mi nhn ca ngnh cng ngh thng tin, nhng phn mm c sng to v pht trin nhm phc v nhng cng vic kh khn nht trong tt c cc lnh vc ca i sng x hi, lnh vc no cng ang c dn t ng ha, c th l nhng cng vic th cng ang dn c thay th bng nhng phn mm chuyn dng gip cho nng sut lao ng tng nhanh, gip pht trin nn kinh t 1 cch hiu qu nht. S dng phn mm chng ta khng th khng nhc ti ngun gc ca phn mm, chnh l sn phm ca nhng cng ty phn mm, nhng pht trin 1 phn mm th phi tri qua rt nhiu giai on khc nhau, trong giai on kim th l khng th thiu trong bt k qu trnh sn xut phn mm no. y chnh l 1 hot ng mang tnh sng cn trong cc d n sn xut hoc gia cng phn mm. Thng qua bi tp ln ny chng em mong c th gip mi ngi hiu bit r hn v qu trnh kim th, c bit chng em i su v ti kim th h thng. y l bc quyt nh trong quy trnh qun l cht lng phn mm. Do thi gian lm bi c gii hn v c nhiu kh khn trong vic dch ti liu ting anh nn bi lm cn nhiu thiu st, chng em mong c hng dn v nhn xt c th chng em c th xy dng bi tt hn. CHNG EM XIN CHN THNH CM N

MC LC
Li ni u .1
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Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Phn I: Tng quan v kim th ..4


1. Kim th phn mm l g 5 2. L do kim th 5 3. Vai tr ca kim th 5 4. Mc tiu ca kim th phn mm ...5 5. Nguyn tc kim th 5 6. Cc hn ch ca kim th ....5 7. Ni dung cc nhim v trong qu trnh kim th phn mm ..6 8. Cc giai on trong qu trnh kim th..10 9. Phn loi 1 s cng c kim th t ng ..11 10. K thut kim th ....13 11. Cc phng php kim th ......13 a. Kim th hp en ..13 b. Kim th hp trng ...14 c. Kim th top-down ..16 d. Kim th bottom-up .16

Phn II: Kim th h thng .18


1. Khi nim kim th h thng .18 2. iu kin kim th h thng ..18 3. Ti sao kim th h thng li quan trng 18 4. Cc bc thc hin kim th h thng 19

5. Nhng yu t nh hng ti s thnh cng ca vic kim th h thng 19


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Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

6. Cc kiu kim th h thng .20 a. Kim th chc nng ..20 b. Kim th phc hi .26 c. Kim th an ninh 26 d. Kim th chu ti 27 e. Kim th vn hnh ..28 f. Kim th cu hnh 33

Phn III: Kim th ng dng da trn Web .35

Phn I. Tng quan v kim th:


1.

Kim th phn mm l g ? Ngi ta thng ni mt chng trnh mi c to ra cha vi li trong 100 dng . Trong nhng dng ny, li t qu trnh lp trnh v li t qu trnh thit k u c c. Nu 1 chng trnh cha li c dng vn hnh 1 h thng trc tuyn, th nhng
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Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

h hng nghim trng pht sinh ra khng ch nh hng ti cng ty vn hnh h thng m cn nh hng c ti cng chng ln bn ngoi. Do vic kim th phn mm phi c tin hnh trc khi chuyn giao sn phm cng nghip. Vic kim th phn mm cng phi c tin hnh theo 1 trnh t kim th c bit kim chng rng chng trnh v h thng m n iu khin c th vn hnh tng ng vi cc c t. Mc d chng ta khng th m bo loi b hon ton ht li trong chng trnh nhng chng vn c th lm gim s li ti mc ti thiu nht nu chng ta kim th chng trnh theo cch chnh xc, hiu qu. Mt hot ng mang tnh sng cn trong cc d n sn xut hoc gia cng phn mm, l kim tra (Testing). Ngi lm phn mm chc hn khng ai nghi ng vai tr quan trng ca n, tuy nhin khng phi ai (c trong ngnh v ngoi ngnh) cng hiu r hot ng ny. Bn thn cng vic kim th phn mm cng l mt lnh vc hot ng c lp v kh hp dn. Cng vi cc d n gia cng sn xut phn mm, hin cng c kh nhiu d n m ni dung cng vic ch l kim tra nhng phn mm c khch hng pht trin sn. Thc t cho thy kim th phn mm l cng vic m bt c ngi no tng tham gia pht trin phn mm u bit v tng lm. Theo ngha thng thng nht, kim th phn mm bao gm vic "chy th" phn mm hay mt chc nng ca phn mm, xem n "chy" ng nh mong mun hay khng. Vic kim tra ny c th thc hin tng chng, sau mi chc nng hoc module c pht trin, hoc thc hin sau cng, khi phn mm c pht trin hon tt. Kim th phn mm ng v tr ht sc nhy cm, n l bc m gia giai on xy dng phn mm v s dng phn mm, trc khi giao sn phm hon chnh cho khch hng. Do kim th mt sn phm phn mm l xy dng mt cch c ch ch nhng tp d liu v dy thao tc nhm nh gi mt s hoc ton b cc tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm . Th nghim c hai mc ch: ch ra h thng ph hp vi c t v a ra c cc khuyt tt ca h thng. 2. L do kim th: - Mun nhn thy phn mm nh 1 phn t ca h thng hot ng
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Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm - Hn ch chi ph cho cc tht bi do li gy ra sau ny

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

- C k hoch nng cao cht lng trong sut qu trnh pht trin 3. Vai tr ca kim th: - Kim th l pha quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin h thng, gip ngi xy dng h thng v khch hng thy c h thng mi tho mn nhng yu cu ra cha, l tin trnh nhm pht hin li bng cch xem xt li c t thit k v m ho. - Kim th tt s gim chi ph pht trin v tng tin cy ca phn mm. 4. Mc tiu ca kim th phn mm: - To ra cc ca kim th ch ra li ca phn mm - C 1 chng trnh tt vi chi ph xy dng t. 5. Nguyn tc kim th : - Nguyn tc khch quan: ngi kim th khng phi l tc gi ca phn mm ang kim th - Nguyn tc ngu nhin: d liu v chc nng c chn tuy c ch ch nhng khng phi xut hin theo th t nht nh. - Nguyn tc ngi s dng km: h thng c 1 ngi s dng c trnh thp dng th, ngi ny c th gy cc s c c th khng lng trc c ca h thng. - Nguyn tc k ph hoi: h thng ri vo tay ngi c trnh nghip v cao, h c ch ph hoi. 6. Cc hn ch ca kim th: Do kim th l chy th chng trnh vi tp d liu gi nn khng th khng nh tnh ng n ca chng trnh do bn cht quy np khng hon ton ca n. Trong nhiu trng hp, vic kim th thng c thc hin t nhng giai on u ca qu trnh ci t sn phm Cc chng trnh nn c kim chng theo 2 k thut: kim th v chng minh. Nu c th nn khng nh tnh ng ca chng trnh thng qua vn bn chng trnh. Nh vy, 1 chng trnh tuyt i ng phi c thc hin thng qua: tnh ng ca thut ton v tnh tng ng ca chng trnh vi thut ton.
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Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Vic kim th chng trnh ch l nhn s kin a ra kt lun do vy khng th khng nh 1 chng trnh tuyt i ng bng kim th. Tuy vy, b d liu kim th phi ph kn mi trng hp cn nh gi. Thm vo , trong qu trnh kim th, ta thng mc phi cc c trng ca nguyn l ch quan nh sau: + B d liu kim th khng thay i trong qu trnh xy dng phn mm + Ch kim th cc trng hp chnh thng, hp l, khng quan tm n cc cn v cc s c + Ci t chc nng no th ch kim th ring chc nng , khng ch kim th tng hp chc nng va ci t vi cc chc nng ci t trc + Ngi kim th ng thi l ngi xy dng phn mm 7. Ni dung cc nhim v trong qu trnh kim th: a. Lp k hoch kim th: Xc nh yu cu kim tra: ch nh b phn, thnh phn ca phn mm s c kim tra, phm vi hoc gii hn ca vic kim tra. Yu cu kim tra cng c dng xc nh nhu cu nhn lc. Kho st ri ro: Cc ri ro c kh nng xy ra lm chm hoc cn tr qu trnh cng nh cht lng kim tra. V d: k nng v kinh nghim ca kim tra vin qu yu, khng hiu r yu cu. Xc nh chin lc kim tra: ch nh phng php tip cn thc hin vic kim tra trn phn mm, ch nh cc k thut v cng c h tr kim tra, ch nh cc phng php dng nh gi cht lng kim tra cng nh iu kin xc nh thi gian kim tra. Xc nh nhn lc,vt lc: k nng, kinh nghim ca kim tra vin; phn cng, phn mm, cng c, thit b gi lp cn thit cho vic kim tra. Lp k hoch chi tit: c lng thi gian, khi lng cng vic, xc nh chi tit cc phn cng vic, ngi thc hin, thi gian tt c cc im mc ca qu trnh kim tra. Tng hp v to cc bn k hoch kim tra: k hoch chung v k hoch chi tit.
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Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Hnh 1: Bn k hoch chnh v bn k hoch chi tit

Xem xt cc k hoch kim tra: phi c s tham gia ca tt c nhng ngi c lin quan, k c trng d n v c th c khch hng. Vic xem xt nhm bo m cc k hoch l kh thi, cng nh pht hin (v sa cha sau ) cc sai st trong cc bn k hoch.

Hnh 2: Thi im ph hp thit lp cc k hoch kim th b. Chun b mi trng kim th : Thit k h thng kim th: C nhng trng hp my c dng cho cc vn hnh nghip v phi c dng cho chy chng trnh kim th. Tuy nhin nu my ny lu gi cc tp hay c s d liu vn c truy nhp ti trong vn hnh hng ngy, hay 1 ti lng ln b p vo my trong khi kim th, th vic sn xut s b gy ri lon. D cn phi
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Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

pht trin hay thit k cng h iu hnh, tp v c s d liu nhng s l i tng c dng trong vic chy sn xut thc.

Thit k chng trnh kim th v d liu kim th: Chng trnh kim th phi c thit k, d liu kim th phi c chun b v cc trng hp kim th phi c thit k bng vic dng nhiu phng php. Cng c pht trin mi y c th d dng sinh ra d liu kim th da trn cc tham bin c bn c th c dng. Mt cng c nh vy l rt thun tin v d liu sai c th sinh ra 1 cch c ch .

Thit t cc cng c kim th: Cc cng c kim th cn phi c thit t, cc chng trnh tin ch ca h iu hnh ni chung c dng lm cng c kim th. Cc gi phn mm c thit k lm cng c kim th by gi rt sn c mi trng vn hnh ca gi nh vy nn c kim tra v a vo lm gim chi ph pht trin v lm tng tnh hiu qu, cht lng ca kim th. c. Tin hnh kim th: Nhiu loi kim th phi c tin hnh trong iu kin mi trng c chun b tt. d. Kim tra kt qu ca kim th: Kim th c tin hnh tng ng vi cc k hoch kim th v c t kim th, v kt qu ca vic kim th phi c kim tra li. e. Phn tch hng hc, phn tch hiu nng: Cc li v cc hng hc b pht hin phi c phn tch cht ch bng vic dng cc cng c v cc k thut kim tra cht lng a dng. f. Sa cha v ci tin ti liu, chng trnh gc: Nu li hay sai st thit k c tm thy v nu chng c th c sa cha ngay lp tc th chng trnh ngun phi c sa cha hay ci tin. Phn ca ti liu thit k lin quan ti cc li hay sai st thit k nh vy cng phi c sa cha. Nu ch chng trnh ngun c sa cha th s nht qun gia chng trnh ngun v ti liu thit k s b mt, v rc ri c th xut hin khi cng vic kim chng cc phn khc hay vic bo tr c tin hnh. g. Ly hnh ng thch hp sau 1 kim th hon tt: Sau khi 1 kim th c hon tt v chng trnh c sa cha, th cc hnh ng sau phi c tin hnh:
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Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

- Qun l tin trnh kim th v bo co: Ngi chu trch nhim phi bo co v tin ca vic kim th bng vic dng bo co cng vic hng tun hay bo co kim th. Sau khi kim th c hon tt, ngi phi bo co kt qu ca vic kim th bng vic dng bo co hon thnh kim th. - Kim sot d liu lin quan ti hng hc: D liu v li hay khim khuyt c tm ra trong khi kim th phi c tch li. Cng vy, li xut hin trong tnh hung no, hnh ng sa cha no tin hnh v cc thng tin chi tit khc c ct gi. - Xem li ti liu vn hnh ngc dng: 1 sai lm c tm ra trong giao din con ngi hay trong giao din cc h con c th c quy cho thit k trong. Khng ch phn ca chng trnh dn ti sai lm phi c sa li, v c bn thn ti liu thit k trong cng phi c cha li ngn cn cng sai lm xy ra na. ngn cn vic lp li cc li gy ra bi 1 sai lm phm phi trong qu trnh ngc dng trc, 1 chng trnh hay 1 phn ca ti liu thit k lin quan ti sai lm cng nh ti liu vn hnh tng ng, phi c sa li hay xem xt li ngn cn s xut hin na ca cng sai lm. 8. Cc giai on trong qu trnh kim th Giai on kim th l qu trnh kim tra sn phm phn mm tm kim li. Quy trnh kim th phn mm c chia thnh nhiu giai on :

Hnh 3: Cc giai on trong qu trnh kim th


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Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Kim th n v ( unit testing) : c tin hnh ti nhng giai on sm nht trong pha kim th, mc tiu kim th l tng modul. Kim th tch hp ( integration testing) : c tin hnh sau khi kim th n v c hon tt, tp trung vo s tch hp ca cc modul. Kim th h thng ( system testing ) Kim th chp nhn ( Acceptance testing ) Hnh di cho thy mi tng quan vi cc giai on pht trin phn mm trong m hnh Vmodel

Hnh 4: M hnh V-model 9. Phn loi 1 s cng c kim th t ng: V kim th phn mm thng chim ti 40% tt c cc n lc dnh cho mt d n xy dng phn mm, nn cng c c th lm gim thi gian kim th (khng lm gim tnh k lng) s rt c gi tr. Tha nhn li ch tim nng ny, cc nh nghin cu v ngi thc hnh pht trin mt s th h cc cng c kim th t ng:
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Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

B phn tch tnh. Cc h thng phn tch chng trnh ny h tr cho "vic chng minh" cc l l tnh - nhng mnh yu km v cu trc v nh dng ca chng trnh. B kim ton m. Nhng b lc chuyn dng ny c dng kim tra cht lng ca phn mm m bo rng n p ng cc chun m ho ti thiu.

B x l khng nh. Nhng h thng tin x l/hu x l ny c s dng cho bit liu nhng pht biu do ngi lp trnh nu, c gi l cc khng nh, v hnh vi ca chng trnh c thc s c p ng trong vic thc hin chng trnh thc hay khng.

B sinh tp kim th. Nhng b x l ny sinh ra, v in cc gi tr xc nh, vo cc tp c vo in hnh cho chng trnh ang c kim th.

B sinh d liu kim th. Nhng h thng phn tch t ng ny h tr cho ngi dng trong vic chn d liu kim th lm cho chng trnh hnh x theo mt cch c bit.

B kim chng kim th. Nhng cng c ny o mc bao qut kim th bn trong, thng c din t di dng c lin quan ti cu trc iu khin ca s vt kim th, v bo co v gi tr bao qut cho chuyn gia m bo cht lng.

Dng c kim th. Lp cc cng c ny h tr cho vic x l cc php kim th bng cch lm gn nh khng kh khn (1) thit lp mt chng trnh ng c vin trong mi trng kim th, (2) np d liu vo, v (3) m phng bng cc cung cho hnh vi ca cc module ph.

B so snh ci ra. Cng c ny lm cho ngi ta c th so snh mt tp ci ra t mt chng trnh ny vi mt tp ci ra khc ( c lu gi trc) xc nh s khc bit gia chng.

H thng thc hin k hiu. Cng c ny thc hin vic kim th chng trnh bng cch dng ci vo i s, thay v gi tr d liu s. Phn mm c kim th vy xut hin kim th cc lp d liu, thay v ch l mt trng hp kim th c bit. Ci ra l i s v c th c so snh vi kt qu trng i cng c xc nh di dng i s.

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Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

B m phng mi trng. Cng c ny l mt h thng da trn my tnh gip ngi kim th m hnh ho mi trng bn ngoi ca phn mm thi gian thc v ri m phng cc iu kin vn hnh thc ti mt cch ng. B phn tch lung d liu. Cng c ny theo di du vt lung d liu i qua h thng (tng t v nhiu kha cnh vi b phn tch ng i) v c gng tm ra nhng tham kho d liu khng xc nh, t ch s sai v cc li khc c lin quan ti d liu.

Hin nay vic dng cc cng c t ng ho cho kim th phn mm ang pht trin, v rt c th l ng dng s pht trin nhanh trong thp k ti. Cc cng c kim th c th s gy ra nhng thay i ln trong cch chng ta kim th phn mm v do ci tin tin cy ca cc h thng da trn my tnh. 10. K thut kim th:

K thut i xng: da vo tnh i xng ca cc thao tc hoc tp d liu xy dng b d liu Test.

K thut m ng K thut kim th trn d liu tht: cho h thng vn hnh vi cc tp d liu tht thu c t trc so snh v nh gi kt qu K thut kim th trn th trng tht: cho h thng vn hnh trn th trng tht (khng chnh thc) so snh vi cc h thng chnh c dng v nh gi kt qu. K thut i snh: cho thc hin vi mt vi sn phm khc vi cng cc chc nng ging nhau v trn cng cc tp d liu ri lp bng so snh cc chc nng. 11. Cc phng php kim th: a/ Kim th hp en Kim tra hp en, black-box, coi x l kt qu nh l minh chng bi d liu. Khi nim kim tra l black-box khng quan tm logic. Khuynh hng ny hiu qu i vi cc modul chc nng n v cc h thng cp cao. Ba phng php chnh l:
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Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Phn hoch cn bng: Mc ch ca phng php ny l ti thiu cc trng hp kim tra cho trc, cc mc d liu vo c chia thnh cc nhm d liu c vai tr cn bng nhau, mi nhm i din cho mt tp d liu. Nguyn tc l bng cch kim tra trit mt mc ca mi tp hp, chng ta c th chp nhn tt c cc mc tng ng khc ca tp hp cng s c kim tra mt cch k cng. Phn tch cc bin: Phn tch gi tr cc bin l mt dng nghim ngt ca phn hoch cn bng c s dng cc gi tr bin hn l bt c gi tr no trong tp cn bng. V d: min gi tr ca thng l 1 12 v ngoi l 0 v 13. Th 4 kim tra ng vi bn trng hp s c kim tra phn tch cc bin thng xuyn c dng ti cc mc modul xc nh cc mc d liu c trng cho testing. on li: Da trn c s trc gic v kinh nghim, cc chuyn gia c th d dng kim tra cc iu kin li bng cch on ci no d xy ra nht. V d, chia 0, nu modul c php chia, nn dng php chia 0. V da trn trc gic, nn php th ny kh tm ht cc li.

Mt nhc im ca phn hoch cn bng v phn tch cc bin l t hp ca cc min hp khng c xc nh. b sung, ngi ta dng s nguyn nhn kt qu (Cause Effect Graphing). S nguyn nhn kt qu ch ra cc u ra v thng tin di chuyn nh l h qu v cc u vo gy ra h qu trn. Cc k hiu graphic xc nh tng tc, la chn, logic v cc iu kin tng ng. Mt vng i din mt dy cc thao tc khng c im quyt nh hoc iu khin. Mi dng biu din mt lp cn bng ca d liu v cc iu kin s dng n. Mi ln graph c thc hin th t nht mt gi tr c ngha v mt khng c ngha cho mi tp c th. b/ Kim th hp trng C ba loi kim tra hp trng l kim tra logic, chng minh ton hc v kim tra phng trng. 1. Kim tra logic: Logic test c th c chi tit n mc lnh. Trong khi thc hin ca mi lnh l mc ch ng khen ngi, n c th khng kim tra tt c cc iu kin thuc chng trnh. V d, t nht 2 kim tra cho mt kim tra 2 iu kin (1 ng v 1 sai).
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Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

C gng kim tra tt c cc iu kin l d nhin l khng th thc hin c v thc tin. V d trong 1 module c 10 thao tc qua 4 vng lp th c 5,5 triu trng hp kim tra. Do phi c phng php la chn. Logic kim tra nhn vo mi quyt nh trong module v sn sinh cc d liu to tt c cc kt qu ra c th. C mt vn vi logic test ti mc ny l chng khng test tnh trng ca module i vi c t. Nu kim tra c pht trin da trn c t, m c t c dch khc nhau bi ngi lp trnh th kim tra s khng ng. Gii php l i hi c t chng trnh chi tit v logic. iu ny c th ph hp vi ngn ng th h 1 v 2. Cc kim tra nhiu iu kin to mi kt qu ra ca tiu chun a quyt nh v nhiu im vo module. Cc kim tra i hi vic phn tch xc nh c bn quyt nh a tiu chun. Nu cc bin c xc nh khng chnh xc, th kim tra khng hiu qu. Khi c thit k ph hp, test logic a iu kin c th ti thiu ho cc trng hp kim tra kim tra nhiu nht cc iu kin. S s dng k thut ny i hi luyn tp v k nng. 2. Chng minh bng ton hc Mt phng php theo cch tip cn gim thiu st v 0 l p dng suy din ton hc cho i hi logic, chng minh tnh ng n ca chng trnh. Phng php ny i hi c t ngn ng dng hnh thc. 3. Kim tra phng trng: Kim tra phng trng l m rng ca phng php chng minh bng ton hc. L thuyt ca k thut ny l bng cch ngn chn cc li ti cc u vo ca qu trnh x l, gi thnh s gim, tin cy tng ln v tim cn ti khng c li. Phng php ny c pht trin ti IBM u nhng nm 1980 bi Mills, Dyer, Linger. Cc c t hnh thc c dng v vic kim tra th cng c tin hnh bi cc i kim tra. Cc chng trnh kh c s c vit li v kim tra hon ton trn giy. Cleanroom testing l k thut kim tra ton hc hnh thc v hi (walkthrough). Mc ch l phn tch mi module thnh cc chc nng v lin kt. Cc php kim tra chc nng dng k thut ton hc, cc kim tra lin kt s dng thuyt tp hp.
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Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Sau khi thc hin kim tra (verification), i kim tra c lp s dch v thc hin m. D liu kim tra c dch bi cc phn tch c t chc nng v c thc hin th hin cc t l xc sut ca d liu c gi nh cho h thng thc. Thm vo cc d liu chun th cc loi li nghim trng c to kim tra ng dng. Bt li ca phng php ny bt buc l i hi k nng cao v: ton, thng k, logic v ngn ng c t hnh thc. c. Kim th top- down Phng php kim tra top-down cn mt m ngoi, c hiu nh l mt b khung gn cc chc nng gc, cc modul, v cc phn khc ca ng dng. B khung ny thng bt u vi ngn ng iu khin cng vic v logic chnh ca ng dng. Logic chnh c kim tra v lp khung theo cc h thng phn r. u tin ch c cc th tc thit yu v cc logic iu khin c kim tra. Khi cc module thit yu nht c kim tra v chy tt th m ca cc modul t quan trng hn s c gn vo khung v tip tc kim tra. V l thuyt th, top-down s tm thy cc li thit k sm hn trong kim tra thao tc (testing process) hn cc khuynh hng khc. Phng php ny t hiu qu trong vic ci thin cht lng ca cc phn mm chuyn giao v bn cht tng tc ca kim tra. Kim tra top-down d dng h tr giao din ngi dng v thit k mn hnh. Trong cc ng dng tng tc, thng l b iu khin mn hnh c kim tra u tin. Ngi dng c th kim tra s iu khin thng qua mn hnh vi cc pht trin to mu. d. Kim th bottom-up: Nguyn tc ca bottom-up l kim tra mi thay i ti module c th nh hng ti chc nng ca n. Trong kim tra bottom-up, ton b khi l n v nh gi. Tt c cc module c m ho v kim tra ring r. Cc trng hp kim tra: cc trng hp kim tra l d liu vo c to th hin tng khi v ton b h thng tho mn tt c cc yu cu thit k. Mi trng hp kim tra nn c pht trin kim tra nghim cc i hi thit k c trng, thit k chc nng, hoc m c tho mn. Hn na cc trng hp kim tra cn d on cc output.
15

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Mi n nguyn ca ng dng (V d: module, subroutine, program, utility,...) phi c kim tra vi t nht hai trng hp kim tra: mt trng hp chy tt v mt trng hp khng chy. Trong trng hp chy sai h phi a c thng bo, quay li (rollback) c trng thi ban u ca giao dch. chc chn rng cc trng hp c ton din nht, ngi ta thng dng ma trn. Chng c dng cho: Kim tra n khi nh nhnh logic, iu kin logic, cc phn d liu hoc bin d liu kim tra trn c s c t chng trnh. tng tc. Kim tra t hp nh ra yu cu v d liu v quan h trong s cc

Kim tra h thng xc nh yu cu v ngi dng v h thng t cc yu cu chc nng v cc yu cu chp nhn.

16

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Phn II. Kim th h thng:


1. Khi nim kim th h thng:
Kim th h thng c tin hnh kim chng s thch hp vi thit k ngoi.

Trong vic tin hnh kim th ny, phn ln ch c dnh cho giao din gia cc h con. Kim th h thng c gi l kim th ton din v c tin hnh bi 1 nhm chuyn kim th. N l kim th cui cng c tin hnh bi t chc pht trin h thng. Yu cu ca kim th h thng: M phng d liu xu v cc sai tim tng ti giao din phn mm Kim th kt qu ca mi ng lin kt Bo co cc kt qu kim th phn nh tng phn tng loi lm chng c li cho nhau. Vic hoch nh v thit k cc ca kim th h thng theo nhng cch nhn khc nhau sao cho m bo phn mm c kim th y chnh xc cc loi yu cu.
2. iu kin kim th h thng:

Tt c cc thnh phn cn c kim th n v 1 cch thnh cng. Tt c cc thnh phn cn c tng thch v kim th tch hp cn phi hon ton. Cn to ra 1 mi trng gn ging vi mi trng sn xut, khi cn thit phi lp i lp li s kim th trong nhiu mi trng.

3. Ti sao kim th h thng li quan trng:

Kim th h thng l bc quyt nh trong quy trnh qun l cht lng: Trong vng i pht trin phn mm, kim th h thng l mc u tin ni m h thng c kim tra 1 cch tng th.
17

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm -

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

H thng c kim tra xc minh n c ph hp vi cc yu cu chc nng v cng ngh. ng dng hoc h thng c kim tra trong 1 mi trng m n gn ging vi mi trng sn xut ni m cc ng dng s c pht trin cui cng. Kim th h thng cho php chng ta kim tra, xc minh v lm c hiu qu c 2 yu cu ca doanh nghip nh l kin trc, ng dng. Lp k hoch kim th h thng Nu ra cc trng hp c th xy ra Xy dng d liu nhp vo cho h thng kim tra To ra nhng nguyn bn xy dng mi trng v t ng ho s thc hin ca cc trng hp kim th Thc thi cc trng hp kim th Chnh sa nhng hng hc nu c v kim tra li m Lp li qu trnh kim th nu cn thit

4. Cc bc thc hin kim th h thng:

5. Nhng yu t nh hng ti s thnh cng ca vic kim th h thng:

Phm vi kim th: Kim th h thng ch c hiu qu trong phm vi cc trng hp kim th Theo di nhng khim khuyt: phi theo di nhng khim khuyt trong sut qu trnh kim th, sau phi lp i lp li cc trng hp kim th xc minh xem phi chng khim khuyt ny l c nh. S vn hnh kim th: Cc trng hp kim th nn c thc thi theo phng thc c th. T ng ho qu trnh thit k: s c nhiu li xut hin v thit k khng thch hp. Thit k l s bin dch ca nhiu thnh phn to nn nhng ng dng c trin khai trong mi trng thch hp. Kt qu ca kim th s khng ng nu ng dng khng c xy dng ng hoc trong mi trng khng c ci t nh d kin. Qu trnh t ng ho ny s gip gim bt nhng li bng tay.
18

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Kim tra s t ng ha: quy trnh kim th t ng c th gip chng ta nhiu cch: Kim th c th c lp li vi cc li b b qun t hn Khi s th t ng, 1 vi kch bn c th c m phng chng hn nh m phng 1 s lng ln ngi s dng hoc m phng s lng d liu u vo/ ra tng ln. T liu: ti liu thch hp gip theo di thc hin kim th, n cng gip to ra 1 c s kin thc cho ccd n hin ti v tng lai. Nhng thc o chnh xc, nhng thng tin c thng k c th c lu li lm kim chng c hiu qu cc thit k kin trc/ k thut.

6. Cc kiu kim th h thng:

Hnh 4: Cc kiu kim th h thng a. Kim th chc nng


Chc nng mc h thng bao gm cc chc nng giao din, cc chc nng

mc ngi dng hay u ra cui cng khi h thng.Cc chc nng ny thng mang tnh tch hp nn sau khi pht hin sai phi quay li kim th
19

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

tng phn cu thnh trc n.Cc giao din c xem nh im phn nh gia cc phn kim th. K thut kim th h thng mc chc nng: K thut kim th chc nng c thit k m bo nhng yu cu v c im k thut ca h thng t c. Mc ch: nhng quy trnh bnh thng bao gm vic to ra cc iu kin kim th, sau s dng chng nh gi s pht trin ng ca h thng. Cc k thut khc nhau ca kim th chc nng l: - Kim th nhu cu - Kim th hi quy - Kim th khc phc li - Kim th h tr- hng dn - Kim th song song 1) Kim th nhu cu: c s dng m bo h thng thc hin ng m bo chnh xc c th c duy tr lin tc trong nhng khong thi gian ng cn nhc H thng c th c kim tra s ng n qua tt c cc giai on, nhng ngoi s an ton, cc chng trnh nn l ni lm cho h thng lm vic H thng x l thnh cng nhng yu cu ca ngi s dng S bo tr chnh xc qua khong thi gian ng cn nhc Quy trnh ng dng tun theo nhng nguyn tc v phng php ca cu to Ngi s dng th 2 phi l: nhn vin an ninh, ngi kim tra bn trong, ngi kim sot

Mc ch

S dng

To ra cc iu kin kim th: iu kin kim th ny c suy rng ra to ra


20

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm nh th no

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

nhng trng hp kim th. iu kin kim th s c hiu qu hn khi to ra t nhng yu cu ca ngi s dng. Nu to ra t nhng tp ti liu, nu ti liu c bt k li no th kim th c th khng c kh nng tm thy li. iu kin kim th nu to ra t nhng ngun khc th s bt li s c hiu qu.

S dng khi no

Mi ng dng nn c kim th yu cu Nn bt u t giai on yu cu v nn tin hnh cho ti giai on vn hnh v bo dng Cch thc s dng mang li kim th yu cu v phm vi ca n l quan trng To ra nhng kim th gc chng minh rng nhng yu cu h thng nh d liu l nhng yu cu m ngi s dng i hi. To ra danh sch kim tra kim chng rng ng dng tun theo nhng nguyn tc v phng php ca cu to

V d

2) K thut kim th hi quy: Khi qut S dng Mc ch 1 b phn ca h thng c pht trin v kim th hon ton 1 b phn khc thay i c nh hng xu ti b phn kim th S thc thi thay i, d liu v nhng c trng mi c to ra s thay i trong cc phn kim th

Tt c cc hng ca h thng cn cc chc nng sau khi kim th. S thay i ca 1 phn khng lm thay i chc nng ca cc phn khc. Xc nh ti liu h thng hin thi vn cn, d liu kim th h thng v iu kin kim th hin thi vn cn. Trc s kim th chc nng 1 cch ng n m khng c s nh hng, mc d s thay i c to ra trong mi phn khc ca h thng ng dng.

S dng nh th no

Cc trng hp kim th c s dng trc cho nhng phn kim th, chy li chc chn rng kt qu ca phn kim th hin thi v kt qu ca phn kim th trc l nh nhau.
21

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm -

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

T ng ho s th l cn thit thc thi nhng giao dch kim th, tri li quy trnh s tn nhiu thi gian v thiu hp dn. Trong trng hp ny chi ph v li ch ca kim th nn c nh gi cn thn tri li s c gng kim th c th nhiu hn v thu c li ch nh hn. Khi c ri ro cao m s thay i mi c th nh hng ti nhng phm vi khng thay i ca h thng ng dng. Trong qu trnh pht trin: s kim th hi quy nn c thc hin sau khi xc nh s thay i c a vo trong h thng ng dng. Trong giai on bo tr: kim th hi quy nn c thc hin nu c ri ro cao m s mt mt c th xut hin khi h thng thay i.

S dng khi no

3) Kim th khc phc li: Khi qut Cch s dng -

Trc s xc nh ca nhng c im khc phc li c bn l s khc nhau gia h thng t ng v bng tay H thng bng tay c th chua cc vn nh chng xut hin H thng t ng: nn l cc chng trnh khc phc li trc N xc nh kh nng ca h thng ng dng x l chnh xc nhng giao dch sai. Nhng li vy quanh tt c nhng iu kin khng ng Trong 1 vi h thng khong 50% nh hng ca chng trnh s c dnh iu khin iu kin li.

Mc ch

Xc nh: h thng ng dng nhn dng tt c nhng iu kin li, trch nhim gii trnh ca x l li c gn gi tr v nhim v cung cp xc xut xut hin li cao. 1 nhm chuyn gia c yu cu d on trc ci g c th sai trong h thng ng dng N cn tt c ng dng ca nhm chuyn gia tp hp li hp nht hiu bit ca h thnh phm vi ngi s dng, kim tra, qun l v theo di li.
22

S dng nh th no

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm -

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Sau kim tra logic nhng iu kin li nn c to ra trn c s thng tin c tp hp ny. K thut khc phc li nn kim tra: li, qu trnh x l li, iu kin qun l, s tr li ca iu kin l ng hoc khng. Tnh lp nn c s dng ni cc li u tin trong h thng b bt ng v sau h thng ng nn c kim tra li kim tra s tin cy ca ng dng vn hnh v hon thnh vng kim th khc phc li. Ngi kim th nn xc nh h thng c th b sp nh th no h c th xc nh nu phn mm c th x l 1 cch chnh xc cc d liu sai. S va chm t nhng li c th c xc nh v sa cha lm gim cc li ti mc cho php. c dng tr gip quy trnh x l li ca pht trin v bo tr h thng.

S dng khi no

4) Kim th h tr- hng dn: Cch s dng Mc ch N bao hm kim th tt c cc chc nng thc hin bi ngi sa cha d liu v s dng cc d liu ny t h thng t ng. Kim tra cc ti liu v bin php h tr hng dn l ng. Xc nh trch nhim h tr hng dn l ng, h tr hng dn mi ngi l tho ng, h tr hng dn v t ng ho tng phn l s lin kt chnh xc. N bao gm: s nh gi ca qu trnh thch hp, s thc hin ca qu trnh, nh gi qu trnh Thay v sa cha, s thc hin v a s th nghim giao dch vn hnh v gim st nhn vin c th s dng kt qu ca qu trnh t h thng ng dng Kim tra chc nng chnh xc ca h thng hng dn nn c iu khin
23

S dng nh th no

Khi no s dng

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm -

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Thc hin tt nht trong giai on ci t mi ngi khng c s dng h thng hin thi trc h thng i ti sn xut

5) K thut kim th song song: Cch s dng Mc ch m bo rng qu trnh ca phin bn mi l nht qun vi s lin quan ti qu trnh x l ca phin bn ng dng trc. S dng nh th no Dn qu trnh lin kt tha dm bo rng phin bn mi hoc ng dng mi thc hin ng. Chng minh tnh vng vng v khng vng vng gia 2 phin bn ca ng dng.

Ging d liu u vo nn c chy qua 2 phin bn ging h thng ng dng. Kim th song song c th c thc hin vi ton b h thng hoc tng phn ca h thng.

S dng khi no

Khi c s bt nh v chnh xc ca qu trnh ng dng mi ni phin bn mi v c l tng t nhau. Trong cc ng dng v ti chnh nh trong ngn hng ni c nhiu ng dng tng t nh quy trnh c th c kim chng cho nhng phin bn c v mi qua kim th song song.

b. Kim th phc hi Nhiu h thng khng cn phi phc hi sau li tip tc x l trong mt thi gian c t trc c th :
-

H thng khng cn th li ngha l x l li bt buc khng c lm ngng hot ng ca ton h thng. Li phi c khc phc dn theo chu k c t

Kim th phc hi l bt phn mm phi tht bi xem kh nng phc hi ca n n u. tin cy l mt o nh gi kh nng phc hi. C 2 cch phc hi :
24

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm


-

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Phc hi t ng : bng vic khi ng li, sau khi phc hi d liu h thng tip tc hay khi ng li th c nh gi l ng n. Phc hi c s can thip ca con ngi :Lc ny cn nh gi thi hn trung bnh sa cha trong gii hn cho php hay khng.

V d nh 1 website nn c 1 bn sao hoc 1 bn d phng s lu thng c lun phin khi my ch ban u b sp. V b phn nh tuyn cho d liu c th c kim th. Nu 1 ngi s dng tm thy dch v ca bn khng c trong 1 khong thi gian di, ngi dng s chuyn sang hoc tm 1 website ca cc i th khc. Nu v tr khng th phc hi nhanh chng sau khi thng bo cho ngi s dng khi v tr ny s c gi tr v chc nng. c. Kim th an ninh L kim tra mi c ch bo v c xy dng trong h thng xem c t hiu qu ra trc khi t nhp hay khng? Khi xt tt c cc loi t nhp c th trc mt , ngang sn , sau lng Khi kim th an ninh th ngi kim th s ng vai tr ca k t nhp. V nguyn tc :Mi t nhp l c th nu thi gian v ngun lc.V vy bi ton thit k an ninh t ra l : Lm cho vic t nhp tn chi ph nhiu hn gi tr thu c do t nhp.Cng sc b ra xy dng cng c bo v phi t hn gi tr mt i nu b t nhp . Chi ph cng c bo v < li ch do bo v khi t nhp Chi ph t nhp > li ch thu c do t nhp. C l tiu chun xc nh ph bin nht cho ng dng mng l s an ton. Nhu cu iu chnh truy nhp ti thng tin, kim chng s ng nht ngi dng, v m ha thng tin l quan trng hn. Thng tin th tn dng, thng tin y hc, thng tin ti chnh v thng tin on th cn c bo v trnh nhng k trm cp t nhng ngi gh thm n nhng tinh tc. C nhiu lp bo v, t s bo mt bng mt khu n nhng chng ch s, mi mt lp u c s tn thnh v phn i n. Chng ta c th to ra nhng trng hp kim th an ninh theo cc bc: My ch mng nn c ci t nhng ngi dng tri php khng th truy tm nhng danh mc v nhng bn ghi m trong tt c d liu t trang web lu tr. D n sm, khuyn khch nhng ngi pht trin s dng lnh gi bt k ch no c th v lnh thng bo c s dng cho d liu ln.
25

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Khi kim th, kim tra cc a ch ti nguyn m bo rng khng c thng tin d d v thng tin chnh xc c t trong a ch ti nguyn trong khi s dng cu lnh GET. 1 cookie l 1 file vn bn c t trong 1 h thng trang web ca nhng ngi gh thm ci c ng nht vi ngi s dng. Cookie c khi phc khi ngi dng li gh thm ti 1 a im thi gian sau. Cookie c th c qun l bi ngi s dng, d h c mun cho php chng hay khng. Nu ngi s dng khng chp nhn cookie, a im ny vn s lm vic khng? Thng tin chnh xc c th c lu tr trong cookie khng? Nu a ngi s dng 1 trm, ngi th 2 c kh nng c chnh xc thng tin lu t ngi gh thm u tin. Thng tin trong cookie nn c m ho hoc c m ho.
d. Kim th chu ti :

Kim th chu ti l vn hnh h thng khi s dng ngun lc vi s lng tn sut v cng d thng. Mt loi khc ca th nghim p lc l kim th nhy : C gng lm bc l cc t hp d liu hay s kin m c th gy ra vic x l khng n nh hoc khng chnh xc. Kim th ti l qu trnh to ra yu cu trn 1 h thng hoc thit b v o lng trch nhim ca n. Trong k ngh phn mm, n l 1 thi k che ph m c s dng theo nhiu cch khc nhau qua nhm ngi kim th phn mm chuyn nghip. Kim th ti ni chng hng ti vic thc hnh ca m hnh mong i cch dng ca 1 chng trnh phn mm bi s m phng a ngi s dng truy nhp vo nhng dch v trng nhau ca chng trnh. Kim th ny c lin quan nhiu ti h thng a ngi s dng, thng xy dng cho m hnh khch/ ch nh my ch web. Tuy nhin, cc h thng phn mm khc cng c th c kim th ti. V d, 1 b x l t hoc b son tho ho c th b bt buc c 1 ti liu ln, hoc 1 gi ti chnh c th b bt buc pht sinh 1 bo co da trn rng ca vi nm d liu. S kim th ti chnh xc nht xut hin trn thc t, hn l thuyt v cc kt qu. Khi s ti t trn h thng c pht trin ngoi nhng cch dng bnh thng, kim tra s p li ca h thng mc cao khc thng hoc nh ti, n c bit nh kim th p lc. Ti thng thng l ln m iu kin li l kt qu c mong i, mc d khng c ranh gii r rng no tn ti khi 1 hot ng dng kim th ti v tr thnh kim th p lc.

26

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Gii hn thng c s dng tng ng vi kim th vn hnh, kim th tin cy v kim th dung lng. e. Kim th vn hnh: Vi vic nhng v h thi gian thc phn mm cung cp chc nng nhng khng ph hp vi cc yu cu thi hnh u l khng chp nhn c. Kim th thi hnh c thit k kim th vic vn hnh ca phn mm khi h thng c tch hp. Kim th thi hnh xut hin trong tt c cc bc ca qu trnh kim th tuy nhin ch khi tt c cc phn t ca h thng c tch hp th kim th mi c chc chn.Vic thi hnh ng bao gm c s lng v cht lng. Kim th thi hnh thng gn lin vi kim th p lc v c 2 thng i hi cc dng c phn cng v phn mm chuyn dng.V cn o s tng hp ngun lc v nh dng c ngoi lai gim st cc khong vn hnh cc s kin ngt khi n xut hin c th ly mu cc trng thi my . C th lm bc l cc tnh th dn n s suy gim hiu nng hoc tht bi h thng tim n. Ti sao kim th vn hnh l quan trng ? L do chnh l :
-

Vn hnh tr thnh ch tiu quan trng ca cht lng sn phm v chp nhn s nghin cu trong th trng nng ng v cnh tranh ngy nay. Khch hng ang tr nn cc k ph thuc vo cht lng ca b ngoi v c ci nhn r rng v vn hnh khch quan Ngy nay, mi khch hng ang tm kim 1 tc ln hn, tnh bin i c, s tin cy, hiu qu v s chu ng ca tt c cc ng dng c th n l a lp ng dng, ng dng web cn bn hoc ng dng khch ch. tin hnh gii thch nhng nguyn nhn ct li ca vn hnh lin quan ti nhng vn thng thy, him c v ngh ra k hoch gii quyt chng. gim bt thi gian p ng ca ng dng vi s u t nh ca phn cng.

Mc tiu ca kim th vn hnh: -

27

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm


-

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

xc nh nguyn nhn ca cc vn gy ra trc trc h thng v chnh sa chng trc khi sn phm a vo hot ng. Sa cha nhng li trong sut cc giai on sau ca phn mm Nhng ng dng tiu chun, vi 1 dng lc chin lc ca cng ty theo hng thu thp phn mm ln sau. m bo rng h thng mi ph hp vi cc tiu chun vn hnh theo l thuyt. rt ra s so snh gia s vn hnh ca 2 hay nhiu h thng. B1: Tp hp cc nhu cu Bc chnh v quan trng nht ca m hnh kim th vn hnh. B2: S nghin cu h thng B3: Thit k chin lc kim th - c th bao gm nh sau S chun b ca nhng ti liu nhnh ngang Bn tho cng vic Ci t mi trng kim th S trin khai kim tra B4: S vn hnh th c th bao gm: ng gc vn hnh th S ci tin vn hnh th Chn an vn hnh th

Cu trc in hnh ca m hnh kim th vn hnh :

B5: Gii thch v chun b bo co s b B6: Thc thi li gii thiu t bc 5 B7: Chun b hon thnh bo co

Nhng thuc tnh ca s thit lp kim th vn hnh tt


a) Tnh kh dng ca ti liu c s trnh by chi tit s vn hnh ca h thng v tc

dng nh 1 ng c s hu hiu. Ti liu c s ny c th thun tin cho vic so snh nhng d tnh khi iu kin h thng xy ra thay i.
28

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

b) Nn tng ca kim th vn hnh v mi trng kim th nn c chia ra v sao chp li mi trng sn xut xa nht c th. c) Mi trng kim th vn hnh khng nn lin kt vi mi trng pht trin. d) Ti nguyn dn ti lp y mc tiu nh: S trin khai bin ch vi nhng hiu bit m thanh Lp k hoch thn trng v c h thng Nghin cu cu trc h tng hin thi S chun b chnh xc Gii thch khoa hc Bo co hiu qu Tuy nhin, ngy nay c nhiu cng ty ang bt u lm vic vi phn kim th di mi trng thc, iu ny gip h thit lp cc kinh nghim khc nhau trong sut h thng kim th v h thng thc. Lm sao tng tc cho kim th vn hnh :
a) Xc nh iu kin vn hnh: iu u tin chng ta cn xc nh iu kin vn hnh

lin quan ti yu cu chc nng nh tc , chnh xc v nhu cu ngun d tr. Ngun d tr c th l yu cu v b nh, yu cu ni lu tr v h thng giao tip bng thng. b) Nghin cu v lc t cc thao tc : Lc t thao tc bao gm chi tit kiu dng s dng v mi trng h thng thc. N bao gm s m t phng php vn hnh, mi trng vn hnh, phn ti, k vng giao dch Khi d liu i hi l khng th, d liu t c t kim th c th l gn ng nu kim th khng c thc hin di mi trng tht.
c) Chun b nhng trng hp kim th vn hnh tt: Trong khi thit k cc trng hp

kim th vn hnh, s c gng ca chng ta cn phi : Hiu c cc mc trnh by vn hnh v s dng thng tin cho nh gi tnh nng v sau nh gi yu cu vn hnh ca h thng chng li nhng khun mu xc nh

29

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Ch r h thng nhp vo v ch i u ra, khi h thng c a ra xc nh iu kin ti nh hnh dng ca kim th, mi trng kim th v thi gian kim th

Nhng cch kim th vn hnh: C 2 phng php kim th vn hnh l: 1) Kim th vn hnh bng tay: pht trin s tin cy thch hp, thi gian p ng l 1 ch tiu tt ca s thc hin giao tc c th c o bng vi pht trong sut qu trnh kim th. S dng ng h bm gi theo di bi nhiu ngi l cch c nht v c hiu qu o lng kim th vn hnh. Tu thuc vo c s h tng sn c, cc phng tin khc cng c th c a ra.
2) Kim th vn hnh t ng: Nhiu cch tip cn c th c thc hnh y. Chng

ta c th s dng phn mm t ng ci c th bt chc hot ng ca ngi s dng v c th ng thi ghi li thi gian p ng v nhiu h thng tham s khc nhau nh s truy nhp ca cc a lu tr, cch s dng ca b nh v di hng i cho nhiu thng ip khc nhau. Chng ta c th cung cp d liu ti b sung qua h thng, thng qua nhiu chng trnh hu ch, chng trnh to bn sao thng bo, l d liu v nhiu cng c giao thc phn tch. Nhng quan tm quan trng thit k cc trng hp kim th tt:
ng lc: bo dng kh nng ca 1 h thng hoc cc thnh phn ca n di

chuyn bn ngoi nhng gii hn xc nh ca yu cu vn hnh. Kh nng: bao trm s lng ln nht c th cha ng, hoc to ra, hoc hon ton chim gi thc th.
Hiu qu: ch ti hiu qu o lng mong mun nh t l dung tch ca d

liu x l v s lng ti nguyn tiu th cho x l c bit . Thi gian p ng: Ch ti nhng yu cu xc nh ca thi gian p ng. V d tng thi gian tri qua t lc s kin bt u yu cu ti thi gian thu li.
tin cy: phi c kh nng chuyn giao kt qu ch i vi s nht qun cao

30

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

rng bng thng: phi c kh nng o lng v c tnh yu cu ca

rng bng thng. V d nh s lng d liu i qua h thng an ton: phi c kh nng c lng s cn mt ca ngi dng, quyn truy nhp v ch ti kh nng bo tr trong h thng. Tnh phc hi: phi c kh nng a h thng di d th ti cao, v o lng thi gian n cn trong trng thi bnh thng sau khi s ti c rt i.
Tnh bin i c: Cn c kh nng iu khin nhiu ti hn bng cch thm

nhiu thnh phn phn cng hn m khng c bt k s thay i no. Chng ta c th to ra cc trng hp kim th vn hnh theo cc bc: Xc nh quy trnh phn mm nh hng trc tip ti ton b h thng vn hnh.
Mi qu trnh nh ngha, ch nh ngha ng nht d liu u vo c trng ci nh

hng ti h thng vn hnh. To ra cc kch bn s dng bng gi tr hin thc xc nh cho nhng c trng da trn s dng cui. Bao gm ton b gi tr trung bnh v kch bn lm vic dy. Xc nh ca quan st trong thi gian ny. Nu khng c d kin lch s cn c vo d liu c trng, s dng vic d on da trn nhng yu cu, phin bn c hoc 1 h thng tng t. Nu c 1 c trng ni gi tr c lng dng 1 khong, la chn gi tr c th ng bc l thng tin hu ch v h thng vn hnh. Mi gi tr nn c to ra trong 1 trng hp kim th ring bit. Kim th vn hnh c th c thc hin qua ca s ca trnh duyt, hoc trc tip trn my ch. Nu thc hin trn my ch, trong 1 vi thi gian vn hnh trnh duyt khng to ra 1 ti khon. f. Kim th cu hnh: Loi kim th ny bao gm : Nn tng h iu hnh s dng Loi mng kt ni Nh cung cp dch v mng Trnh duyt s dng (bao gm c cc phin bn)
31

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

Thc t vic lm cho loi kim th ny ang c m bo nhng yu cu v gi thuyt c hiu bi nhm pht trin, v mi trng kim th vi nhng s la chn ny c t ng ch kim tra n 1 cch chnh xc.

Phn III: Kim th ng dng da trn Web


Chng ta bit rng kim th l qu trnh luyn th phn mm vi nh tm ra li. Trit l nn tng ny khng thay i cho ng dng web. Trong thc t, bi v ng dng v h thng da trn web nm trn mng v lin tc vi nhiu h iu hnh khc, cc trnh duyt, cc nn phn cng v cc giao thc truyn thng nn vic tm li biu th 1 thch thc c ngha cho ngi k s web. Cch tip cn ti kim th web chp nhn cc nguyn l c bn cho mi kim th web v p dng cc chin lc, chin thut c khuyn co cho h thng hng s vt. Cc bc sau y tm tt cch tip cn ny:
1. M hnh ni dung cho ng dng web c xem xt pht hin ra li: Hot ng

kim th ny l tng t theo nhiu kha cnh vi vic bin tp 1 ti liu vit. Trong thc t, 1 website ln c th thu nhn cc dch v bin tp chuyn nghip pht hin cc li in n, li chnh t, li nht qun ni dung, li biu din ho v li tham chiu cho. 2. M hnh thit k cho ng dng web c xem xt pht hin li dn li: Cc trng hp s dng, c suy dn nh 1 phn ca hot ng phn tch, cho php ngi k
32

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

s web thc tp tng kch bn s dng theo thit k kin trc v dn li. V bn cht, nhng kim th khng thc hin ny gip pht hin ra li trong dn li (nh 1 trng hp khi ngi s dng khng th t ti nt dn li). Bn cnh , cc mc ni dn li c xem xt m bo rng chng tng ng vi nhng dn li c t trong tng nt ngi dng.
3. Cc cu phn x l la v cc trang web c kim th: Khi ng dng web

c xem xt, khi nim v n v c thay i. Mi trang web bao bc 1 ni dung, mc ni dn li v phn t x l (mu, ch vit). Khng phi bao gi cng c th hay thc t kim th c tng c trng ny 1 cch ring bit. Trong nhiu trng hp, n v kim th nh nht l trang web. Khng ging nh vic kim th n v ca phn mm quy c, c khuynh hng hi t vo chi tit thut ton ca modul v d liu chy qua giao din modul, vic kim th mc trang cho ng dng web c hng theo ni dung, x l v mc ni c bao bc bi trang web. 4. Kin trc c xy dng v kim th tch hp c tin hnh: Chin lc cho vic kim th tch hp tu thuc vo kin trc c chn cho ng dng web. Nu ng dng web c thit k theo cu trc tuyn tnh, li hay cp bc n gin, th tch hp cc trang web tng t nh chng ta tch hp cc modul trong cc phn mm quy c. Vic kim th da trn cc mch c th c dng tch hp tp cc trang web c yu cu p ng cho bin c ngi dng. Mi mch li c tch hp v kim th ring r. Kim th r li c p dng m bo khng hiu qu ph no xut hin. Cc trng hp kim th c suy dn pht hin li trong s hp tc.
5. ng dng web lp rp c kim th cho chc nng ton th v vic chuyn giao

ni dung: Ging nh vic lm hp l cc h thng, cc quy c v ng dng da trn web hi t vo nhng hnh ng ngi dng thy c v ngi dng nhn bit c t h thng. tr gip trong vic suy ra cc kim th hp l, ngi kim th phi da vo cc trng hp s dng. Trng hp s dng cung cp kch bn c nhiu kh nng lm l ra li trong yu cu tng tc vi ngi s dng. 6. ng dng web c ci t trong nhiu cu hnh mi trng khc nhau v c kim th cho tnh tng hp vi tng cu hnh: ma trn tham chiu cho xc nh tt c cc h iu hnh c th c, cc trnh duyt, cc nn phn cng v cc giao thc truyn
33

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

BTL mn Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Ti: Kim Th H Thng

thng c to ra. Sau , vic kim th c tin hnh pht hin li lin kt vi tng cu hnh c th c. 7. ng dng web c kim th bng vic ngi dng iu phi v kim sot: 1 s ng ngi dng c chn ra, ng dng web c thc tp bi nhng ngi dng ny v kt qu tng tc ca h vi h thng c nh gi v li ni dung v vic dn li, mi quan tm s dng, mi quan tm tng tc v tnh tin cy ca ng dng web cng hiu nng. Bi v nhiu ng dng web pht trin lin tc nn tin trnh kim th l hot ng tip din, do cc nhn vin h tr web tin hnh, nhng ngi dng kim th r li c suy dn ra t cc kim th c pht trin khi ng dng web ln u tin c ch to.

34

Nhm 8_ Lp H KHMT1 K2

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