1

MC LC

MC LC .......................................................................................................................... 1
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V MNG VIN THNG .................................................. 4
1.1. Cc mng vin thng truyn thng .............................................................................. 4
1.1.1. Khi nim v mng vin thng ............................................................................. 4
1.1.2. Cc c im ca mng vin thng hin nay ....................................................... 6
1.1.3. S lc mng vin thng Vit Nam ..................................................................... 8
1.1.4. Cc cng c hoch inh mng ............................................................................ 12
1.1.5. Hoch inh mng ................................................................................................ 20
1.2. Mng vin thng th h mi NGN(Next Generation Network) ................................ 21
1.2.1. Khi nim ............................................................................................................ 21
1.2.2. c im ca mng NGN ................................................................................... 22
1.2.3.Cc cng ngh trong mng NGN ......................................................................... 24
CHNG II: KHI QUT H THNG CHUYN MCH S ................................... 26
2.1. Phn ti

ch m t cu c go i. ............................................................................................. 26
2.1.1. Tn hiu nhc my ( off-hook) ............................................................................ 26
2.1.2. S nhn dng thu bao gi .................................................................................. 27
2.1.3. S phn phi b nh v kt ni cc thit bi dng chung .................................... 28
2.1.4. Cc ch s ia ch ............................................................................................... 28
2.1.5. Phn tch ch s .................................................................................................. 29
2.1.6. Thit lp ng dn chuyn mch ...................................................................... 30
2.1.7. Dng chung v m hiu chung ....................................................................... 30
2.1.8. Tn hiu tr li .................................................................................................... 30
2.1.9. Gim st .............................................................................................................. 30
2.1.10. Tn hiu xa kt ni .......................................................................................... 31
2.2. K thut bo hiu trong h thng chuyn mch s .................................................... 31
2.2.1. Gii thiu chung ..................................................................................................... 31
2.2.1.1. Khi nim ......................................................................................................... 31
2.2.1.2. Cc chc nng bo hiu ................................................................................... 31
2.2.1.3. c im cc h thng bo hiu ...................................................................... 32
2.2.1.4. h thng thng tin bo hiu ............................................................................. 32
2.2.1.5. K thut bo hiu ............................................................................................. 33
2.2.2. Ni dung ca bo hiu ............................................................................................ 33
2.2.2.1. Phn tch cuc gi ............................................................................................ 33
2.2.2.2. Phn loi bo hiu ............................................................................................ 33
2.2.3. Phng php truyn dn bo hiu .......................................................................... 38
2.2.3.1. Bo hiu knh kt hp ..................................................................................... 39
2.2.3.2. Bo hiu knh chung ....................................................................................... 41
2.2.4. Bo hiu s 7 .......................................................................................................... 43
2.2.4.1. Khi nim chung .............................................................................................. 43
2.2.4.2. Phn mc trong bo hiu s 7 .......................................................................... 46
2.2.5. X l bo hiu trong tng i ................................................................................. 47
2.2.5.1. Gii thiu ......................................................................................................... 47
2.2.5.2. S inh tuyn trong tng i ........................................................................... 48
2.2.5.3. Cc b thu pht bo hiu ................................................................................. 52
2.2.5.4. Cc b to tone v bn tin thng bo ............................................................... 54
2.4. Chuy n ma ch ............................................................................................................. 57
2.4.1. Chuyn mch phn chia theo tng ...................................................................... 58
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2.4.2. K thut chuyn mch ........................................................................................ 61
2.5. iu khin tng i .................................................................................................... 62
2.5.1. Hin thc trong cc tng i nhn cng ............................................................. 63
2.5.2. iu khin chung ................................................................................................ 64
2.6. Gii thiu tng quan mt tng i k thut s SPC .................................................. 64
CHNG III: K THUT CHUYN MCH S ......................................................... 68
3.1. Gi

i thi u chung ........................................................................................................ 68

3.2. Chuy n ma ch khng gian ky

thu t s ........................................................................ 70
3.3. Chuy n ma ch th

i gian s ......................................................................................... 74
3.4. Cc cu truc ca cc khi chuyn mch s dung lng ln ...................................... 78
3.4.1. Gii thiu chung ................................................................................................. 78
3.4.2. Khi chuyn mch T-S-T ................................................................................... 80
3.4.3. Khi chuyn mch knh 2 hng ....................................................................... 82
3.5. i u khi n ca

c kh i chuy n ma ch s ........................................................................ 84
3.5.1. S kh i va

ca

c ch

c nng .............................................................................. 84
3.5.2. Thu t toa

n cho n

ng r i .................................................................................. 93
3.5.3. tin cy v an ton khi chuyn mch ............................................................ 95
CHNG IV: K THUT CHUYN MCH GOI ....................................................... 98
4.1. Nhng khi nim chuyn mch gi ........................................................................... 98
4.1.1. Khi nim v chuyn mch gi (packet switching) ............................................ 98
4.1.2. Mng chuyn mch gi PSN (Packet Switching Network) ................................ 99
4.2. Phng thc hot ng c bn ca mng chuyn mch gi PSN ........................... 102
4.2.1. Khi qut ........................................................................................................... 102
4.2.2. Cc ch lm vic ca mng chuyn mch gi ............................................. 103
4.2.3. Nhng s c v chin lc khc phc .............................................................. 106
4.3. ng gi thng tin ................................................................................................... 110
4.3.1. Cu trc gi ....................................................................................................... 110
4.3.2. Phng php kim tra sai CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) .......................... 112
4.3.3. Kch thc gi .................................................................................................. 113
4.4. K thut ghp knh trong mng chuyn mch gi .................................................. 116
4.4.1. S lc v k thut STDM (Statistical Time Division Multiplexing) .......... 116
4.4.2. Hot ng ghp knh trn mch o mng TYMNET .................................... 119
4.5. inh tuyn trong mng PSN .................................................................................... 121
4.5.1. Gii thiu .......................................................................................................... 121
4.5.2. Cc phng php inh tuyn c bn ................................................................ 121
4.5.3. Mt vi gii thut tm ng ngn nht thng dng ........................................ 129
4.6. iu khin lung d liu ......................................................................................... 130
4.6.1. Gii thiu .......................................................................................................... 130
4.6.2. Phng php ca s dich .................................................................................. 130
4.7. Mt s giao thc chuyn mch gi .......................................................................... 133
4.7.1. Giao thc X.25 .................................................................................................. 133
4.7.2. Giao thc TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) ........... 134
CHNG V: CNG NGH CHUYN MCH ATM ................................................. 140
5.1. Tng quan v ATM ................................................................................................. 140
5.1.1. Gii thiu v ATM ........................................................................................... 140
5.1.2. Cu trc v giao din ngi s dng mng ...................................................... 141
5.1.3. T bo ATM ..................................................................................................... 144
5.1.4. S m t v xo trn t bo .............................................................................. 149
5.1.5. Phn lp ATM v BISDN ................................................................................ 149
5.1.6. Cc dich v: hng kt ni v khng kt ni ................................................... 156
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5.1.7. Chuyn mch v inh tuyn trong B ISDN/ ATM ........................................ 158
5.1.8. Cc yu cu bo hiu ........................................................................................ 161
5.1.9. Cht lng dich v ........................................................................................... 162
5.1.10. S truyn ti cc t bo ATM ......................................................................... 166
5.2. Cc h thng chuyn mch ATM ............................................................................ 171
5.2.1. Tng quan v mng ATM ................................................................................. 171
5.2.2. Cu trc tng chuyn mch ATM ..................................................................... 174
5.3. Cc khi nim trong chuyn mch ATM ................................................................. 177
5.3.1. Hin tng Blocking lin kt ni (bn trong) ................................................... 177
5.3.2. S tranh chp cng ra (Output Port Contention) .............................................. 178
5.3.3. Head-of-Line Blocking ..................................................................................... 178
5.3.4. K thut truyn Multicasting ............................................................................ 179
5.3.5. S phn i cuc gi (Call Splitting) ............................................................... 179
5.4. Phn loi kin trc chuyn mch ATM ................................................................... 181
5.4.1. Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian ............................................................. 182
5.4.2. Chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian ......................................................... 185
CHNG VI: CNG NGH CHUYN MCH MPLS .............................................. 196
6.1. Khi nim c bn v chuyn mch nhn ................................................................. 196
6.2. Tng quan v cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc ...................................... 199
6.2.1. Cc c im c bn ca cng ngh MPLS ..................................................... 199
6.2.2. Cch thc hot ng ca MPLS ....................................................................... 200
6.2.3. Cc thut ng trong MPLS ............................................................................... 203
6.2.4. Cc c tnh hot ng, iu hnh ca MPLS .................................................. 209
6.2.5. Kin truc ngn xp trong MPLS ....................................................................... 210
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................................. 212
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CHNG I
TNG QUAN V MNG VIN THNG
1.1. Cc mng vin thng truyn thng
1.1.1. Khi nim v mng vin thng
Mng vin thng l phng tin truyn a thng tin t u pht ti u thu.
Mng c nhim v cung cp cc dich v cho khch hng.
Mng vin thng bao gm cc thnh phn chnh: thit bi chuyn mch, thit
bi truyn dn, mi trng truyn v thit bi u cui.

- Thit bi chuyn mch gm c tng i ni ht v tng i qu giang.
Cc thu bao c ni vo tng i ni ht v tng i ni ht c ni
vo tng i qu giang. Nh cc thit bi chuyn mch m ng truyn
dn c dng chung v mng c th c s dng mt cch kinh t.
- Thit bi truyn dn dng ni thit bi u cui vi tng i, hay gia
cc tng i thc hin vic truyn a cc tn hiu in. Thit bi
truyn dn chia lm hai loi: thit bi truyn dn pha thu bao v thit bi
truyn dn cp quang. Thit bi truyn dn pha thu bao dng mi
trng thng l cp kim loi, tuy nhin c mt s trng hp mi
trng truyn l cp quang hoc v tuyn.
- Mi trng truyn bao gm truyn hu tuyn v v tuyn. Truyn hu
tuyn bao gm cp kim loi, cp quang. Truyn v tuyn bao gm vi ba,
v tinh.
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- Thit bi u cui cho mng thoi truyn thng gm my in thoi, my
Fax, my tnh, tng i PABX(Private Automatic Branch Exchange).
Mng vin thng cng c th c inh ngha nh sau: Mng vin thng l
mt h thng gm cc nut chuyn mch c ni vi nhau bng cc ng truyn
dn. Nut c phn thnh nhiu cp v kt hp vi cc ng truyn dn to
thnh cc cp mng khc nhau.

Mng vin thng hin nay c chia thnh nhiu loi. l mng mc li,
mng sao, mng tng hp, mng vng kn v mng thang. Cc loi mng ny c
u im v nhc im khc nhau ph hp vi cc c im ca tng vng ia
l (trung tm, hi o, bin gii,) hay vng lu lng (lu thoi cao, thp,).
Mng vin thng hin nay c phn cp nh hnh 1.3
Trong mng hin nay gm 5 nut:
Nut cp 1: trung tm chuyn mch qu giang quc t.
Nut cp 2: trung tm chuyn mch qu giang ng di.
Nut cp 3: trung tm chuyn mch qu giang ni ht.
Nut cp 4: trung tm chuyn mch ni ht.
Nut cp 5: trung tm chuyn mch t xa.
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1.1.2. Cc c im ca mng vin thng hin nay
Cc mng vin thng hin ti c c im chung l tn ti mt cch ring l,
ng vi mi loi dich v thng tin li c t nht mt loi mng vin thng ring
bit phc v dich v n.
- Mng Telex: dng gi cc bc in di dng k t c m ho
bng 5 bit (m Baudot). Tc truyn rt thp (t 75 ti 300 bit/s).
- Mng in thoi cng cng, cn gi l mng POTS (Plain Old Telephone
Service): y thng tin ting ni c s ha v chuyn mch h thng
chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN.
- Mng truyn s liu: bao gm cc mng chuyn mch gi trao i s
liu gia cc my tnh da trn giao thc ca X.25 v h thng truyn s
liu chuyn mch knh da trn cc giao thc X.21.
- Cc tn hiu truyn hnh c th c truyn theo ba cch: truyn bng sng
v tuyn, truyn qua h thng mng truyn hnh cp CATV (Community
Antenna Television) bng cp ng trc hoc truyn qua h thng v tinh
hay cn gi l truyn hnh trc tip DBS (Direct Broadcast System).
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- Trong phm vi c quan, s liu gia cc my tnh c trao i thng qua
mng cc b LAN (Local Area Network) m ni ting nht l mng
Ethernet, Token Bus v Token Ring.
Mi mng c thit k cho cc dich v ring bit v khng th s dng cho
cc mc ch khc. V d ta khng th truyn ting ni qua mng chuyn mch
gi X.25 v tr qua mng ny qu ln. Ngi ta chia mng Vin thng theo cc
kha cnh sau:
- Xt v gc k thut bao gm cc mng chuyn mch, mng truyn dn,
mng truy nhp, mng bo hiu v mng ng b.
- Xt v gc dich v th mng Vin thng gm cc mng sau: mng in
thoi c inh, mng in thoi di ng v mng truyn s liu
PSTN (Public Switching Telephone Network)
L mng chuyn mch thoi cng cng. PSTN phc v thoi v bao gm hai
loi tng i: tng i ni ht (cp 5), v tng i tandem (tng i qu giang ni
ht, cp 4). Tng i tandem c ni vo cc tng i Toll gim mc phn
cp. Phng php nng cp cc tandem l b sung cho mi nut mt ATM core.
Cc ATM core s cung cp dich v bng rng cho thu bao, ng thi hp nht
cc mng s liu hin nay vo mng chung ISDN. Cc tng i cp 4 v cp 5 l
cc tng i loi ln. Cc tng i ny c kin truc tp trung, cu truc phn mm
v phn cng c quyn.
ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)
L mng s tch hp dich v. ISDN cung cp nhiu loi ng dng thoi v
phi thoi trong cng mt mng v xy dng giao tip ngi s dng mng a
dich v bng mt s gii hn cc kt ni ISDN cung cp nhiu ng dng khc
nhau bao gm cc kt ni chuyn mch v khng chuyn mch. Cc kt ni
chuyn mch ca ISDN bao gm nhiu chuyn mch thc, chuyn mch gi v s
kt hp ca chung. Cc dich v mi phi tng hp vi cc kt ni chuyn mch
s 64 kbit/s. ISDN phi cha s thng minh cung cp cho cc dich v, bo
dng v cc chc nng qun l mng, tuy nhin tnh thng minh ny c th
khng cho mt vi dich v mi v cn c tng cng t mng hoc t s
thng minh thch ng trong cc thit bi u cui ca ngi s dng. S dng kin
truc phn lp lm c trng ca truy xut ISDN. Truy xut ca ngi s dng n
ngun ISDN c th khc nhau ty thuc vo dich v yu cu v tnh trng ISDN
ca tng quc gia.
PSDN (Public Switching Data Network)
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L mng chuyn mch s liu cng cng. PSDN ch yu cung cp cc dich
v s liu. Mng PSDN bao gm cc PoP (Point of Presence) v cc thit bi truy
nhp t xa. Hin nay PSDN ang pht trin vi tc rt nhanh do s bng n
ca dich v Internet v cc mng ring o (Virtual Private Network).
Mng di ng GSM (Global System for Mobile Telecom)
L mng cung cp dich v thoi tng t nh PSTN nhng qua ng truy
nhp v tuyn. Mng ny chuyn mch da trn cng ngh ghp knh phn thi
gian v cng ngh ghp knh phn tn s. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng ny
l: BSC (Base Station Controller), BTS (Base Transfer Station), HLR (Home
Location Register), VLR ( Visitor Location Register) v MS ( Mobile Subscriber).
Hin nay cc nh cung cp dich v thu c li nhun phn ln t cc dich
v nh leased line, Frame Relay, ATM, v cc dich v kt ni c bn. Tuy nhin
xu hng gim li nhun t cc dich v ny bt buc cc nh khai thc phi tm
dich v mi da trn IP m bo li nhun lu di. VPN l mt hng i ca
cc nh khai thc. Cc dich v da trn nn IP cung cp kt ni gia mt nhm
cc user xuyn qua mng h tng cng cng. VPN c th p ng cc nhu cu ca
khch hng bng cc kt ni dng any-to-any, cc lp a dich v, cc dich v gi
thnh qun l thp, ring t, tch hp xuyn sut cng vi cc mng
Intranet/Extranet. Mt nhm cc user trong Intranet v Extranet c th hot ng
thng qua mng c inh tuyn IP. Cc mng ring o c chi ph vn hnh thp hn
hn so vi mng ring trn phng tin qun l, bng thng v dung lng. Hiu
mt cch n gin, VPN l mt mng m rng t qun nh mt s la chn c s
h tng ca mng WAN. VPN c th lin kt cc user thuc mt nhm kn hay
gia cc nhm khc nhau. VPN c inh ngha bng mt ch qun l. Cc
thu bao VPN c th di chuyn n mt kt ni mm do tri di t mng cc b
n mng hon chnh. Cc thu bao ny c th dng trong cng (Intranet) hoc
khc (Extranet) t chc. Tuy nhin cn lu rng hin nay mng PSTN/ISDN vn
ang l mng cung cp cc dich v d liu.
1.1.3. S lc mng vin thng Vit Nam
Cu trc mng
phc v cho cc dich v thng tin nh thoi, s liu, fax, telex v cc
dich v khc nh in thoi di ng , nhn tin, nn nc ta hin nay ngoi
mng chuyn mch cng cng cn c cc mng ca mt s dich v khc. Ring
mng Telex khng kt ni vi mng thoi ca VNPT, cn cc mng khc u
c kt ni vo mng ca VNPT thng qua cc knh trung k hoc cc b MSU
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(Main Switch Unit), mt s khc li truy nhp vo mng PSTN qua cc knh thu
bao bnh thng, s dng k thut DLC(Digital Loop Carrier), k thut truy nhp
v tuyn,
V cu truc mng, mng vin thng ca VNPT hin nay chia thnh 3 cp:
cp quc t, cp quc gia, cp ni tnh/thnh ph.
Xt v kha cnh cc chc nng ca cc h thng thit bi trn mng th mng
vin thng bao gm: mng chuyn mch, mng truy nhp, mng truyn dn v cc
mng chc nng.
Mng chuyn mch
Mng chuyn mch c 4 cp (da trn cc cp tng i chuyn mch): qu
giang quc t, qu giang ng di, ni tnh v ni ht. Ring ti thnh ph H
Ch Minh c thm cp qu giang ni ht.
Hin nay mng VNPT c cc trung tm chuyn mch quc t v chuyn
mch quc gia H Ni, Nng, Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Mch ca cc bu
in tnh cng ang pht trin m rng. Nhiu tnh, thnh ph xut hin cc cu
truc mng vi nhiu tng i Host, cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni, Thnh ph H
Ch Minh v ang trin khai cc Tandem ni ht.
Mng vin thng ca VNPT hin ti c chia lm 5 cp, trong tng lai s
c gim t 5 cp xung 4 cp.
Mng ny do cc thnh vin ca VNPT iu hnh: l VTI, VTN v cc
bu in tnh. VTI qun l cc tng i chuyn mch qu giang quc t, VTN
qun l cc tng i chuyn mch qu giang ng di ti 3 trung tm H Ni,
Nng v TpHCM. Phn cn li do cc bu in tnh qun l.
Cc loi tng i c trn mng vin thng Vit Nam: A1000E ca Alcatel,
NEAX61 ca NEC, AXE10 ca Ericsson, EWSD ca Siemens.
Cc cng ngh chuyn mch c s dng: chuyn mch knh (PSTN), X.25
relay, ATM (s liu).
Nhn chung mng chuyn mch ti Vit Nam cn nhiu cp v vic iu
khin bi phn tn trong mng (iu khin nm ti cc tng i).
Mng truy nhp
Vi tng mng cung cp dich v khc nhau m c mng truy nhp tng ng.
Vic tm hiu mng truy nhp l phn SV t nghin cu.
Mng truyn dn
Cc h thng thit bi truyn dn trn mng vin thng VNPT hin nay ch yu
s dng hai loi cng ngh l: cp quang SDH v viba PDH. Mng truyn dn c
2 cp: mng truyn dn lin tnh v mng truyn dn ni tnh.
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- Mng truyn dn lin tnh: Bao gm cc h thng truyn dn bng cp
quang, bng v tuyn.
o Mng truyn dn lin tnh bng cp quang: Mng truyn dn ng
trc quc gia ni gia H Ni v TpHCM di 4000km, s dng
STM-16/2F-BSHR, c chia thnh 4 vng ring ti H Tnh,
Nng, Qui Nhn v TpHCM.
Vng 1: H Ni H Tnh (884km)
Vng 2: H Tnh Nng (834km)
Vng 3: Nng Qui Nhn (817km)
Vng 4: Qui Nhn TpHCM (1424km)
Cc ng truyn dn khc: H Ni Hi Phng, H Ni Ha
Bnh, TpHCM Vng Tu, H Ni Ph L Nam inh, Nng
Tam K. Cc tuyn truyn dn lin tnh ny dng STM-4. Ring
tuyn H Ni Nam inh, Nng Tam K vn cn s dng
PDH, trong tng lai s thay th bng SDH.
o Mng truyn dn lin tnh bng v tuyn: Dng h thng vi ba SDH
(STM-1, dung lng 155Mbps), PDH (dung lng 4Mbps, 6Mbps,
140Mbps). Ch c tuyn Bi Chy Hn Gai dng SDH, cc tuyn
khc dng PDH.
- Mng truyn dn ni tnh: Khong 88% cc tuyn truyn dn ni tnh s
dng h thng viba. Trong tng lai khi nhu cu ti tng th cc tuyn ny
s c thay th bi h thng truyn dn quang.
Mng bo hiu
Hin nay trn mng vin thng Vit Nam s dng c hai loi bo hiu R2 v
SS7. Mng bo hiu s 7 (SS7) c a vo khai thc ti Vit Nam theo chin
lc trin khai t trn xung di theo tiu chun ca ITU (khai thc th nghim
t nm 1995 ti VTN v VTI). Cho n nay, mng bo hiu s 7 hnh thnh vi
mt cp STP (im chuyn mch bo hiu) ti 3 trung tm (H Ni, Nng, H
Ch Minh) ca 3 khu vc (Bc, Trung, Nam) v phc v kh hiu qu.
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Bo hiu cho PSTN ta c R2 v SS7, i vi mng truyn s liu qua IP c
H.323, i vi ISDN c bo hiu knh D, Q.931,
Mng ng b
Mng ng b ca VNPT thc hin xy dng giai on 1 v giai on 2
vi ba ng h ch PRC ti H Ni, Nng, TP H Ch Minh v mt s ng
h th cp SSU. Mng ng b Vit Nam hot ng theo nguyn tc ch t c d
phng, bao gm 4 cp, hai loi giao din chuyn giao tn hiu ng b ch yu l
2 MHz v 2 Mb/s. Pha 3 ca qu trnh pht trin mng ng b ang c trin
khai nhm nng cao hn na cht lng mng v cht lng dich v.
Cc cp ca mng ng b c phn thnh 4 cp nh sau:
- Cp 0: cp ng h ch.
- Cp 1: cp nut quc t v nut quc gia.
- Cp 2: cp nut ni ht.
- Cp 3: cp nut ni ht.
Mng c phn thnh 3 vng c lp, mi vng c 2 ng h mu, mt
ng h chnh (Cesium) v mt ng h d phng (GSP). Cc ng h ny c
t ti trung tm ca 3 vng v c iu chnh theo phng thc cn ng b.
Cc tng i quc t v Toll trong vng c iu khin bi ng h ch
theo phng php ch t.
Cc tng i Tandem v Host ti cc tnh hot ng bm theo cc tng i
Toll theo phng php ch t. Cc tng i huyn (RSS) cng hot ng bm
theo cc Host theo phng php ch t.
Mng qun l
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D n xy dng trung tm qun l mng vin thng quc gia ang trong qu
trnh chun bi tin ti trin khai.
Cc nh cung cp dch v
Ti nc ta c 2 dng nh cung cp dich v: l cc nh cung cp dich v
truyn thng (ch yu l thoi) v nh cung cp dich v mi (cc dich v s liu,
Internet, ).
Cc nh khai thc dich v truyn thng bao gm tng cng ty bu chnh vin
thng Vit Nam (VNPT), cng ty vin thng qun i (Vietel), cng ty c phn
vin thng Si Gn (SPT), cng ty vin thng in lc (ETC).
Cc nh khai thc dich v mi bao gm FPT, SPT, Netnam,
1.1.4. Cc cng c hoch inh mng
K hoa ch a

nh s
Trong ph n na

y chu

ng ta se

ti

m hi u v ca

c i nh da ng cu

a ca

c con s (thnh
thong gi l cc ia ch ) dng nhn dng cc thu bao ca cc mng Vin
thng.
- S thu bao (s th mu c ): Vng ia l c a m t qu c gia c chia tha

nh
cc vng nh s ring r v cc s thu bao (SN Subscriber numbers )
nh n da ng ca

ng dy thu bao trong m t vu

ng a

nh s cu th . M t SN
bao g m m t ma

t ng i (EC Exchange Code) nh n dng mt tng

a

i trong m t vu

ng a

nh s , c bi u di n b

i m t s

ng truy n (LN)
nh sau: SN = EC + LN
- S qu c gia : Trong m t n

c , m t thu bao c nh n da ng b

i m t s
qu c gia (NN National Number ), bao g m m t ma

v ng (AC Area
Code), m vng l m dng nhn dng vng nh s, c bi u di n b

i
m t s thu bao nh sau: NN = AC + SL = AC + EC + LN
- S qu c t : Trn th gi

i m t thu bao c nh n da ng b

i m t s qu c
t (IN International Number ). S na

y bao g m m t ma

qu c gia (CC
Country Code), c bi u di n theo m t s qu c gia nh sau:
IN = CC + NN = CC + AC+ EC + LN
Khi m t thu bao S1 gi mt thu bao c t cng mt vng nh s , th
thu bao S1 khng quay s thu bao SN . N u thu bao c go i s ng

cu

ng m t
n

c nhng

m t vu

ng kha

c thi

S 1 quay s NN va

n u thu bao c go i s ng

m t n

c kha

c thi

S1 c n pha

i quay s IN
13
K hoa ch a

nh s qu c gia thi

i nh nghi

a ca

c i nh da ng cu

a thu bao va

cu

a
s qu c gia. H u h t ca

c qu c gia u co

k hoa ch a

nh s cu

a ring mi

nh .
K hoch truyn dn
Ki n tru

c th c t cu

a b t ky

m t ma ng u phu thu c va

o m t s ca

c y u t ,
m t trong nh

ng y u t quan tro ng nh t la

ca

c tiu chu n truy n d n . B t ky

m t
tn hiu no c truyn u mc phi hin tng suy gim , m

c suy gia

m ti

l
v

i chi u da

i cu

ng truy n d n . Qu trnh chuyn mch trong t ng a

i cu

ng
lm suy gim tn hiu . t t ca

ca

c cu c go i c ch p nh n c n pha

i gi

s
ng da ng cu

a ti ng no

i ng

i nghe hi u c , v vy mt k hoch truyn dn

cho ma ng lun lun c yu c u . M t k hoa ch truy n d n ti

nh toa

n ca

c th t
thot ti a cho php ca tt c cc loi ng truyn , ng th

i cu

ng ti

nh toa

n
cc tht thot ti thiu, b

i vi

nh

ng ti ng la

o xa

o do suy gia

m trong ti

n hi u ti ng
ni l khng th ch p nh n c. Hnh 1.9 trnh by mt v d ca mt k hoch
truy n, trn o

chi

ra ca

c th t thoa

t thng qua a i l ng Decibels (dB). Cc tht

thot ny c c bng nhiu phng php o c khc nhau trong nhiu mng
khc nhau.
Trong ca

c ma ng n i ha t , cc kt ni ca thu bao bao gm cc cp dy ng ,

m i thu bao c c p m t c p. Chung c coi nh l phn u t quan trng v
km hiu qu v lng ti trung bnh hng ngy trn mi thu bao la

r t th p . Gi
thnh c gim ti thiu bng cch dng cc dy c ch s gauge thp . Tuy
nhin, cc dy mnh hn c suy gim ln hn trn mt n vi chiu di . V
v y c n pha

i gi

i ha n chi u da

i ca

c k t n i thu bao. i u na

y a

nh h

ng vi tri

ca cc tng i v hoch inh vng mng ni ht .
14

Trong ma ng h p n i, cc tuyn gia cc tng i c dng ph hp vi yu
c u cu

a ta

i , v cng ti trn chung cao hn trong mng ni ht . V vy phi

dng cc dy c ch s gauge cao hn gim thiu mc suy gim tn hiu trn
m t n vi chi u da

i. V suy gim khng n inh nn mt vi tuyn c qui m ln

hn so v

i khu ch a i to

ra khng kin h t va

t c du

ng . Trong nh

ng nm g n
y ng

i ta du

ng truy n d n s trong ma ng h p n i , dng k thut iu ch xung

theo ma

(PCM) kh c phu c c v n nu trn . Thu c ti

nh v n co

cu

a PCM la

dng cc ng dn ring bi t cho m i h

ng truy n , ti to tn hiu thay v

khu ch a i em n ch t l ng truy n d n cao hn cu

ng nh n i nh hn .
C

ng ta

i trung bi

nh trn ca

c tuy n trung k l

n hn ho c b ng v

i c

ng
ta

i trn ma ng h p n i. Ti trung k c tp trung t s ln cc thu bao , v

cc tuyn c h tr mt cch chnh xc ph hp vi nhu cu thc t ( ng c
15
li cc mch ni ht phi c h tr mt cch ty khng ph thuc vo t i trn
chung). Hn n

a, mng trung k thc hin mt s lng ln c cc im chuyn

mch v cc ng truyn dn . Do o

no

tr

tha

nh m t tha

nh ph n c n la

m vi c
kh n trng va

hi u qua

cao tra

nh ti

nh tra ng th t thoa

t trong vi c x

ly

ca

c cu c
gi. i u na

y co

th th c hi n c b ng ca

ch xy d ng ca

c chi n l c i nh tuy n
gii hn s lng cc lin kt trung k trong mi cuc gi , b ng ca

ch khu ch
a i trn ca

c tuy n analog va

dng k thut truyn dn s.

V cc b khuych i l cc thit bi khng inh hng nn cc mch 4 dy
c du

ng trn ca

c tuy n analog co

khu ch a i . B chuy n i 2 dy sang 4 dy

c du

ng

nh

ng ni ma ch trung k khu ch i 4 dy c n i v

i ca

c trung
tm chuy n ma ch 2 dy. Do o

, m t khi s truy n 4 dy ang c s

du ng thi

cc trung tm chuyn mch 4 dy tr

nn c a chu ng hn . M t chi n l c
i nh tuy n th

ng c du

ng nh t la

n u m t cu c go i yu c u nhi u hn hai lin

k t trung k , chung s c inh tuyn qua tng cao nht ca mng trung k trng
v

i ca

c t ng a

i 4 dy va

ca

ng truy n d n ring . S khu ch a i gia

m th t
thot qua mng to i u ki n m

c th t thoa

t co

th b ng khng.
V n suy gia

m c kh c phu c m t ca

ch a

ng k trong ca

c ma ng truy n
d n s va

co

u th v chuy n ma ch . Bn cht t nhin ca truyn dn s c th

a t c s n i nh trong cng ta

c truy n d n , nh

co

ca

c b l p (repeater) ti nh
tn hiu s , hn h n phng pha

p khuy ch a i trong truy n d n tng t v kha

nng kha

ng nhi u (noise). Th c v y, trong ma ng s ho

a hoa

n toa

n , s suy gia

m
cn c xem nh m t phng pha

p nhn ta o ta o ca

m gia

c d chi u cho ng

i
nghe. Do o

, trong mi tr

ng s ho

a t t ca

ca

c k t n i la

r t t t . Hn n

a hi n
nay chuy n ma ch s re

hn chuy n ma ch tng t . T t ca

h th ng mng hin i
u da trn c chuyn mch s v truyn dn s . Th c t hi n ta i ca

p quang a

c thay th cho ca

c mi tr

ng truy n d n kha

c .
Ro rng trong tt c cc cuc gi quc t s dng mt s cc lin kt tru y n
d n i

t nh t la

cu

a hai qu c gia , n i hoi phi c khuch i v ti sinh tn hiu .

T t ca

ca

c cu c go i qu c t do o

se

c h tr ca

ng truy n 4 dy cu

ng nh
chuy n ma ch 4 dy ngay ta i t ng a

i chuy n ma ch qu c t . Cc ng cp xuyn
a i dng va

ca

ng viba c cung c p b

i ca

c v tinh hi

nh tha

nh nn ca

ng truy n qu c t c ba

n , v cc cu vi ba c dng ph kn trong cc mng

chu lu c. S pha

n xa ti

n hi u t n hiu tng i lu c dng thng tin vi

nh

ng vu

ng n m bn kia chn tr

i . V d gia mt quc gia trn t lin vi cc

a

o xa hay ca

c ta

u d u . Tt ca

ca

ng truy n d n qu c t m

i thng qua v
16
tinh va

n g ca

p xuyn bi n u la

ng truy n d n s , ng dng nhiu k

thu t m

i nh ca

p quang la

m gia tng ch t l ng

ng truy n qu c t .
K hoa ch i nh tuyn
K hoa ch th

3 r t quan tro ng i u ha

nh ma ng , n quyt inh t nh hiu

qu hot ng ca mng , o

la

k hoa ch i nh tuy n . K hoa ch na

y i nh ra t t ca

cc tiu chun inh tuyn cho cc cuc gi di mi tnh hung . N ch ra rng
trong m t ma ng h p n i m t cu c go i co

th c i nh tuy n gi

a hai t ng a

i
ho c qua m t lin k t tr c ti p hay qua m t hay nhi u i m trung gian . Lin k t
tr c ti p c cung c p tu

y theo m t tiu chu n na

o o

, ch ng ha n nh n u ta

i l

n
hn m t m

c qui i nh gi

a hai t ng i v cc qui inh ny l c th ha cc tiu

chu n, l mt phn ca k hoch inh tuyn.
Tng t , trong ma ng trung k , k hoa ch i nh tuy n bao g m ca

c lu t xa

c
i nh nhi m vu c n thi t cu

a ca

c t ng a

i trung k , lm th no chung ni vi nhau,

chung c kin truc phn cp hay khng hay tt c trn mt mng ngang hng .
Trong ca

c ma ng tng t , k hoa ch i nh tuy n bi a

nh h

ng b

i k hoa ch truy n ,
n inh ra s ti a cc lin k t khng c n khuy ch a i co

th c du

ng trn m t
cu c go i, v cho ch ra s lin kt hp ni ti a , v tt c cc lin kt trung k
u c khuych i , v cng ch ra s ti a cc lin kt khuych i 4 dy khi
chuy n ma ch 2 dy c du

ng . B

i vi

m i lin k t pha

i co

m t th t thoa

t xa

c
i nh( tiu bi u la

3 dB) m bo tnh n inh . Trong m t ma ng s co

nhi u
i u lu y

kha

c trong k hoa ch i nh tuy n.

C nhiu kha cnh v k hoch inh tuyn . V d cc mch trn bt k mt
tuy n na

o la

m t h

ng hay hai h

ng ; i u na

y co

nghi

a la

chu

ng co

th
ti p nh n cu c go i trn m t h

ng hay ca

hai h

ng . K hoa ch i nh tuy n pha

i co

cc lu t cho ca

c quy t i nh phu

h p v

i ti

nh kinh t va

ky

thu t , v xem cc mch

hai h

ng co

u i

ch trn mo i tuy n hay khng.

M t lu y

kha

c la

i nh tuy n d pho

ng co

c du

ng hay khng . i nh tuy n

d pho

ng la

qua

tri

nh cung c p m t s l a cho n th

hai cho ca

c cu c go i khi
chung vp phi s tc nghn trn la chn th nht . V d trn hnh 1.10 c mt
tuy n tr c ti p gi

a hai t ng a

i A va

B , ti gia hai tng i thng thng c

cung c p m t tuy n . Tuy nhin, n u khng co

ma ch na

o ra

nh trn tuy n tr c ti p
ny th bt k mt cuc gi mi no s bi mt tr khi c mt tuyn th 2 chn.
Trong hi

nh, m t cho n l a th

2 nh v y c chi

qua t ng a

i C. i nh tuy n d
phng khng nhng cung cp mt tuyn d phng trong dich v tng qut m cn
17
c thi t k v

i mu c tiu a

m ba

o s

du ng hi u qua

ca

hai tuy n ( tuy n th

nh t
v tuyn th 2). C th ch inh tuyn c hiu qu cao hn l tuyn u tin , trong
tr

ng h p na

y la

tuy n co

t ma ch phu c vu cho ta

i . L ng ta

i th

a ra c chia
cho tuy n th

2. C hai tuyn lun c s dng mt cch c hiu qu . Cc tuyn

AB va

AD la

tuy n hi u qua

cao, v tuyn AC l tuyn h tr lng ti tha t AB

v AD cng nh trc tip t A n C.

V

i ca

c thi t bi i u khi n c , cc ch thi inh tuyn c xy dng sn vi

cc dy dn phc tp. Do o

r t kho

va

t n nhi u th

i gian thay i chu

ng . Cc
t ng a

i s hi n a i linh hoa t hn ; cc ch thi inh tuyn tn ti di dng phn

m m trong b nh

ma

y ti

nh c thay i d da

ng va

nhanh cho

ng . Do o

, cc
tuy n d phng ng c cung cp cho php inh tuyn li tc thi ( trn c s

tm thi) ngay khi co

t c nghe

n nghim tro ng xa

y ra hay khi ca

c tha

nh ph n cu

a
mng bi h. i nh tuy n ng tr

tha

nh m t i t ng cu

a h th ng qua

n ly

ma ng,
mc tiu ca n l ti u vic s dng mng di mi iu kin.
Ti trn mng in thoi
S l ng ca

c cu c go i ma

m t ma ch hay m t nho

m ma ch co

th ta

i trong
m t khoa

ng th

i gian cho tr

c phu thu c va

o ca

c th

i gian n m gi

va

ca

c m u
cu c go i n. V d nu thi gian nm gi cuc gi l 3 phut, v cc cuc gi n
i nh ky

m i 3 phut 1 l n, gi s mi khong thi gian n ca mt cuc gi tip

ngay sau khi k t thu

c khoa

ng th

i gian tr

c o

, m t ma ch n theo ly

thuy t c
th mang 20 cuc gi trong mt gi s gn nh ton b 60 pht mt cch chnh
xc, hay 100% thi gian. Nu mt cuc gi th 21 n trong khong thi gian mt
gi , n s vp phi s tc nghn v tht bi.
Mt khc, nu thi gian gi mi cuc gi l 2 pht, mch ny c th thc
hin ti a 30 cuc gi theo l thuyt. Tuy nhin trong thc t, cc cuc gi c cc
18
khong thi gian chim mch khc nhau, v tc truy cp khng n inh. Tht
vy nu 20 cuc gi n trong khong thi gian mt gi, th vn c th bi chng
ln ln nhau ngay c thi gian gi mch trung bnh l 3 phut hay t hn, mt s s
bi tht bi. V vy bt k cc cuc gi bi mt, thi gian chim mch hiu qu cng
nho hn 100%.
Trong khi c th hiu thi gian s hu mch lin h vi s lng cc cuc
c thc hin khng c lin h mt cch n gin vi s lng cc cuc gi
c thc hin khng c lin h mt cch n gin vi s cuc gi cung cp.
Thi gian chim hu l mt thc th c th o lng v c xem nh l ti c
chuyn. Tng thi gian ca cc cuc gi chia cho khong thi gian gim st(vi
cc n vi tnh trc) gi l cng ti. n vi tnh l erlang(E).
Trong v d trn, mt mch c gn 60 pht chim hu mch trong
khong thi gian 1 gi, do cng ti l mt erlang.
Tng t, cng ti c th c tnh ton cho mt nhm mch. V d
trn hnh 1.7 trnh by mt nhm 5 mch, mi mch thc hin mt s cc cuc gi
trong khong thi gian 2 gi. Cc cuc gi bi tht bi do tc nghn khng tnh
n.
Trong nhm ny:
Tng thi gian gi= 349 pht
Cng ti= 349/(2x60) = 2,9 erlang(E)
Cng ti trn mt mch = 2,9/5 = 0,58E
Cng ti cng c th c tnh bng cch o lng ngay tc thi, trong
trng hp ny n bng s cuc gi trung bnh c x l.
A = Cxh/T
Trong : C l s cuc gi c x l trong thi gian cho trc;
h l thi gian gi trung bnh trn mt cuc gi;
T l thi gian xem xt.
xc inh mt cch chnh xc kh nng ca cc tng i v cc tuyn,
ng thi d on cng ti trong tng lai khi xt duyt cc k hoch mng,
cn phi o lng ti ti cc im khc nhau trong mng. Trong khi mong mun
t c cc kt qu chnh xc hon ho th vic gn cc ng h o ti vo mi
mch u cui trn tng i l khng kinh t. Mt phng php ly mu thun
19
tin hn s c dng. Trong tng i SPC vic ghi c thc hin qua phn
mm, n c th thc hin gim st ton b. Tuy nhin vic x l d liu c th rt
nng n v t tin.

Cc ngha ch yu ca vic ly mu l kim tra cc mch trong khong
thi gian chim hu theo inh k.Tng s thi gian gi c pht hin c chia
cho s ln kim th c c thi gian gi trung bnh. V d, nu kim th
nhm ca cc mch nh trong hnh 1.7 c thc hin mi 10 phut, nh trnh by
bng cc ng dc, thi gian cc mch bn l 36 pht trong khong 2 gi. V c
12 mu, ti trung bnh c thc hin bi nhm c tnh bng 36/12 = 3,0E.
iu ny rt ging vi gi tri trung bnh 349/120 = 2,9E t c bng cch chia
tng thi gian bn thc t vi khong thi gian xem xt tnh bng pht.
Ti thay i ty vo thi gian trong ngy, cc ngy trong tun, ma v vi tr
ia l. Cc thu bao c nhn thc hin cuc gi mt cch ngu nhin, mi tng i
v mi tuyn tri qua cc khong thi gian cao im s dng trong mi ngy.
Trong cc tng i thuc vng kinh t trng im, gi cao im thng l bui
sng. Trong cc vng dn c c th xy ra vo bui ti. Trong cc vng trng
im kinh t, ti gim vo ngy ch nht v thng cao im vo gia tun. Mt
khc ti quc ni cao im vo cui tun khi cc gia nh sum hp v gi cc
gim. Ti quc t thng gia tng vo ma h.
20
Tng t, ti t cc thu bao c nhn th yu hn. Trong mt ngy ch vi
cuc gi, ti trn cc thu bao ny ch c cng khong 0,33 erlang. Tuy nhin,
v ti t nhiu thu bao v mt tng i, mc trung bnh ti ln hn c th d
on c trong bt c thi gian cho trc no. Khi ti qua qu trnh x l ca
tng i n tr nn trong sut hn. Trn cc tuyn hp ni cng nh cc ng
trung k ti tr nn thun thc v trong sut. Cc tuyn ny c kh nng vn
chuyn ln hn mc ti a c th. Cng tng t, mt tng i c thit k vi
cc thit bi c kh nng thc thi cho lng ti d on thay v cn c trn tng ti
ca thu bao trong trng hp cng khi ng ng thi. iu ny nhn ra rng
s c trng hp mt cuc gi n tng i s khng c p ng.
Kh nng thc thi ti ln nht vp phi s gim st lin tc bi cc thit bi
s dng theo ch ngn hn, v vy mc tht thot cho php c chn v kh
nng ti t n mt mc cho trc vi mc tht thot qui inh trong gi cao
im. V d, nu mt cuc gi tht bi trong mt trm cuc gi th hon ton c
th chp nhn c.
Cc nghin cu ton hc v lu thoi hay l thuyt v lu lng trn mng
Vin thng c dng m bo kh nng tht thot cuc gi mt mc c
th chp nhn c i vi cc thu bao, ng thi c tnh kinh t i vi s gim
st. Tuy nhin, cn nh rng cc ng ni ht phi c cung cp trn mi thu
bao v y l cc ngun pht c bn ca tt c ti.
S lng chnh xc ca thit bi, hay mch c cung cp bng cch tnh ton
t cc bng c dn xut t l thuyt lu lng. Nh trong tt c cc ng dng
ton hc, tnh cht thay i cn phi c xem xt cc iu kin bn trong tng
i, ti ngu nhin, v dng php phn b xc sut xp x s lng ti.
k hoch y th cn o lng ti trong sut thi gian bn. Trong
nhng nm gn y, nhm gia tng vic dng in thoi, c trong phm vi quc
gia cng nh cc vng kinh t trng im, thi gian bn c tng thm mt s
gi v khong thi gian o lng ph hp khng phi lun lun trng mt cch
chnh xc vi thi gian cao im. i khi cc kt qu l khng y nhng hot
ng ghi trong cc tng i SPC c th hn ch c vn ny.
1.1.5. Hoch inh mng
Nhu cu trn cc mng lun thay i. Mt hot ng kinh t mi pht trin
s to ra mt lng ti mi. Cc khch hng mi yu cu kt cui trn cc tng
i ni ht. Cc tng mi c th to ra cc cao im ti trn mng, cng c th
21
l mt yu cu mt sp xp c bit no , nu chng khng gy ra tc nghn
mng. Cc dich v mi dng in thoi, nh l th in t, facsimile v truyn d
liu c th c cc c tnh ti khc nhau so vi ti truyn thng trn mng in
thoi.
cc mng khc nhau c th tip tc vi cc yu cu thay i cc mu ti,
chng phi thng xuyn c chnh li. Chng phi c nhn nhn tng qut
di dng cc cu hoi sau:
- Khi no cn cung cp mt tuyn trc tip gia hai tng i hay gia tng s
lng cc mch trn mt tuyn c sn?
- Khi no cn lp thm tng i mi?
- Ni no s lp t?
Cc quyt inh ny cu thnh mt nguyn tc hoch inh mng. N yu cu
cc s kin, cc lut iu hnh v mt c cu thc thi. Cc s kin c c t
vic o lng ti trn tt c cc tng i. Cc lut iu hnh bao gm cc ch dn
theo l thuyt, cc kha cnh chn la kinh t, v kh nng ca tng i cng nh
ca thit bi truyn dn. Cc lut c thit k ti u gi thnh v nng lc kim
sot ti ca mng. C cu phi xc inh c phm vi m lut p dng, v cung
cp cc k hoch nh tho lun trn cng nh cng tc bo hiu v mt k
hoch tnh cc. Cng vic xc inh sau cng l gi c dich v, bo tr gim st
mng thu t thu bao nh th no.
Cc k hoch r rng c nh hng vi nhau, trong mi tng quan chung
kt hp cc ch tiu k thut (nh cc gii hn truyn dn) vi cc chnh sch v
cn nhc v kinh t (v d nh gi cc). Tuy nhin, tt c cc quyt inh u phi
c hiu qu v gi thnh. Do , khng nhng cn phi bit mt tng i mi cn
thit cho mt vng no , m cn cn thit xc inh chnh xc vi tr no tng i
s c t. Tng gi thnh ca thit bi chuyn mch, k hoch truyn dn, v s
iu tit phi l ti u. Vic cn i da trn gi c hin hnh, k thut c
dng. o mt k thut mi c a ra khng nhng do li ch ca n m cn
hiu qu v kinh t.
1.2. Mng vin thng th h mi NGN(Next Generation Network)
1.2.1. Khi nim
Mng vin thng th h mi c nhiu tn gi khc nhau, chng hn nh:
- Mng a dich v (cung cp nhiu loi dich v khc nhau)
22
- Mng hi t (h tr cho c lu lng thoi v d liu, cu truc mng hi
t)
- Mng phn phi (phn phi tnh thng minh cho mi phn t trong
mng)
- Mng nhiu lp (mng c phn phi ra nhiu lp mng c chc nng
c lp nhng h tr nhau thay v mt khi thng nht nh trong mng
TDM).
Cho ti hin nay, mc d cc t chc vin thng quc t v cng cc nh
cung cp thit bi vin thng trn th gii u rt quan tm v nghin cu v chin
lc pht trin NGN nhng vn cha c mt inh ngha c th v chnh xc no
cho mng NGN. Do inh ngha mng NGN nu ra y khng th bao hm
ht mi chi tit v mng th h mi, nhng n c th tng i l khi nim
chung nht khi cp n NGN.
Bt ngun t s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh chuyn mch
gi v cng ngh truyn dn bng rng, mng thng tin th h mi (NGN) ra i
l mng c c s h tng thng tin duy nht da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi,
trin khai cc dich v mt cch a dng v nhanh chng, p ng s hi t gia
thoi v s liu, gia c inh v di ng.
Nh vy, c th xem mng thng tin th h mi l s tch hp mng thoi
PSTN, ch yu da trn k thut TDM, vi mng chuyn mch gi, da trn k
thut IP/ATM. N c th truyn ti tt c cc dich v vn c ca PSTN ng thi
cng c th nhp mt lng d liu rt ln vo mng IP, nh c th gim nh
gnh nng ca PSTN.
Tuy nhin, NGN khng ch n thun l s hi t gia thoi v d liu m
cn l s hi t gia truyn dn quang v cng ngh gi, gia mng c inh v di
ng. Vn ch o y l lm sao c th tn dng ht li th em n t qu
trnh hi t ny. Mt vn quan trng khc l s bng n nhu cu ca ngi s
dng cho mt khi lng ln dich v v ng dng phc tp bao gm c a
phng tin, phn ln trong l khng c tr liu khi xy dng cc h thng
mng hin nay.
1.2.2. c im ca mng NGN
Mng NGN c bn c im chnh:
- Nn tng l h thng mng m.
- Mng NGN l do mng dich v thuc y, nhng dich v phi thc hin c
lp vi mng li.
23
- Mng NGN l mng chuyn mch gi, da trn mt giao thc thng nht.
- L mng c dung lng ngy cng tng, c tnh thch ng cng ngy cng
tng, c dung lng p ng nhu cu.
Trc ht, do p dng c cu m m :
- Cc khi chc nng ca tng i truyn thng chia thnh cc phn t mng
c lp, cc phn t c phn theo chc nng tng ng, v pht trin
mt cch c lp.
- Giao din v giao thc gia cc b phn phi da trn cc tiu chun tng
ng.
Vic phn tch lm cho mng vin thng vn c dn dn i theo hng mi,
nh kinh doanh c th cn c vo nhu cu dich v t t hp cc phn t khi t
chc mng li. Vic tiu chun ha giao thc gia cc phn t c th thc hin
ni thng gia cc mng c cu hnh khc nhau.
Th hai, mng NGN l mng dich v thuc y, vi c im ca:
- Chia tch dich v vi iu khin cuc gi
- Chia tch cuc gi vi truyn ti
Mc tiu chnh ca chia tch l lm cho dch v thc s c lp vi mng,
thc hin mt cch linh hot v c hiu qu vic cung cp dich v. Thu bao c
th t b tr v xc inh c trng dich v ca mnh, khng quan tm n mng
truyn ti dich v v loi hnh u cui. iu lm cho vic cung cp dich v
v ng dng c tnh linh hot cao.
Th ba, NGN l mng chuyn mch gi, giao thc thng nht. Mang thng tin
hin nay, d l mng vin thng, mng my tnh hay mng truyn hnh cp, u
khng th ly mt trong cc mng lm nn tng xy dng c s h tng
thng tin. Nhng my nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh IP,
ngi ta mi nhn thy ro rng l mng vin thng, mng my tnh v mng
truyn hnh cp cui cng ri cng tch hp trong mt mng IP thng nht, l
xu th ln m ngi ta thng gi l dung hp ba mng. Giao thc IP lm cho
cc dich v ly IP lm c s u c th thc hin ni thng cc mng khc nhau;
con ngi ln u tin c c giao thc thng nht m ba mng ln u c th
chp nhn c; t c s vng chc v mt k thut cho h tng c s thng tin
quc gia (NII). Giao thc IP thc t tr thnh giao thc ng dng vn nng v
bt u c s dng lm c s cho cc mng a dich v, mc d hin ti vn cn
th bt li so vi cc chuyn mch knh v mt kh nng h tr lu lng thoi
v cung cp cht lng dich v m bo cho s liu. Tc i mi nhanh chng
24
trong th gii Internet, m n c to iu kin bi s pht trin ca cc tiu
chun m s sm khc phc nhng thiu st ny.


1.2.3.Cc cng ngh trong mng NGN
Cng ngh chuyn mch
Chuyn mch cng l mt thnh phn trong lp mng chuyn ti ca cu
truc NGN nhng c nhng thay i ln v mt cng ngh so vi cc thit bi
chuyn mch TDM trc y. Cng ngh chuyn mch ca mng th h mi l
IP, ATM, ATM/IP hay MPLS th hin nay vn cha xc inh ro, tuy nhin ni
chung l da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, cho php hot ng vi nhiu tc
v dich v khc nhau.
Cng ngh truyn dn
Trong cu truc mng th h mi, truyn dn l mt thnh phn ca lp kt
ni (bao gm chuyn ti v truy nhp). Cng ngh truyn dn ca mng th h
mi l SDH, WDM vi kh nng hot ng mm do, linh hot, thun tin cho
khai thc v iu hnh qun l.
Cc tuyn truyn dn SDH hin c v ang c tip tc trin khai rng ri
trn mng vin thng l s pht trin ung hng theo cu truc mng mi. Cn
tip tc pht trin cc h thng truyn dn cng ngh SDH v WDM, hn ch s
dng cng ngh PDH.
25
- Cp quang:
o Hin nay trn 60% lu lng thng tin c truyn i trn ton th
gii c truyn trn mng quang. Cng ngh truyn dn quang
SDH cho php to trn ng truyn dn tc c cao (n* 155 Mb/s)
vi kh nng bo v ca cc mch vng c s dng rng ri
nhiu nc v Vit Nam.
o WDM cho php s dng rng bng tn rt ln ca si quang
bng cch kt hp mt s tn hiu ghp knh theo thi gian vi
di cc bc sng khc nhau v ta c th s dng c cc ca s
khng gian, thi gian v di bc sng. Cng ngh WDM cho
php nng tc truyn dn ln 5Gb/s, 10Gb/s v 20Gb/s.
- V tuyn:
o Viba: Cng ngh truyn dn SDH cng pht trin trong lnh vc vi
ba, tuy nhin do nhng hn ch ca mi trng truyn dn sng v
tuyn nn tc v cht lng truyn dn khng cao so vi cng
ngh truyn dn quang.
o V tinh: V tinh qu o thp (LEO Low Earth Orbit), v tinh qu
o trung bnh (MEO Medium Earth Orbit). Cc loi hnh dich v
v tinh rt pht trin nh: DTH tng tc, truy nhp Internet, cc
dich v bng rng, HDTVNgoi cc ng dng ph bin i vi
nhu cu thng tin qung b, vin thng nng thn, vi s kt hp s
dng cc u im ca cng ngh CDMA, thng tin v tin ngy cng
c xu hng pht trin c bit trong lnh vc thng tin di ng,
thng tin c nhn,
Cng ngh mng truy cp
Trong xu hng pht trin NGN s duy tr nhiu loi hnh mng truy nhp
vo mt mi truyn dn chung nh:
- Mng truy nhp quang
- Mng truy nhp v tuyn
- Cc phng thc truy nhp cp ng: HDSL, ADSL.
- Xu hng pht trin mng truy nhp bng rng.
26
Hnh 2.1.
CHNG II
KHI QUT H THNG CHUYN MCH S
2.1. Phn ti

ch m t cu c go i.
m t h thng chuyn mch, tin trnh ca mt cuc gi xem nh tri qua
10 tng. Cc tng ny c minh ha di y v c tm tt trong hai lc .
Trong hnh 2.1 m t tin trnh ca mt cuc gi ni ht nhn t thu bao gi
v tng i ni ht. Hnh 2.3 m t cc tng ca mt cuc gi lin quan n tng
i th hai, t gc nhn ca tng i th nht.
2.1.1. Tn hiu nhc my ( off-hook)
Mt thu bao mun thc hin mt cuc gi trc ht phi nhc ng nghe. Th
tc cn thit ny pht ra tn hiu nhc my cn gi l tn hiu truy cp ng
truyn, n thng bo vi tng i chun bi iu khin cuc gi. Vic nhc ng
nghe lm gii phng mt tip im, iu ny to thnh mt mch vng gia tng
i v in thoi. Khi mch ny hnh thnh, mt thit bi bn trong tng i c
kch hot v mt lot cc tn hiu hng n cc phn thch hp ca tng i c
khi pht. Khi ng nghe c t xung trng thi rnh ri, tip im bi n
xung tn hiu truy cp gi n tng i khng cn na, mch vng bi ct v cuc
gi khng cn thc thi, nh vy tit kim c nng lng. Hnh 2.1 ch ra m
27
Hnh 2.1
hinh mch in vng gia in thoi v tng i ni b. Nng lng trn ng
dy thu bao c cp bi ngun pin trong tng i, v n yu cu dng mt
chiu. Ngun pin c sc bi ngun in xoay chiu thng qua b chnh lu, v
l ngun duy tr cung cp in cho tng i trong mt thi gian xc inh khi
ngun in cnh bi h.
2.1.2. S nhn dng thu bao gi
Cuc gi c pht hin ti n vi kt cui ng thu bao thc hin gi
(SLTU Subcriber Line Terminal Unit) trong tng i, n vi ny c quy
inh ch s thit bi( EN Equipment Number). Ch s ny cn c dich sang ch
s th mc ca thu bao( DN Directory Number). Do , cn phi dng cc
bng dich. Trong tng i c, chung c gi trong b dy ni logic. Trong tng
i SPC, chung c gi trong b nh ca my tnh.

H thng iu khin cng cn phi nhn dng thu bao gi v hai l do. Th
nht, thu bao cn phi tr cc cho cuc gi. Th hai, cn tin hnh th tc kim
tra xem thu bao c c php thc hin mt cuc gi ng di hay khng.
Thng tin cn thit c lu tr trong cc record (mt phn t ca mt t chc
28
lu tr) m t chng loi dich v ca thu bao. C mt record phn loi dich v
cho mi kt cui trn tng i nhm lu tr cc dng thng tin v kt cui.
2.1.3. S phn phi b nh v kt ni cc thit bi dng chung
Mt chc nng thuc v nguyn l bn trong tng i l iu khin. Mt vi
yu t logic phi lm sng to cc s kin trong qu trnh thc thi cuc gi, a ra
cc quyt inh hnh ng cn thit v khi ng cc hot ng khc. Khi tng i
nhn mt tn hiu truy cp (off-hook signal), h thng iu khin phi phn phi
thit bi dng chung cho cuc gi v cung cp mt ng dn cho n bt u t
ng dy gi. iu ny hnh thnh nn nhm thit bi bi chim dng lu, thit bi
ny cn thit trong sut cuc gi v loi thit bi s dng ngn hn ch cn trong
giai on thit lp cuc gi m thi. Trong cc tng i tng t, cu truyn dn
phn tch ng ting mang tn hiu xoay chiu vi thnh phn mt chiu xuyn
qua tng i l mt v d v loi thit bi th nht. Trong cc tng i SPC l
record ca cuc gi, n l mt vng ca b nh bi chim gi trong sut tin trnh
cuc gi. Loi thit bi th hai gm b thu v lu tr cc ch s cu thnh ia ch
ca thu bao c gi. Cc ch s ny khng nhng nhn dng thu bao c gi
m cn cung cp thng tin cn thit inh tuyn cuc gi xuyn qua mng.
Trong mt tng i c, cc ch s c lu gi trong thanh ghi v trong tng
i SPC c lu tr trong b nh. Khi b nh c phn phi, mt m hiu
mi quay s (dial tone) c gi n thu bao gi bo rng tng i sn sng
tip nhn cc ch s ia ch. V tng i c thit k vi cc thit bi lu tr trn
c s d bo lu lng gi n thay cho lu lng tng cng ti a khi cc thu
bao thc hin ng lot cuc gi, do c luc thiu b nh. Tuy nhin, thu bao
s c thng bo iu ny qua s kin tm thi khng c m hiu mi quay s
c gi t tng i. Trong tng i SPC, kh nng ny c gim thiu bng
cch gia tng kch thc b nh, mc d vy iu ny ch c ch khi nng lc x
l bt kip vi s gia tng tc cuc gi n.
2.1.4. Cc ch s ia ch
Sau khi nhn c m hiu mi quay s, thu bao nhp vo cc ch s ia ch
bng cch quay s. Cc ch s c gi di dng cc tn hiu n tng i v
c lu tr ti . Hot ng bo hiu l kha cnh ht sc quan trng trong h
thng in thoi v s c trnh by cc mc sau.
29
2.1.5. Phn tch ch s
H thng iu khin phi phn tch cc ch s xc inh tuyn i ra t
tng i cho cuc gi. Nu cuc gi hng n thu bao thuc tng i ni b th
ch c mt mch c th c inh tuyn l ng dy thu bao c gi. Nu
ng dy ang lm vic vi cuc m thoi khc th cuc gi khng th thc
hin v tn hiu bn c gi n thu bao gi. Mt khc nu cuc gi hng n
mt thu bao thuc tng i xa, n c th c phn phi bt k mt mch no
trn tuyn thch hp i ra khoi tng i gc, vic phn phi bao gm c tuyn d
phng. Nu tt c cc mch u bn, tn hiu bo bn cng c gi n thu bao
v cuc gi bi t chi. Nu c mt mch thch hp ang rnh, n s bi bt ly v
s khng th s dng cho bt k cuc gi no khc. Trong cc tng i c in,
vic chim gi ny tc ng mt iu kin v mc in vo thit bi kt cui ca
mch v thng c xem nh thao tc nh du(marking). iu ny cng tng
t nh trong cc tng i SPC. Tuy nhin thng tin v mch thng c lu gi
trong cc bng di dng phn mm, trong trng hp ny mt m ch inh trong
vng d liu cho trc ch ra trng thi ca mt mch.

30
2.1.6. Thit lp ng dn chuyn mch
Lc ny h thng iu khin bit c cc danh inh ca mch nhp v
mch xut. Nhim v k tip ca n l chn ng dn gia chng thng qua cc
chuyn mch ca tng i. Bn trong cc h thng chuyn mch c cc gii thut
chn cc ng dn chuyn mch thch hp. Mi im chuyn mch trn ng
dn chn phi c kim tra m bo rng n khng trong trng thi phc
v cho cuc gi khc v chim ly nu n rnh. Mt ln na, iu ny c thc
hin trong cc tng i c in bng cch kim tra cc iu kin in, v trong cc
tng i SPC bng cch d v chn vo cc mc nhp trong cc bng c sp
xp. Trong cc tng i c in, thanh ghi(c dng nhn v lu tr cc ch
s) phi thi kt ni khi ng dn c thit lp.
2.1.7. Dng chung v m hiu chung
Mt tn hiu phi c gi n u xa tin hnh cuc gi. Nu thu bao
c gi l cc b, iu ny c thc hin thng qua vic gi dng in chung
n kch hot chung trong my in thoi c gi. Nu thu bao khng phi cc
b, mt tn hiu truy cp phi c gi n tng i k tip, nh trnh by trn
hnh 2.3, nhm kch hot n tin hnh cc thao tc ring. Cc thao tc ny tng
t nh nhng g c m t trong cc phn trn y, bao gm cc tn hiu gi li
tng i ngun. Khi tt c cc kt ni c thit lp cho php cuc gi tin
hnh trn mng ni ht hoc mng hp ni hoc mng trung k, dng in chung
c gi n thu bao u xa v m hiu chung c gi n thu bao gi.
2.1.8. Tn hiu tr li
Mt tn hiu tr li nhn t thu bao u xa (trong trng hp ny l tn hiu
truy cp) hay t tng i khc, c nhn bit bi h thng iu khin ca tng
i cc b. S truyn phi c chp thun trn ng truyn dn chuyn mch
chn xuyn qua tng i. Dng in chung v m hiu chung phi c xa
trn ng dy thu bao u xa v thu bao gi. Sau hai phn ny c ni vi
nhau v cng vic tnh cc cuc gi ny i vi thu bao gi c khi ng.
2.1.9. Gim st
Trong khi cuc gi ang c tin hnh, cng vic gim st cng c thc
thi tnh cc v pht hin tn hiu xa cuc gi. Cng vic gim st cng thc
hin qut tt c cc dy kt cui trn tng i pht hin tn hiu truy cp ca
cuc gi mi.
31
2.1.10. Tn hiu xa kt ni
Khi nhn tn hiu xa kt ni(c pht ra bi thu bao gi hoc thu bao
c gi), thit bi tng i hay b nh c dng trong kt ni phi c gii
phng v sn sng s dng cho cc cuc gi khc.
Trong cc mng c qun l v bo tr mt cch hiu qu, h thng gim
st yu cu thu thp d liu trn mi cuc gi. Khi cuc gi tht bi do thit bi
hong hoc cc mch hay thit bi khng p ng, thng tin ny c yu cu
cho cng tc bo tr qun l v hoch inh mng. D liu trn cc cuc gi thnh
cng dng tnh cc. V vy cng tc qun l gim st rt c ngha trong
mng in thoi. Trong cc tng i c in, iu ny chiu nh hng ca cc kt
ni dy gia cc thnh phn thit bi ring v cc im gim st. Trong tng i
SPC, v iu khin c thc hin bi cc my tnh nn d liu c thu thp v
lu gi trong phn mm. Vic x l sau c thc hin bi cc b x l hay
chuyn n cc my tnh bn ngoi tng i.
2.2. K thut bo hiu trong h thng chuyn mch s
2.2.1. Gii thiu chung
2.2.1.1. Khi nim
Mt mng vin thng c nhim v ch yu l thit lp, gii toa v duy tr
knh gia thu bao vi node chuyn mch hay gia cc node chuyn mch vi
nhau. thc hin c iu ny, cn phi c mt h thng thng tin h tr c
trao i gia h thng chuyn mch vi cc thit bi u cui v gia cc h thng
chuyn mch vi nhau, h thng thng tin ny gi l h thng bo hiu. Thng
tin bo hiu c th c nhiu dng khc nhau thun tin cho vic iu khin
cc thao tc chuyn mch, x l gi...
Thc cht, mt s trao i tin gia ngi s dng v cc thit bi trong mng
cn phi c mt s t chc chng c th lin lc vi nhau mt cch an tan.
Cho nn, thng tin bo hiu c trc, trong v sau mt cuc gi. tng hiu
sut lm vic, thi gian lm vic ca h thng bo hiu cng nho cng tt, n ph
thuc vo cc thit bi hin i trong mng.
2.2.1.2. Cc chc nng bo hiu
Ta c th nu cc chc nng bo hiu tng qut nh sau:
Chc nng gim st
Chc nng gim st c s dng nhn bit v phn nh s thay i v
32
trng thi hoc v iu kin ca mt s phn t (ng dy thu bao, trung k).
Chc nng tm chn
Chc nng ny lin quan n vic thit lp cuc gi v c khi u bng
thu bao ch gi gi thng tin ia ch ca thu bao bi gi. Cc thng tin ia ch
ny cng vi cc thng tin ca chc nng tm chn c truyn gia cc tng
i p ng qu trnh chuyn mch. Chc nng ny phi c tnh hiu qu,
tin cy cao m bo vic thc hin chnh xc cc chc nng chuyn
mch.
Chc nng vn hnh
Nhn bit v chuyn thng tin v trng thi tc nghn trong mng, thng
thng l trng thi ng cho thu bao ch gi. Thng bo v cc thit bi, cc
trung k khng bnh thng hoc ang trng thi bo dng. Cung cp cc
thng tin tnh cc. Cung cp cc phng tin nh gi, ng chnh, cnh bo
t tng i khc.
2.2.1.3. c im cc h thng bo hiu
- Mt h thng bo hiu c c im chung nh sau:
- C tnh quc t
- Ph hp vi cc thit bi m n phc v
- Kh nng phi hp vi cc h thng bo hiu khc.
2.2.1.4. h thng thng tin bo hiu
H thng thng tin bo hiu cng l mt h thng thng tin in, n cng gm :
- Ngun tt c cc tn hiu cn thit cho vic thit lp cuc gi v cung cp
cc dich v khc.
- Cng vic truyn dn chuyn tn hiu t ngun ti ch.



Hnh 2.4.
33
2.2.1.5. K thut bo hiu
Nh vy, k thut bo hiu nghin cu v:
- Ni dung bo hiu.
- Phng php truyn bo hiu.
- K thut x l bo hiu.
2.2.2. Ni dung ca bo hiu
2.2.2.1. Phn tch cuc gi
Trong mng in in thoi, khi mt thu bao mun ni vi mt thu bao
khc bt k trong mng th bo hiu s thng bo cho mng chuyn mch bit
rng thu bao yu cu phc v, v sau trao cho chuyn mch ni ht cc s
liu cn thit nhn bit thu bao xa cn n v t inh tuyn cuc gi mt
cch chnh xc. Bo hiu cn gim st cuc gi v trao cho thu bao cc thng
tin trng thi nh mi quay s, m bo bn, hi m chung
2.2.2.2. Phn loi bo hiu
C th phn loi bo hiu theo cc cch nh sau :
34

Phn theo chc nng
Bo hiu nghe - nhn :
L loi bo hiu nghe thy c i vi thu bao trong tin trnh cuc gi. l
cc loi thng tin nh sau ch yu t tng i n thu bao nh sau:
o m mi quay s: Khi thu bao nhc t hp, tr khng ng dy
gim xung t ngt. Dn n dng in trn dy tng ln. iu
ny c tng i nhn bit thu bao yu cu thit lp cuc gi v
n pht cho thu bao m mi quay s vi tn s khong 425Hz lin
tc.
o m bo bn hoc thng bo: Trng hp 1 thu bao bn, hay sau
khi kt thc cuc gi, thu bao ny t my, tng i pht m
bo bn cho thu bao kia vi tn s 425 HZ, t l 1:1. m bo bn
cn c gi cho thu bao ch gi khi thu bao ny sau 1 khong
thi gian sau khi nhn c m mi quay s m vn cha quay
s. Trng hp thu bao bi gi i vng hoc c cc dich v c
bit ca n th tng i thng bo cho thu bao ch gi cc bn tin
Hnh 2.5.
35
tng ng.
o Dng chung: dng chung c pht cho thu bao bi gi khi thu
bao ny ri vi tn hiu xoay chiu khong 75VAC, 25Hz.
o Hi m chung: Hi m chung c pht cho thu bao ch gi qua
tuyn thoi t tng i khi ang chung cho thu bao bi gi. Tn
hiu hi m chung c tn s 425Hz, t l 1:3.
o Cc bn tin thng bo khc: Nu trong tng i c cc bn tin c
bit c ghi sn v cc l do cuc gi khng thnh nh tnh trng
tuyn, hong hc th tng i pht cho thu bao ch gi cc bn
tin tng ng. Trng hp ny l do cuc gi khng thnh khng
phi bi cc l do ca thu bao bi gi.
o Tn hiu phc hi v gi my qu lu: Tn hiu ny truyn ti thu
bao ch gi khi thu bao bi gi t my v tng i gi tn
m bo bn m thu bao ch gi khng ngh n vic gii toa
tuyn gi. Sau mt khong thi gian tr th tuyn mi c thc
s gii toa. Tn hiu ny cng c pht khi thu bao duy tr trng
thi chn s qu lu. Tn hiu ny thng l sau m bo bn.
- Bo hiu trng thi (bo hiu gim st): Xc inh trng thi ng dy
ca thu bao v cuc gi.
o Trng thi nhc t hp: Xut hin khi thu bao nhc t hp hoc tn
hiu chim dng t mt ng trung k gi vo; n biu thi yu cu
thit lp cuc gi mi. Sau khi thu c tn hiu ny, tng i s
u ni vi mt thit bi thch hp thu thng tin ia ch t thu
bao ch gi hoc t ng trung k.
o Trng thi t t hp: Xut hin khi thu bao t t hp hoc tn
hiu yu cu gii toa t ng trung k a ti. Thng tin ny ch
rng cuc gi kt thc, yu cu gii toa tuyn gi. Khi nhn
c thng tin ny, tng i gii phng tt c cc thit bi dng
u ni cuc gi ny v xa cc thng tin dng thit lp v duy
tr cuc gi, ng thi thit lp thng tin tnh cc.
o Trng thi ri bn: Da vo tnh trng t hp ca thu bao bi gi
hoc ng trung k l ri hay bn hoc tuyn tng i pht
thng tin v trng thi ca thu bao bi gi hoc ng truyn cho
thu bao ch gi.
o Tnh trng hong hc: Bng cc php th tng i xc inh trnh
trng ca ng dy c th thng bo cho thu bao hoc cho b
36
phn iu hnh v bo dng.
o Tn hiu tr v: Khi chung, ngay sau khi thu bao bi gi nhc
my, mt tn hiu dng o ngun c truyn theo ng dy
ti thu bao ch gi. Tn hiu ny dng thao tc mt thit bi t
thu bao ch gi nh b tnh cc hoc i vi thu bao dng th.
- Bo hiu ia ch: Thng tin ia ch gm mt phn hoc ton b ia ch
ca thu bao bi gi, i khi cn km theo cc s liu khc. Sau khi nhn
c m mi quay s, thu bao tin hnh pht cc ch s ia ch ca thu
bao bi gi. Cc ch s ny c th c pht di dng thp phn hay
dng m a tn.
o Tn hiu xung thp phn: Cc ch s ia ch c pht di dng
chui ca s gin on mch vng mt chiu (DC) nh a quay
s hoc h thng phm thp phn. S lng cc ln gin on ch thi
ch s ia ch tr s 0 ng vi 10 ln gin on. Tc gin on
l 10 ln mi giy v t s xung l 1:2. C mt khoang thi gian
gia cc s lin tip khong vi trm ms trc ch s k tip
tng i phn bit cc ch s vi nhau. Ch : Phng php pht
cc ch s thp phn ny khng th pht khi ang hi thoi.


o Tn hiu m a tn ghp cp (DTMF): Phng php ny khc phc
c nhc im ca phng php trn. N s dng 2 trong 6 tn
s m tn chuyn cc ch s ia ch. Khi n mt phm, ta nhn
c mt tn hiu bao gm s kt hp ca hai tn s : mt nhm
ny v mt nhm kia gi l a tn ghp cp (Dual Tone
Multifrequency : DTMF). Cc tn s c chn sao cho s phong
to tn hiu l b nht. Tn hiu truyn i di hay ngn ph thuc v
thi gian n phm. Thi gian ny chnh l thi gian ko di ca tn
Hnh 2.6.
37
hiu.
Phng php ny c u im l: Thi gian quay s nhanh hn. C
th quay s trong khi m thoi (s dung cho in thoi hi nghi).


Phn theo tng quan
- Bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao
o Tn hiu ng dy thu bao ch gi:
- Tn hiu yu cu gi.
- Tn hiu yu cu gii toa tuyn gi.
- Tn hiu ia ch.
- Tn hiu bo bn.
- Tn hiu bo ri.
- Hi m chung.
- Tn hiu tr li v.
- Tn hiu gi my qu lu.
o Tn hiu ng dy thu bao bi gi:
- Tn hiu chung.
- Tn hiu tr li.
- Tn hiu phc hi
o Tn hiu ng dy thu bao th 3: Ging nh tn hiu ng dy
thu bao bi gi. c s dng cho in thoi hi nghi. N lm gin
Hnh 2.7.
38
on thu bao ch gi trong mt khong thi gian nho hn tn hiu
gii toa gi khong 200ms n 320ms.
- Bo hiu lin tng i: C th c truyn dn tn hiu bo hiu theo
ng dy bo hiu ring hoc i chung vi ng dy thai. Chng s
dng tn s trong bng tn ting ni (trong bng) hoc ngoi di tn
ting ni (ngoi bng). Thng s dng 2 k thut truyn sau :
- Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS).
- Bo hu knh chung (CCS).
Dng ca tn hiu :
- Dng xung : Tn hiu c truyn i di dng xung, v d nh tn
hiu ia ch.
- Dng lin tc : Truyn lin tc v mt thi gian nhng thay i v
trng thi c trng nh tn s
- Dng p ch : Tng t nh truyn xung nhng khong truyn dn
khng n inh trc m ko di cho n khi c s xc nhn ca pha
thu qua mt thit bi xc nhn truyn v.
2.2.3. Phng php truyn dn bo hiu
C nhiu cch phn loi phng php truyn bo hiu, nhng y, ta
phn thnh hai loi sau :

- Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS : Chanel Associated Signalling).
- Bo hiu knh chung (CCS : Common Chanel Signalling).

39
2.2.3.1. Bo hiu knh kt hp


Bo hiu knh kt hp l loi bo hiu m trong , cc ng bo hiu
c n inh trn mi knh thng tin v cc tn hiu ny c th c truyn
theo nhiu cch khc nhau. C hai loi thng tin bo hiu trong bo hiu knh kt
hp l : Bo hiu ng dy v bo hiu thanh ghi (ia ch).
- Bo hiu ng dy: l phng php bo hiu c truyn dn gia cc
thit bi kt cui v thng xuyn kim tra ng truyn hoc tt c cc
mch kt cui, v d cc trng thi bn, ri
- Bo hiu thanh ghi: Bo hiu thanh ghi l s truyn tt c cc thng tin c
lin quan n tuyn ni cuc gi bao gm cc con s thu bao bi gi, nhng
c tnh ca thu bao .
Phng php truyn:
- im ni im (end to end): Theo phng php bo hiu ny, thng tin
lun c truyn i gia cc u cui ca tuyn ni theo tin trin ca n.
V d khi thit lp tuyn ni qua 3 tng i A-B-C, thng tin bo hiu u
tin c truyn t A ti B v sau khi qung ni B-C c thit lp th bo
hiu li c truyn t A ti C.
- ng tip ng (link to link): Tn hiu lun c truyn i v tm
lu tng qung ca tuyn ni. u tin thng tin bo hiu c truyn i t
A n B v sau khi qung ni t B n C c thit lp th thng tin bo
hiu tip tc truyn i t B n C.
Ni chung, thng tin bo hiu gim st v cc kiu thu bao c truyn
dn theo phng thc ng tip ng cn thng tin ia ch th c truyn
i theo phng php im ni im hoc ng tip ng ty thuc v cu trc
mng.
Hnh 2.8.
40
Cc k thut truyn cc tn hiu bo hiu trong CAS
Mt cch chnh xc, bo hiu knh kt hp phi l mt s kt hp vnh vin
vi knh mang cuc gi tht s. T , ta c cc dng khc nhau ca tn hiu bo
hiu:
- Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi (DC, trong bng).
- Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi nhng phm vi tn s khc
( ngoi bng).
- Tn hiu bo hiu trong 1 khe thi gian, m trong , cc knh thoi
c phn chia mt cch c inh theo chu k (bo hiu PCM trong
TS16).
Bo hiu knh kt hp c th s dng gia cc loi tng i khc nhau. Nh
vy, k thut truyn bo hiu ny gm cc tn hiu bo hiu :
- Bo hiu DC.
- Bo hiu AC.
- Bo hiu PCM.
- Cc tn hiu bo hiu c bn: Cc tn hiu bo hiu gia tng i vi tng
i bao gm mt s tn hiu c bn sau cho mt cuc gi hon thnh:
- Tn hiu chim dng (Seizure) : Yu cu chim dng mt ng vo
tng i B (1 knh thai) v cc thit bi nhn thng tin ia ch.

- Tn hiu xc nhn chim dng (Seizure aknowledgement): Thng bo
cho tng i A bit rng tng i B nhn c tn hiu chim dng t
A.
- Thng tin ia ch (Address Information): S ia ch ca thu bao B.
- Tn hiu tr li (B answer): Tng i B bo cho tng i A bit thu
bao B nhc my.

- Xa v (Clear back): Tng i B bo cho tng i A bit B gc my.
- Xa i (Clear forward): Tng i B nhn thng bo cuc gi kt
thc, gii toa thit bi v ng dy.

41

2.2.3.2. Bo hiu knh chung

Bo hiu knh chung (Common Channel Signalling) khc phc c nhc
im ca bo hiu knh kt hp v hiu sut s dng knh bo hiu. i vi bo
hiu knh chung, knh bo hiu c phn pht cho knh ting ni ch trong mt
khong thi gian bo hiu. Ngi ta s dng mt tuyn ring bit cho knh bo
Hnh 2.9.
Hnh 2.10.
42
hiu. Ni cch khc, h thng bo hiu knh chung c mt chm knh bo hiu.
Chm knh ny ch c cp cho knh ting ni khi c nhu cu bo hiu trc
nht. V vy, knh ting ni cn xp hng ch knh bo hiu ri. Do , dung
lng chm knh bo hiu ph thuc vo cp phc v c th chp nhn c, ni
dung bo hiu, tn sut s dng mi knh ting ni. Nh s dng k thut ny,
thit bi c th tp trung ha v ch to gn gng hn. iu ny to ra u im v
mt kinh t v tit kim c khng gian lp t thit bi. Tuy nhin, phng thc
ny ch c th s dng cho cc tng i SPC trao i bo hiu lin tng i
gia cc b x l.
Trong h thng PCM, knh bo hiu c th s dng bt k khe thi gian no
m khng nht thit phi l khe thi gian TS16. Cc bn tin bo hiu c truyn
i di dng cc gi, tc knh truyn l 64Kbps.

Cu trc bn tin CCS nh sau:
ia ch ch ia ch ngun S gi Trng s liu Trng kim tra

- ia ch ch: ia ch ny c phn tch ti bt k my thu no v c so
snh vi ia ch ca n. Nu khng trng th bn tin c truyn n
im khc cho n khi n ch thc ca n.
- ia ch ngun: ia ch ny giup cho my tnh bit c khi c nhu cu
cp pht li bn tin th c ia ch yu cu pht li.
- S gi: S gi ch ra tt c cc s liu ca bn tin c sp xp ln lt
mt cch chnh xc. S liu ny c kim tra lin tc v ch c ly ra
khi c ch dn.
- Trng s liu: Cha nhng thng tin ca bo hiu.
- Trng kim tra li: Cho php s liu c kim tra trc khi truyn n
ch. c im ni bt ca bo hiu knh chung l cc u cui khng ch
dnh ring cho mt cuc ni m mt bn tin tun t c th c trang bi
bt c u cui no vi nhng cuc gi khc nhau v ch khc nhau. Tt
c cc bn tin ca cuc gi khng nht thit phi cng hng. Cc bn tin
tiu biu c truyn i mt cch ph hp vi nhng tuyn c inh ra
bng thut ton da trn c s ch, tnh sn sng v ti ca mch. Khi bn
tin c thu thp, n c truyn n nhng im chn trn mng. Khi
ti ch, n c tin hnh, so snh v iu chnh, kim tra li. Nu c li,
n yu cu pht li bn tin. V CCS khng chuyn bo hiu trn cc trung
43
k m thoi thit lp v gim st, nn tuyn gi phi c kim tra lin
tc mi khi cuc gi ang thit lp. iu ny c thc hin nh b thu
pht m thanh c ni ti thi im thit lp nhm m bo s lin tc
ca tuyn.
u im: Kinh t, Nhanh, Tin cy, Dung lng cao, Linh hat.
2.2.4. Bo hiu s 7
2.2.4.1. Khi nim chung
Bo hiu s 7 c quc t cng nhn l h thng CCS gia cc tng i
s dng trong mng quc gia v quc t. Thng tin bo hiu c truyn i trn
mt khe thi gian c phn pht trn 1 trong cc tuyn PCM mang cc knh
thoi.

V d : Hai tng i trao i vi nhau bng 2 lung 2 Mbps, nh vy, kh nng
dung lng knh thng tin gia 2 tng i ny l 60 knh, trong , 1 lung 2
Mbps mang bo hiu s 7 trong TS16 ca n. Thng tin bo hiu c tch, ghp
qua trng chuyn mch ca tng i hoc DLTU (Digital Line Terminal Unit).
Thng tin bo hiu c gi t tng i ny sang tng i khc c xc
inh bi h thng iu khin qua S/R CCS cho bo hiu s 7. S/R CCS bao gm 3
phn h trn c s ca cc b x l. Thng tin t h thng iu hin tng i nhn
t phn h iu khin bo hiu di dng thc thch hp. Cc bn tin c xp
hng y, cho n khi c th c truyn i. Khi khng c cc bn tin truyn
Hnh 2.11.
44
i th phn h iu khin bo hiu pht cc bn tin chn lc gi tuyn lun
trng thi tch cc.
Cc bn tin c gi qua phn h u cui bo hiu, s dng cc bits
kim tra c pht i t phn h iu khin li to thnh cc n vi bo hiu
s 7 hon chnh. Ti tng i thu, qu trnh ngc li c thc hin.
im bo hiu (SP : Signal Point): im bo hiu l mt node chuyn
mch hoc mt node x l trong mng bo hiu, c kh nng thc hin cc
chc nng bo hiu. im chuyn tip bo hiu (STP: Signal Transport
Point): L im bo hiu m thng tin bo hiu thu c trn mt knh bo
hiu v sau chuyn giao cho knh khcm n khng x l c ni dung
ca tin bo.
Knh bo hiu: Bo hiu s 7 s dng cc knh bo hiu chuyn ti
thng tin bo hiu gia hai im bo hiu. V mt vt l, knh bo hiu bao
gm kt cui bo hiu mi u knh v vi loi mi trng truyn dn
(thng l cc khe thi gian ng truyn PCM). Mt s cc knh bo
hiu u song song trc tip gia 2 im bo hiu to thnh chm knh bo
hiu.
Cc phng thc bo hiu:
Kiu kt hp (Associated): Cc tn hiu bo hiu lin quan n s
kt ni cc knh giao thng gia hai tng i A, B c truyn trn cc
tuyn bo hiu trc tip gia chung.

Kiu khng kt hp (Non-Associated): Cc tn hiu bo hiu lin
quan n s kt ni cc knh giao thng gia hai tng i A, B c
inh tuyn qua mt vi tuyn trung k ty thuc vo mng nhng thi
im khc nhau, trong khi knh giao thng c ni trc tip gia A v
B. Cc thi im khc nhau th s inh tuyn ca cc tn hiu bo hiu
c th theo cc ng dn khc nhau. Phng php ny t c s dng
v n kh xc inh c s inh tuyn mt cch chnh xc ca cc bn
tin bo hiu mi thi im.

Hnh 2.12.
45

Kiu ta kt hp (Quasi-Associated): Kiu ny l trng hp gii
hn bi kiu khng kt hp, thng tin bo hiu gia hai node A v B
c inh tuyn xc inh trc qua 1 tuyn bo hiu node trung chuyn
(tandem) trong khi cc knh giao thng c inh tuyn trc tip gia
A v B. im quan trng ni bc nht ca kiu ta kt hp l tnh sao
lu d phng.

Hnh 2.14.
Hnh 2.13.
46
2.2.4.2. Phn mc trong bo hiu s 7

Mc 1: Mc tuyn vt l: y l mc y ca chng phng thc. Tng
quan, n l phng tin gi dng cc bits ca thng tin t im ny n
im khc trn mt ni kt vt l. Mc ny inh ngha cc c tnh vt l,
in v cc chc nng ca tuyn s liu bo hiu v phng tin truy cp
n hoc yu cu 1 cu truc thng tin m n c cung cp bi thit bi truyn
dn hoc tm li c kh. Trong mi trng mng s liu, CCS7 thng c
s dng khe thi gian bo hiu TS16/PCM32 hoAEc TS24/PCM24 vi tc
knh bo hiu 64Kbps. Trong mi trng tng t, CCS7 c th truyn
trn cc ng modem vi tc thp khong 4,8Kbps.
Mc 2: Mc tuyn d liu: Cung cp cc chc nng v cc th tc cho
vic truyn thng tin bo hiu. Mt bn tin bo hiu c truyn trn tuyn
theo cc n vi bo hiu vi chiu di thay i. Mt n vi bo hiu bao
gm thng tin iu khin truyn tin thm vo trong ni dung ca bn tin bo
hiu. Chc nng bao gm :
- Gii hn ni dung n vi bo hiu bng cc c.
- Chn thm bits chng nhm ln vi c.
- S dng cc bits kim tra.
- Chng li bi phng thc t ng hoi li.
- D tm ng bo hiu sai bng cch gim st tc li trn cc
ng bo hiu.
Mc 3: Mc mng bo hiu: inh ngha cc chc nng v th tc truyn
Hnh 2.15.
47
chung v c lp cc tuyn bo hiu ring l. Cc chc nng chnh sau :
- X l bn tin bo hiu: Trong khi truyn bn tin bo hiu, nhng
chc nng ny hng ti tuyn bo hiu hoc phn ngi s dng
tng ng.
- Qun l mng bo hiu: iu khin xc inh hng theo thi gian
thc, iu khin v ti to li cu hnh mng khi cn thit.
Mc 4: Mc ngi s dng: Mi phn cho ngi s dng xc inh cc
chc nng v cc th tc c trng cho tng ngi s dng ring bit.
2.2.5. X l bo hiu trong tng i
2.2.5.1. Gii thiu
H thng bo hiu c s dng nh mt ngn ng cho 2 thit bi trong h
thng chuyn mch trao i vi nhau thit lp tuyn ni cho cuc gi. Ging
nh bt k ngn ng no, chung cng c t vng vi nhng chiu di khc nhau
v chnh xc khc nhau. Tc l cc bo hiu cng c th thay i v kch thc
v dng cu php ca n theo cc quy lut ghp ni v to thng tin bo hiu.
X l bo hiu trong tng i l s x l cc dng tn hiu bo hiu thu bao
v tng i trn cc ng dy thu bao v trung k trong tng i. Bo hiu trong
tng i in thoi bao gm khng ch l bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao v
bo hiu lin i m cn mang cc thng tin v trng thi cuc gi bng cc tones
v cc bn tin thng bo khc
48

Nh vy, ta thy rng qu trnh x l bo hiu bao gm cc phn chnh sau:
- inh tuyn trong tng i.
- Cc b thu pht bo hiu.
- To tones v cc bn tin thng bo.
2.2.5.2. S inh tuyn trong tng i
- Bo hiu tng i - thu bao: Trong tng i SPC c kh nng cho php hai
loi thu bao tng t v thu bao s ng vi mi loi, ta c cc tn hiu,
phng php inh tuyn khc nhau.
o Thu bao tng t: Trn mng in thoi hin nay, v l do kinh t
thng s dng thu bao tng t. S inh tuyn thu bao tng t
nh hnh di y. S inh tuyn gm hai thnh phn bo hiu:
- Tn hiu bo hiu ng dy (gim st): mang trng thi ca mch
in.
- Tn hiu bo hiu ia ch (chn s): ch thi s thu bao bi gi.
Tn hiu bo hiu ng dy c nhim v gim st mch in ng
Hnh 2.16.
49
dy thu bao. Vi cc thu bao tng t, dng tn hiu ny dng LD
(ct mch vng). Tn hiu bo hiu chn s (ia ch) c th c thu
bao pht bng 2 cch: LD hoc MF (m a tn). i vi in thoi
dng a quay s, c bo hiu ng dy v chn s u c thc hin
theo kiu ct mch vng (Loop disconnection). Cc tn hiu bo hiu
ny c tch ra t ng dy thu bao bi SLTU. Sau , chung c
thu thp ti khi iu khin SLTU bin i t trng thi LD sang cc
tn hiu trng thi v ch s ia ch ri gi n h thng iu khin
taeng i x l v t a ra nhng thao tc thch hp. i vi
in thoi n phm, tn hiu ng dy c tin hnh theo kiu LD
cn tn hiu chn s theo kiu MF. Nh vy, tn hiu ng dy c
tch ra khoi SLTU v qua b SLTU n h thng iu khin tng i
nh in thoi a quay s. S truy cp n b thu MF thng thng
qua khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao. B thu MF c th dng
chung cho 1 s ln ng dy thu bao vi mc ch gim chi ph thit
bi.

o Thu bao s: y l s inh tuyn bo hiu n 2 kiu thu bao s
ISDN v ISPBX trn s truy cp ng dy s cp v th cp.
Trong s truy cp s cp, 1 knh bo hiu 16Kbps kt hp vi 2
knh giao thng 64Kbps to thnh tc 144kbps dng (2B+D) cho
mi hng. Knh bo hiu mang thng tin bo hiu ng dy v
chn s cho c 2 knh giao thng nh thng tin x l cuc gi v
Hnh 2.17.
50
cc thng tin bo dng. Trong s truy cp th cp bao gm 1
ng dn 2Mbps t 1 ISPBX, 1 knh bo hiu knh chung tc
64kbps cho 30 knh giao thng 64Kbps c mang trong TS16.

- Bo hiu lin tng i: Cc h thng bo hiu khc nhau trn cc ng
trung k c inh tuyn n cc b thu pht bo hiu tng ng c
thc hin nh b chuyn i tn hiu hoc kt hp trong ATTU (Analogue
Trunk Terminalting Unit) cho cc kiu bo hiu LD, DC v 1VF. H thng
bo hiu 1VF l h thng bo hiu n tn trong bng, n c th l bo
hiu ng dy hoc bo hiu ia ch (nhng ch yu l ng dy). S
chuyn i bo hiu trong bng sang dng thch hp a n cc b thu
pht bo hiu (thng l CAS) c th c thc hin bi mt thit bi kt
hp mi ngo vo tng t n 1 ATTU hoc s dng mt n vi n
gin m n tch cc tones t dng s 2Mbps. Phng thc th 2 thng
c s dng nhiu hn v tnh kinh t ca n. B chuyn i thc hin
chia mt ngo vo 2Mbps cha 30 knh vi m bo hiu n tn 1VF thnh
ngo ra 2Mbps vi bo hiu mang trong TS16. Thit bi do phi c kh
nng tm kim s xut hin ca cc tones c m ha s (v d 2280).
iu ny c thc hin bi k thut lc s. i vi hng ngc li, thit
bi chuyn i cc bits CAS trong TS16 thnh cc tones tng ng chn vo
Hnh 2.18.
51
lung 2Mbps. Bo hiu MF c inh tuyn trn c s call-by-call qua
khi chuyn mch nhm t ng dy ang gi n b thu pht MF bng
ni kt thi gian gi ngn (short-holding-time). Ni kt thi gian gi ngn
l mt ni kt trong thi gian rt ngn thng vi mc ch thu nhn cc
ch s ia ch, ni kt ny c gii phng ngay sau khi tn hiu ia ch
kt thuc. Luc ny mt ng dn thoi c thit lp qua trng chuyn
mch n ngo ra yu cu. Ty theo phng thc truyn thng tin bo hiu
m c phng php bin i khc nhau. truy nhp ti b thu pht bo
hiu CAS l cc ng ni bn c inh. Cn cc ng ni ti cc b thu
pht MF l cc tuyn c inh thc hin nguyn tc trao i gia cc khe
thi gian TS16 vi nhau v ni dung cc TS ny c cha thng tin bo
hiu. i vi bo hiu knh chung, thng tin bo hiu c cha trong cc
TS16 ca cc lung 2Mbps truy nhp n b thu pht CCS qua ng
ni bn vnh vin (semi-permanent) qua trng chuyn mch. Ni kt ny
cho php cc khe thi gian t lung 2Mbps truy cp n CCS S/R qua 1
cng 2Mbps. Ni kt ny l bn vnh vin v n duy tr trong mt thi gian
di (c th l vi nm) cho n khi c s c hoc c s thay i ln trong
tng i th h thng iu khin s thit lp tr li.
52

2.2.5.3. Cc b thu pht bo hiu
Thu pht MF
inh tuyn bo hiu MF t thu bao hoc cc ng trung k ti b thu
pht MF, yu cu mi b thu pht cn phi giao tip vi 30 knh thoi v s b
thu pht yu cu ph thuc vo tc s dng v thi gian chim dng ca mi
cuc gi. i vi bo hiu thu bao, mt ng dn n hng c thit lp qua
b tp trung thu bao gia SLTU ang gi v 1 khe thi gian ri trong ng cao
tc ti b thu pht MF, trong khi tone mi quay s c a n thu bao qua 1
ng thoi n hng khc qua b tp trung. n vTH MF phi c kh nng xc
nhn c ch s u trong tone mi quay s. Khi cc s quay l y , h thng
iu khin taeng i s gii phng ng dn qua b tp trung thu bao ny. Khe
thi gian trong ng cao tc luc ny l ri v c th c s dng cho cc cuc
gi khc. Qu trnh bo hiu lin i cng din ra tng t.
B thu pht MF c th s dng k thut tng t hoc k thut s.
Hnh 2.19.
53
- B thu pht MF dng tng t: Phng php ny s dng nhiu trong
cc tng i th h u v tnh kinh t cao. 30 b thu pht MF c ni v
bin i ti PMUX (MUX th cp) to ra lung s 2,048Mbps theo cu
truc khung. Trong , TS0 chc tn hiu ng b khung v TS16 bo hiu
cho cc knh cn li.

- B thu pht bo hiu MF dng s: B thu lm vic theo nguyn tc phn
chia theo thi gian cho mt s knh ( y l 4). Cc s thu c t mi
knh qua b thu n n vi iu khin, , chung c inh dng vo
trong mt bn tin ri gi n h thng iu khin taeng i. B pht MF th
lm vic mt cch n gin hn, mnh n c s dng cho tt c cc knh
thoi v trong TS16 ca lung 2Mbps. Vi kiu thu pht MF s, ch cn 8
b thu MF cho 30 knh u vo v mt b pht cho tt c cc knh. B thu
MF s da trn c s b lc s. Yu cu kh nng nhn bit v phn tch 2
tone t mt t hp a tn (2 tn s), bo qua cc tn hiu ngoi bng tn
4Khz xc inh c cc tn hiu bo hiu khc nhau suy ra ngha
ca n. Sau , b thu s tm ra tn hiu c t hp tn s tng ng gi n
b iu khin thu pht MF a n h thng iu khin tng i c
nhng x l thch hp. B pht MF c th thc hin bng cc t hp tn s
c m ha v lu tr trong ROM v c c ra cc ng vo thi
im thch hp.
Hnh 2.20.
54

2.2.5.4. Cc b to tone v bn tin thng bo

S nh tuyn tones v cc bn tin thng bo:
Tng i cn phi bo cho thu bao v trng thi cuc gi cng nh cc tin
trnh ca n t khi bt u n khi kt thuc. Tc l mt thu bao bnh thng
mun trao i thng tin th phi c p ng m xc nhn yu cu hoc yu cu
khng c chp thun v nhiu m khc nhau trong tin trnh x l cuc gi nh
thng bo, tr giup... Thng thng, thng tin trng thi c th nghe thy c
dng tones hoc li thoi thng bo. Do , mi thu bao cng nh cc ng
trung k v cc n vi khc thuc tng i phi c truy nhp n cc b to
tone v thng bo.
t hiu qu kinh t v k thut cho vic phn phi cc m bo n tng
thu bao, cn phi phn loi theo chc nng ca tng dng m m phn b vi tr
ca cc b to m. V d: cc tnh trng thng thng c bo hiu bng cc
Hnh 2.21.
Hnh 2.22.
55
tones, cn cc trng hp c bit th bng cc bn tin. Trong tng i SPC, cc
b m bo thng c phn b ti cc b tp trung thu bao theo phng php 1
ng phn b ti nhiu ng. Cn b lu tr bn tin thng bo c phn b
ti khi chuyn mch chnh, v cc bn tin ny mang tnh cht dich v, t lin quan
n tin trnh x l cuc gi.
Vic inh tuyn cho cc m bo ti cc thu bao c thc hin bng lung
s PCM. Nh vy, ti u ra ca thit bi to m l cc tn hiu s, mi 1 m bo
khc nhau c cha trong mt TS ring v n c qua khi chuyn mch tp
trung thu bao hay khi chuyn mch nhm nh qu trnh chuyn aei tn hiu
thai. S khc bit y l tn hiu t b to m phi m bo v ln n
thc hin chuyn mch ti nhiu u ra c yu cu cng luc.
Vi cc bn tin thng bo, thng thng n c truy cp ti khe thi gian
trung gian ca khi chuyn mch chnh v c thc hin chuyn mch nh tn
hiu thai.
Cc tones x l cuc gi
Trong tng i s, c hai cch to tones x l cuc gi a vo ng
dn thai, l:
- Pht lin tc cc tones dng tng t, ri sau a qua b chuyn i A/D.
- Pht lin lc cc tn hiu s tng ng vi cc tones bo hiu khc nhau.
Phng thc u tin c s dng cho cc h tng i trc y v n khai
thc thit bi to tones trong tng i tng t m cha thay bng k thut s c.
S lai tp gia cc b pht tones c-in t trong taeng i in t s gy nn s
cng knh v kch thc v km hiu qu v mt kinh t. Khi k thut s l pht
trin th phng thc th 2 c s dng nhiu hn vi cc tnh nng cao hn.
Cc b to tones phc v cho chuyn mch tp trung thu bao c yu cu
trong thi gian u trc thit lp cuc gi, cn b to tone phc v chuyn mch
nhm dng mang p ng ca thu bao trong thi gian thit lp cuc gi.
B to tone v cc bn tin thng bo
- Dng k thut tng t: C nhiu loi cu truc b to tone. Vi cc tng
i analog th ta c cc b to tone analog vi cu truc n gin l cc b
to dao ng vi cc mch iu khin ngt nhip khc nhau nh rle hoc
cc cng in t. Cc tn hiu bo hiu ny phi c chuyn i sang
dng s chn vo cc khe thi gian trong cc tuyn PCM a n cc
u cui qua trng chuyn mch. Nhc im: Kch thc ln, cng
knh, khng kinh t, khng c tin cy cao.
56

- Dng k thut s:
o To tones: i vi tng i SPC hin nay th cc b to m thng
l b to tone s. Cc b to tone ny c kh nng cho ra nhiu loi
tone khc nhau. Vic phn bit cho cc loi tone ny cho tin trnh
x l cuc gi c thc hin bng cch thit lp cc di ngt
nhip khc nhau cho cc tone. Cu truc ny ph thuc vo cch qun
l khc nhau. Cc phn t b to tone s bao gm: Cc b nh
ROM dng lu tr cc loi tone tng ng bng cc tn hiu s,
mch iu khin tone theo chu k, b iu khin c ROM v cc
thit bi iu khin khc.

Hnh 2.23.
Hnh 2.24.
57
Cc b nh ROM lu cc loi tones tng ng m ha v c ra
vi ia ch do bm chu k xc inh. Thi im pht tones qua trng
chuyn mch do n vi iu khin iu khin b SELECTOR. B
SELECTOR bao gm cc b ghp knh logic s m chuyn mch gia
ngo vo v ngo ra ph thuc vo ia ch c cung cp bi n vi iu
khin. Nh vy, cc tones khc nhau c s ha (vi tn s ly mu l
8Khz) v np vo ROM, sau c c ra thi im thch hp theo
yu cu ca thu bao. i vi tn hiu c chu k th ch cn np vo
chu k l . i vi tn hiu khng c chu k th phi np tt c tn
hiu . iu ny lm gim dung lng ca ROM, do , tnh kinh t
phng pht ny rt cao.
- To cc bn tin thng bo: Mt trong kh nng cung cp dich v ca tng
i SPC l vic cung cp cc bn tin thng bo vi nhng ni dung mang
tnh cht thng bo ch dn Cc bn tin thng bo c lu tr trong cc
thit bi bng t, a t, b nh sao cho kh nng truy cp c d dng.
Trn thc t c hai phng php lu tr sau:
- Phng php 1: Tt c cc bn tin c s ha vi tng bit nhi phn v
ghi vo thit bi lu tr.
- Phng php 2 : Kiu ca bn tin thng bo c dng cc cu, cc t hp
ch ci c chung nht mt m tit, cc t vng chung c ghi vo vi
mch ROM, RAM truy xut theo mt ia ch thch hp.
Phng php 1 n gin nhng tn km v khng gian b nh, phng php
2 kinh t hn, nhng vn iu khin li phc tp hn rt nhiu. Cc bn tin c
inh th c th lu vo trong ROM, cn cc bn tin c th thay i hoc cc dich
v mi th thng c lu vo RAM tng tnh linh hat, thun tin trong vic
sa i b sung.
2.4. Chuy n ma ch
Mi tng i u c cc ng nhp v ng xut, bao gm cc thit bi kt cui
ng dy thu bao, cc mch hp ni, mch trung k v quc t. Trong khi mt
tng i c th c xem nh mt chuyn mch th thc t n bao gm mt s ln
cc chuyn mch tch bit hay cn gi l cc ta ni (crosspoints). Chng c
th c sp xp theo nhiu cch khc nhau nhm t c tnh hiu qu v kinh
t.
58
Mi crosspoint l mt tip im in, c th ng m linh hot, khi ng, n
hnh thnh nn b phn ca ng dn ca cuc gi xuyn qua tng i. Mt
phng php thc hin cc crosspoint trong mt tng i l dng mt khi chuyn
mch dng ma trn iu nh hnh 2.25. Cc crosspoint trong tng i c truyn
thng chim chi ph ln (trn hnh 2.25 khng c trnh by mi im ni bao
ch ca mt dy n, m gm 2 hoc 4 dy cng nh mt s cc dy iu khin
c h thng iu khin s dng iu hnh vic chn cc crosspoint). Vic
dng ma trn n
Cc ng ra
Cc ng vo
Ta ni

Hnh 2.25. Mt chuyn mch bao gm mt ma trn im
l mt phng thc mang tnh tng n gin nht xy dng khi chuyn
mch v s tit kim s im ni l mt u im. Gim s crosspoint trong ma
trn ch n thun l gim kch thc tng i, v vy c th tit kim chi ph bng
cch dng mt s cc tng chuyn mch thay cho mt ma trn n.
2.4.1. Chuyn mch phn chia theo tng
Mt v d n gin ca chuyn mch theo tng c trnh by trn hnh 2.26.
Trong hnh ny cc mch n tng i c ni thnh nhm 100, cc nhm ni
n cc chuyn mch tng A ch c 10 ngo ra. Do c s tp trung bn trong
tng i v gim s crosspoint. Tuy nhin, iu ny s dn n tnh trng mt
cuc gi n c th khng kt ni c do khng c sn ng dn chuyn mch.
Tnh trng ny c gi l blocking. Bi v tt c cc ng vo khng th gi
mt cch ng thi, iu ny cng hp l v trn thc t tng hiu qu s dng
chuyn mch c thc hin bng cch phn phi mt t l dich v chp nhn
c cho mt tng i (khng cp ).
59
Trong hnh 2.26 cc chuyn mch tng A ch n gin l cc b tp trung, n
cho php tit kim s crosspoint. Tng t, cc chuyn mch tng C m rng s
lng u ra trn tng i. Cc chuyn mch tng C cng h tr inh tuyn n
cc mch ngo ra c bit. Tng B h tr inh tuyn xuyn tng i.
Chuyn mch
tng B
100x100 = 10.000 ta
ni
10 1 10 1 10 1
1
100
1
1 10
2
100
1
1 10
10
100
1
1 10
Cc chuyn mch
tng A
1
1
100
1
1
100
1
1
100
Cc chuyn mch
tng C
Hnh 2.26. Nguyn l chuyn mch phn tng
Khi mt cuc gi n ti mt chuyn mch tng A, ti y ch xy ra mt
hot ng cn thit, l tm mt ngo ra cho n n B. Tng B phi ng cc
crosspoint thch hp cho cuc gi c inh tuyn n ung mt chuyn mch
tng C. Tng s crosspoint cho 1000 mch vo v 1000 mch ra l (cng ln lt
cc tng A, B v C).
10(100x10) + 100x100 + 10(10x100) = 30 000
S lng ny r rng nho hn nhiu so vi 1000 000 nu dng mt ma trn
n.
Mt dng ci tin tt hn c m t trn hnh 2.27. y tt c cc tng
chuyn mch u thc hin inh tuyn. Mi chuyn mch tng B ch x l mt
ngo ra n mi chuyn mch tng C. Nu chuyn mch A ch n gin phn phi
mt cuc gi n mt ng ra bt k n B, s c mt kh nng ng k khng th
60
chp nhn c l ngo ra c yu cu t chuyn mch B bi chim dng. H
thng trong hnh yu cu sp xp li cng tc chn la cc ng ra xuyn ton b
h thng chuyn mch. Trong khi s iu khin cc tng chuyn mch trong h
thng hnh 2.26 c th kim sot theo tng bc, th iu khin trong h thng
ny phi sp xp sao cho
Cc chuyn mch
tng A
10
100
1
2
100
1
1
100
1
1
2
3
10
1
1 100
2
1 100
10
1 100
Cc chuyn mch
tng C
Cc chuyn mch
tng B

Hnh 2.27. Chuyn mch phn tng c iu kin
ng ra t tng chuyn mch A n mt tng chuyn mch n mt tng chuyn
mch B c chn ch khi bit rng ng ra t chuyn mch tng B n chuyn
mch yu cu tng C ang trng thi nhn ri. Trong phng php ny cc
ng dn chuyn mch khng c ni tng phn cc b; nu khng c ng
dn hon chnh, thit bi chuyn mch khng bi chim dng mt cch khng cn
61
thit. Chuyn mch c iu kin ny l c s cho tt c cc h thng chuyn mch
hin i.
S lng cc crosspoint trong h thng chuyn mch hnh 2.27l:
10(100x10) + 10(10x10) + 10(10x100) = 21 000
2.4.2. K thut chuyn mch
Trong cc tng i tng t chuyn mch c chia theo khng gian: mt
ng dn chuyn mch dnh ring c thit lp phc v cho mt cuc gi v
bi chim dng trong sut thi gian m thoi. Trong cc tng i chuyn mch s,
vic chuyn mch cho cc cuc gi c thc hin bng cch m hay ng
thng xuyn cc cng logic theo tng khong thi gian, cho php cc tn hiu
in di dng cc ch s nhi phn i qua cc ng dn chuyn mch vt l.
Bng cch ny mt s cc cuc gi chia s thi gian s dng cng mt ng
dn chuyn mch; cc tn hiu ca n khng c truyn mt cch lin tc, nhng
c truyn trong cc khe thi gian c chn di dng mt chui xung hn
hp.
Mt iu cn phi xc inh y l cc c im gia cc ch chuyn
mch. Cc tham s ny rt quan trng inh ngha chnh xc mt cng tc
chuyn mch (hay tng chuyn mch, v bt k mt h thng chuyn mch no
u c th bao gm mt hn hp cc loi): c tnh truyn, s cp ng dn v
kiu chuyn mch.
- c tnh truyn: c tnh truyn (cng c gi l ch chuyn mch)
ca mt tng chuyn mch c th hoc tng t hoc s Mt chuyn mch
tng t c th chuyn bt k mc in th tn hiu trong di lm vic.
Thng thng cc chuyn mch nh vy chuyn cc tn hiu tng t thay
i ung nh cc thay i gc ca ting ni. Tuy nhin mt chuyn mch
tng t cng c th chuyn c tn hiu s. Mt chuyn mch s ch
chuyn cc tn hiu c in th ti n mc xc inh. Trong chuyn mch s
nhi phn, n=2.
- S cp ng dn: Mt chuyn mch bao gm mt s cc im ni
(crosspoint) c kh nng cung cp mt s cc kt ni ng thi, v dng
hai phng php:
o Trong phng php phn chia khng gian (Space Division SD),
mi cuc gi hay knh c phn phi mt ng dn vt l ring
62
xuyn qua chuyn mch trong sut thi gian ca cuc gi. Cc
ng dn xuyn qua chuyn mch c nhn dng bi vi tr ca
n.
o Trong phng php phn chia thi gian (Time Division TD), mt
chuyn mch chia s thi gian cho mt s cc knh. Mi knh c
phn phi inh k mt khe thi gian ngn, trong thi gian ny n
truy xut c quyn n mt ng dn chung xuyn qua chuyn
mch. Trc khi cc knh thoi c chuyn xuyn qua mt mng
chuyn mch s TD, chung c chuyn sang dng s.
- Kiu chuyn mch: Kiu chuyn mch m t chc nng c bit ca
chuyn mch. C hai loi: chuyn mch khng gian v chuyn mch thi
gian. Trong chuyn mch khng gian, cc kt ni c thc hin gia cc
vi tr vt l khc nhau (gia mt lin kt ny vi mt lin kt khc) khng
c hin tng tr ca tn hiu thoi c truyn. Trong chuyn mch thi
gian cc kt ni c thc hin ti cc thi im khc nhau. Thng tin
trong khe thi gian cho trc trn ng nhp chuyn mch c truyn vo
mt khe thi gian chn trn ngo ra. iu ny cn n vic lu tr cc tn
hiu thoi trong mt khong thi gian xc inh v s xut hin hin tng
tr. Tuy nhin thu bao khng th nhn bit c. S khc nhau gia hai
loi chuyn mch c th phn bit mt cch chnh xc bng cch dng 3
yu t trn. Do , mt chuyn mch c th l tng t hay s, SD hay TD,
khng gian hay thi gian. V d, mt khi chuyn mch c c th c m
t nh l tng t/SD/khng gian. Cn ch rng chuyn mch khng gian
c th hoc tng t hoc s, trong khi v cc l do thc t nn chuyn
mch thi gian phi l s.
2.5. iu khin tng i
H thng iu khin l b no ca tng i. N cha ng cc kh nng
logic quyt inh cc hot ng cn thit, nhm thc hin v truyn cc tn hiu
cn thit khi ng. V d khi nhn tn hiu truy cp, h thng iu khin tm
mt vng nh trng dnh lu gi cc ch s, v khi tm thy n s khi pht tn
hiu bo nhn (m mi quay s nu tn hiu truy cp trn mt ng dy ni
b). Khi nhn cc ch s, h thng iu khin dich chung, xc inh mch ng ra
no cuc gi s phi dng, v chn mt ng dn chuyn mch thch hp xuyn
qua tng i. Khi c tn hiu xa n, h thng iu khin s gii phng ng
63
dn chuyn mch v cung cp cc thit bi cho cc cuc gi khc. iu khin cng
c lin quan n s gim st tng i, bao gm thu thp d liu tnh cc, bo tr
v hoch inh.
2.5.1. Hin thc trong cc tng i nhn cng
Trong cc tng i nhn cng, iu khin v chuyn mch u c thc
hin bi in thoi vin. Trong khi s mch vn cn gii hn, iu ny thoa mn
tnh linh hot ti a. Ch cn c mt u dy ni rnh, in thoi vin c th ni
bt k ng dy thu bao no, hay bt k ng hp ni no. in thoi vin
cng chn cc tuyn khi bit rng l ng tt nht c nhiu c hi kt ni thnh
cng nht, khi mng khng th xuyn qua c (do nghn hay h hong) c th
trnh c cc n lc lp li bng cch gii thch cho cc thu bao ti sao cuc gi
ca h khng th thc hin c trong mt thi gian cho trc. Bng cch dng
hiu bit mang tnh ni b ca mng thc hin chc nng chuyn mch, in
thoi vin tng ng nh thnh phn iu khin trung tm v mt dng qun l
mng hiu qu.
Dng iu khin c bn ny sp xp tt c cc chc nng iu khin trong
u v tay ca in thoi vin. in thoi vin tip nhn thng tin inh tuyn qua
m thoi vi thu bao di dng tn ca phn c gi, dich chung xc inh
ng ra no c yu cu, kim tra ng dy, thit lp mt cuc ni xuyn
bng chuyn mch qua cc u ni dy, gim st ng dn truyn m bo
cc phn ang lin lc vi nhau, ghi li cuc gi tnh cc, gim st s xa
cuc ni v sau cng ngt mch bng cch g u ni ra.
Trong khi h tr s iu khin hiu qu th li phung ph ti nguyn. Mt
cuc gi yu cu s tip n ring ca in thoi vin trong sut qu trnh thit
lp cuc gi, c ngha l tt c cc cuc gi khc n trong khong thi gian ny
u phi xp hng i. Tuy nhin, rt bt tin nu ti u bng cch dng mt s
thch hp cc in thoi vin.
Trong mt tng i nho, tc n ca cc cuc gi ch ph hp cho
mt in thoi vin, c iu khin tp trung y . c tnh nhn bit n l tt c
cc chc nng iu khin cc ng dy c cung cp bi mt n vi, trong
trng hp ny l in thoi vin. Mt iu bt li trong vic gn tt c cc chc
nng iu khin vo mt n vi n l c th ton b mng khng hot ng khi
n vi iu khin ny khng thc hin chc nng ca mnh, v d nh v l do ny
hay l do khc in thoi vin khng trc ti vi tr ca mnh. iu ny c th c
64
khc phc bng cch cung cp mt in thoi vin d phng. iu bt tin khc l
c kh nng cc cuc gi phi i hay bi tht bi bi v n vi iu khin qu bn
khng gii quyt kip. iu ny c th iu chnh n mt gi tri c th chp nhn
c bng cch ti u s cc n vi iu khin cn c vo tc cuc gi trn
ng dy v gi c s cp pht ng dy.
2.5.2. iu khin chung
S chia s ti nguyn iu khin gia cc cuc gi c gi l s iu khin
chung. N c th l tp trung ging trong trng hp nhn cng, hay phn tn.
Trong qu trnh pht trin ca iu khin, c hai loi iu khin c dng. Trong
cc h thng tng i maker based c dng trc khi xut hin tng i
SPC, kt hp c iu khin tp trung v phn tn.
Trong cc tng i SPC u tin, cc chc nng iu khin tp trung trong
mt my tnh n, v c d phng bo mt. Ngy nay, vi s gim gi thnh
v gia tng kh nng ca cc b x l, trong cc tng i th h mi mt ln na
iu khin phn tn li pht huy u im. Cc chc nng nh iu khin bo hiu,
kim sot d liu, tip nhn ch s v iu khin chuyn mch u c giao ph
(trong nhiu mc ph thuc vo thit k) cho cc b x l phn phi bn trong
tng i, c mt b x l trung tm lm nhim v giao quyn iu khin cho cc
vi x l khc. Do iu khin hin i c thit k trong hu ht cc phn mm
ring bit.
2.6. Gii thiu tng quan mt tng i k thut s SPC
Trong cc phn trc gii thiu khi nim v SPC v s khc nhau gia
chuyn mch s (digital switching) v chuyn mch tng t (analog switching).
Cc tng i SPC hin i dng k thut chuyn mch s v c vi tr chc chn
trong mng vin thng quc t. D c xem nh thnh phn ca cc mng
chuyn mch v truyn dn s tch hp hay s thay th cho cc n vi chuyn
mch tng t, cc chuyn mch nh vy u c nhiu u im. Cng tc qun l
vin thng tit kim c chi ph v thu c cc c trng sn c t cc h thng
ny, nht l trong bi cnh thu bao i hoi cht lng dich v ngy cng cao
cng nh hng lot cc dich v v tin ch khc mi ra i. V th phn ny s
trnh by mt ci nhn tng quan v tng i in thoi s SPC.
Hnh 2.28 l mt s khi trnh by khi qut mt tng i cc b k thut
s SPC. Cn lu rng hnh v trnh by cc phn t chc nng ca mt tng i
thay cho cc n vi vt l c th c dng trong bt c h thng c bit no.
65
C nhiu chng loi h thng tng i k thut s SPC ang c sn xut,
mi loi c mt kin truc c trng. l kt qu t s phn b khc nhau ca
cc phn t chc nng vo trong cc h thng con. Tuy nhin, hnh 2.28 c
thit k vi cc nt tng quan gn gi vi hu ht cc h thng tng i c sn.
Cng cn ch rng cc thut ng v cc nguyn l c dng trong hnh, v cc
k hiu l tng qut v khng c ch cp n bt k mt thit k c bit no
ca h thng chuyn mch.Tng i cc b gm hai loi n vi: mt hay nhiu
n vi tp trung thu bao v mt n vi chuyn mch nhm. Mt vi n vi tp
trung thu bao xa n vi chuyn mch nhm, nhng n gin, tt c cc n
vi trong hnh 2.28 c xp vo mt ch nhm mc ch miu t. Cc n vi ny
cha chuyn mch s, mch kt cui ng dy, thit bi iu khin v bo hiu.
Hnh m t mt tng i cc b ch vi mt b tp trung thu bao (Subscriber
Concentrator Unit SCU) v mt n vi chuyn mch nhm (Group Switch Unit
GSU); cc SCU thm vo c kt ni n GSU theo phng php tng t.
Thng thng thit bi iu khin trong SCU thc hin vi chc nng iu khin
gi, trong mi lin h vi thit bi iu khin chnh trong GSU. Mc t ng
ca thit bi iu khin trong CSU ph thuc vo thit k ca h thng tng i.
Do , h thng iu khin tng i ni cung cp cc chc nng SPC c m t
trong hnh 2.28 bao gm c hai n vi tng i. Cc tng i trung k k thut s
SPC khng kt cui cc ng dy thu bao v do ch bao gm mt GSU.
66
Khi chuyn
mch trung tm
thu bao
n v kt cui
ng dy
thu bao
M
U
X
B iu khin
ng dy
thu bao
MF
sig
Tones
H thng iu khin tng i
Khi chuyn
mch nhm
CAS
n v kt
cui trung
k
MF
sig
CCS
n v tp trung thu bao
n v chuyn
mch nhm
Cc trung k
analog
Cc trung k s
Cc u cui
iu hnh
Tuyn s
Tuyn analog
Tuyn iu khin
Ch thch:

Hnh 2.28. S tng qut ca mt tng i cc b k thut s
C hai n vi ca tng i u cha cc khi chuyn mch (thut ng khi
chuyn mch c dng m t mt h thng chuyn mch bao gm vi tng
chuyn mch). Khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao chuyn cc cuc gi bt u
t mt s ln cc ng dy thu bao vi lu lng ti thp n trung k ni b
c kh nng ti cao, dn n khi chuyn mch nhm. iu ny to nn mt lin
kt gia cc trung k t cc n vi tp trung thu bao, cc trung k bn ngoi v
cc tuyn hp ni. Cc cuc gi kt cui trn SCU c chuyn bi khi chuyn
mch tp trung thu bao t trung k GSU n cc ng thu bao thch hp.
Cc khi chuyn mch s vi cc c tnh cu to ca bn dn s v ch
hot ng ca TDM, ch c th lm vic vi cc tn hiu dng s. Do bt k
mt ng analog no kt cui trn tng i phi c chuyn sang dng s ( l
dng PCM 24/30 knh) ti b phn ngoi vi ca khi chuyn mch. Cng vic
chuyn i ny (cho cc ng trung k) c thc hin bi n vi vi kt cui
trung k analog ti b phn ngoi vi ca khi chuyn mch inh tuyn; S chuyn
i cho cc ng dy thu bao c thc hin bi cc n vi kt cui ng dy
thu bao (subscriber line termination units_SLTU) v cc b ghp knh ti b
phn ngoi vi ca khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao.
SLTU cng h tr tt c cc chc nng lin quan n cc ng dy thu
bao. Cc chc nng ny bao gm cp ngun cho b truyn thoi, pht hin vng
67
DC c to cho thu bao nhc ng nghe, pht hin cc xung quay s, bo v thit
bi chuyn mch chng li hin tng qu p trn ng dy, chuyn i gia
ng dy thu bao analog 2 dy vi h thng chuyn mch s 4 dy, cp dng
in chung ln ng dy, v mt s cc chc nng kim th no . Vic tit
kim khi thit k tng i t c bng cch ti thiu thit bi trong SLTU, v
chng cung cp trn tng ng dy thu bao. Do , mt vi thit bi cng h tr
cc chc nng kt cui ng dy thu bao c t chung trong cc n vi iu
khin ng dy thu bao, mi b iu khin phc v cho mt s cc SLTU. Cc
b iu khin ng dy h tr giao tip gia cc SLTU v h thng iu khin
tng i bng cch tc ng nh cc u cui truyn tin. Do , cc khong ngh
ca xung quay s c pht hin bi cc SLTU c chuyn i sang cc ch s
bi cc b iu khin.
Mt dng khc ca SLTU cn thit kt cui cc ng dy thu bao s, n
vn chuyn mt s cc knh t cc n vi kt cui ISDN c bit hay cc n vi
PABX s. Mc d cc SLTU s khng cn h tr cc chuyn i analog sang
digital hay t 2 sang 4 dy, nhng chung phi kt cui ng truyn dn s v
chiu trch nhim kim th cng nh cc chc nng tch tn hiu. Trung k s v
cc mch hp ni s trong chun PCM 24 hay 30 knh kt cui mt cch trc tip
trn khi chuyn mch nhm. Tuy nhin, cc tuyn s hot ng qua cc h thng
truyn c th t cao hn trc ht phi c phn gii knh xung dng PCM
chun ti cc trm truyn dn lin quan vi tng i s SPC trc khi c kt
cui trn khi chuyn mch nhm (iu ny khng c trnh by trn hnh 2.28).
Vi cc iu kin ngoi l ca thnh phn mt chiu DC (vng v ct vng),
n c pht hin bi cc SLTU v cc b iu khin ca n, tt c cc bo hiu
c kim sot bi cc nhm truyn nhn chung. Truy cp gia cc ng dy
thu bao v cc b thu a tn (MF) c h tr qua khi chuyn mch tp trung
thu bao. iu ny cng h tr truy cp gia mt nhm nho cc n vi m hiu
(nh cc thng bo c ghi li) v cc ng dy thu bao. Truy cp gia cc
ng trung k v cc nhm bo hiu truyn nhn khc nhau trong bo hiu a
tn, bo hiu knh lin kt (CAS) v bo hiu knh chung (CCS), c h tr bi
cc khi chuyn mch nhm.
Thng tin gia h thng tng i k thut s SPC v ban iu hnh qun tri
c h tr bi cc u cui hot ng theo ch lnh, dng phn mm giao
tip ngi my chy trn h thng iu khin tng i. Cc u cui ny (v d
nh VDUs v my in) c th t chung mt ch vi tng i hay t t xa ngay ti
cc trung tm bo tr v iu hnh.
68
CHNG III
K THUT CHUYN MCH S
3.1. Gi

i thi u chung
Chuyn mch s l qu trnh lin kt cc khe thi gian gia mt s cc lin
kt truyn dn k thut s TDM. iu ny cho php cc tuyn s 2Mbps hay 1,5
Mbps t cc tng i khc hay cc PABX k thut s c kt cui mt cch trc
tip trn chuyn mch s, khng cn chuyn i sang cc knh thoi thnh phn
cho chuyn mch ging nh trong mt tng i tng t. S bo bt thit bi nh
th trn mi knh lm cho chuyn mch s c xem l c u im v gi c v
kch thc. D nhin, bt c mt mch tng t no kt cui trn tng i chuyn
mch s hoc l cc ng thu bao hoc l cc mch trung k hay hp ni, u
phi c chuyn sang dng PCM trc khi vo cc chuyn mch s. Tng t
cc mch ri khoi tng i trn cc phng tin truyn dn tng t cng phi
c chuyn t s sang tng t ngay ti ngoi vi ca khi chuyn mch. Cc
chuyn i A/D v D/A ny, cng vi bt k s chuyn i bo hiu cn thit no
c m trch bi thit b lin mng
Vai tr ca thit bi lin kt mng c m t trong mt kin trc tng qut
hnh 3.1. Hnh ny trnh by cc lung s PCM nhp vo khi chuyn mch mt
cch trc tip ngay mc ghp knh, trong khi cc mch tng t kt cui ti mc
mch ring trn thit bi lin kt mng. Do , thit bi lin kt mng nh phi chiu
s tht thot u im v gi c v kch thc so vi mt tng i chuyn mch s.
i vi cc tng i trong mi trng truyn dn tng t chim u th, iu ny
c th l rt quan trng. Gi c lin kt mng cao do cc b A/D v D/A t tin,
khin cc ng dng thc tin u tin ca chuyn mch s ch p dng trong cc
tng i trung k v hp ni sut thi gian t cui thp nin 60 n u thp nin
70. Cc tng i nh vy hot ng nh l cc mode chuyn mch trung gian gia
cc h thng ng truyn PCM, sau pht trin trong cc mng trung k v hp
ni. S pht trin ca cc tng i cc b k thut s gi c ph hp phi i cho
n khi cc h thng m ha ting ni r tin xut hin vo cui thp nin 70, nh
ti thiu c gi c lin mng trn mi ng dy thu bao.
Chng ny tp trung ch yu vo c cu ca chuyn mch s v cu trc
ca cc khi chuyn mch s thc t. Cc chc nng ngoi vi kt cui thu bao v
cc ng trung k s c xem xt chi tit trong chng k tip.
69
Trc khi xem xt chuyn mch s, cn cn nhc li mt s cc thut ng.
H thng chuyn mch trong mt tng i ty trng hp c gi vi tn khc
nhau chuyn mch, mng chuyn mch, mng chuyn mch trung tm hay
khi chuyn mch. trnh nhm ln vi cc thut ng c dng m t cc
mng in thoi, trong ti liu ny dng chuyn mch m t mt phn t
chuyn mch, v khi chuyn mch m t mt nhm cc chuyn mch. V d
nh khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao.

Mt khi chuyn mch s cung cp cc kt ni gia mt s cc h thng
PCM, mi h thng thu bao gm 30 hay 24 knh trong mt khung TDM. Cc h
thng PCM kt thc ti khi chuyn mch trn cc bus tc cao. Trong mn
K thut truyn dn m t cc mu t mi knh hnh thnh nn cc t m
PCM 8 bit nh th no, cc t m ny c truyn trong cc khe thi gian trn
mt bus ng nhp vo mt khe thi gian trn mt bus ng ra. Mc d thut ng
knh v khe thi gian l ring bit, nhng chung c dng ng ngha vi
nhau trong ti liu. cho r rng, s m t ny xem chuyn mch s n gin
nh l cc lin kt khe thi gian, tm li pha sau cc m t cc dng khc(nh
d liu, bo hiu, kim tra, qun tri) c truyn qua khe thi gian ca knh.
Ngay lc ny rt hu ch khi xem xt mt v d n gin v kt ni xuyn
qua mt khi chuyn mch. Tham kho hnh 3.1, xem xt mt cuc gi c
mang trong khe TS6 ca h thng PCM A, n yu cu kt ni n tng i qua
tuyn trung k ca h thng PCM F. Nu TS6 rnh trn h thng PCM F, th kt
ni c th c thit lp bng cch lin kt hai h thng PCM trong khong thi
70
gian khi TS6 n mt cch ng thi trn c hai h thng. Qu trnh ny l mt
cuc ni khng gian n gin v c gi l chuyn mch khng gian s.
Tuy nhin, ch da vo chuyn mch khng gian trong mt khi chuyn
mch s s lm xut hin cc vn tc nghn nghim trng do nhiu kh nng
hai hay nhiu cuc gi tranh chp cng mt khe thi gian ng ra. V d tc nghn
s xy ra nu TS6 ca h thng PCM F ang bn(gi s ang kt ni vi TS6 ca
h thng PCM C) v do khng sn sng cho kt ni vi TS6 ca h thng PCM
A. S tc nghn ny c th trnh c bng cch chn mt khe thi gian khc
TS6 trn h thng PCM F cho cuc gi t h thng A. Thng thng iu ny c
th, bi v bt c khe thi gian t do no trn mt tuyn n mt tng i u
thch hp cho vic mang thng tin cuc gi. Kt ni gia khe thi gian TS6 trn
h thng PCM A vi mt vi khe thi gian khc trn h thng PCM F lin h
khng ch chuyn mch khng gian s gia hai h thng PCM m cn lin h vi
chuyn mch thi gian gia cc khe thi gian khc nhau ng nhp v ng
xut. Cc khi chuyn mch thc t thng thng dng mt t hp chuyn mch
khng gian v chuyn mch thi gian.
Trong cc phn sau y, cc chuyn mch khng gian v chuyn mch thi
gian c m t mt cch ring bit trc khi s t hp chng vo cc khi
chuyn mch c xem xt. Cc m t ny gi s rng tt c cc h thng PCM
kt thc khi chuyn mch c ng b tt c cc khe thi gian tng ng
n mt cch ng thi xuyn qua cc chuyn mch. Do , trn hnh 3.1 TS1 ca
h thng PCM A xy ra ng thi vi cc TS1 ca cc h thng B, C, D, E, F, G,
H v TS1 ca khi chuyn mch. Chc chn hn, gi s rng cc kt ni xuyn
qua cc chuyn mch c thit lp; s thit lp ng dn chuyn mch c
xem mc 3.8
3.2. Chuy n ma ch khng gian ky

thu t s
Tng chuyn mch khng gian s S(Space Switch Stage) cu to t mt ma
trn chuyn mch kch thc N u vo v M u ra vt l. Lu rng y l h
thng TDM s, do mi ng vt l cha n knh thi gian m chng mang
cc tn hiu PCM. Nh vy kt ni mt khe thi gian bt k no trong mt
ng PCM bt k pha u vo ca ma trn chuyn mch ti khe thi gian tng
ng (ngha l c cng m s TS) ca mt ng PCM bt k pha u ra ca ma
trn th mt im chuyn mch thch hp ca ma trn chuyn mch cn phi hot
ng trong sut thi gian ca TS v lp li vi chu k T = 125usec trong sut
71
qu trnh to knh. Trong cc thi gian khc, vn im chuyn mch c th s
dng cho cc qu trnh ni khc. Tng t nh vy i vi tt c cc im chuyn
mch khc ca ma trn c th c s dng thit lp knh ni cho cc cuc gi
khc nhau.
Chuyn mch khng gian tn hiu TDM-s thng thit lp ng thi mt s
lng ln cc cuc ni qua ma trn vi tc tc th trong mt khung tn hiu
125 usec, trong mi cuc ni qua ma trn tn ti trong thi gian ca mt khe
thi gian TS. Mt cuc gi in thoi c th ko di trong khong thi gian nhiu
khung tn hiu PCM (thng thng khong 1,2 2 triu khung v tng ng vi
khong t 3-5 pht). Do vy mt kiu iu khin theo chu k n gin cho mt
mu ni l cn thit. iu ny d dng t c nh mt b nh RAM iu khin
cc b lin quan ti ma trn chuyn mch khng gian.
Hnh 3.2 minh ha nguyn tc cu to v hot ng ca mt tng chuyn
mch khng gian S. Chuyn mch tng S cu to t 2 thnh phn c bn Ma
trn chuyn mch v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b.

72
Ma trn chuyn mch vung kch thc NxN, trong hng dng cho cc
ng PCM pha u vo v ct dng cho cc ng PCM pha u ra. Ti giao
im ca hng v ct du ni im chuyn mch v thng thng l cng logic
AND hay cng logic 3 trng thi. Ch rng AND hay cng logic ba trng thi l
mch logic khng nh, do vy chuyn mch cho cng mt khe thi gian gia u
vo v u ra ca phn t chuyn mch. Cc im chuyn mch trong mi ct
c iu khin bi mt b nh iu khin C-Mem(Control Memory).
Khi iu khin cc b bao gm b m khe thi thi gian TSCounter, b
chn ia ch Selector v b nh iu khin C-Mem thc hin chc nng iu
khin cc b ma trn chuyn mch. B nh C-Mem lu tr cc s liu lin quan
ti cc im chuyn mch tng ng vi cc khe thi gian TS trong khung tn
hiu cho.
M ia ch nhi phn c gn cho mi im chuyn mch trong mt ct.
Mi ia ch thch hp sau s c s dng chn mt im chuyn mch yu
cu thit lp cuc ni gia mt u vo vi mt u ra ca ma trn chuyn
mch. Cc ia ch chn ny c nh trong b nh iu khin C-Mem theo th t
khe thi gian tng ng vi vi biu thi gian kt ni hin thi. Nh vy i
vi ct 1, ia ch ca im chuyn mch s c thng mch trong thi gian TS0
s c nh trong nh c ia ch 0 ca C-Mem cho ct, ia ch ca im chuyn
mch s thng mch trong khe thi gian TS1 s c nh trong nh ia ch 1.
Tng t nh vy i vi tt c cc ia ch khc trong tng chuyn mch.
di ca cc nh C-Mem c xc inh trn c s ia ch nhi phn ca
cc im chuyn mch trong ct, ngha l c ldN(s nguyn ln hn nho nht)
bits, cn s lng nh ca C-Mem bng s lng khe thi gian TS c trong mt
khung tn hiu ca ng TDM s. Ngay sau khi b nh iu khin C-Mem c
np s liu cc ia ch ca cc im chuyn mch trong ct, th qu trnh iu
khin chuyn mch c th thc hin bng cch c cc ni dung ca mi nh C-
Mem trong thi gian thch hp tng ng vi khe thi gian yu cu, s dng cc
s liu ia ch chn im chuyn mch cn thit m n s thng mch trong
thi gian ca TS nu trn. Qu trnh ny s c tip tc lp li cho ti khi tt c
cc nh ca C-Mem c c v cc im chuyn mch c iu khin mt
cch thch hp. Tip theo th tc ny s c lp li vi s chu k T = 125usec,
bt u vi nh u tin ca C-Mem. Mi chu k l mt khung ca Format tn
hiu s s dng v trong thi gian t hp m tn hiu PCM t mi khe thi
73
gian u vo c th s c chuyn mch ti mt khe thi gian thch hp ti mt
u ra xc inh.
T hnh v Hnh 3.2 ta c th nhn thy rng mi C-Mem ch iu khin mt
ct ca ma trn v do cch trang bi ny gi l iu khin u ra. Tt nhin cng
c th trang bi iu khin theo u vo.
Kho st phn tch cu to v hot ng ca chuyn mch s tng S trn y
ch r rng chuyn mch tng S c vn nghim trng do hin tng blocking
gy ra do xc sut tranh chp ln khi c hai hay nhiu cuc gi cng xut hin
cc u vo khc nhau nhng cng mun chim cng mt khe thi gian trong
lung PCM u ra ca ma trn chuyn mch. Hin tng blocking c th c
khc phc bng cch tm chn cc khe thi gian ri khc nhau, iu ny c th
thc hin c bi v bt k khe thi gian ri no trong hng cho cng c th
dng cho cuc gi xc inh. Ngoi ra dng kt hp gia chuyn mch tng S vi
chuyn mch tng T (Time Switch Stage) va c th pht trin dung lng khi
chuyn mch va gim c hin tng blocking.
Sau y chung ta s kho st mt v d m t nguyn tc hot ng
chuyn mch to knh ca tng S. V d m t hot ng ca tng S phc v cho
mt cuc ni gia TS0 ca lung tn hiu PCM1 u vo vi TS0 ca lung tn
hiu PCM1 pha u ra. Cn c vo yu cu chuyn mch c th cho, trc ht
h thng iu khin trung tm CC(Central Control) ca tng i s to cc s liu
iu khin np vo b nh C-Mem ca tng S. T hnh 4.2 ta thy im chuyn
mch duy nht c th m bo cho yu cu kt ni PCM1 pha u vo vi PCM1
pha u ra l AND
11
, do CC to m ia ch nhi phn cho phn t AND
11
ny.
M theo yu cu phi thc hin chuyn mch cho khe thi gian TS0 do vy CC s
chim nh c ia ch m nhi phn 0 tng ng ca C-Mem. Cc s liu c bn
c CC np ia ch nhi phn AND
11
vo nh 0 ca C-Mem tng S, xong ri n
giao quyn iu khin cho khi iu khin cc b(Locall Controller) iu khin
trc tip qu trnh tip theo.
m bo cho tng chuyn mch S hot ng chnh xc, yu cu tn hiu
ng h phi hon ton ng b vi thi im bt u ca mi khe thi gian TS
trong khung tn hiu PCM c s dng.
Nh vy, khi bt u mt khung tn hiu PCM tn hiu ng h th nht tc
ng vo b m khe thi gian TS-Counter lm cho b m ny thit lp trng
thi 0 c m nhi phn tng ng vi ia ch nh 0 ca C-Mem, nh b chn ia
74
ch Selector m trng thi ny c a ti BUS ia ch ca b nh C-Mem.
ng thi vi vic to m ia ch, Selector to ra tn hiu iu khin c a ti
C-Mem, do ni dung cha trong nh 0 c a ra thanh ghi gii m. V ni
dung ny li chnh l ia ch ca phn t chuyn mch AND
11
, do to c
tn hiu iu khin im chuyn mch ny, nh tn hiu PCM cha trong khe
thi gian TS0 ca PCM1 pha u vo c chuyn qua phn t chuyn mch
AND
11
hng ti PCM1 pha u ra ca ma trn chuyn mch S, tc l
thc hin chc nng chuyn mch.
Kt thc thi gian ca TS0, xung ng h th 2 tc ng vo TS-Counter
lm n chuyn sang trng thi 1 c m nhi phn tng ng vi ia ch nh 1 ca
C-Mem. Nh vy kt thc vic to tn hiu iu khin cho AND
11
i vi qu
trnh chuyn mch cho TS0 theo yu cu. Tng t nh vy i vi cc khe thi
gian tip theo v th tc c lp li vi chu k T =125usec trong sut qu trnh
thit lp ni cho cuc gi ang xt.
Khi cuc gi kt thc CC nhn bit v n s gii phng cuc ni mt cch
n gin bng hot ng xa s liu ghi vo C-Mem nh nu khi bt u
cuc gi. Trong cc tng chuyn mch S thc t, cc bits tn hiu PCM thng
c ghp knh to lung tc cao v bin i thnh dng song song trc khi
qua tng S. V d nh lung tn hiu s PCM 32 vi tc truyn bit ni ting l
2,048 Mbit/s c mang trong i dy n a ti b bin i ni tip song
song.
3.3. Chuy n ma ch th

i gian s
Chng ta nhn thy rng cu to v hot ng ca chuyn mch tng S ch
thc hin cho cc qu trnh chuyn mch c cng ch s khe thi gian gia ng
PCM vo v ng PCM ra. Trong trng hp tng qut c yu cu trao i khe
thi gian gia u vo v u ra khc nhau th phi ng dng tng chuyn mch
thi gian T(Time Switch Stage)
Trn hnh 3.3 di y minh ha qu trnh trao i khe thi gian gia TS2
v TS5 cho hai khung lin tip nhau gia ng PCM vo v PCM ra ca tng
chuyn mch T.
V cc khe thi gian TS c sp xp lin tip nhau theo th t tng dn, do
vy trao i thng tin gia cc khe thi gian TS2 v TS5, tn hiu PCM trong
TS2 cn phi c lu tm thi ti tng T trong khong thi gian 3 TS trong cng
75
mt khung, sau vo khe thi gian ca TS5, tn hiu PCM c a ra ng
PCM pha u ra ca tng chuyn mch.
Trong trng hp nu cn chuyn mch gia khe thi gian u ra vi khe
thi gian c ch s ln hn pha u vo, v d TS6 v TS2 nh minh minh ha
trn hnh 3.4 th tn hiu khng th tr trong cng mt khung m phi tr ti khung
tip theo, c th l (n-6) +2 khe thi gian.
Nh vy, v nguyn tc i vi tn hiu s c nhiu c ch to tr thi
gian theo yu cu song vi nhng tnh nng u vit ca cng ngh vi mch hin
i v tc v gi thnh, ngy nay b nh RAM c s dng trong tt c cc
h thng chuyn mch s DSS(Digital Switching System)

76
Nguyn l cu to ca chuyn mch tng T bao gm 02 thnh phn chnh l
b nh tin S-Mem (Speak Memory) v b nh iu khin C-Mem nh hnh 3.5
minh ha di y. Chc nng c bn ca S-Mem l nh tm thi cc tn hiu
PCM cha trong mi khe thi gian pha u vo to tr thch hp theo yu
cu m n c gi tri t nho nht l 1TS ti cc i l (n-1)TS.
Nu vic ghi cc tn hiu PCM cha trong cc khe thi gian TS pha u vo
ca tng chuyn mch T vo S-Mem c thc hin mt cch tun t th c th s
dng mt b m nhi phn Module(n) cng vi b chn rt n gin iu
khin. Lu rng khi tn hiu ng h phi hon ton ng b vi cc thi
im u ca TS trong khung tn hiu PCM c s dng trong h.
B nh C-Mem c chc nng dng iu khin qu trnh c thng tin
lu m ti S-Mem. Cng nh C-Mem trong chuyn mch tng S, b nh C-Mem
ca tng T cng c n nh bng s lng khe thi gian trong khung tn hiu PCM
s dng. Trong thi gian mi TS, C-Mem iu khin qu trnh c mt nh
tng ng thch hp trong T-Mem. Nh vy hiu qu tr ca tn hiu PCM ca T-
Mem c xc inh mt cch r rng rnh mch bi hiu s gia cc khe thi
gian ghi v c tin PCM b nh S-Mem. Tht l th vi t c ch chuyn mch
nu trn ta nhn thy rng tng chuyn T hot ng khng bnh thng trong cch
phn chia thi gian. Cng mt b nh C-Mem, cc nh c s dng mt cch
c quyn cho mt cuc gi xc inh trong sut thi gian ca cuc ni. Nh vy
chung ta c iu nghich l rng chuyn mch khng gian S c phn chia thi
gian trong khi chuyn mch thi gian T li c phn chia theo khng gian.
hiu nguyn l hot ng ca chuyn mch thi gian T, ta s xt v d
sau y. Gi s c yu cu chuyn mch phc v cho cuc ni gia TS5 ca lung
tn hiu PCM u vo vi TS9 ca lung tn hiu PCM u ra ca chuyn mch
tng T nh minh ha hnh 3.5.
Cn c yu cu chuyn mch, h thng iu khin trung tm CC ca tng
i s to cc s liu iu khin cho tng T. thc hin iu ny CC ca tng
i s np s liu v ia ch nhi phn nh s 5 ca T-Mem vo nh s 9 ca C-
Mem, sau CC giao quyn iu khin cc b cho chuyn mch tng T trc tip
thc hin qu trnh trao i khe thi gian theo yu cu chuyn mch.
Tip theo cho qu trnh m t c hon ton xc inh v d theo di,
chng ta kho st t thi im bt u TS0 ca khung tn hiu PCM. Qu trnh ghi
thng tin PCM cha trong cc khe thi gian pha u vo b nh S-Mem c
77
thc hin mt cch ln lt v ng b nh hot ng phi hp gia b m khe
thi gian TS-Counter v b chn ia ch Selector1. C th l khi bt u khe thi
gian TS0, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n thit lp trng thi 0
to t hp m nhi phn tng ng vi ia ch m nhi phn nh 0 ca S-Mem.
B chn ia ch Selector 1 c s dng iu khin c hay ghi b nh S-
Mem(RAM), trong trng hp ny n chuyn m ia ch ny vo Bus ia ch
Add ca S-Mem ng thi to tn hiu iu khin ghi W, do vy t hp m tn
hiu PCM cha trong khe thi gian TS0 ca lung s u

vo c ghi vo nh s 0 ca S-Mem. Kt thc thi gian TS0 cng l bt u
TS1 song ng h li tc ng vo TS- Counter lm cho n chuyn sang trng thi
1 to ia ch nhi phn cho nh s 1 ca S-Mem. Selector1 chuyn s liu ny
vo Bus ia ch ca S-Mem, ng thi to tn hiu iu khin ghi W do t hp
m tn hiu PCM trong khe thi gian TS1 ca lung s u vo c ghi vo
nh 1 ca S-Mem. Qu trnh xy ra tng t i vi cc khe thi gian TS2, TS3,
TS4, TS5 v tip theo cho ti khe thi gian cui cng TSn ca khung. Sau tip
tc lp li cho cc khung tip theo trong sut thi gian thit lp cuc ni yu cu.
78
Bt u khe thi gian TS9, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n
chuyn trng thi to m nhi phn tng ng ia ch nh s 9 ca C-Mem. B
chn ia ch Selector2 chuyn s liu ny vo Bus ia ch ca C-Mem ng thi
to tn hiu iu khin c R cho b nh C-Mem; kt qu l ni dung cha trong
nh s 9 ca C-Mem c a ra ngoi hng ti Bus ia ch c pha u vo
ca Selector1. V ni dung ca nh s 9 C-Mem l ia ch nhi phn ca nh s
5 ca S-Mem do vy b chn ia ch Selector1 chuyn ia ch ny vo Bus ia ch
ca S-Mem, ng thi n to c tn hiu iu khin c R ca S-Mem. Kt qu
l ni dung cha trong nh s 5 ca S-Mem c a ra ngoi vo khong thi
gian ca khe thi gian TS9, ngha l thc hin ung chc nng chuyn mch
yu cu cho trc. Qu trnh tip tc lp li nh trn vi chu k 125us vi cc
khung tip theo cho ti khi kt thc cuc ni.
C ch hot ng ca chuyn mch tng T nh trnh by trn y l qu
trnh ghi tn hiu PCM vo S-Mem c thc hin mt cch tun t, cn qu trnh
ghi tn hiu PCM vo S-Mem c thc hin theo yu cu theo cch ngu nhin.
Ch lm vic nh vy ca chuyn mch tng T gi l ghi tun t c ngu
nhin vit tt l SWRR(Sequencial Write Random Read). Ngoi ch SWSR
trong thc tin cn phi s dng ch ghi ngu nhin, c tun t
RWSR(Random Write Sequencial Read) m chng ta s kho st khi m t cu
trc v hot ng ca tng chuyn mch s ghp kt hp T-S-T sau ny.
3.4. Cc cu truc ca cc khi chuyn mch s dung lng ln
3.4.1. Gii thiu chung
Trong cc ng dng thc t ca cc khi chuyn mch tn hiu s ta thng
phi gii quyt hai vn quan trng l cht lng dich v QoS(Quality of
Service) v dung lng cn thit ca khi chuyn mch yu cu. Cht lng phc
v ch yu ph thuc vo hin tin blocking v hin tin ny vi xc sut kh ln
khi ch s dng cc chuyn mch tng S. i vi tng T nh m t trn y n
c th m bo chc nng chuyn mch khng blocking cho tt c cc khe thi
gian trong lung tn hiu tc cao PCM m n m nhim phc v. V d vi h
thng 32 lung PCM 30/32 c ghp knh s thnh mt lung cao tc PCM
1024 TS hng ti chuyn mch tng T n l th tt c 1024 TS c th c kt
ni mt cch t do m khng gy hin tng blocking. Nu mt trng chuyn
mch c xy dng bng mt tng T nh vy th dung lng thc t ca n l
512 TS(1024/2) thc hin kt ni cc knh PCM theo c hai chiu thu/pht.
79
Tuy vy, trong cc ng dng thc t tng i ni ht, trng chuyn mch ngoi
vic to knh cho knh thoi cn phi to knh cho bo hiu v iu khin. Do ,
vi mt tng T n th trng chuyn mch ch bo m c khong 450 thu
bao ngha l dung lng tng i qu nho.
Ngoi ra i vi cng ngh ch to khi kch thc tng S tng ln th s
lng chn ra ca vi mch cng s rt ln gy kh khn ch to vi mch. Cn vic
tng dung lng ca chuyn mch tng T th bi hn ch bi cng ngh ch to vi
mch nh RAM v cc mch logic iu khin lin quan. Nh vy vic tng dung
lng trng chuyn mch s m bo cho s lng thu bao v trung k ln
ty theo yu cu ch cn cch phi xy dng trng chuyn mch s dng kt
hp s dng kt hp cc chuyn mch tng T v S tiu chun. C rt nhiu
phng php ghp kt hp gia cc chuyn mch tng S v T, v d nh T-S, S-T,
S-T-S, T-S-T, T-S-S-T,
Do c kh nng tip thng hon ton v khng c hin tng blocking nn
ngi ta mong mun ch s dng mt tng T. Tuy vy mt tng T ch dng lm
khi chuyn mch khng blocking c dung lng ti a 1024TS. Vi cu trc hai
tng T-S v S- T ch thch hp cho cc tng chuyn mch dung lng nho v va.
Nhng vi phng n ny xc sut blocking s tng nhanh cng vi s gia tng
dung lng ca tng chuyn mch S. Do vy cc tng i dung lng va v
ln nhm mc tiu gim blocking v tng dung lng khi chuyn mch ngi ta
thng dng cu trc ba tng.
Trc y, cu trc S-T-S c s dng nhng t cui thp nin 70 tr li
y cu trc T-S-T chim u th hn v ngy nay cu truc ny c s dng rng
ri nht. S d trc y ngi ta s dng S-T-S l v vi trnh cng ngh lc
trnh chi ph ln cho tc hot ng cao ca vi mch. Ngy nay cc u
im v tc cao ca RAM b li c v chi ph gi thnh cho c hai cng
ngh chuyn mch S v chuyn mch T do m cu trc T-S-T c a chung
hn.
Trong cc tng i dung lng cc ln, cc chuyn mch tng S c tc dng
chia nho trng chuyn mch thnh mt s tng thnh phn nhm hn ch kch
thc ca chung do cc cu trc 4 hoc 5 tng T-S-S-T hoc T-S-S-S-T
c ng dng. Lu rng vic s dng cu trc chuyn mch tng S a tng
gim c tng chi ph gi thnh nhng s tng chi ph gii quyt vn
blocking.
80
Theo l thuyt cu trc chuyn mch T-S-T c h s tp trung l 1:1 c th
bo m khng xy ra blocking nu s lng khe thi gian ni b qua tng
chuyn mch S l 2n-1, trong n l s lng khe thi gian trong cc lung
PCM vo v ra ca tng chuyn mch T ngoi vi. Tuy vy thm ch l c khi m
s lng khe thi gian trong v ngoi bng nhau th cht lng phc v QoS vn
rt tt (khong 3.10
-17
cho knh c lu lng 0,7 Erl v s tng ln ti 4,7.10
-8
khi
lu lng knh l 0,8 Erl). Hn na, do khng phi tt c cc khe thi gian ngoi
lung PCM c s dng truyn ti lu lng m s khe thi gian ni
thng lun lun c sn cho vic inh tuyn lu lng qua chuyn mch tng S
v ln hn so vi s lng khe thi gian TS ngoi, nh m thm ch c vi
nhng knh lu lng cao 0,8 Erl cht lng dich v QoS ca T-S-T vn c th
c gi tri t 10
-8
n 10
-10
.
Tm li vic la chn cu trc c th ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh
phc tp, kch thc trng chuyn mch, lu lng phc v, kch thc Module,
kh nng kim tra o th bo dng, m rng dung lng,Trong cc cu trc
ghp cc tng chuyn mch th cu trc T-S-T c s dng rng ri nht v n
c thit k di dng cc Module c kch thc ph hp vi cng ngh, ng
dng thc t v d pht trin, d vn hnh v bo dng.
3.4.2. Khi chuyn mch T-S-T
Khi chuyn mch s cu trc T-S-T cu to t 3 tng chuyn mch T1, S v
T2 kt ni vi nhau nh minh ha trn hnh 3.6.

81

Tng chuyn mch thi gian T1 pha u vo kt ni khe thi gian vo vi
mt khe thi gian ri no trong ng Bus dn ti u vo ca tng chuyn
mhc khng gian S. Trong khi tng chuyn mch thi gian T2 pha u ra kt
ni khe thi gian c chn t chuyn mch tng S ti khe thi gian ra yu
cu. Nh vy cuc gi c kt ni qua trng chuyn mch c th c inh
tuyn qua tng S vi bt k khe thi gian thch hp no.
Ph hp vi tnh cht ng dng ca cc lung ghp knh s cao tc PCM t
bn ngoi vo/ra khi chuyn mch T-S-T, cc chuyn mch thi gian tng T1
lm vic theo ch SWRR cn cc chuyn mch thi gian tng T2 ngc li lm
vic theo ch RWSR. Ngoi ra u im ca ch hot ng c la chn
trn y lm cho vic iu khin ni b khi chuyn mch tr nn ro rng, n
gin v d thc hin hn. Thng thng dung lng ca cc chuyn mch thi
gian T khong 1024 TS, cn kch thc ca ma trn chuyn mch S l 8x8, 16x16
v 64x64 ng cao tc HW(HighWay).
gii thch qu trnh thc hin nhim v chuyn mch ca khi chuyn
mch s cu trc T-S-T trn hnh 3.6 ch r cc s liu iu khin m CC
to v np vo cc C-Mem iu khin qu trnh chuyn mch phc v cho cuc
82
ni gia khe thi gian TS4 ca lung s cao tc u vo 0 ICHW#0 vi khe thi
gian TS9 ca lung tn hiu PCM cao tc u ra 2 OGHW#3 qua khe thi gian
trung gian TS15 tng chuyn mch khng gian S.
3.4.3. Khi chuyn mch knh 2 hng
ng dng cc tng chuyn mch nh trnh by trn y c th xy dng
khi chuyn mch n hng c kch thc bt k. Tuy nhin, trong thc t lun
lun c nhu cu phi thit lp knh song hng qua cc tng chuyn mch ch dn
tn hiu mt chiu. gii quyt yu cu ny ngy cng cn phi s dng hai
ng dn mt chiu kt hp to thnh mt ng dn hai chiu. C hai
phng php c s dng thc hin nhim v nu trn:
- ng dn th hai c thit k mt cch hon ton c lp vi ng dn
th nht
- C hai ng dn c thit lp phi hp cng nhau.
D thy rng phng php th nht s cho linh hot ca h thng cao
hn, trong khi phng php th hai li lm cho h thng c kh nng tit kim
phn cng hn nh tnh i xng ca thit bi chuyn mch. Mt khc iu khin
phng php th hai cng n gin hn v vic tm chn ng ni cho c hai
hng c thc hin trong mt php tm chn trong khi vi phng php th
nht yu cu hai php tm chn ring bit cho mi hng truyn dn. Hnh 3.7
minh ha nguyn tc ca khi chuyn mch theo phng n th nht.

83
Gi s theo yu cu phi chuyn mch cho cuc ni gia TS9 ICHW#0 vi
TS19 OGHW#3(nh hnh 3.7). thc hin kt ni cho qu trnh trn trc ht
CC tm chn mt khe thi gian trung gian(ni b) ri kt ni chuyn mch thi
gian pha u vo IT#0 vi chuyn mch thi gian pha u ra OT#3 qua chuyn
mch khng gian S. Gi thit ti thi im trong Bus PCM ni b tng S cc
khe thi gian TS10 v TS11 l ri do vy CC c th chn cc khe thi gian ny
lm khe trung gian cho cuc gi. CC s lnh np cc s liu thch hp vo cc b
nh C-Mem c th nh sau:
- Ti IT#0: nh 10 ca C-Mem ia ch nh 9 ca S-Mem.
- Ti tng S: nh 10 ca C-Mem ct 1 ia ch im chuyn mch 0-3
- Ti OT#3: nh 10 ca C-Mem ia ch nh 19 ca S-Mem.
to hng ngc li CC lnh np cc s liu c th nh sau:
- Ti IT#3: nh 11 ca C-Mem ia ch nh 19 ca S-Mem.
- Ti tng S: nh 11 ca C-Mem ct 1 ia ch im chuyn mch3-0
- Ti OT#0: nh 11 ca C-Mem ia ch nh s 9 ca S-Mem.
Kt thc cuc ni CC s xa cc s liu trn y kt thc qu trnh trao
i khe thi gian v gii phng cuc ni, cc nh v cc khe thi gian tr v
trng thi ri c th phc v cho cc cuc gi ni tip theo.
Hnh 3.8 minh ha mt cch khc iu khin vic to knh hai chiu thc
hin theo phng php th 2. S ny cn c tn gi l phng php i pha.
Theo phng php ny nu tm c mt ng ni t A n B trong mt khe
thi gian xc inh th ng ngc li s lun lun c m bo na sau ca
khung thi gian c s dng. Trong v d minh ha trn hnh 4.8 hng thun
c s dng khe thi gian trung gian s 7 v tip theo hng ngc s chim
dng khe thi gian (7+n/2). Phng php ny kt hp vi vic gim c s
lng b nh iu khin.
84
S-Mem
S-Mem
C-Mem
S-Mem
S-Mem
2 7 + n/2
ICHW#0
OGHW#3 ICHW#3
OGHW#0
2 7
Ti A
Ti B
n
n
0
9
n
0
2
9
n
0
C-Mem
T B
0
2
T A
C-Mem
n
9 7 + n/2
9 7
0
0-3 7
n
0
3-0 7 + n/2
Hnh 3.8. Trng chuyn mch song hng kiu i pha
3.5. i u khi n ca

c kh i chuy n ma ch s
Trong cc mc trc y trnh by cc vn lin quan ti cc vn
lin quan ti cc phng php qun l khe thi gian qua cc trng chuyn mch
s trng thi bn vng xc lp, ngha l knh c chn v thit lp xong.
Cn trong phn ny s cp n vn to cc s liu iu khin lin quan thch
hp cho cc b nh iu khin ca khi chuyn mch. Chc nng thit lp hay
gii phng ng ni qua khi chuyn mch thc cht l np vo hay xa bo cc
s liu ia ch lin quan trong cc b nh iu khin ca khi chuyn mch. Chc
nng thit lp hay gii phng ng ni qua khi chuyn mch thc cht l np
vo hay xa bo cc s liu ia ch lin quan trong cc b nh iu khin C-Mem.
Hot ng ny l kt qu ca cc tc ng tng tc gia h thng iu khin
trung tm CC ca tng i v cc khi iu khin cc b chuyn dng lin kt vi
cc khi chuyn mch.
3.5.1. S kh i va

ca

c ch

c nng
Thnh phn iu khin ca khi chuyn mch s theo chc nng c th chia
thnh ba thnh phn chnh gm h thng iu khin trung tm CC, b iu khin
khi chuyn mch v iu khin qu trnh chuyn mch nh hnh 4.9 minh ha.
85
H thng iu khin trung tm CC
T
n v
K
B iu khin khi CM
S T
n v
K
B iu khin khi CM
S
n v
K
T
n v
K
n v
K
Khi tp trung thu bao Khi chuyn mch trung tm

Hnh 3.9. iu khin khi chuyn mch s
H thng iu khin trung tm CC m bo nhim v iu khin chung mc
cao cho tt c cc hot ng ca h thng chuyn mch bao gm cc chc nng
x l cuc gi. Trn hnh 4.9 trnh by mt h thng iu khin m nh mt thc
th tp trung n l nhng trong thc t th n thng c thc hin theo cu
truc phn tn hn l tp trung.
Trong mt h thng chuyn mch c th ch c mt hoc c nhiu khi
chuyn mch, v d nh trong tng i Transit c mt khi cn trong tng i ni
ht li gm mt khi chuyn mch trung tm v mt s khi chuyn mch tp
trung thu bao. Mi khi chuyn mch c b iu khin khi chuyn mch ring
ca n v mi chuyn mch tng S/T trong khi chuyn mch li c n vi
iu khin ring cu thnh t cc b nh iu khin lin kt vi mch logic iu
khin cc b. Di y s trnh by cch thc cc h thng iu khin thit lp
ni qua cc khi chuyn mch s.
B iu khin khi chuyn mch c chc nng m bo vic qun l tt c
cc khe thi gian qua khi chuyn mch. Cc cng vic qun l in hnh bao
gm:
- Thit lp knh ni
- Gii phng knh
- Chun bi kt ni
86
- Theo di knh ni
- Kim tra knh ni
- Hoi trng thi knh(bn, ri,..)
Cc knh ni qua khi chuyn mch thng thng l knh hai chiu. Tuy
vy, i khi cc knh mt chiu cng c th c thit lp truyn cc thng tin
gim st, iu khin hoc cnh bo. Chng hn nh x l vic thit lp knh v
hoi trng thi knh c lin quan ti c hai kim knh ni mt chiu v hai chiu.
Thnh phn iu khin khi chuyn mch ch lin quan ti cc nhim v qun l
cc khe thi gian qua khi chuyn mch s m khng qun l ton b qu trnh
phc v cuc ni. iu ny do hot ng x l cuc gi rt phc tp c thc
hin ti h thng iu khin trung tm, trong khi hot ng qun l knh ca
cc khi chuyn mch c th c trao cho b iu khin khi chuyn mch.
S khi u cho mi yu cu ca cuc gi v vic thit lp knh ni qua
khi chuyn mch s thuc v hot ng x l cuc gi xy ra trong h thng iu
khin trung tm. Mt v d c th ca hot ng ny l nhim v qut v xc inh
thu bao ch gi a ra yu cu knh ni xc inh gia thu bao vi b thu
xung m m tn kp DTMF(Dual Tone Multi-Frequency) qua khi tp trung thu
bao. Mt v d khc v hot ng x l cuc gi l yu cu iu khin khi
chuyn mch trung tm to knh kt ni gia u ra ca b tp trung thu bao
vi ng trung k trong hng lin lc, hot ng x l ny da trn c s bin
dich cc ch s do thu bao ch gi pht(quay s) v cc qui tc inh tuyn cuc
gi ca h thng chuyn mch hin hnh. Trn c s cc kt qu ca hot ng x
l cuc gi, h thng iu khin trung tm s lnh cho cc b iu khin khi
chuyn mch lin quan thit lp, duy tr hay gii phng knh ni gia cc khe
thi gian xc inh ca khi chuyn mch s.
Cc lnh iu khin t h thng iu khin trung tm ti b iu khin khi
chuyn mch thng thng c truyn di dng bn tin mc cao sao cho t
c hiu qu iu khin cao v ti a s dng cc tnh nng ca cc b x l
trong h thng iu khin trung tm. V d v format bn tin ca lnh iu khin
c minh ha trn hnh 3.10 (bn tin loi 1). Cng ging nh bt k mt tn hiu
da trn c s format bn tin no khc, format bn tin hnh 3.10a s dng mt s
trng s liu c bit. Mc d format bn tin thc t kiu bn tin loi 1 s rt
khc nhau ty thuc vo thit k ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau, song cc trng
s liu di y s lun lun cn c:
87
- M ton tc: S liu ny ch thi yu cu knh ni s c thit lp, chun
bi, gim st hay gii phng,. m ha ton tc qun l t 1-6 nu
trn y cho c hai kiu knh n hng hay song hng cc trng s liu
4 bit c yu cu.
- Nhm trng s liu khe thi gian u vo: Nhm trng s liu ny ch r
ia ch knh vo di dng m s tng chuyn mch S/T, m s lung
PCM v m s khe thi gian trong lung tn hiu s PCM. Mc d l mt
ia ch n l nhng n nhn dng c hai khe thi gian thu v pht ti u
vo ca tng chuyn mch. Kch thc ca hai trng s liu u tin ph
thuc vo s lng tng chuyn mch u vo v s lng lung PCM
trong tng chuyn mch tng ng. Trng s liu m s khe thi gian c
dung lng 5 bit i vi cc lung PCM32 v PCM24 knh.
- Nhm trng s liu khe thi gian ra: Nhm trng s liu ny ch r cc
ia ch khe thi gian ra trong khun dng Format bn tin tng t nh
format bn tin ca nhm trng s liu khe thi gian u vo m t trn
y.
- M pht hin v sa li: Trng s liu ny ca format bn tin cho php b
iu khin khi chuyn mch pht hin bt k s sai li no xy ra trong
bn tin m n gy ra trong qu trnh truyn tin t h thng iu khin trung
tm n b iu khin khi chuyn mch. Mt kiu m nh vy c th n
gin l kim tra chn l hay phc tp hn l m CRC(Cyclic Redundance
Code).

- M bn tin: Mi mt bn tin cn c gn mt nhn vi m s n gin
c trng cho vic xc inh chun chui lin tip cc bn tin pht v x
l. Vic s dng m bn tin nh trn cho php b iu khin khi chuyn
mch c th thng bo cho h thng iu khin trung tm bit c mt bn
tin c th no nhn c cha sai li v nh yu cu h thng
iu khin trung tm pht li bn tin. Khi thu bn tin loi 1, b iu khin
khi chuyn mch thc thi cc vi lnh(instruction). Trong trng hp yu
cu thit lp knh b iu khin khi chuyn mch s s thc hin cc th
tc tm ng v chn mt knh ni qua trng chuyn mch. H thng
iu khin trung tm sau s phi a ra thng bo v vic ng ni
tm c. Tng t nh vy, cc bn tin cn phi ch thi rng knh ni
88
c gii phng hay chun bi sn sng,Cc bn tin ngc li t h thng
iu khin trung tm ti b iu khin khi chuyn mch cn phi cha cc
trng s liu nh hnh 3.10b, m c m t nh trong cc phn sau.
M
bn
tin
Trng tin
M bn
tin tham
kho
M
sa
li
b) Bn tin kiu 2(T b iu khin khi CM n CC
M
bn
tin
M
ton
tc
M tng
chuyn mch
IT#
M
lung
PCM
M TS
Khe thi gian gi vo
M tng
chuyn mch
IT#
M
lung
PCM
M
TS
Khe thi gian gi ra
M
sa
li
a) Bn tin kiu 1(T CC n b iu khin khi Chuyn mch
M tng
chuyn mch
IT#
Ni
dung
C-Mem
B
Tng chuyn mch IT
M tng
chuyn mch
OT#
M ct
Tng chuyn mch S
Ni dung
C-Mem
P
Tng chuyn mch OT
Ni
dung
C-Mem
B P
a) Bn tin kiu 3(T b iu khin khi Chuyn mch n b iu khin khi CM
Hnh 3.10. Cc format bn tin iu khin khi chuyn mch
- M bn tin tham kho: Trng s liu ny cha m nhn dng ca bn tin t
h thng iu khin trung tm m bn tin ny s c quan h sau vi n.
- Trng tin: Trng s liu ny cha cc thng tin s c gi ti h thng
iu khin trung tm. Bn tin c gi theo kiu nh l knh c thit
lp, Khng c knh sn sng, ng dn c chun bi hoc Bn tin
trc thu sai,
- M bn tin v m sa sai: Cc trng s liu ny c ngha tng t nh
m t trong bn tin loi 1.
Trong trng hp thit lp knh ni phc v cuc gi, b iu khin khi
chuyn mch s cn phi xc inh c cc ia ch cn thit m chng s c
ghi vo trong tng b nh iu khin C-Mem ca cc tng chuyn mch sao cho
cc tng chuyn mch S/T s m bo cung cp c cc knh theo yu cu, sau
b iu khin khi chuyn mch s np cc s liu yu cu c th vo cc i
ch nh c th ca cc b nh iu khin C-Mem.
89
n vi iu khin ca chuyn mch thi gian tng T cu to t b nh iu
khin C-Mem, mch Logic m khe thi gian TS-Counter v b chn ia ch
Selector cn n vi iu khin ca chuyn mch khng gian tng S cu to t b
nh iu khin C-Mem v mt s mch ph cn khc nh m t phn 3.2.
trn y. Trc khi xem xt vn thng tin cn thit c ghi vo cc b nh
iu khin C-Mem nh th no, chng ta hy kho st format ca bn tin cn gi
t b iu khin khi chuyn mch ti mi mt n vi iu khin chuyn mch
tng S hay tng T tng ng. Cc thng tin chnh bao gm:
- ia ch ca b nh C-Mem
- ia ch ca nh C-Mem
- Ni dung s liu trong nh C-Mem
Gi thit rng i vi khi chuyn mch cu trc 3 tng T-S-T th 3 trng
s liu c yu cu trong bn tin cho mi n vi iu khin chuyn mch bao
gm trong qu trnh thit lp knh ni. Tuy nhin iu ny cng khng nht thit
phi thc hin, v d nh vi khi chuyn mch biu din trn hnh 4.6, knh ni
c thc hin gia ICHW#0/TS4 vi OCHW#0/TS6 s dng khe thi gian ni
b l TS17 qua chuyn mch tng S. iu cn lu rng cc nh ca tt c 3 b
nh iu khin C-Mem u c ia ch nhi phn l 0000010001(17). c im u
vit ny c th m bo kh nng ch cn cung cp mt trng s liu chung cho
cc nh ca tt c 3 b nh iu khin C-Mem. Tuy nhin, thm ch c th t
c mt cch kinh t hn bng cch gi cc bn tin ti cc b nh iu khin C-
Mem trong khong thi gian ca khe thi gian TS17, nh vy bn tin t b nh
iu khin khi chuyn mch khng cn mt ia ch no cho cc nh C-Mem v
do tit kim c 3 trng s liu ia ch.
Mt format bn tin c th s dng cho bn tin loi III trao i thng tin
gia iu khin khi chuyn mch v cc n vi iu khin chuyn mch ca cc
tng S/T c minh ha trn hnh 3.11. Cu trc bn tin gm 3 nhm trng s
liu dng cho vic iu khin cc tng chuyn mch thi gian pha u vo,
chuyn mch khng gian S v cc tng chuyn mch thi gian pha u ra tng
ng.
- Nhm trng s liu chuyn mch tng T u vo Trng s liu u
tin trong nhm ny xc inh m s mt chuyn mch thi gian tng T c
th. Trng s liu th 2 cha ni dung cn phi ghi vo b nh iu khin
C-Mem tc l ia ch nh hay ch s khe thi gian u vo TS#. C hai
90
trng s liu 1 bit cn b sung lin quan ti n vi iu khin chuyn
mch thi gian u vo l bit Bn/Ri v bit Chn m trn s
hnh 3.11 biu tng bng k t B v P tng ng. Bit B b iu khin
khi chuyn mch dng ch thi trng thi Bn/Ri ca cc khe thi gian
TS# ra ca chuyn mch thi gian tng T pha u vo, cn bit P dng
cho vic pht hin sai li khi thu bn tin. Cc thng tin ny s c s
dng tm mt khe thi gian trung gian ri inh tuyn qua chuyn
mch tng S ti mt chuyn mch thi gian tng T pha u ra. Mc d s
thit lp mt cch tch bit cc b nh trong b iu khin khi chuyn
mch b tr sp xp trng thi ca cc khe thi gian ra, bit Bn/Ri c
th d dng truy cp c vo ni dung ca cc b nh iu khin khi
chuyn mch b tr sp xp trng thi ca cc khe thi gian ra, bit
Bn/Ri c th d dng truy cp c vo ni dung ca cc b nh iu
khin C-Mem ca cc tng chuyn mch thi gian u vo. Do vy khi
c np bi bn tin loi III, mi nh ca C-Mem trong mt chuyn
mch tng T u vo s cha cc ia ch cc nh ca b nh T-Mem v
bit B s lp gi tri 0 hoc ia ch Zero. Bit B s lp gi tri 1 tng ng vi
vic cuc gi c s dng khe thi gian ra ca n trong qu trnh hay
khng?
IT# TS# B P Ct#
Ni dung C-
Mem
P OT# B P
a) Thit lp knh ni
TS#
IT#
S#
OT#
IT# 0 B P 1 0 P OT# B P
b) Gii phng knh
0

Hnh 3.11. V d bn tin loi III
- Nhm trng s liu chuyn mch khng gian tng S Trng s liu u
tin trong nhm ny xc inh (nhn dng) ct no ca chuyn mch tng S
v b nh iu khin C-Mem tng ng lin quan s c nh ia ch
(Nu chuyn mch khng gian tng S c iu khin theo hng th trng
s liu u tin s cha ia ch hng). i vi khi chuyn mch s m c
s tranh chp mt vi chuyn mch tng S th phn u tin ca ch s m
91
ct s cn phi c ch r tng chuyn mch no c ia ch ha. Bit P
y cng c dng vi mc ch nh trnh by trn y.
- Nhm trng s liu chuyn mch thi gian T u ra Format bn tin
nhm ny cha 4 trng s liu tng t nh i vi n vi iu khin
chuyn mch tng T u vo tho lun k trn y, ngoi tr iu rng
bit B y c lin quan ti trng thi Bn/Ri ca cc khe thi gian
u vo ch khng phi u ra nh ca chuyn mch tng T pha u vo
ca trng chuyn mch s.
Mt v d minh ha cho vic s dng cc bn tin loi III gia b iu khin
khi chuyn mch v 3 n vi iu khin tng chuyn mch biu din trn hnh
3.11. Tip theo ta xt mt v d v vic xem xt yu cu cuc ni qua mng
chuyn mch cu trc T-S-T hnh 3.6, vi gi thit knh c thit lp l
ICHW#0/TS4 v OGHW/TS5 qua khe thi gian ni b l TS15 ca im chuyn
mch hng 0 ct 1 ma trn chuyn mch S. Nh trnh by trn y, cc thng
tin thch hp lin quan cn phi c cp nht vo nh s 15 ca cc b nh
iu khin C-Mem tng ng ca cc tng chuyn mch S-T. Nh vy format bn
tin biu din trn hnh 3.10 s c gi ti 3 n vi iu khin chuyn mch trong
thi gian xy ra tip theo ca khe thi gian TS15 thit lp knh ni yu cu qua
khi chuyn mch. Cc phn t cn li ca bn tin s c tch bi cc n vi
iu khin ca 3 tng chuyn mch nh c ch r trn hnh 3.11a.
Bn tin cn gii phng knh ni qua khi chuyn mch c ch r trn
hnh 3.11b. Bn tin ny c gi i trong thi gian din ra tip theo ca khe thi
gian TS15 sao cho cc nh c ia ch nhi phn 0000001111(15) ca cc b nh
iu khin C-Mem ca chuyn mch thi gian pha u vo tng IT0, ct 1 ca
chuyn mch khng gian tng S v tn chuyn mch thi gian u ra OT#1 s
c np vi cc ia ch Zero. Bit B ca cc nh s 15 ca c 3 b nh iu
khin C-Mem u c lp gi tri 1 ch r rng khe thi gian ni b TS15 bi
chim dng khng th s dng cho cc cuc ni khc.
Hnh 3.12. minh ha s dng cc Bus v cc dy iu khin kt ni cc
thanh phn iu khin chuyn mch khc nhau vi b iu khin khi chuyn
mch. cho s c n gin, r rng va d hiu, trn hnh 3.12 ch biu
din n vi iu khin chuyn mch cho chuyn mch u vo IT#0. Vic lin lc
gia cc thnh phn c m bo bi 3 i Bus mt i cho vic lin kt tt c
cc chuyn mch thi gian u vo IT#, mt i cho cc tng chuyn mch khng
92
gian S v mt i dng cho cc chuyn mch thi gian u ra OT#. Ngoi ra cc
dy iu khin n s kt ni cc trng s liu bit B t tt c cc b nh iu
khin C-Mem ca tt c cc IT# v OT# vi thanh ghi trng thi trong b iu
khin khi chuyn mch s.
H thng iu khin trung tm CC
Logic chn ng
Thanh ghi
trng thi
Thanh ghi BUS
B k khi C/m
n v K
k IT#2
Selection
TS
Count
n v K
C-Mem
k IT#1
B
B
Set
add
R W
W add
n IT#
BUS a ch IT#
BUS ni dung C-Mem
n S#
BUS a ch S#
n OT#
BUS ni dung C-Mem
BUS a ch OT#
BUS ni dung C-Mem
Bn tin loi 1 v 2

Hnh 3.12. iu khin khi chuyn mch s
Bus ia chi ca IT# c u ni ti tt c cc n vi iu khin chuyn
mch ca chuyn mch thi gian u vo IT. Mi n vi iu khin lin tc tm
kim cc ni dung ca Bus v ia ch ca mt trong s cc chuyn mch tng T
ca n. Khi mt ia ch thch hp tm c th ia ch s c s dng cho
vic inh tuyn s liu t Bus ni dung b nh iu khin C-Mem ti nh ca
mt b nh iu khin. Cc ng dng tng t c sp t nh vy i vi cc
Bus u ni chuyn mch khng gian tng S vi chuyn mch thi gian u ra
OT.
93
C 3 i Bus kt cui thanh ghi Bus trong b iu khin khi chuyn
mch. iu ny cho php cc trng s liu khc nhau ca cc bn tin loi III
c m trong thanh ghi Bus s c a ra ngoi ti cc Bus lin quan. Cc
bn tin cn thit c to ra bi b iu khin khi chuyn mch s da trn c s
cc lnh iu khin t h thng iu khin trung tm v i vi mt ng mi
thit lp s dng kt qu x l ca mch Logic chn ng.
3.5.2. Thu t toa

n cho n

ng ri
Th tc chn knh ri cho khi chuyn mch s cu trc T-S-T bao gm
vic tm khe thi gian trung gian ri qua chuyn mch khng gian tng S. iu
ny c ngha rng khe thi gian phi c la chn sao cho n l ri c pha
u ra ca tng chuyn mch thi gian u vo IT# v c pha u vo ca tng
chuyn mch thi gian u ra OT#. Trng thi Bn/Ri ca mi trong s hai tp
khe thi gian c biu thi bng bit B trogn cc nh tng ng ca cc b nh
iu khin C-Mem. Phng php chn knh ri s dng mt cch n gin l x
l tm kim s trng khp cc khe thi gian ri nh vic kim tra cc cp bit
Bn/Ri t hai tp cc chuyn mch thi gian tng T.
C ch chn ng ni c thc hin trong phm vi b iu khin khi
chuyn mch m n thng c xy dng trn c s k thut vi x l v n thc
hin vic tm kim bng cch tin hnh mt s qu trnh x l logic s. Phng
php ph bin nht l s dng mt mt n nh trnh by di y:
Trng thi Bn/Ri ca mi nh ca b nh iu khin C-Mem ca chuyn
mch tng T s c nh m trong khong mi khe thi gian trong thanh ghi
trng thi ca b iu khin khi chuyn mch. Thanh ghi ny cha hai trng s
liu Mt trng gi m trang thi cho cc OT#. Trong khong thi gian ca
mi khe thi gian TS tt c cc bit bn tng ng u c trnh din trong thanh
ghi trng thi, v d nh trong thi gian TS19 tt c cc bit bn t nh s 19 ca
tt c cc b nh C-Mem u c trnh din. Vic la chn ng tuy nhin c
lin quan vi vic trng hp cc khe thi gian ri ch xy ra trong tng chuyn
mch IT# v OT# m chung c ch r bi h thng iu khin trung tm. Nh
vy b iu khin khi chuyn mch s to mt t Logic nhi phn c di bng
di ca thanh ghi trng thi. N cha cc gi tri Zero trong tt c cc vi tr bit,
tr hai vi tr tng ng vi cc b nh C-Mem ca IT# v OT# yu cu. T logic
ny gi l Mt n v n c lu m trong thanh ghi chn. Trong thi khong
ca mi khe thi gian cc ni dung ca thanh ghi trng thi c thc hin ton t
logic AND trn c s tng bit mt tng ng vi cc ni dung ca thanh ghi
94
chn. Khi mt khe thi gian ri(trng thi 1) xut hin trong hai b nh C-Mem
theo kim tra, kt qu ca php ton t AND s c t gi tri 1 trong c hai na
ca thanh ghi kt qu. V d minh ha hnh 3.13.
Nh vy s c sn cc knh thi gian ni b ri kh dng qua chuyn mch
tng S c xc inh bi vic kim tra kt qu khc 0 trong c hai trng s liu
ca thanh ghi kt qu trong thi gian ca mi khe thi gian hin ti.
Khe thi gian ni b c chn sau s c s dng to cc bn tin
loi III cn thit thit lp knh ni qua khi chuyn mch. B iu khin khi
chuyn mch c th yu cu chun bi trc knh ni. Trong trng hp ny bn
tin loi III s c to ra m n cha cc gi tri 0 trong hai trng s liu B v
n thun ni dung Zero trong ba trng s liu b nh C-Mem.
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1
0
0
Thanh ghi Trng thi
Mt n chn knh
Thanh ghi kt qu

Hnh 3.13. V d v chn knh ri
Cch thc hat ng m b iu khin khi chuyn mch s dng mt n
tm kim mt knh ri c nh hng ti mc phc v ca h thng. C mt vi
thut ton tm kim knh ri c s dng trong cc h thng chuyn mch s
hin i v mi thut ton s cho cc c trng lu lng cng nh phc tp
iu khin khc nhau. Sau y gii thiu ba thut ton ng dng cho cu trc khi
chuyn mch T-S-T:
- Thut ton 1: Bt u tm lin tip ngu nhin. Vi thut ton ny vic tm
kim mt khe thi gian ni b ri qua tng S bt u mt cch ngu nhin
v truy tm lin tip qua cc khe thi gian. iu ny c hiu ng tri cc
khe thi gian chim dng thnh di, v d t TS0 ti TS512 trong mt
95
khung tn hiu 1024 khe thi gian. Mc phc v GOS(Grade Of Service)
kt qu lm trn khong 2,5.10
-4
i vi lu lng 0,825 Erl/mch.
- Thut ton 2: Bt u tm lin tip c inh. Theo phng php ny vic
tm knh lun lun c bt u t mt khe thi gian ni b inh trc v
sau truy tm mt cch lin tip qua ton di. Thut ton 2 c hiu ng
ng gi cc khe thi gian c chim dng bi v slng cuc gi ln
hn s c thit lp qua cc khe thi gian c ch s thp hn so vi cc
khe thi gian c ch s cao hn. Kt qu ny s lm tng GOS so vi
phng php bt u ngu nhin. V d GOS c gi tri 1,46.10
-4
i vi lu
lng 0,825 Erl/mch.
- Thut ton 3. Th lp. Khi tm kim knh ri qua trng chuyn mch
tng T, s th lp li vic tm kim c khi u sau mt thi gian no
c th s cho php tm c mt khe thi gian ri. tr gia nhng ln
tm kim s nh hng ti GOS, c th thi gian ch cng lu th xc sut
s cuc gi gii phng s cng ln. Chng hn nh c 50% c hi tm kim
knh sau 1 giy ch th lp li c th s to thm tr nhn thy c i
vi thi gian thit lp cuc gi m n bnh thng ch cn 0,5 n 1,0 giy
qua h thng chuyn mch s.
3.5.3. tin cy v an ton khi chuyn mch
Cc khi chuyn mch s hin i c dung lng khng l, do bn thn
chng cng cc thit bi iu khin lin quan cn phi c m bo an ton tin
cy cao bi v mt hong hc nho c th gy ra hu qu nghim trng cho ton b
h thng. Cc h thng chuyn mch u cui cng cng hin i yu cu thi
gian hong bnh qun trong chu k 20-40 nm ph thuc vo cc tnh nng qun l.
V rng ch c mt trong s cc cu kin ca h thng, khi chuyn mch t n
cn phi m bo ch mt phn nho trong t sut hong hc ton b h thng. Hn
na, hu ht cc doanh nghip in thoi qui inh xc sut thp mt hong hc bt
k no nh hng mnh hn mt phn nho mch in. iu ny yu cu phi xem
xt cn nhc thn trng vn m bo tin cy cao ca cc khi chuyn mch
s bi v dung lng knh ca chng khng l v khi lng cu kin phn cng
ln. V d nh nu hong hc phn cng mt Bus lung PCM ni b gia tng T
v tng S c th s lm tn tht 1024 knh truyn dn.
96
Bo v an ton mt cch c hiu qu v n gin nht cho trng chuyn
mch s c th thc hin bng hai gii php: thit k ch to theo Module v trang
bi d phng kp nh s minh ha trn hnh 3.14.
Theo phng n d phng kp ngha l khi chuyn mch c thit k ch
to t hai na khi hon ton nh nhau v mi na khi gi l mt mt(plane
hoc side). Mi cuc ni s c thit lp ng thi vi hai knh dn song song
ng nht qua cc mt A v B ca khi chuyn mch, trong mt mt lm vic
thc s(mt tch cc) kt ni knh vo/ ra phc v cuc gi, cn mt kia l
d phng sao cho nu mt tch cc c vn th n s t ng thay th.
gii quyt vn nh nu trn, b sung vo khi chuyn mch an ton
cn phi c c ch gim st, pht hin sai li v hong hc sao cho c th c lp
Tng S
Tng
T
Tng
T
SW#
H thng iu khin trung tm CC
Tng
T
Tng
T
SW#
Tng
T
Tng
T
SW#

Hnh 3.14. Trang bi d phng kp khi chuyn mch s
c b phn thit bi khi xy ra sai li. i vi phng php trang bi kp i c
th s dng gii php kim tra tnh chn l n gin c hai knh song song tch
cc/d phng ch ra mt bi sai li, c th l bit chn c b sung vo t hp
m tn hiu PCM 8bit trong hng pht ti mi lung kt cui u vo ca khi
chuyn mch. Lung tn hiu 9 bit sau c nhn i v a ti chuyn mch
tng T u vo tng ng ca c hai mt ca khi chuyn mch. Pha u thu mi
97
t hp m PCM 9bit t c hai mt s c kim tra tnh chn l pht hin c sai
li hay khng. Nu pht hin thy li mt no th lp tc mt s bi c lp
khoi khi chuyn mch mt cch t ng hon ton.
Ngoi phng php trang bi d phng kp c s dng rt ph bin nu
trn c th s dng phng php d phng phc tp hn v d nh d phng theo
Module n+1 hay d phng n trong m,
98
CHNG IV
K THUT CHUYN MCH GOI
4.1. Nhng khi nim chuyn mch gi
4.1.1. Khi nim v chuyn mch gi (packet switching)
Trong chuyn mch gi thng tin c truyn i di dng cc gi, mi gi
gm mt khi thng tin iu khin, mt vng cha thng tin truyn hu ch v
mt vng thng tin kim tra sa li b sung. Nh vy, n vi d liu (data unit)
trong chuyn mch gi l gi, trong ngoi d liu cn truyn ca ngun pht
tin cn c mt s d liu do mng thm vo. Mt bn tin trn vn ca ngun pht
c chia thnh nhiu gi, chuyn i v c ti thit ti ni nhn.
Head
u cui u cui
K Thng tin
K
T
K Thng tin
K
T
K Thng tin
K
T
Head
u cui u cui
Gi

Hnh 4.1. Chuyn mch trn Bus
Mt t chc chuyn mch thi gian c th c dng cho chuyn mch gi.
Thng thng gm mt knh truyn di dng mt vng hay mt bus m t tn
hiu c a vo v ly ra ty thuc vo mt vi loi chun. Cc nhm tn hiu
c th c tip nhn v inh tuyn n cc ng ra khc nhau ty thuc vo vi tr
ca chng trong mt tun t cc tn hiu. Trong cc tip cn khc, mi nhm tn
hiu cha mt ia ch ch ra ni inh tuyn cho nhm. Trong hnh 4.1, cc tn hiu
s (cc bit) ang chy trn mt bus qua hai u cui s liu. Cc bit ny c
nhm vo trong mt vng iu khin, thng tin, v kim tra nh trnh by gia
hnh. Thay v mt bus, mt trng truyn c th l mt vng nh hnh 4.2.
99
u cui u cui
u cui
u cui u cui

Hnh 4.2. Chuyn mch trn vng
Cc mch ni n mt chuyn mch s c th l mt di t cc ng thu
bao c tc 56kbps hay 64kbps n cc ng tm xa chun (T3) tc
44Mbps. Cc lin kt cp quang c tc bt cao, hin nay khong 145 n
155 Mbps. Cc lin kt quang trong tng lai s c tc 1 Tbps hay cao hn.
Cc tc bit cao gy ra tr ngi cho cc chuyn mch s chun. Cc chuyn
mch khng gian khng th hot ng nhanh hot ng cc lung thuc gii
gigabit v terabit. Cng khng c b nh no trong cc chuyn mch thi gian ghi
c thng tin vi tc nhanh nh vy. Chnh v vy cn phi tm ra gii php
mi cho tng lai trong lnh vc chuyn mch.
4.1.2. Mng chuyn mch gi PSN (Packet Switching Network)
Mt mng chuyn mch gi bao gm cc thnh phn chnh: cc node mng
vi cc u cui dng gi PT (Packet Terminal), cc b tp trung, cc thit bi
ng tch gi PAD kt ni cc u cui di gi NPT (Non packet Terminal) v
h thng qun l mng, hnh 4.3. Mi mt thnh phn trong mng c mt s c
tnh ring ca n. Nm c cc c tnh l iu cn thit nhm thc hin ghp
ni cc thnh phn vi nhau to nn mng chuyn mch gi.

100
PAD
Ca cng
Thu bao
Thu bao
B tp trung
NPT
PT
NMS
Trung k
PT: Packet Terminal
NPT : Non-packet Terminal
PAD: Packet Assembly Disassembly
NMS: Network Management System

Hnh 4.3. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng chuyn mch gi
Node mng
Thc cht y l nhng tng i hay thit bi chuyn mch gi. Cc tng i
trn thc t nh EWSP, Alcatel, XNet v mt s tng i TPX ca cng ty
SprintNet ca M. Cc node kt ni cc thu bao vo mng, ni cc ng dy
trung k. Qua node thc hin cc chc nng sau:
- iu khin cc cng ng dy
- Truyn a d liu ngi dng
- Chuyn i giao thc s dng trong mng v lin kt vi cc mng khc
Ty thuc vo vi tr ca node trong mng l mt node c th l:
- Node truy xut cc b ca thu bao: cung cp kt ni cho cc thu bao
khng ng b (X.28), thu bao Telex, nhng thu bao v nhng my ch
ng b, my ch khng ng b thu bao SNA/SDLC, hnh 4.4.
- Node trung k trung chuyn cho nhng node mng khc.
- Node ca cng (gateway): cho php lin lc vi mng quc t v cc quc
gia khc vi nhng thu bao ng b hay bt ng b ca nhng mng .
Mng chuyn mch gi c th c nhng kt ni lin mng nh sau:
- Mng in thoi cng cng PSTN.
101
- Mng s a dich v ISDN.
- Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch mch CSPDN.
- Cc mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi khc.
Tc ng dy cho thit bi u cui bt ng b thng nho hn 19,2
Kbit/s v nhng ng dy cho nhng thit bi u cui ng b c tc n 2
Mbit/s.
Cc b tp trung
Cc b tp trung cung cp mt gii php tt gim gi thnh khi thit k
mng. B tp trung hn ch thi gian tr mc thp nht v n gin ha vn
hnh.
H thng qun l mng
H thng qun l mng thc hin chc nng iu khin ton b mng, h
thng ny c nhng ngi iu hnh mng qun l, vn hnh v bo dng mt
cch hiu qu. y l b phn trung tm ca chuyn mch gi, bt c mng no
tr cc mng rt nho u cn c h thng qun l mng (NMS).
Gim st s khai thc cc thnh phn mng l chc nng quan trng nht ca
h thng NMS, xt theo quan im ca ngi qun l. iu kin l tng NMS
cn phi p ng nhanh khi bt c thit bi no hoc mt tuyn thng tin no trn
mng cn qun l. Ngi qun l mng cn c thng bo theo c hai phng
thc nghe v nhn nm bt kip thi, chnh xc cc s c xy ra. Ngoi ra, qun
l cu hnh mng cng l mt trong cc nhim v ca NMS. mt s mng, cc
thit bi mng cha phn mm cho php chng c th khi to v gi NMS, luc
NMS xa c th yu cu c p ng thng tin thi gian thc vi tc cao
hn so vi khi ch s dng mt NMS.
Thit b PAD (Packet Assembly Disassembly)
PAD l thit bi ng gi v tch gi. Cc PAD dng ni cc u cui
NPT vo mng chuyn mch gi v chng khng th u ni trc tip vo mng.
Cc u cui ny l cc thit bi lm vic theo phng thc k t. Phng thc k
t l phng thc trong tng k t c x l nh l mt n vi d liu
truyn. Cc thit bi lm vic theo phng thc gi li x l cc gi nh l cc n
vi d liu ring l. Trn thc t cc PAD thng c s dng u ni cc thit
bi u cui, cc my tnh c nhn, cc my inNh vy PAD c mt s giao tip
k t bt ng b mt pha, cn pha kia l mt giao tip gi.
102
Mng chuyn mch gi
PABX
ISDN
T.Tx
T.Tx
T.Tx
NPSI
FEP
Other packet
switching networks
PSPDN
CSPDN
IWM
Tx
PSTN
DTE
ZM/
DVM
ZM/
DVM
X71
X75
PSN
DTE 3270
Cluster
Controller
BSC 3270
SNA/SDLC
HOST
3270
HOST
ASYN
HOST
X.25
X.75/X.25
DTE
X25
ASYN
BSC 3270
SNA/SDLC
BSC 2780/3780
ATM
DTE
P.O.S
SYN DTE
X.25 DTE
X.28
X.29/
X.32
ATM Automatic Teller Machine
CSPDNCircuit Switched Public Data Network
DVM Data over Voice Multiplexer
DTE Data Terminal Equipment
IWU Interworking Unit
PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange
P.O.S Point of Sale Terminal
PSM Packet Server Module
PSPDNPacket Switched Public Data Network
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
Tx Telex network
VPN Virtual Private Network
ZM Time division Multiplex
Hnh 4.4. Cc loi u cui ni vo mng chuyn mch gi
4.2. Phng thc hot ng c bn ca mng chuyn mch gi PSN
4.2.1. Khi qut
Ngay t u, mng Vin thng chuyn mch knh ch c thit k cung
cp dich v m thoi. Khi xut hin cc dich v mi m c bit l cc dich v
v d liu, mng chuyn mch knh tr nn bt tin trong vic kt ni truyn d
liu gia cc thit bi u cui. Cc l do u tp trung vo hai khuyt im chnh
nh sau:
- Vic kt ni truyn nhn d liu gia thit bi u cui v my tnh ch,
nu s dng mng chuyn mch knh th t l thi gian ng dy rnh ri
l rt ln, v vy phng php chuyn mch knh khng c hiu qu.
103
- Trong mng chuyn mch knh, vn kt ni ch phc v cho nhng
thit bi c cng tc d liu ngha l cng tc pht v thu, iu ny
hn ch vic lin kt nhiu loi my tnh ch v thit bi u cui khc
nhau.
Mng chuyn mch gi khc phc c hai khuyt im ni trn. hiu r
hn k thut ny, chng ta s ln lt kho st cc kha cnh hot ng ca n.
Trc tin s tm hiu cc ch lm vic trn mng chuyn mch gi.
4.2.2. Cc ch lm vic ca mng chuyn mch gi
Trong k thut chuyn mch gi, nguyn tc hot ng c th c vn tt
nh sau: Khi d liu cn pht s c phn b vo cc gi nho v c truyn i
trn mng. Trong cc gi ny, ngoi d liu cn c thm vi tin tc iu khin m
mng yu cu c th inh tuyn cho gi i xuyn qua mng n ch. Nhm
m bo vic chuyn d liu t yu cu, mi mng u phi tun th cc ch
lm vic nht inh. C 2 ch lm vic cn bn trong mng chuyn mch gi,
l ch khng to cu (Connectionless hay Datagram) v ch lp cu (Virtual
circuit).
Node chuyn mch
Gi d liu bao gm a ch ca E
Thit b u cui
1
2
3
5
4 6
7
E
F
D
C
B
A

Hnh 4.5. V d mt mng PSN gm 7 node chuyn mch
Trc khi m t hai ch hot ng ni trn, cn xem xt hot ng ca
tng gi n qua tham kho hnh 4.5. Gi s d liu c pht t A ti E. A xy
dng cc gi tin gm d liu v tin tc iu khin bao gm ia ch ca E, trc
104
tin gi c gi ti node 4, node 4 tip nhn lu gi vo b m v quyt inh
bc k tip (ti node 5), node 4 xp gi pht trn tuyn 4-5 theo ch inh ca th
tc inh tuyn ti y, khi tuyn sn sng, gi c pht n node 5, nu node
5 hot ng bnh thng v cn kh nng, gi s c tip nhn v tip tc c
inh hng truyn n node 6, cui cng gi cng n c E.
1
2 3
4 5
6
A
B
C
b) Cu mch o(CV)
VC#2
VC#1
1
2 3
4 5
6
A
B
C
2
1
3
3
2 1
a) Mch khng to cu ni (datagram)

Hnh 4.6. Hot ng tng qut ca hai ch trn mng PSN
Trong hot ng theo ch khng to cu, mi gi s c x l c lp.
C ngha l cc gi ca cng mt khi thng tin c th n ch theo nhiu ng
khc nhau. Chng ta s xem xt ch ny trn hnh 4.6a. Gi s trm A c bn
tin gm 3 gi gi ti B. N pht nhanh cc gi 1,2,3 ti node 1. Mi gi s c
node 1 x l inh tuyn nh sau: node 1 hng gi 1 n node 2 v thy gi (cost)
ngn hn gi ti node 4, tng t gi 2 cng c chuyn qua node 2, nhng n
gi 3 th node 1 nhn thy rng vo thi im ny xp n theo node 4 l tuyn c
gi ngn nht, v th node 1 truyn gi 3 n node 4. Vy cc gi vi ia ch ch
ging nhau nhng khng i theo 1 hng ging nhau, mt khc gi 3 c th n
node 3 trc gi 2. Do th t gi n B khc trc. Nhim v ca B l phi
105
sp xp li trt t ca chng. Trong ch ny, mi gi c x l truyn mt
cch c lp nn cn c gi l datagram.
Vi ch lp cu (virtual circuit), mt ng ni logic phi c thit lp
trc khi cc gi c gi i. V d nh A c mt hoc nhiu bn tin c gi ti
B, u tin n gi gi yu cu gi n node 4, node 4 quyt inh chuyn yu cu
v tt c d liu tm thi ti node 2, node 2 chuyn tt c ti node 3. Node 3
chuyn gi yu cu gi n B, nu B chp nhn kt ni cuc gi th n s gi gi
chp nhn n node 3 v gi ny c pht tip qua node 2, node 1 ri ti A. Host
A v Host B c th trao i d liu trn ng kt ni logic c thit lp,
ng ni logic ny thng c gi l cu o. Mi node trn cu o c thit
lp s bit ni n hng dn gi nh th no. V vy mi gi d liu t A qua
node 1,2,3 v mi gi d liu t B qua node 3,2,1. Bt k lc no mt trong hai
trm hai u u c th xa ng kt ni bng mt gi yu cu xa (sau khi
hon tt vic truyn). Mi trm c th c nhiu hn mt cu n bt c mt trm
no khc v cng c nhiu cu o n t nhiu trm (hnh 4.6.b). c im chnh
ca ch to cu l s inh tuyn gia cc trm c thit lp trc chuyn
d liu. Mi gi c m ti mi node, v c sp xp truyn trn ng dy.
S khc bit so vi ch datagram l cc node khng cn phi inh tuyn cho
mi gi tin. N ch lm mt ln cho mi mt cuc ni. Hnh 4.6 minh ha mt so
snh gia hai ch hot ng ni trn.
Nu hai host mun trao i d liu trong mt thi gian di th s dng ch
lp cu chc chn c li hn. Phng thc lp cu c th cung cp mt s dich
v bao gm nh s th t, kim sot li, iu khin dng. Ni c th bi v
khng phi tt c cc phng tin to cu u cung cp tt c cc dich v ny
hon ton tin cy. nh s th t cc gi n trong mt trt t ban u.
Kim sot li khng ch m bo gi n trong mt trt t thch hp m
cn chnh xc. V d nu gi n node 3 trong th t bi sai hoc n vi li th
node 3 c th yu cu pht li gi t node 1.
iu khin dng l mt k thut nhm m bo rng ni gi khng lm trn
ngp d liu ni nhn. V d nh nu trm B ang m d liu t A gi n v
nhn thy sp ht khng gian m, ngay tc thi n gi bo hiu thng qua
phng tin to cu yu cu A ngng pht cho n khi c thng bo mi.
106
4.2.3. Nhng s c v chin lc khc phc
Hnh 4.7 minh ha mt phn ca mt mng chuyn mch gi, trong host
A l thu bao gn vo node chuyn mch 1, host B l thu bao gn vo node
chuyn mch 2. Gi s A gi bn tin gm 3 gi tin ti B tp trung trn cc node
chuyn mch 1, 2, 3, 4. iu quan trng cn phi bit l cng c rt nhiu gi tin
ca cc thu bao khc ang di chuyn trong mng.
1
2
3
4
5
6
A B
7
1 2 3
Thng ip
1
1
3
2
2
3
2
1 2 3





Bo nhn





Ti thit lp
Truyn li
Li
Ghi ch:
Node
User

Hnh 4.7. S hot ng c bn ca mng chuyn mch gi
a. Qu trnh pht tin c bn
Dng thng tin c truyn i nh sau: thu bao A gi gi tin th nht n
node chuyn mch 1, khi node ny nhn c gi th theo lut inh tuyn n s
pht gi tin n ch bng cch gi ngang qua node 2. Trong lc gi tin th 2
ang di chuyn t thu bao A n node 1 th trng thi trong mng thay i (v
d c 1 dng tin vi lu lng ln ang di chuyn t node 5 n node 2), v th
gi tin th 2 t thu bao A n thu bao B c inh tuyn qua node 4, gi tin th
3 cng n node 1 ngay sau gi tin th 2 v c inh tuyn qua node 4 (ging
gi tin 2). Sau khi node 4 nhn y v chnh xc, gi tin th 2 c gi ti
ch l node 3. Tuy nhin, trong khi truyn gi 2 c mt li xy ra. Khi node 3
107
nhn gi tin th 2, c cu pht hin li tm ra li v yu cu pht li gi tin th 2.
Trong khi tin trnh khc phc li din ra, gi th 3 vn c chuyn bnh thng
v n node 3, do gi tin th 2 pht li n sau gi tin th 3 ti node 3. Nh
vy, ti B th t cc gi bi thay i khc vi trt t gi t A.
nh th t gi
Kiu hot ng gi v chuyn tip (hold and forward) c thi gian tr khc
nhau cc tuyn khc nhau c th lm cho cc gi tin nhn khng theo th t
thch hp. khc phc vn ny, trong cc gi tin phi c gn vo mt ch
s th t bn cnh thng tin thnh phn ca khi tin ban u trc khi bt u
pht qua mng. Qu trnh tp hp gi tin v sp xp cho ung c thc hin ti
node cui. Node cui trong trng hp vi tr trn l node 3, s dng thng tin
th t gi xuyn qua mng cng vi thng tin ngi dng sp xp cc gi tin
li cho ung th t ban u trc khi chuyn giao cho host ch (B).
Cc bo nhn (acknowledgements)
Mt s bo nhn c minh ha trong hnh 4.7 di chuyn theo nhng tuyn
khc nhau v ngc hng vi nhng gi tin trong mng. Gi bo nhn ny l
iu m bo ch yu cho s trn vn v chnh xc ca d liu pht.
Bt c gi tin no c nhn mt cch chnh xc th ngay tc khc n s
c thng bo tr li ni gi bng mt gi bo nhn. C hai loi bo nhn, loi
bo nhn th nht c ngha thng bo nhn thnh cng nh ni. Loi th hai
l mt bo nhn vi ngha nghi truyn li v vic truyn/nhn bi li, khi
node nhn mt gi, trc ht n s tin hnh kim tra, nu thy li s gi ngay
yu cu truyn li n node truyn. Bng cch ny, cc node chuyn mch bit
c mnh truyn gi ti node lin kt thnh cng hay khng. Trong qu trnh
truyn gi ti node k, nu bo nhn khng c nhn trong mt khong thi gian
qui inh (time out) th node truyn ngh rng gi tin bi li v c nhim v pht
li gi tin .
b. Cc li
inh th t gi l mt trong cc nhim v ca mt giao thc mng, rt cn
thit trong qu trnh xc inh trt t gi nhm khc phc s sai th t gi ni trn.
Ngoi ra, cn c hai vn kh nghim trng cng xut pht t hot ng c bn
ca mng chuyn mch gi, l kh nng khng pht hin c s mt gi v s
nhn i gi khi mun truyn thnh cng.
Gi tin b mt
108
S tht thot mt gi tin c th lm cho mt cuc ni khng th thit lp
c trong ch lp cu (virtual circuit) hay khng m bo an ton d liu
theo yu cu trn mt mng chuyn mch gi. Kh nng xy ra mt gi l c th,
tim n ngay trong hot ng cn bn ca mng. Nhim v ca ngi thit k l
phi pht hin c tnh hung ra hng khc phc. Sau y l mt v d v
tnh hung gy mt gi tin.
1
2
3
4
5
6
A B
7
1 2 3
Thng ip
1
3
2
2
3




Bo nhn
Chuyn
mch hng
2 3


Hnh 4.8. Mng chuyn mch gi c node chuyn mch bi hong: s mt gi tin
Theo hnh 4.8, thu bao A gi gi tin th nht qua node 2, node 2 nhn gi
tin ny chnh xc v ngay sau bo nhn cho gi tin ny. Tuy nhin, trc khi
gi tin th nht c gi t node 2 qua node 3 th node 2 bi trc trc, node 1,
sau khi nhn c bo nhn ca gi th nht s khng cn quan tm n gi tin
ny na v k hoch inh tuyn thay i trnh node h s 2. Gi tin th 2 v
th 3 v th c inh tuyn n node 4 ri n node 3. Kt qu gi tin th nht
bi mt v node 2 bi h trc khi n c c hi gi gi 1 n node 3. V vy thu
bao B ch nhn c gi tin th 2 v 3.
C nhiu cch khc phc vn ny, v d nh:
- Node nhn s gi bo nhn cho node gi khi chuyn tip n node k.
- Trch nhim cui cng ca gi tin thuc vo node u tin pht i, nh
dich v D bit trong X25.
- Node cui cng yu cu node u tin gi li gi bi mt.
Nhn i gi tin
109
Hin tng nhn i gi cng gy ra s phin h cho cc node chuyn mch,
nht l cng mt lc c hai hay nhiu i tng ging ht nhau trong d liu c
x l bi cc phn mm tng i. Ngoi ra, s nhn i gi cng nh hng xu
n chnh xc d liu nhn. Kh nng xy ra hin tng ny cng khng phi
t. Sau y l mt v d v tnh hung dn n s nhn i gi.
1
2
3
4
5
6
A B
7
1 2 3
Thng ip
1
3
2
2
3




Bo nhn


1

1
2 3 1 1
Gi trng
Dy hng


Hnh 4.9. Mng chuyn mch gi c ng dy bi hong: hin tng nhn i gi.
Xem hnh 4.9, gi tin c inh tuyn qua node 2, gi tin ny xem nh c
nhn chnh xc ti node 2 v node ny gi bo nhn cho node 1, nhng trc khi
bo nhn gi li th tuyn gia node 2 v node 1 bi h, vy bo nhn gi th nht
bi mt m node 2 khng h bit. Node 1 khng nhn c bo nhn trong thi
gian qui inh (timeout) s pht li gi 1 cng vi gi tin th 2 v 3 n node 4.
Nhng tht ra gi th nht c nhn hon ho ti node 2. V bo nhn bi
mt m c node 1 v node 2 u khng hay bit iu ny, nn node 2 tip tc
chuyn gi tin th 1 n ch v gi tin ny cng c pht li t node 1. C hai
gi 1 n ch cng vi gi tin th 2 v 3. Vy c s lp li gi 1 ti thu bao B.
trnh vn ny, c th xy dng mt th tc nhn dng xem gi va nhn
110
c hay cha, nu c thc hin xa bt i mt. Cch th 2 l c th xy dng c
cu bo nhn cho bo nhn. Nh vo c cu ny m node 2 bit c bo nhn
bi mt v s khng copy gi 1 ln tuyn 2 3. Tuy nhin, c cu ny s lm cho
ti trn mng tr nn nng n, hiu sut mng gim xung. Vi cch th nht, r
rng vic x l ti mi node chuyn mch s lu hn, thi gian tr hon truyn ln
hn v phi kim tra v so trng tng gi mt. Tuy nhin, cng c th giao nhim
v ny cho host ch gim bt thi gian x l ti mi node.
4.3. ng gi thng tin
4.3.1. Cu trc gi
khc phc cc li v truyn nhn chnh xc cn c s phi hp vi cc
chin lc qun l ton cc, mi gi tin v th phi cha cc thng tin h tr, phn
thng tin h tr ny c gi l thng tin dn ng (overhead). Overhead c
nhng dng khc nhau ty thuc vo kiu mng v k thut c dng.
Overhead tn ti di 2 dng c bn: dng kt hp vo mi gi ngi dng
(user) v dng gi chuyn xc nhn hoc chuyn iu khin.
Bn tin hoc tin tc qun l ca thu bao c chiu di L ty khong t vi
bit n vi triu bit. H iu hnh trong cc mng chuyn mch gi khng c kh
nng hoc khng thut li pht ht bn tin c chiu di ty L trong mt ln.
Ty vo giao thc, nhng tng qut vi gc nhn l mt ct giao tip ngi
dng mng (user network), s chia bn tin ln L thnh cc n vi nho c chiu di
ti a l M gi chung l segment. Bn trong mng, trn cc ng dy cc node
trao i vi nhau cc n vi nho c chia t segment gi l gi (packet) c chiu
di ti a N bit. Ty theo thit k giao thc mng m gi tri M v N c th bng
nhau hoc M>N. D nhin tin tc ngi dng c chiu di L ty .
Biu din ton hc: L > M > N
Nu th tc mng qui inh M = N, th tc mng thuc lp giao thc c mt
gi tin trong mt segment (singlepacketper segment). Ngha l mi segment
ch cha mt gi tin v cc node mng khng cn chia gi trn segment n t
host.
Nu M > N, c th tc nhiu gi tin trn mt segment, mi segment ngi
dng c chiu di M, khi n mng c cc nt chia thnh nhng gi tin c
chiu di N.
111
Th tc mt gi tin trn mt segment c s dng ph bin trong mng
hot ng datagram hay trn cc lp logic lm vic theo ch datagram.
Th tc nhiu gi tin trn mt segment thng s dng trong mng hot
ng theo ch cu o (Virtual Circuit).
Trong bt c trng hp no, n vi d liu m thu bao s dng giao
tip vi node chuyn mch trong mng l cc segment, trong khi giao tip gia
cc node chuyn mch l cc gi tin. Tin tc cha trong cc gi tin v cc
segment c th ging hoc khng ging nhau ty thuc vo giao thc ang s
dng.
Thng tin ca giao thc (Protocol Information)
T hnh 4.10, ta thy rng segment thng tin ca ngi dng bao gm ba vng
c bn, l vng leader, vng thng tin, v vng kim sot li (error control).
Bn tin c chiu di L
Header Thng tin chiu di M bit Err ctrl
Header Err ctrl
* Segment
* Packet
Start framing
End framing

Hnh 4.10. Cu trc overhead tng qut ca chuyn mch gi
Leader cha ia ch ni n cng vi tin tc iu khin c mng yu cu,
v d nh l ch s th t ca segment, ch s knh logic c dng, ch n ca
segment u hoc cui, v kch thc vng thng tin.
Cc gi tin gm cc vng header, thng tin, khi iu khin li (error
control) v m nh du u v kt thc gi tin (start framing v end framing).
Header cha cc thng tin ging nh leader nhng l nhng thng tin thuc tnh
ca gi trong mt segment, cng vi cc tin tc khc m node cn iu khin
s di chuyn cc gi xuyn qua mng. V d nh ia ch ngun, ch s th t gi
tin v khi iu khin ( ngn nga vic looping, mt hoc nhn i gi).
112
Vng kim sot li dng nguyn l m ha ton hc cho php cc node nhn
ra nu bt c bit no hoc nhm bit no bi li. Qu trnh kim sot li l mt phn
ca th tc iu hnh. Trong thc t thng dng m CRC c trnh by mc
di y.
4.3.2. Phng php kim tra sai CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
a. Gii thiu
Trong vng kim tra ca gi tin cha cc thng tin phc v cng tc kim sot
li, cc thng tin ny c to ra ty thuc vo tng phng php. Mt trong
nhng phng php thng c dng l CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check).
phng php CRC, cc bit ca khi d liu c dich tri ln lt v chia
cho mt gi tri s nhi phn, xc inh bng php ton module 2. Kt qu phn d
ca php chia chnh l gi tri CRC v c dng lm BCC trong phng thc
truyn ng b. u thu s thc hin php chia tng t i vi thng tin v so
snh phn d ca php chia vi gi tri BCC thu c, nu ging nhau l khng c
sai. M CRC thng di t 12 n 32 bits.
Nu dng phng php CRC vi th tc t ng truyn li (ARQ Automatic
Repeat Request) c th gim tc bit sai (BER) rt nhiu. V d vi 16 bit CRC
cho php ch c 1 bit sai khng pht hin c trong 10
14
bits truyn (BER = 1.10
-
14
).
b. Cch tnh CRC
Cc bit d liu s c m phong thnh mt a thc theo trnh t truyn, v
d chui bit truyn l 110101 th ta c a thc:
M(x) = (1).x
5
+ (1)x
4
+ (0)x
3
+ (1)x
2
+ (0)x
1
+ (1)x
0
= x
5
+ x
4
+ x
2
+ 1
Gi s s bit CRC l C, ta s chn mt a thc bt k G(x) c bc C, v d C=3,
chn G(x) = x
3
+1
Sau ln lt thc hin cc php tnh sau:
- Nhn M(x) cho xc xc.M(x) = x8 + x7 + x5 + x3
- Chia x
c
.M(x) cho G(x) ta s c kt qu l Q(x) vi phn d l R(x)
x
c
.M(x)/G(x) = Q(x) + R(x)/G(x)
Theo v d trn ta s c:
Q(x) = x
5
+ x
4
+ x
2
+ 1
113
R(x) = x +1
- Tnh a thc T(x) = x
c
.M(x) + R(x)
M(x) = (1).x
5
+ (1)x
4
+ (0)x
3
+ (1)x
2
+ (0)x
1
+ (1)x
0
= x
5
+ x
4
+ x
2
+ 1
T(x) = = x
8
+ x
7
+ x
5
+ x
3
+ x +1
- i t T(x) tr li chui bit theo nguyn tc tng t, kt qu chnh l
chui bit truyn vi cc bit sau cng l CRC.
Chui bit truyn 110101011
u cui sau khi nhn c chui bit i li T(x) v dng php ton
module 2 chia cho G(x), nu phn d l 0 th d liu nhn khng sai, khc khng
th sai. C th d dng chng minh c.
Tht vy T(x) = x
c
M(x) + R(x)
V x
c
. M(x)/G(x) = Q(x) + R(x)/G(x)
T(x)/G(x) = Q(x) + R(x)/G(x) + R(x)/G(x)
= Q(x) + (1+1) R(x)/G(x)
V i vi php ton module 2 th 1+1 =0 nn T(x)/G(x) = Q(x)
Hay R(x) = 0, vy php chia T(x) cho G(x) khng c d.
a thc G(x) cn gi l a thc sinh v c bn a thc thng dng sau:
1 C =12 X
12
+ X
11
+ X
3
+ X + 1
2 C =16 X
16
+ X
15
+ X
5
+ 1
3 C =16 X
16
+ X
12
+ X
3
+ 1
4 C =32 X
32
+ X
26
+ X
22
+ X
16
+ X
12
+ X
8
+ X
4
+ X
2
+ X +1
4.3.3. Kch thc gi
Tng s tin tc cha trong leader ca segment v header ca packet l ng
k. c bit nu c tng s 256 bit thng tin overhead c yu cu trong mt gi
kch thc N bng 1000 bit th lng overhead chim n 25 % tng d liu c
c pht. iu ny cho thy rng c 25 % dung lng xuyn mng khng c gi
tri trong vic giao tip gia cc ngi dng vi nhau. V vy t l phn trm ca
overhead lin quan n vic so snh hiu qu ca cc k thut chuyn mch.
Mt v d v cu trc overhead: bn tin ngi dng c:
114
L = 70.000 bit, M = 8192 bit, N = 1024 bit
Ta c: L = 8. M + 4464 m M = 8 N.
Trn hnh 4.11 m t cu truc c bn ca bn tin ny, bn tin c chia lm 9
segment, mi segment trong 8 segment u c lm y vi 8192 bit v 4464 bit
cn li trong segment th 9. Mi segment trong 8 segment u chia thnh 8 gi,
mi gi 1024 bit. Segment th 9 c chia thnh 5 gi trong 4 gi u cha
1024 bit cn gi th 5 cha 368 bit cn li.
T l ca overhead trong gi cn l yu t nh hng trc tip n thi gian
truyn. y l vn c t ra v xem xt khi chn kch thc cho gi tin.
tip cn vn ny hy tham kho v d hnh 4.12.
Trong hnh 4.12 gi s c mt cu o t X n Y thng qua 2 node a v b.
Gi s bn tin truyn bao gm 30 byte, mi gi c 3 byte thng tin iu khin;
thng tin iu khin c t u mi gi va gi l header. Ton b thng bo gi
di dng mt gi n 33 byte. u tin gi c truyn t X n a. Khi tt c d
liu n a th mi chuyn tip n b v c th cho n Y. Tng thi gian truyn
ti mi node thnh ra 99 byte.

Segment
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
User message L = 70.000 bit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5
Segment
M = 8192 bit
Last
Segment
4464 bits
Leader
Leader
Control
Packet
header
Information bits
N = 1024 bits
Error
control
Packet
header
Information bits
N = 368 bits
Error
control
Packet
Last
Packet
Framing
pattern
Framing
pattern
Framing
pattern
Framing
pattern

Hnh 4.11. S chia bn tin thnh cu trc segment v gi
115
Gi s phn thnh 2 gi, mi gi 15 byte v d nhin mi gi phi thm vo 3 byte
header. Trong trng hp ny a s truyn gi u tin khi nhn y gi ny
m khng cn ch nhn ht gi 2. V v vy thi gian truyn ti mi node ch cn
l thi gian truyn 72 byte. Nu chia 5 gi thi thi gian ch cn l 63 byte. Tuy
nhin nu tng gi qu nhiu th thi gian li gia tng bi v mi gi cha mt
lng header khng i v nhiu gi c ngha l nhiu header dn n hiu sut
thng tin gim v thi gian truyn li gia tng tr li. Do trong thit k gi cn
xem xt k cc yu t trn.

10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Data
Data
Data
Data Data
Data
Data
Data
Header
Data
Header
Header
a)
1 packet
message
b)
2 packet
message
c)
5 packet
message
d)
10 packet
message
Time
- - - -
Y b a X
- - - -
Y b a X
- - - -
Y b a X
- - - -
Y b a X

Hnh 4.12. So snh thi gian truyn gia ba cch chia.
116
4.4. K thut ghp knh trong mng chuyn mch gi
4.4.1. S lc v k thut STDM (Statistical Time Division Multiplexing)
a. c tnh
Trong k thut TDM ng b, c nhiu khe thi gian trong mt khung bi
lng ph. Mt ng dng tiu biu ca TDM ng b c lin quan n vic lin kt
mt s cc u cui n mt cng my tnh ch chia s thng tin. Ngay c khi tt
c cc u cui ang trong trng thi hot ng, hu ht thi gian l khng c d
liu truyn ti bt k mt u cui c bit no .
A1
A
B
C
D
User
n my tnh u xa
B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2
Chu k u Chu k th hai
Bng thng lng ph
A1 B1 B2 C2
Chu k u Chu k th hai
Synchronous Ti mes
Di vi si on Mul t i pl exi ng
St at i st i cal Ti mes
Di vi si on Mul t i pl exi ng
Ghi ch:
D liu
a ch
t
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4

Hnh 4.13. TDM ng b ngc vi TDM thng k
K thut TDM bt ng b hay cn gi l ghp knh phn thi thng k
statistical TDM. Phng php ghp knh ny khai thc c tnh chung nht ca
truyn d liu bng cch phn phi cc khe thi gian mt cch linh ng theo yu
cu. Cng ging nh TDM ng b, TDM bt ng b cng c mt s cc ng
vo ra I/O trn mt mt v mt ng ghp knh tc cao trn mt kia. Mi
ng xut nhp c mt b m (buffer) ring. Trong trng hp ghp knh
thng k c n ng I/O nhng ch c K < n khe thi gian trong mt khung TDM.
nhp d liu, cc buffer c qut v d liu c nhp cho n khi khung
117
(frame) c lm y, sau s truyn i. Ti u kia, b ghp knh nhn mt
frame v phn phi cc khe d liu vo cc b m xut thch hp.
V ghp knh thng k li dng iu thc t thng xy ra l cc user khng
truyn d liu trong tt c thi gian, nn tc trn ng ghp knh c thit
k nho hn tng tc ca cc ng vo. Nh s u vo tng hn so vi b
ghp knh TDM c cng tc .
Trn hnh 4.13 m t 4 ngun d liu, v d liu to ra trong 4 mc thi gian
t0, t1, t2, t3.
Trong trng hp TDM ng b, tc trn ng ghp knh phi bng bn
ln. Trong sut cc khong thi gian, d liu c ly tun t t tt c bn ngun
v gi i. V d trong khong thi gian th nht, ngun C v D khng c d liu,
do 2 trong 4 khe thi gian c truyn i l rng.
Ngc li trong k thut TDM bt ng b khng gi cc khe trng i (v
khng c d liu). Do trong khong thi gian th nht (frame th nht) ch c
khe thi gian ca A v B l c gi i.
Tuy nhin ngha vi tr ca cc khe th bi mt, khng bit thi gian u ca
ngun d liu s ti khe no, v khng bit trc d liu n t u v c
phn phi vo u nn thng tin v ia ch phi c s dng. Do c nhiu
overhead trong khe.
Cu truc khung c dng c lin quan n hot ng. R rng cn ti thiu
overhead tng hiu sut ng truyn. Thng thng, mt h thng TDM
thng k s dng mt giao thc nh HDLC. Trong khung HDLC, khung d liu
phi cha bit iu khin hot ng ghp knh. Hnh 4.14 trnh by hai dng khung
c th:
- Dng 1 ch mt ngun d liu bao gm trong mt khung (a). Ngun ny
c nhn dng bi mt ia ch. Chiu di ca vng d liu th thay i v
kt thuc c nh du bi m cui ca ton b khung. Dng ny ch hu
hiu cho ti nh.
- Dng 2 cho php nhiu ngun trong mt khung n, nn cn ch ra chiu
di cho mi ngun. Do cc khung con TDM thng k bao gm mt tun
t cc vng d liu, mi tun t c xc inh bng mt vng ia ch v
mt vng chiu di.
118
Address Statistical TDM Sub frame FCS
a) Khung tng qut
b) Mt ngun trong mt khung
Control Flag
Address
Flag
Data
Address Data Length Address Data Length
b) Nhiu ngun trong mt khung

Hnh 4.14. Cc dng khung ca TDM thng k
b. Kho st hot ng
Tc d liu ng ra nho hn tng tc d liu ng vo, bi v c th
on c trung bnh s u vo nho hn hoc bng kh nng ghp knh ca
ng truyn. Tuy nhin, iu tr ngi l trong khi c th tc trung bnh ng
nhp nho hn kh nng ghp knh nhng cng c khi t cao im khi tng ng
vo ln hn kh nng ghp knh. gii quyt vn ny b m c dng
lu gi tm thi khi ng vo trng thi cao im. Lun mong mun b m
cng nho v tc x l d liu ch cn va phi, nhng ci ny nho th ci kia
phi tng. Cng nhiu b m th thi gian tr hon cng ln. Do hai yu t cn
so snh l thi gian p ng ca h thng v tc ca ng ghp knh.
Gi N: S ngun ni vo
R: Tc ca mi ngun bps
M: Tc ti a ca ng ghp knh bps
: T l thi gian m mt ngun truyn.
Ta c: 0 < < 1
t K = M/NR : t l gia tc ti a ca ng truyn v tng tc li
vo mc ti a. K l tham s biu thi kh nng nn d liu.
V d: Nu M l tc ti a ca ng dy v K = 0,25 th s u vo
TDM bt ng b gp 4 ln TDM ng b (cng M).
Ta c: s K s 1
119
- Nu > K tc l N

> N th qu ti. Gi tng ca trung bnh tc u vo

l = NR. Gi S l thi gian truyn 1 bit: S = 1/M.
t p = S = N R/M = / K = / M
p biu thi t l s dng tng dung lng ca ng truyn.
- Nu M = 50 Kbps v p = 0,5 th ti hin hnh l 25 Kbps.
Gi q l kch thc vng m, t
q
l thi gian tr. Quan h gia q v p cng nh
gia t
q
v p c cho bi nh ch to.
4.4.2. Hot ng ghp knh trn mch o mng TYMNET
Mng TYMNET dng ch mch o (virtual circuit) c trong v ngoi
mng c bn da trn k thut ghp knh gi. D liu t cc trm c m vo
cc b m node dc theo tuyn inh. Mt gi n c truyn gia hai node
c th cha d liu ca nhiu cu ni o. Mi node c trang bi mt b nhiu b
m (buffer). Mi node gm mt s vect ch s. Mt lin kt vi node k tip
c ch inh bi mt i vect.
5
From
terminal
port
201
200
4
5
200
201
8
From
host
port
8
9
Node 100 Node 112 Node 5
W
100
( 112, 2) = 5
R
100
( 112, 2) = 4
W
112
(100, 2) = 200
R
112
(100, 2) = 201
W
112
(5, 1) = 201
R
112
(5, 1) = 200
W
5
(112, 1) = 8
R
5
(112, 1) = 9

Hnh 4.15. Mt mch o trong TYMNET
Mi mt thnh phn lin kt h tr cho mt s khng i cc knh. Dng k
thut ghp knh TDM thng k.
R
n
(L,C) = Vect c ca node n cho knh C ca lin kt L.
W
n
(L,C) = Vect ghi ca node n cho knh C ca lin kt L.
V d:
Dng cc vct ny xy dng mt mch o gia u cui ca node 100 v
mt host ca node 5, hnh 4.15.
120
D liu t u cui c gi trong buffer 4 ca node 100, node ny t R
100

(112,2) = 4, do node s c d liu t buffer 4 ca node 100 truyn ln knh
2 n node 112. Ti node 112 c W
112
(100,2) = 200, ra lnh cho node ny lu gi
d liu trn knh 2 n t node 100 vo b m 200. Cc d liu ny sau c
truyn n node 5 trn knh 1. Cui cng d liu c t vo buffer 8 ca node 5
ri cung cp cho host.
S phn phi cc buffer v cc knh vo mt mch o c thc hin bi
node trung tm gi l supervisor. Cc node khng cn phi bit ton b mch o.
Chng ch cn theo di s phn phi knh hay vng m l .
SYNC SIZE SEQ ACK
> 1
Logical
records
CRC
Channel number Bytes count Data
5
a) Record vt l
a) Record logic
5 3 3 s 480 32
8 8 s 464

Hnh 4.16. Dng khung lin kt node ca TYMNET
D liu c truyn gia cc lin kt trong khung (frame), dng khun dng
hnh 4.16. Thc hin truyn theo nghi thc ng b hng k t, dng 3 bit
nh s tun t v 3 bit ACK. Mi frame cha mt hay nhiu gi d liu v mi
gi cha ng d liu cho mt knh. Ch rng c s ging nhau gia hnh 4.16
v hnh 4.14; r rng thng tin gia cc node hnh thnh mt lin kt TDM thng
k. Mi bn ghi (record) vt l c thnh lp bng cch nht d liu t cc knh
khc nhau dng vct c. Ti ch cc bn ghi vt l c m ra v cc gi
vo cc buffer bi vc t ghi. Cc d liu n trn cng mt lin kt, c th c
toa ra trn nhiu lin kt da vo th tc inh tuyn ca node. K thut ny rt
ging vi ghp knh thng k ni trn. im mnh ca k thut ny l inh
tuyn v iu khin lung.
121
4.5. inh tuyn trong mng PSN
4.5.1. Gii thiu
inh tuyn l mt trong cc cng tc quan trng ca mi chuyn mch trong
mng chuyn mch gi. Sau khi tip nhn mt gi tin trong b m, node chuyn
mch cn ch inh tuyn tuyn li ra no b phn chuyn mch thc hin thao
tc chuyn mch cho gi. Mc tiu ch yu ca inh tuyn l tm v ch ra con
ng thch hp vn chuyn gi n ch mt cch chc chn v trong thi
gian ngn nht.
Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php inh tuyn c tn khc nhau, tuy nhin
u tn ti di bn dng c bn: inh tuyn lan trn gi (packet flooding), inh
tuyn ngu nhin (random routing), inh tuyn trc tip theo bng danh mc hay
cn gi l khng thch nghi (directory routing hay nonadaptive routing), v inh
tuyn trc tip theo bng danh mc thch nghi (adaptive directory routing). Mi
phng php u c kh nng gim thi gian tr hon trong mng, y l c tnh
c ngha m chuyn mch gi c gng m bo cho cng ng s dng. Tuy
nhin kh nng ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo phc tp ca mi k thut trong
phng php cng nh lin quan n s lng thnh phn lu thng trong mng
ti bt k thi im no.
4.5.2. Cc phng php inh tuyn c bn
Lan trn gi
Phng php ny c gng truyn trong mi ng c th gia ngun v
ch, do n m bo phn t lu thng cui cng ri cng xuyn c qua
mng, ngay c trng hp mng c bi h hong mt cch nghim trng hay l
khng. Vi phng php ny gi c gi t node ngun n tt c cc node k
n. Mi node nhn mt gi th lp tc kim tra xem gi ny nhn c ln no
trc y cha, nu nhn ri th loi gi mi ti ny, nu cha th sau gi
gi n tt c cc node k . Trong phng php ny mi con ng c th
xuyn qua mng t ngun n ch u c th, gi copy u tin n c ch
l gi i trn con ng c tng thi gian tr hon l nho nht; bt k gi c
copy no n sau s bi loi.
hiu hot ng ca flooding xt v d trong hnh 4.17. Mi node trong
mng trn c ni vi 3 node khc nhau (cn c gi l mng ni ba).
122
Mi gi pht ra t node 1 c ch n l node 6. Gi copy s c gi i t
node 1 n node 3 l 2, 4 v 3. Sau khi gi c nhn thnh cng node 2, cc
gi copy c gi t 4 v 5. Tuy nhin gi copy t 2 th trng vi gi copy c
nhn trc tip t 1, do n s bi loi. Ti node 3 gi copy li c gi
1
2
3 5
4
6

Hnh 4.17. inh tuyn theo phng php lan trn gi
n 5 v 6. D nhin gi n 6 th hon tt vic truyn. Theo trng thi thng
thng ca mng th ng i nhanh nht n 6 l hoc 1 qua 4 n 6, hoc 1 qua
3 n 6. Trong hnh 4.17 gi s gi copy c truyn n 6 qua 3.
Ch rng sau khi gi n ti ch ca n, vn cn nhiu gi copy tip tc
xuyn qua mng. V d cc gi n 4 t 2 th trng vi cc gi n 4 t 1. V 4
nhn ra gi c trc nn s loi gi n sau. Cc gi trng n sau s t t
bin mt trong mng. Tng t ti ch cng c mt s gi copy sau n c v
cng s bi loi. K thut ny tn ti mt s khuyt im nh sau:
- K thut ny c bn da trn s nhn rng lu lng ti.
- Vic gia tng cng lu thng, gia tng hng lot im tr hon, dn n
gia tng tr hon im ni im, ngay c khi gi c truyn trn tuyn
nhanh nht hin hnh.
- Mi gi phi cha ia ch hon chnh v cc thng tin nhn dng.
- Mi chuyn mch phi ghi li tt c cc gi m chng bt gp trong thi
gian ln m bo cc gi trng (ca gi c nhn) c pht hin
v loi bo. Tng t cc chuyn mch phi c cnh bo thng xuyn
v kh nng cc gi copy s n rt nhiu sau khi gi copy u tin
chuyn giao thnh cng cho host ch.
123
Tuy nhin u im ni bt ca phng php ny l chc chn s truyn gi
n ch trn con ng tt nht hin hnh.
nh tuyn ngu nhin (random routing)
inh tuyn ngu nhin c tng c bn ging inh tuyn lan trn gi, ngoi
tr gi khng c gi n mi node k c ni vi node ngun, thay v vy
mt tuyn t mi node c chn ngu nhin v cc gi c truyn ch trn
ng ny. S la chn ngu nhin ca cc tuyn phi bao gm c tuyn m cc
gi c nhn.
Mc tiu ca phng php l cc gi lang thang trong mng, cui cng ri
cng n c ch. C kh nng s chn tuyn c bit t mt node c inh
hng c bn da trn s np ti, dung lng ng truyn hay cc iu kin
mng khc nhng thng thng th khng on trc c.
Cng ging nh phng php lan trn gi, inh tuyn ngu nhin c u im l
bng mt con ng tn ti xuyn qua mng, thnh phn lu thng cui cng ri
cng s n c ch. inh tuyn ngu nhin gim bt rc ri ca s nhn rng
cc thnh phn lu thng. Nu tt c cc lin kt v node ng dng th c th
phn phi cng kh nng cho mi tuyn. Tuy nhin do khc nhau v nng lc lin
kt nn cc kh nng gia cc tuyn khng ging nhau. Trong trng hp ny mt
tuyn ti mi node s c chn l 50% kh nng v 2 tuyn khc mi tuyn 25%
kh nng. Trn hnh 4.18 trnh by gi hng t node 1 n node 6 vi ton b
cc tuyn c th, cc tuyn 50% kh nng lun c chn. Do ng dn bt
u t 1 n 4, n 2, n 5, n 3, ri n 6.
124
1
2
3 5
4
6
P(1) = 0,25
P(2) = 0,25
P(4) = 0,50
P(3) = 0,25
P(1) = 0,25
P(4) = 0,25 P(2) = 0,50
P(6) = 0,25
P(4) = 0,50
P(5) = 0,25
P(6) = 0,25
P(3) = 0,25
P(6) = 0,5
P(5) = 0,25
P(3) = 0,50
P(1) = 0,25
P(2) = 0,25
P(5) = 0,50

Hnh 4.18. inh tuyn ngu nhin
Tuy nhin phng php ny cng cn tn ti khuyt im l khi d liu lu
thng theo cc gi (cost) trung bnh c phn phi ty thuc kh nng chn la
tuyn, chiu di trung bnh t ngun n ch s c khuynh hng di hn hu ht
cc ng c th i trc tip. Do cc gi s bi tr hon gia cc im lu hn
so vi thi gian tr hon ngn nht trn mt ng truyn no thc s tn ti
trong mng.
nh tuyn trc tip theo danh mc (Directory Routing)
Trong phng php ny ti mi node s c mt bng inh tuyn, ch ng
dn chn bt k ch no trong mng t node hin hnh. Bng c xy dng
trong b nh ca chuyn mch v c pht trin ty thuc vo bt k tiu chun
no, c th l ng ngn nht, ng c thi gian tr hon ngn nht, ng c
dung lng cao,
hot ng tin cy, inh tuyn trc tip theo danh mc cn bao gm
khng ch ng chn la chnh m cn c cc chn la th hai d phng di
cc iu kin ch inh, nh khi ng truyn bi h, cc chuyn mch bi h hay
qu ti trong lu thng.
Hnh 4.19 minh ha n gin v inh tuyn trc tip. Trn mt ma trn
inh tuyn ngn nht trnh by c 36 li vo cho 6 node. Mi li vo ch ra node
k tip dc theo ng ngn nht t node ny n node khc.
125
1
2
3 5
4
6
Destination Route to
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
1
4
5
4
Destination Route to
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
1 or 6
4
6
6
Destination Route to
1
2
3
4
5
6
3 or 4
4
3
4
5
4
Destination Route to
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
2
3
6
5
6
Destination Route to
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
1
4
3
3 or 4
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
2 3 4 3
3
or 4
1 1
4
5 4
1 1
1 or
6
5 6

1 2 5 6
1 or
6

3 2 6 6 3
3 or
4
4 5 4 3
T node
n node
Ma trn nh tuyn
Destination Route to
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
1
3
1 or 6
5
6

Hnh 4.19. inh tuyn trc tip theo danh mc
V d cc gi ang ti node 6 c ch n l node 2 s c dn hng n
node 4. Bng inh tuyn c c im:
- Trn bng inh tuyn ch c nhng hng n lin h n tng chuyn mch
ring.
- Mt vi li vo trong bng c hai tuyn c kh nng xy ra, nhng trong
thc t m bo tnh r rng th ch mt tuyn c chn vo mt thi
im v c t vo bng trong khi qu trnh hot ng.
126
u im ca inh tuyn trc tip l hot ng ca n c xc inh r rng,
mi gi lu thng gia ngun v ch s i theo cng mt tuyn ty thuc vo
bng inh tuyn. Khi mt tuyn c thnh lp trn c s cc tiu chun nh
ng ngn nht, ng c thi gian tr hon nho nht, cc gi s i theo mt
cch trung thnh tr phi bng inh tuyn c thay i bi cc hot ng hay bi
trung tm iu khin mng.
Bn cnh phng php ny cng c mt s hn ch xut pht t vic s
dng bng inh tuyn:
- Cu trc cng knh.
- Kh thch ng vi cc thay i v cu hnh mng, cng nh p ng thch
hp vi cc hu qu khi node hay ng dy bi h hoc qu ti.
nh tuyn theo danh mc thch nghi ( Adaptive Directory Routing)
Hon ton tng t nh inh tuyn trc tip theo danh mc, trong mi
chuyn mch c mt bng inh tuyn trong b nh ch ra tuyn ti u n ch.
Tuy nhin, cc li vo trong bng c th thay i trong thi gian thc thi ty vo
s thay i cc iu kin hot ng trong mng nh tc nghn lu thng hay s c
ng truyn v chuyn mch. Do cc chn la ph khng cn cn thit na.
ng truyn hin hnh v nguyn tc lun l i din cho tuyn ti u nht theo
cc tiu chun chn vo thi im yu cu.
- Tiu chun nh gi: Bi v mc tiu chnh ca mng chuyn mch gi l
lm sao truyn thng tin i nhanh nht v do vic tr hon truyn tr
thnh mt tiu chun cn xt n v c xem nh l gi ca lin kt (link
cost). Gi ca lin kt ph thuc vo tc truyn trn lin kt, t l li,
kch thc b m hai u. Mt phng n inh tuyn da trn vic ti
thiu tr hon truyn c th thc hin d dng v mi chuyn mch trong
mng thng minh c lng khong thi gian chuyn mt gi mi
i n chuyn mch k. Mi chuyn mch c th c lng chnh xc nu
bit mi ng ni n n c tc bit bao nhiu, cng nh t l li v s
lng cc bit trong hng i mun truyn qua ng ny. Nu cc node
trao i thng tin tr hon vi cc node k n th mi node c th c lng
c ton th tr hon truyn n tt c cc ch trong mng.
- Bng tr hon truyn: minh ha nguyn tc bng tr hon truyn ta xt
hnh 4.20. Tc bit c ch inh cho mi ng. Gi s mi gi c 1000
bit, trn hnh cng trnh by s lng cc gi xp hng cn li ti mi
127
chuyn mch. Ti mi node thy c mt bng tr hon, n c tnh ton
bi mi node trn c s tc truyn v lu lng giao thng trn mi
ng. y cc bng tr hon ch cp cc ng dn n cc ch
c ni trc tip vi chuyn mch m thi, nhm lm cho s c lng
c xem l hon ton chnh xc.
From To
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
Delay
104

0
89
To
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
Delay
35

0
0
0
To
6
6
6
6
6
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Delay
17

0
0

From
From
To
5
5
5
5
5
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
Delay
104

71
312
From To
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
Delay
39

208
312
From
To
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
Delay
105

105
54
From
1
2
3 5
4
6
9
6
0
0

b
/
s
9600 b/s
9600 b/s
9
6
0
0

b
/
s
9
6
0
0

b
/
s
9
6
0
0

b
/
s
5
6
.
6
0
0

b
/
s
5
6
.
6
0
0

b
/
s
5
6
.
6
0
0

b
/
s
Ghi ch:
Thi gian tr tnh bng mili giy

Hnh 4.20. inh tuyn thch nghi dng mt bng tr hon
- S thit lp bng inh tuyn: hiu ro hn v hot ng ca gii thut
inh tuyn hy tp trung tm hiu bng inh tuyn ti node 5 (hnh 4.21).
Bt u l bng tr hon truyn m node 5 xy dng cho chnh n t cc
nhn bit v tc inh tuyn v lu lng giao thng. Bng ca 5 ch
cp n thi gian tr hon trn cc ng ni trc tip vi n. Tr hon n
node 2 l 71ms; n 3 l 104ms v n 6 l 312ms. Mi node trao i bng
tr hon cho nhau lm c s c lng k tip, trn y node 5 kt hp
cc thng tin t cc bng v tnh ton cho ra mt bng inh tuyn sn c
cho n khi thng tin mi c cp nht. Nu ta gi s rng thi gian x l
128
cho mt gi n ti mt node l 25ms, vy th thng tin inh tuyn s c
xc inh nh th no t node 5 sang node 1. Mc d node 5 khng ni trc
tip vi node 1 nhng c ni trc tip vi node 2 v node 3. Node 5 s
chn tr hon no nho nht. Trong trng hp ny tr hon t 2 n 1 l
104ms, tr hon t 5 n 2 l 71ms, tr hon ti node 2 l 25ms, tng tr
hon l 200ms. Thi gian khi tr hon t 3 n 1 l 208ms ln hn nhiu
nn bi loi.
To
5
5
5
5
5
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
Delay
104

71
312
From
To
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
Delay
104

0
89
To
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
Delay
39

208
312
From
3
3
2
2
To
5
5
5
5
5
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
Delay
104

71
218
From
200
96

2
a) Bng tr hon
START
b)
c) bng nh tuyn
To
6
6
6
6
6
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Delay
17

0
0

Hnh 4.21. Thit lp bng inh tuyn ti node 5
Hng cui cng ca bng inh tuyn biu hin s thch nghi linh hot ca x
l inh tuyn. Node 5 ni trc tip n node 6 vi tr hon l 89ms. Tr hon t 5
n 3 l 104ms vic tr hon ti node 3 l 25ms. Tng tr hon qua 3 ch c 218ms
< 8ms do inh tuyn t 5 n 6 s khng trc tip n 6 m qua 3 mi n 6.
iu ny chng to trong inh tuyn ng di vt l cha hn l ng di logic.
Theo nh trn th cui cng bng inh tuyn ch ra rng ti thi im hin
hnh thng tin c inh tuyn qua 2 hoc 3. V trng thi ca mng thay i
thng xuyn nn trong mt khong thi gian ngn khong 200ms hay t hn na
nhng thng tin trong bng inh tuyn s tr nn lc hu. V d tt c lung thng
tin u c inh tuyn qua 2 v 3 bi v tr hon n 6 qu ln so vi cc node
129
khc. Nhng v khng c ai gi n 6 v hng i trn ng ny c gim. Kt
qu l sau khi bng inh tuyn c dng trong 200ms, th thi gian tr hon trn
ng t 5 n 6 s gim n 112ms.
k thut inh tuyn thch nghi hot ng tt, hoc cc cp nht tuyn
phi c xc inh mt cch thng xuyn hoc s khc nhau gia hai tuyn phi
ro rng trc khi tuyn thch hp c chn.
Trong mng ARPANET gii thut c thc hin vi s trao i ng b
cc bng inh tuyn gia cc node chuyn mch, khong 3 n 5 ln trong 1 giy.
Vic trao i ng b a n tnh khng n inh (v d 2 node ng thi bo
ng tt nht i n mt im trong mng l qua node kia). Nu trao i bt
ng b th mi node c dip dng cc thng tin sau cng sn c trong bng inh
tuyn ca n trc khi chuyn thng tin kt hp n cc node k. Vic trao i rt
thng xuyn cc bng cng gy ra tnh trng bt n inh trong mng, to cc
vng lp gi v cc gi con thoi i li gia hai node. Do vic cp nht bng
phi lu s dng hiu qu qu trnh x l thch nghi. Tt nht l thit lp
bng inh tuyn ti u khong 10s mt ln.
T gii thut trn c th khng inh rng thng tin s c trn ng dy hay
node s t t xuyn qua mng. Mt ng dy h s c ch ra bi gi tri tr
hon v cng ln trong li vo bng inh tuyn ca node ni n dy ny. Mt
node bi h s khng thng tin v bng c lng tr hon cho cc node k, do
n c xem l node h. Khi hot ng tr li n d dng tham gia vo mng v
n gi cc bng c lng tr hon n cc node k n ngay sau .
Hn ch ch yu c tnh khch quan ca phng php ny l vic x l phc
tp, cc chuyn mch phi c th pht hin ra cc iu kin ca mng, m bo
nng lc x l cp nht v a ra hng gii quyt ti u.
4.5.3. Mt vi gii thut tm ng ngn nht thng dng
Hu ht cc gii thut tm ng ngn nht c dng trong mng chuyn
mch gi u thuc mt trong hai gii thut thng dng l Dijkstra v Bellman-
Ford
- Gii thut Dijkstra: Ni dung ca gii thut c th c tm tt nh sau:
Tm cc ng dn ngn nht t node ngun cho trc n tt c cc node
khc bng cch pht trin cc ng theo th t gia tng chiu di. Gii
thut x l ln lt qua cc tng. tng th k cc ng dn ngn nht
n node k t node ngun c xc inh; cc node c xc inh nh
130
vy nm trong tp node M. Ti tng th k + 1, node khng trong M m
c ng dn ngn nht t ngun th cho vo M. Khi tt c cc node c
mt trong M th kt thc gii thut.
- Gii thut Bellman-Ford: Ni dung ca gii thut c th m t nh sau:
Tm cc ng dn ngn nht t mt node ngun cho trc bt buc ch
cha mt lin kt; sau tm cc ng dn ngn nht vi iu kin ch
cha ti a hai lin kt, v tip tc. Gii thut s tin hnh qua cc tng
c hnh thc ha nh sau: S = node ngun. d
ij
= gi lin kt t node i n
node j; d
ij
= 0 v d
ij
= nu hai node khng ni trc tip vi nhau d
ij
> 0
nu hai node ni trc tip vi nhau. h = s ti a ca lin kt trong mt
ng dn ti tng hin hnh ca gii thut. Gm hai bc:
o Khi to: D
n
(0)
= s n =
D
s
(h+1)
= 0 h
o h=0; D
n
(h+1)
= min [D
j
(h)
+ d
jn
]
4.6. iu khin lung d liu
4.6.1. Gii thiu
Khi phn phi d liu vo trong mng, nu khng c s cn i gia truyn
d liu ni pht v nhn d liu ni thu s gy nn tnh trng tc nghn trong
mng, nguy him hn c th lm mt d liu. Khi s lng gi a vo trong
mng nm trong kh nng phn phi ca mng th tt c cc gi c chuyn i,
tuy nhin khi lu lng gia tng, cc node khng th m ng ni s bt u
xy ra tnh trng tc nghn. c bit khi mt node no hot ng khng bnh
thng m dng d liu vn lin tc chy n khin cho phn mng y cng
tr nn tc nghn.
Mng chuyn mch gi phi c kh nng gim tc dng thng tin nhp t
mt node vo node khc. iu ny rt quan trng v nh ngn chn c tnh
trng tc nghn nhng ni kh nng x l ti tr nn tht thng. Cng vic ny
c gi l iu khin lung d liu (flow control).
4.6.2. Phng php ca s dich
Nhn chung, hin nay c nhiu mc iu khin lung d v c nhiu
phng php iu khin lung trong k thut truyn s liu, nhng phng php
131
iu khin lung thng s dng trong mng chuyn mch gi l phng php
ca s dich (slid window).
Ch s tun t ca gi truyn l P(S) lin kt cht ch vi ch s tun t ca
gi nhn P(R) iu khin lung d liu trong mng gi. iu khin lung ngn
cn mng chp nhn lu lng u vo nhanh hn kh nng phn phi u ra
ca node hay ni cch khc l ngn nga hin tng nghn. Dng c iu khin
s m bo tt c cc gi vo mng s c chuyn ti ch trong thi gian ngn
nht. Thi gian phn phi thc s ph thuc vo cc dng ti khc c cng ch
v ph thuc vo tc ng phn phi ti n user ch.
Phng php iu khin ca s dich lm cho tc d liu vo ph hp vi
tc d liu ra. N c tc dng hn ch tc ca gi mi tip tc a vo
mng khi mng ang bi s c, v d tuyn hoc node chuyn mch bi h.
a. Kch thc ca s
Kch thc ca s xc inh s lng ti a cc gi cha c truyn ca mt
user c th truyn ln knh logic ti bt k thi im no. Khi mt chuyn mch
ca mng truyn bt k thng tin no n mt user trn mt knh logic c bit,
gi tri ca s tun t trong gi nhn c bt i 1 {P(R) 1} l s tun t ca gi
sau cng c truyn thnh cng bi mng. Vic cp nht tng ln thnh P(R)
c thc hin bi mng mang ngha bo nhn thnh cng cho cc gi
truyn.
C cu iu khin lung ca s yu cu ch s tun t cao nht c truyn
bi user phi nho hn tng P(R) hin hnh cng vi kch thc ca s truyn ln
nht W. V d, gi s W bng 4, ngha l user c ti a bn gi c x l truyn
qua mng vo bt k thi im no. Nu gi sau cng c chp nhn bi mng
l P(R) = 16, th P(R) + W = 16 + 4 = 20. iu ny c ngha by gi user c
php truyn cc gi c s tun t l 17, 18, 19 nhng khng c truyn gi 20
(hay ln hn) cho n khi gi tri ca P(R) gia tng mt ln na. Bt k n lc no
truyn mt gi vt ra ngoi ca s cho php hin hnh u bi xem l li th tc,
n s bi loi bo hoc gy ra reset knh logic.
Kch thc ca s l mt c trng c thng nht bi cc nh cung cp
mng v user vo thi im dich v mng c khi ng. Kch thc ca s
cng ln, lng ti ca user cho php t ln knh logic cng ln. Hn th na,
khi kch thc ca s gia tng, nhiu ti nguyn mng c th l dung lng knh
v b m chuyn mch phi c phn phi cho user ny. Do , kch thc ca
132
s phi c cn i gia lu lng yu cu ti a ca user v gi thnh cung cp
dich v.
b. Hot ng ca c cu ca s iu khin lung
Ca s W = 4
P(R) = 16
P(S) =17
Hot ng ca c cu iu khin lung da trn nguyn tc: nu mng phi
gii hn dng cc gi mi vo mng, n c th lm gim tc nh tng gi tri
P(R) hay gim tm thi kch thc ca s W bng cch gi mt thng ip iu
khin thch hp n user. Hot ng ca c cu ca s dich c minh ha trn
hnh 4.22, trn hnh trnh by gi 16 truyn thnh cng v kch thc ca s W
= 4. Lu rng gi tri P(R) khng cn thit phi tng tng n vi ti mt thi
im. V d, chng ta thy P(R) tng t 17 ln 20 ch mt bc. Hin tng ny
c th xy ra, v d nu tc nghn tm thi lm chm s phn phi gi, v ba gi
c nhn v c bo nhn trong mt thi gian rt ngn th c th cho tt c ba
gi c kim sot bng mt s gia tng ca P(R).
Mng
Thu bao
P(R) + W =20
P(R) = 16
P(S) = 17
P(S) = 18
P(S) = 19
P(R) = 17
P(R) = 20
P(S) = 20
P(S) = 21
P(S) = 22
P(S) = 23

Hnh 4.22. Hot ng ca ca s iu khin lung trn giao tip user-to -network
133
4.7. Mt s giao thc chuyn mch gi
4.7.1. Giao thc X.25
X.25 l mt giao thc thc thi giao tip DTE/DCE, rng hn c th xem
X.25 nh mt giao thc hot ng theo ch to cu gia hai u cui DTE qua
mng chuyn mch gi. Khuyn nghi X25 ca CCITT c phn chia vo ba lp
di cng trong m hnh h thng m OSI.
a) Lp vt l
Lin quan n cc mch trong giao tip DTE/DCE, xc inh cc thnh phn
thuc tn hiu in v cc chun u ni. Cho php hai chun giao tip tiu biu l
X21 v X21bis. X21 quy inh v giao tip vt l gia DTE v DCE thc hin
ng b trn cc mng s liu cng cng, cc thit bi ny c thit k giao
tip vi cc modem ng b h V, X21bis tng ng vi X21 nhng ch khc
ch n qui inh vic s dng cc giao tip ni tip h V s dng cng vi
mng s liu cng cng.
b) Lp lin kt d liu
M t dng s liu gia hai im trong mng (cc th tc ng dy), thc
cht ca lp ny l cung cp mt tuyn thng tin c th tc iu khin lung d
liu, hn ch li gia hai u cui. iu ny to iu kin thun li cho cc lp
cao hn lm vic m khng qun ngi v sai lc s liu. Giao thc lp lin kt ny
dng mt s kha cnh t giao thc HDLC (giao thc iu khin s liu cp cao)
C hai loi giao thc X25 lp hai l LAP (th thc xm nhp tuyn) v
LAPB (th thc xm nhp tuyn cn bng). LAPB hon thin hn LAP mt t v
l loi m hu ht cc mng u s dng.
c) Lp mng
M t vic gn ia ch v ng gi thng tin. Cc chc nng ca X25 ti
mc ba c th c tm tt nh sau:
- Ghp cc ng thng tin mt knh thnh mt s knh logic
- Kim tra dng s liu v x l li.
- nh s cc gi.
- Cc chc nng dng.
- Cc cuc gi o gia cc DTE.
134
- Ni mch o c inh.
- Ni mch o c gn ia ch im ni im.
- Trao i thng tin c tnh n kch c gi gia DTE.
X25 mc 3 trn thc t inh ngha l mt giao thc gia mt DCE v mt
DTE u ni trc tip qua mt tuyn thng tin. DTE c th nh l mt PAD cn
DCE c th l thit bi chuyn mch gi X.25. C th c nhiu loi mng khc
nhau ang c s dng cung cp tuyn ni gia hai DXE. Th nhng iu
quan trng l giao thc lp mng gia DTE v DCE phi gi ging nhau d mng
truyn thuc loi no gm c tuyn truyn gia DXE ni ht v DXE xa.
X25 cp 2 to ra phng thc chuyn ln giao thc cp cao hn (trong
cc khung tin) gia hai u cui ca mt lin kt thng tin nhm m bo tnh
chun xc. n vi s liu lp ba l gi tin.
4.7.2. Giao thc TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)
a) Khi qut
TCP/IP l mt giao thc kt hp giao thc TCP v giao thc IP nhm qun
l v iu khin vic trao i thng tin gia cc mng, m bo thng tin t h
thng u cui ny n h thng u cui kia an ton v chnh xc.
Internet c ngha l lin kt cc mng my tnh li vi nhau, l mng ca tt
c cc mng. TCP/IP l mt tiu chun s dng trn phm vi ton cu cho
Internet. Thng hay gi hai giao thc TCP v IP lin nhau nn c cm gic l
mt giao thc, nhng thc t l hai.
PC
ROUTER
WS
File
Server
WS
ROUTER
PC
File
Server
TCP/IP

Hnh 4.23. Giao thc TCP/IP ni hai mng vi nhau qua hai router
TCP l giao thc end to end inh ra nguyn tc v th l trao i thng tin
gia cc i tc cc h thng u cui, m bo giao v nhn d liu y
chnh xc.
135
IP l giao thc inh ra nguyn tc v th l m bo cho d liu di chuyn
gia cc mng c an ton, ni cch khc l inh tuyn gia cc mng d liu
chuyn n chnh xc ia ch theo mt ng ngn nht. Nhim v inh tuyn do
cc router (b inh tuyn) thc hin, xem hnh 4.23, v vy router thc hin giao
thc IP.
Ngoi ra giao thc TCP/IP cn dng kt ni gia LAN v WAN hay ng
vai tr l mt giao thc cho mng LAN.
b) S phn lp
Nh hnh 4.24 m t, mc n gin lp chc nng ca TCP/IP ch lin
quan n 4 lp. Lp ph thuc mng (Network dependent) tng ng vi ba lp
vt l (physical), lin kt d liu (data link) v mng (network) trong m hnh OSI
by lp. Do , tng th cc lp chc nng ca TCP/IP c 6 lp so vi by lp
ca OSI. T chc Internet quc t cng vi t chc tiu chun quc t v Vin
Thng ITU ang c c k hoch hp nht cc lp chc nng TCP/IP vo m hnh
OSI by lp.
Lp trn cng (application) ca TCP v IP l lp tp trung cc dich v v
ng dng trn Internet nh th in t (SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol),
truyn file (FTP), WWW, Go-pher. Phn di l phn mng nhm vo chc
nng inh tuyn theo ia ch ch.
Application
TCP
IP
Network
Dependent
Application
TCP
IP
Network
Dependent
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
Kin trc phn
lp ca TCP/IP
Cc lp ph
thuc mng
TCP/IP OSI by lp

Hnh 4.24. M hnh phn lp TCP/IP v OSI
c) T chc gi ca TCP/IP
Th t thc hin cc ng dng ca Internet din ra theo 4 bc, nh m t
trn hnh 4.5:
136
- Chng trnh ng dng (dich v) chuyn xung giao thc TCP. Ngi s
dng (end system) dng dich v (application) trn Internet v d nh th
in t (SMTP), truy cp host t xa (Telnet), truyn file,c ngha l a
d liu ng dng cho giao thc TCP, m c th l phn d liu ca TCP.
Chng trnh ng dng
TCP
IP
Ph thuc mng
u xa

Hnh 4.25. Th t thc hin ni truyn
- T giao thc TCP chuyn xung giao thc IP. Th tc TCP s thm vo
khi d liu t lp ng dng gi xung mt header gm cc thng tin sau:
o Ch s port theo qui inh ca Internet. S port ny giup hai u cui
c th nhn bit c ang dng dich v g, v d cng ch s port l
20 ch inh dich v FTP, port 23 ch inh Telnet,
o S th t gi gi i (Data sequence number). u thu dng s th
t ny kim sot lm c s thng bo cho pha pht.
o Thng bo cho pha kia bit nhn c gi th my (bo nhn
ACK ACKnowledgement).
o S byte cn truyn.
Phn header v phn d liu ca chng trnh ng dng to nn mt gi TCP
nh m t hnh 4.26.
Header ca TCP:
- Ch s port
- S th t gi
- ACK
- S byte cn gi
D liu ng dng

Hnh 4.26. Cu trc gi ca TCP
137
- T giao thc IP chuyn xung lp ph thuc mng. Khi hon thnh, gi
TCP c lng vo th tc IP. Trn c s ca gi TCP (header TCP v d
liu ng dng), IP xem gi TCP nh l phn d liu m giao thc ny cn
truyn i v thm vo mt s cc thng tin giao thc ca n bao gm:
o ia ch pht v nhn (source and destination address). Router s
dng ia ch ny inh tuyn.
o S th tc (protocol number for IP user). inh ngha th tc m IP
thc hin.
o Thi gian tn ti (time to live). inh ngha s router bt buc gi IP
phi i qua trc khi n bi hy bo.
o Cc thng tin v cc thnh phn bi phn mnh trong qu trnh
chuyn di trn mng (fragmentation information): u thu bit
m ti thit lp tr li. V d kch thc gi (packet length) thay i
ty thuc vo cc mng khc nhau, mng Ethernet c c gi l 1500
byte cn mng X25 ch c 128 byte.
- Cc thng tin ty chn:
o inh tuyn pht (source routing): cung cp danh sch cc router
s dng.
o Ghi li tuyn ng i qua (route recording): thng tin ny yu
cu mi mt router ghi li ia ch IP khi n chuyn gi IP qua,
iu ny c ngha s thng k c s liu ca ng dn trong
Internet.
o Gii hn cn phn mnh (fragmentation limit: Qui inh kch
thc ln nht ca gi IP c th chuyn i m khng cn chia
nho.
o u tin hoc m bo an ton cho gi IP (Routing priority or
security): ch r tuyn no dnh u tin hay tuyn no m bo
c an ton cho gi IP.
Nh vy gi IP l mt gi cha d liu thng tin c dng trong Internet c
dng nh hnh 4.27.
138
Header ca TCP:
- Ch s port
- S th t gi
- ACK
- S byte cn gi
D liu ng dng
Source and Destination
address
- Protocol number for IP
user
- Time to live
- Fragmentation
information
* Source routing
* Route recording
* Fragmentation limit
* Routing priority or
security

Hnh 4.27. Cu trc gi IP
- T lp ph thuc mng chuyn ra ng dn vt l n ch, hnh 4.27.
a ch mng
Gi IP
Gi TCP
End
system

Hnh 4.27. T chc ng gi v truyn
Cc gi IP chuyn qua cc lp di v inh tuyn tm ti ia ch qua
mng (networking address) c nh x vo ia ch vt l ca lp MAC. V d
ia ch ca mng X25, mng frame relay hoc ngay bn thn Internet. Tt c cc
thng tin ny u nm trong bng inh tuyn (routing table) trong cc router. Cc
mng X25 ch lm nhim v chuyn ti cc gi IP.
d) Hot ng phi hp gia TCP v IP
S kt hp gia th tc TCP v IP thc s l s kt hp gia cc mng my
tnh kt ni vi nhau cho php ngi dng cc mng khc nhau lin lc, lm vic
c vi nhau.
139
Giao thc TCP l giao thc ti u cui, cn IP l giao thc truyn d liu
trn mng. Khi ngi dng vi giao thc TCP to c gi TCP v lng n vo
gi IP to thnh gi datagram IP. Router cn c vo ia ch c trong datagram
IP v thng tin cha trong bng inh tuyn chuyn gi ny i ti cc router sau.
Khi datagram IP n router cui cng, router ny tm v chuyn datagram n ia
ch h thng u cui end system.
Nu gi IP khng chuyn ti u cui c v mt l do no , n s bi hy
bo v giao thc IP khng th thng bo iu ny cho ngi s dng bit. V vy
ngi s dng mun truyn cc gi mt cch chc chn v c thng bo li phi
dng giao thc TCP h tr cho IP v TCP cung cp mi lin h tin cy gia cc
u cui. TCP bo m d liu pht i ung ia ch, khng sai st v trng gi,
ngay ti u cui giao thc TCP s c s th t trong gi TCP bit thiu gi
hay gi nhn ri v bo li cho u pht bit.
Giao thc IP rt hiu qu ch n khng quan tm n giao thc c th ca
cc mng khc nhau m n i qua (v d X25, frame relay), vi IP cc mng ch
n thun l ng dn gia cc router. C th xem IP nh mt phong b m
ngi gi th khng quan tm bc th n c ngi nhn bng phng tin g.
Tm li, s kt hp gia hai giao thc TCP v IP giup ngi dng s dng
c cc dich v trao i trn Internet qua cc bc sau:
- D liu ngi dng kt hp vi s th t hnh thnh on TCP.
- on TCP kt hp vi phn header IP to ra gi datagram IP.
- Router c ia ch IP trong phn header chuyn gi n ch.
- Ti u cui thu, TCP bc bo phn header ca IP ly on TCP, i
chiu s th t, pht hin nhng gi thiu hay nhn c ri, ng thi
cng nhn c thng bo (ACK) t pha pht bo cho bit bn nhn
c gi th my do bn ny pht i.
- Pha thu thng bo cho bn pht bit s gi d liu nhn c ng thi
cng pht li nhng gi thiu nu c.
140
CHNG V
CNG NGH CHUYN MCH ATM
5.1. Tng quan v ATM
5.1.1. Gii thiu v ATM
ATM l mt kt qu t nhin ca cc h thng inh dng truyn dn d liu
khc nhau c cp trong phn trc, mc d c mt vi tranh lun im
ny. Nhng ngc li cc inh dng c m t th tho mn nhng s cn
thit ca th gii d liu, ATM cung cp mt inh dng ti u hay l mt dng
giao thc cho nhng truyn thng bng d liu, thoi v hnh nh, ni m cc t
bo ca mi phng tin c th c trn ln qua mng, nh c minh ho
hnh 5.1.Mt cch in hnh, nhng t bo ATM ny c th c truyn ti trn
SONET, SDH, E1/DS1, v nhng inh dng s khc. Cc t bo c th cn
c truyn ti mt cch lin tc m khng di inh dng mng s.


Hnh 5.1. Cu hnh giao din ngi s dng mng v
m hnh thao kho ATM
Ni mt cch l gc, d liu v thoi l nhng th gii lin quan n nhy
ca thi gian. Thoi khng th i s x l di v nhng s tr ARQ, cn hu ht
141
cc loi d liu th c th. V th ATM cn thit phi so snh gia loi dich v
nh l cc dich v tc bt khng i (CBR)v cc dich v tc bt bin
i(VBR). Dich v thoi l mt loi in hnh ca dich v CBR.
Bo hiu l mt min khc ca s khc bit ch yu. trong truyn thng d
liu, bo hiu c tin hnh trong u ca mi khung d liu(hay gi). Nh l
mt bo hiu ti thiu c ia ch ch, v c ia ch ngun. V thng tin bo
hiu ny s c lp li trn mt tp d liu di ci m c chia on mt cch
nng n. trn mt mch thoi, mt tnh cht kt ni c ci t v ia ch ch,
v c th l ia ch ngun, c gi trong sut qu trnh thit lp cuc gi. Khng
c mt vi dng ca s gim st mch gi mch hot ng trong sut qu trnh
ca mt cuc gi.
Ging nh cng ngh thoi truyn thng, ATM l h thng vin thng hng
kt ni c bn. y c ngha rng mt kt ni cn c thit lp gia hai trm
trc khi d liu c chuyn i gia chng. Mt kt ni ATM xc inh tuyn
truyn dn, cho php cc t bo ATM t inh tuyn qua mt mng ATM. Dng
hng kt ni cn cho php ATM xc inh mt cht lng dich v(QoS) m
bo cho mi kt ni.
Vi s tng phn, hu ht cc giao thc LAN l khng kt ni. iu ny c
ngha l cc nut LAN truyn lu lng mt cch n gin khi chng cn, m
khng hnh hnh thnh mt tuyn ni xc inh trc hay inh tuyn vi nut ch.
ATM s dng mt giao thc hng kt ni, cc t bo c ch inh ch khi
ngi s dng cui gc yu cu mt kt ni. Chung c ch inh t mt Pun t
bo ri. iu ny cho php ATM h tr y mt yu cu ton th ca mng
bng vic ch inh dung lng t bo theo yu cu d vo s cn thit ca ngi
s dng trung gian. Thc vy n l khi nim nm tri tim ca t khng ng
b.
5.1.2. Cu trc v giao din ngi s dng mng
ATM da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi ca mng ISDN bng rng(B-
ISDN). Trong phn ny, chng ta s s dng c th thay th cho nhau cc thut
ng ATM v B-ISDN. Hnh 5.1 v 5.2 tng quan vi nhau. Hnh 5.1 lin quan
n cu hnh tham chiu truy cp B- ISDN vi giao din ngi s dng - mng
ATM(UNI). Ch rng nhng s ging nhau m hnh ny vi m hnh tham
chiu cho ISDN. S khc nhau duy nht l thut ng t bo l mt B t trc
142
hin thi l bng rng. Hnh 5.2 l m hnh giao thc B-ISDN truyn thng
CCITT Rec.I.121, ch ra s cn thit cc lp ph cho cc dich v ring r.
Quay li hnh 5.1, chng ta thy c mt phn bn trn v phn bn di.
Phn thp hn ch ra cc ng bin UNI. Phn bn trn l cu hnh tham chiu
B-ISDN vi 4 im giao din. Nhng giao din ny cc im tham chiu U
B,
T
B,
S
B
c chun ho. Nhng giao din ny h tr tt c cc dich v B-ISDN.
Ch c mt giao din trn mi B-NT1 U
B
v mt T
B.
Phng tin vt l l
im ti im ( mi trng hp), c ngha l c mt b nhn trc mt b
truyn.
Mt hay nhiu giao din trn mi NT2 c th hin im tham chiu S
B.

Giao din im tham chiu S
B
l im ti im lp vt l, trong trng hp
ny ch c mt b nhn trc mt b truyn, v c l im ti im cc lp
khc. Coi nh cc nhm chc nng trong hnh 5.1 bao gm cc chc nng tng
ng vi OSI lp 1, lp vt l. Nhng chc nng ny bao gm:
- u cui truyn dn ng (line transmission termination)
- Giao din iu khin TB v UB, v
- Cc chc nng OAM
Nhm chc nng B-NT2 bao gm cc chc nng tng ng vi lp 1 v cc
lp cao hn ca m hnh OSI. B-NT2 c th l tp trung hoc l phn b. mt
s b tr truy cp c th, cc chc nng ca B- NT2 c th bao gm nhng kt ni
vt l. V d cc chc nng ca B-NT2 l:
- Cc chng nng thch nghi cho nhng phng tin v t p khc nhau;
- S m t t bo;
- S tp trung; lm b m;
- Ghp knh v phn knh;
- Cc chc nng OAM;
- S ch inh ngun;
- iu khin giao thc bo hiu.
Nhm chc nng B-TE( TE- Thit bi u cui) cn bao gm cc chc nng
ca lp 1 v cc lp cao hn ca m hnh OSI. Mt vi nhng chc nng ny l:
143
Giao thc v cuc i thoi bng my gia ngi s dng/ngi s dng v ngi
s dng;
- iu khin giao thc cho bo hiu;
- iu khin kt ni cho thit bi khc;
- u cui giao din v;
- Cc chc nng OAM.

Hnh 5.2. M hnh tham chiu B- ISDN
B-TE1 c mt giao din m n chiu theo giao din B- ISDN. Tuy nhin B-
TE2 cn c mt giao din khng chiu theo B-ISDN. Ci chiu theo quy ti chun
ITU-T Recs. I.413 v I.432 cng nh ANSI T1.624-1993 (Refs. 46).
B thch ng u cui(B-TA) chuyn i t giao din B-TE2 sang mt giao
din ngi s dng mng theo B-ISDN.
Bn tc bt c xc inh giao din U
B
, T
B
, v S
B
da vo tham chiu
Ref. 5 (ANSI T1.624-1993) nh sau:
- 51.840 Mbps (SONET STS-1);
- 155.520 Mbps (SONET STS-3 and SDH STM-1);
144
- 622.080 Mbps (SONET STS-12 and SDH STM-4); and
- 44.736 Mbps (DS3).
Cc giao din ny s c tho lun sau trong chng ny. Di y l nhng
inh ngha cho hnh 5.2:
User Plane (pha ngi s dng) ( mt s sch khc gi l U-plane) cung cp
cho vic chuyn i ca thng tin ng dng ngi dng. N bao gm lp vt l,
lp ATM, v nhiu lp thch ng ATM m oc yu cu cho nhng ngi s
dng dichv v khc nhau nh l dich v CBR v VBR.
Control Plane (pha iu khin) ( mt s sch khc gi l C-plane). Cc
giao thc mt iu khin cp n s thit lp cuc gi v gii phng cuc g v
cc chc nng iu khin kt ni cn thit khc cho vic cung cp cc dich v
chuyn mch. Cu trc C-plane chia s cc lp vt l v lp ATM vi U- Plane,
nh minh ho hnh 2. N cn bao gm cc th tc lp thch ng ATM(AAL) v
cc giao thc bo hiu lp cao hn.
Management Plane( pha qun l)( mt s ti liu khc gi l the M-plane)
cung cp cc chc nng qun l v kh nng trao i thng tin gia U-plane v C-
plane. M-plane bao gm hai phn: qun l lp v qun l mt. Qun l lp thc
hin cc chc nng qun l c th lp, trong khi qun l mt thc hin cc
chc nng qun l v chc nng coordination lin quan n h thng y .
Chng ta s quay li hnh 5. 2 v vic phn lp BISDN/ ATM v nhng s
m t lp phn 5.1.5.
5.1.3. T bo ATM
a. Cu trc ca t bo ATM
Nh cp phn trc, t bo ATM bao gm 53 byte, trong 5 byte lm
header v 48 byte lm vi tr ti trng hay thng tin ca t bo. Hnh5.3 ch ra
mt dng t bo ATM, n ch ra 5 byte cho trng header v 48 byte cho trng
thng tin ca mi t bo.
Hnh 5.4 ch ra cu trc chi tit ca cc header t bo giao din ngi s dng
- mng(UNI) trong hnh a v giao din mng nt cho hnh b. Chng ta tho lun
mt lc v vic ti sao mt t bo c tiu chun ho bng 53 byte. Header ca
t bo gm ch 5 byte. N l s ly ngn ht mc, c thit k cha hm ia
ch v iu khin nho nht cho mt h thng lm vic. N hin nhin ci phn u
l
145

Hnh 5.3. Mt dng ATM minh ho s hnh thnh ATM c bn
phng din khng li tc. N l trng thng tin khi n cha ti trng phng
din li tc. y , chng ta mun ti trng di n c th. i thit k ATM
c hng lm ngn ti trng n c th. Vn trong trng hp ny l ci
g c gi l s tr gi. N l mt lng thi gian c yu cu in y mt
t bo tc 64kbps- y l tc yu cu in y vi cc mu thoi s
ho(PCM). Theo Ref.8, i thit k bi ging x gia hiu qu v s tr gi. Mt
trng phi th a ra l 64 byte cho kch c ca mt t bo, trng phi khc th
u tranh vi 32 byte cho kch c ca t bo. V th t chc ITU-T la chn vi
mt tho hip cho kch c mt t bo c chiu di c inh l 53 byte.

Hnh 5.4. Cu trc phn u ATM c bn:
(a) cu trc phn u t bo UNI; (b) cu trc phn u NNI
By gi th chng ta hy quay li nghin cu v t bo ATM v cc header
ca chng. phn bn tri ca hnh 5.4 ch ra cu trc ca mt header UNI, trong
khi phn bn tay phi li minh ho header ca NNI. S khc bit duy nht l s
146
c mt ca trng GFC(iu khin lung chung generic flow control) trong
header ca UNI. on di y s inh ngha mi trng header. Bng vic di ri
trng GFC, th NNI c 4 bit thmvo cho vic inh ia ch.
iu khin lung chung(GFC)
Trng iu khin lung chung cha 4 bit. Khi m chc nng GFC khng
c s dng, gi tri ca trng l 0000. Trng ny ch c ngha cc b v c
th c s dng cung cung cp cc chc nng iu khin dng cc b c
chun ho trn side khch hng. Trong thc t, gi tri c m ho trong GFC
khng c mang ti u cui v s bi vit bi cc chuyn mch ATM(v d
nh giao din NNI)
Hai mode hot ng c inh ngha cho hot ng ca trng GFC. C
kiu truy cp c iu khin v khng c iu khin. Hot ng ca mode
truy cp khng c iu khin c s dng trong mi trng ATM trc y.
Ch ny khng c nh hng ln lu lng m mt host to ra. Mi host
truyn trng GFC s t tt c l 0(0000). trnh nhng tng tc khng mong
mun gia mode ny v mode truy cp c iu khin, ni m cc host c
mong i sa i nhng s truyn dn ca chng theo hot ng ca trng
GFC, th yu cu tt c CPE v thit bi mng cng cng gim st trng GFc
m bo con s ca cc trng GFC nonzero nn c o lng cho nhng
khong thi gian khng trng khp ca 30 000 10 000 t bo times. Nu 10 hay
nhiu hn cc gi tri nonzero c nhn trong khong thi gian ny, mt li c
hin thi ti s qun l lp(Ref.3)
Trng nh tuyn(VPI/VCI)
24 bit dnh cho vic inh tuyn mt t bo. C 8 bt cho b nhn din ng
dn o(VPI) v 16 bt cho b nhn din knh o. Cc s kt hp c gn trc
ca cc gi tri VPI v VCI c a ra nh bng 5.1(Combination of Preassigned
VPI, VCI, and CLP Values at the UNI). Cc gi tri c gn trc khc ca VPI
v VCI dnh cho mc ch nghin cu su hn, tu theo t chc ITU-T. Gi tri 0
ca VCI khng s dng cho s nhn din knh o ngi s dng. Nhng bit bn
trong trng VPI v VCI c s dng cho inh tuyn v ch inh vi cc quy tc
sau:
- Cc bit c gn ca trng VPI l lin tc.
- Cc bt c gn ca trng VPI l bt t ngha nht ca trng VPI, v
bt u bit th 5 ca byte th 2.
147
- Cc bit c gn ca trng VCI l lin tc.
- Cc bt c gn ca trng VPI l bt t ngha nht ca trng VCI,v
bt u t bit th 5 ca byte th 4.
Trng loi ti trng(PT)
Ba bit dnh cho s nhn din loi ti trng, bng 5.2 (PTI Coding) cho ta
vic m ho b nhn din loi ti trng. Mc ch c bn ca PTI l phn bit
giu cc t bo ngi s dng(nh l., thng tin mang i trong t bo) v nhng t
bo khng dnh cho ngi s dng. Bn nhm m ho u tin(0000-001) c
s dng hin thi cc ngi s dng. Trong 4, 2 v 3(010 v 011) c s
dng hin thi rng tc nghn tri qua. Nhng nhm 5 v 6(100 v 101) c
s dng cho cc chc nng qun l mc kt ni knh o(VCC).
Bng 5.1. M ha PTI

Mt vi thnh phn mng bi tc nghn, nh vo vic nhn mt d liu
ngi s dng, c th iu chnh PTI nh sau: Cc t bo nhn vi PTI = 000 hay
PTI = 010 c truyn vi PTI = 010. Cc t bo nhn vi PTI = 001 hay 011
c truyn vi PTI = 011. Cc thnh phn mng khng bi tc nghn th khng
i PTI.
148

Hnh 5.5. HEC: Cc ch hat ng ca b nhn(da theo ITU-T Rec.I.432, Ref.4).
u tin tn tht t bo (CLP)
Da vo cc iu kin mng, cc t bo ni m CLP c t(th d gi tri
CLP l 1) l i tng loi bo u tin ti cc t bo ni m CPL khng c
t(CPL =0). Khi nim y l xc inh vi frame relay v bit DE(tnh thch
hp loi bo) . Cc chuyn mch ATM c th gn th cc t bo c CLP =0 m n
c d bi UPC( iu khin tham s s dng) trong s vi phm ca tho thun
lu lng , vic gn ny bng cch i bit CLP t 0 thnh 1.
Trng kim tra li header(HEC)
HEC l mt trng 8 bit v n bao trm ton b header ca t bo. M c
s dng cho chc nng ny c kh nng cho c sa li bit n ln d li nhiu bit.
Trong mt thi gian ngn, bn truyn tnh ton gi tri trng HEC. Bn nhn c
hai mode hot ng c ch ra nh hnh 5. ch mc inh c kh nng sa
li n. Mi header t bo c kim nghim v nu c mt li c d thy, th
mt trong hai hoat ng s c t ch. Hot ng no c t th ph thuc
vo trng thi ca ngi. ch sa li, ch nhng li bit n c th c sa
v bn nhn chuyn mch ti mode d. mode d, tt c cc t bo vi nhng li
header c d th bi loi bo. Cn c mt ch rng khng c s bo v li cho
ti trng ca mt t bo. Nu mt li c tm thy trong header ca mt t bo
m khng th c sa, th t bo s bi loi bo. Chc nng bo v khi c li
c cung cp bi HEC th cho php c phc hi nhng li bit n v mt xc
sut thp ca s phn pht t bo vi nhng header li, di nhng iu kin li
truyn lot.


149
b. Cc t bo ri
Cc t bo ri l do khng c hoat ng g mt node nhn ngoi tr cho
vic m t t bo bao gm c s xc nhn HEC. N c chn v c rt trch
bi lp vt l lm thch ng vi tc tri t bo ng bin gia lp ATM
v lp vt l cho dung lng ti trng sn sng ca phng tin truyn dn. y
c gi l tch ring tc t bo. Cc t bo nhn ri c xc inh bi kiu
mu c chun ho cho phn u t bo c minh ho bng sau. Ni dung
ca trng thng tin l 01101010 c nhc li 48 ln cho mt t bo ri.
Bng 5.3. Kiu mu phn u cho s nhn dng t bo ri

5.1.4. S m t v xo trn t bo
S m t t bo cho php xc inh nhng ng bin ca t bo. Trng
HEC ca t bo hon thnh s m t t bo. Tn hiu ATM phi c giao chuyn
thng sut trn tt c cc giao din mng m khng c bt c rng buc t nhng
h thng truyn dn c s dng. S xo trn c s dng nng cao tnh bo
mt v tnh cht mnh m ca c cu m t t bo HEC. Hn na, n gip lm
ngu nhin d liu trong trng thng tin cho nhng s ci tin c th s thc
thi truyn dn.
S m t t bo c thc hin bng vic s dng s tng quan gia cc bit
phn u (header) c bo v (4 octets u tin trong phn u) v octet HEC.
Octet ny c cung cp im cui khi u bng cch s dng mt a thc
sinh bao ph 4 octet u tin ny ca t bo. a thc sinh l X
8
+ X
2
+ X +1. C
mt mi tng quan im cui nhn gia 4 octet u tin ny vi octet HEC, ci
m chng ta c th gi l s d. iu ny ch ung khi khng c li phn u.
Khi c mt li, mi tng quan khng cn hon ton, v b x l s i n t bo
tip theo.
5.1.5. Phn lp ATM v BISDN
a. Lp vt l
Lp vt l bao gm hai lp ph. Lp ph phng tin truyn thng vt l
(PM) bao gm ch cc chc nng c lp - phng tin truyn thng vt l. Lp
150
hi t truyn dn (TC) thc hin tt c chc nng c yu cu chuyn i mt
lung cc t bo n mt lung ca cc n vi d liu (nh l bit, ci m c th
c truyn v nhn qua mt phng tin truyn thng vt l. n vi d liu dich
v (SDU) i qua ng bin gia lp ATM v lp vt l l mt lung nhng d
liu hp l. Lp ATM l c nht (c lp vi lp vt l pha di). Lung d
liu chn vo ti trng h thng truyn dn l phng tin truyn thng vt l
c lp v t cung cp. Lp vt l hp nht lung t bo ATM vi thng tin thch
hp cho s khc ha t bo v lp vt l cn mang theo thng tin qun l vn
hnh v bo dng (OAM) lin quan n lung t bo ny.


Hnh 5.6. Phn lp chc nng B ISDN/ ATM
Lp ph PM cung cp kh nng truyn dn bit bao gm chuyn i bit v s
chun trc bit, cng nh m ng v s bin i in quang. Chc nng
151
nguyn l l s to v nhn ca nhng dng sng thch hp vi phng tin
truyn thng, v m ng ni n c yu cu.
Chc nng lp ph hi t truyn dn
Gia nhng chc nng quan trng ca lp ph ny l s to ra v khi phc
khung truyn dn. Mt chc nng khc ca n l s thch ng khung truyn n
bao gm nhng hot ng cn thit ti cu trc ca dng t bo ty thuc cu trc
ti tin ca khung truyn (hng truyn), v ly ra dng t bo ny khoi khung
truyn (hng nhn). Khung truyn c th l mt vt tng ng t bo (v d
nh lp vo bc ngoi c thm vo dng t bo, mt lp vo SDH/ SONET, mt
lp vo E1/ T1, hng truyn, chui HEC c tnh v y vo phn u.
hng nhn, chng ta bao gm s kim tra phn u t bo. Cc phn u t bo
c kim li v sa li nn c th. Cc t bo c loi bo ni m n c xc
inh l cc phn u bi li v khng th sa c.
Mt chc nng hi t truyn dn khc l tch ring tc t bo. N gm
vic a vo v loi bo nhng t bo ri thch ng vi tc ca nhng t bo
ATM hp l vi dung lng trng ti ca h thng truyn dn. Ni mt cch khc,
cc t bo phi c to ra lm y mt cch chnh xc trng ti ca SDH/
SONET.
b. Lp ATM
Lp ATM c lp hon ton vi vi lp vt l. Mt chc nng quan trng
ca lp ny l s ng gi. N bao gm s to ra v s rt ra phn u. pha
truyn, chc nng to ra phn u nhn mt trng thng tin t bo t mt lp cao
hn v n to ra mt phn u t bo ATM thch hp ngoi tr dy HEC. Chc
nng ny cn bao gm s phin dich t mt b nhn din im truy cp
dich(SAP) v ra mt VPI v VCI.
pha nhn, chc nng ly ra phn u t bo th ri bo phn u t bo
ATM v a trng thng tin ln lp cao hn. Nh trong pha truyn, chc nng
ny cn bao gm mt s phin dich VPI v VCI sang mt b nhn dng SAP.
trong trng hp ca NNI, th trng GFC c p dng lp ATM.
Thng tin iu khin lung c mang trong cc t bo c gn v khng c
gn. Cc t bo mang thng tin ny th c to ra lp ATM.
Mt b chuyn mch lp ATM th xc inh ni m cc t bo i vo s c
chuyn tip, lp li cc inh danh xc inh kt ni tng ng cho lin kt tip
theo, v chuyn tip cc t bo. Lp ATM cn iu khin nhng chc nng qun
152
l lu lng gia cc node ATM c hai bn ca UNI (nh on lin kt VP n)
trong khi m knh o c xc inh bng mt gi tri VCI = 4 c th c s dng
cho nhng chc nng qun l im cui im (ngi dng ngi dng) mc
VP.
Nhng lung nh lung F4l ci g. Nhng lung OAM x l nhng t
bo c dnh cho qun l thc thi v li ca h thng ton b. Coi ATM nh l
h phn cp ca cc mc c th trong SDH/ SONET, ci m l nhng inh dng
mang tnh nguyn l cho ATM. Lp thp nht ni m chung ta c nhng lung F1
l phn ti to ( c gi l mc on trong SONET). iu ny cho php bi
nhng lung mc F2 mc on s ( c gi l mc ng trong SONET). C
nhng lung F3 cho tuyn truyn dn ( c gi l mc tuyn trong SONET).
ATM thm nhng lung F4 cho nhng tuyn o (VPs) v nhng lung F5 cho
nhng knh o (VCs), ni m nhiu VCs cha y trong mt VP n.
c. Lp thch ng ATM
Phn lp ph ca ATM
h tr cc dich v trn lp AAL th nhng chc nng c lp c yu cu
cho AAL. Nhng chc nng ny c t chc trong hai lp ph logic: (1) l lp
ph hi t (CS), v (2) l lp ph chia v hp on (SAR). Nhng chc nng u
tin ca nhng lp ny l:
- SAR S phn on ca thng tin lp cao hn thnh mt kch c thch hp
cho trng thng tin ca mt t bo ATM. S tp hp li nhng ni dung
ca nhng trng thng tin t bo ATM i vo thng tin lp cao hn.
- CS y l chc nng ch yu c cung cp cho dich v AAL AAL
SAP. Lp ph ny l lp ph thuc dich v.
S phn loi dch v ca AAL
S phn loi dich v c da theo nhng tham s sau:
- Mi quan h thi gian gia ngun v ch ( iu ny c gn vi s yu
cu ca lu lng c yu cu hay khng c yu cu);
- Tc bit: khng i hay bin i, v;
- Ch kt ni: l hng kt ni hay khng kt ni.
Khi chng ta kt hp nhng tham s ny, bn lp dich v c a ra nh
ch ra nh hnh 5.7. V d nhng dich v hnh 5.7 s nh sau:
153
- Lp A: tc bit khng i nh l thoi v hnh nh khng c nn;
- Lp B: m thanh v hnh nh tc bit bin i, lu lng ng b hng
kt ni;
- Lp C: truyn d liu hng kt ni, tc bit bin i, lu lng khng
ng b; v
- Lp D: truyn d liu khng kt ni, lu lng khng ng b nh SMDS.
Vi lu l SMDS i din cho dich v d liu chuyn mch
multimegabit. N c to ra bi BEll v c thit k ch yu cho lin
kt LAN
Cc loi AAL
C 5 loi AAL khc nhau. Loi n gin nht l AAL 0. N ch truyn cc t
bo di mt ng dn. ng dn thng l mt lin kt si quang. Mt cch l
tng th tc bt y l bi s ca 53x 8bit hay 424 bits. V d nh, 424
Mbps c th iu khin 100 triu t bo mi giy
- AAL 1 c s dng cung s chuyn vn cho nhng dng bit ng b.
ng dng ch yu ca n l thch ng ng truyn t bo ATM vi cc mch
in hnh E1/ DS1 v SDH/ SONET. AAL 1 c s dng c bit cho truyn
thng thoi (POTS; dich v in thoi c). AAL 1 ly mt octet trong header
cha hai trng ch yu: (1) s dy (SN) v (2) s bo v s dy (SNP).

Hnh 5.7. Nhng s phn loi cc dich v ca AAL (theo Refs.2.8, v 10)
Mc ch chnh ca hai trng ny l kim tra xem s mt sp xp theo chui
ca thng tin khng xut hin - bng vic kim tra mt b m dy 3 bit. N cn
cho php inh thi gian ng h gc ca d liu c nhn im cui xa ca
lin kt. inh dng SARPDU ca AAL 1 c ch ra hnh 5.8. Bn bit SN
154
c phn nho thnh1 bit CSI (Convergence Sublayer Indicator) v mt dy m.
SNP gm 3 bit CRC v mt bit chn l. S ng b u cuiu cui (end to
end) l mt chc nng quan trng cho loi lu lng c mng trn AAL1. Vi
mt ch hot ng, s hi phc ng h c qua mt time stamp cn d tha
ng b (SRTS) v ng h mng thng thng ca mt time stamp d tha 4 bit
c rt ra t CSI t cc t bo vi nhng s dy c. Time stamp d tha c
truyn qua 8 t bo. N h tr nhng dng s DS1, DS3, v E1. Mt ch hot
ng khc l truyn d liu cu trc (SDT). SDT h tr mt octet - dich v c cu
trc n x DS0


Hnh 5.8. nh dng SAR-PDU cho AAL-1

- AAL 2. iu khin trng hp tc bit thay i (VBR) nh l Video
MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group). N c inh ngha bi t chc ITU T.
- AAL-34. Khi u trong ITU-T Rec. I.363 (Ref. 10) c hai AALs ring
bit, mt cho nhng dich v d liu tc thay i (AAL-3) v mt cho dich v
khng kt ni. Khi nhng thng s m ra, nhng th tc tng t c pht trin
cn thit cho c cc dich v ny, v nhng thng s c hp li tr thnh
chun AAL-3/3. Chun ny c s dng cho truyn vn ATM ca SMDS,
CBDS (cc dich v d liu bng rng khng kt ni, mt sng kin ca ETSI), IP,
v Frame relay. AAL-3/4 c thit k mang nhng khung/gi c di
bin i v phn on chng thnh nhng t bo. S phn on ny c lm
trong mt cch m bo v d liu truyn khoi s sai lc nu nhng t bo bi mt
hay khng theo th t. Hnh 5.9 ch ra inh dng t bo ca mt AAL-3/4. Nhng
loi ny ca nhng t bo ch c mt trng ti 44 octet, v nhng trng overhead
thm vo c thm vo phn u (header) v ui (trailer). Nhng phn ny
155
mang, ly v d nh nhng b hin thi BOM, COM v EOM (c mang trong
loi on ST) cng nh mt b inh danh ghp knh(MID) m thng ip
gc c th c phc ha. Phn u cn bao gm mt s dy cho bo v s phn
pht khng theo yu cu. C mt trng ph MID, l trng c s dng xc
inh kt ni CPCS(lp ph kt hp phn thng thng) trn mt kt ni lp ATM
n. N cho php nhiu hn mt kt ni CPCS cho mt kt ni lp ATM n.

Hnh 5.9. inh dng SAR-PDU cho AAL-3/4
(T ITU-T Rec. I.363, Figure 6I.363, p. 13 [Ref. 10].)
Lp ph SAR cung cp nhiu kh nng chuyn i, ngha l di CS
PDUs c kh nng bin i ng thi qua mt kt ni lp ATM n gia cc thc
th AAL. Phn ui ca SAR PDU gm mt b hin thi di (LI) xc inh
xem bao nhiu trng ti t bo c in y. Trng kim li CRC l mt dy 10
bit c s dng d nhng li i qua ton b SAR PDU. Mt thng ip CS
PDU hon chnh c chia ra thnh mt t bo BOM, mt s lng cc t bo
COM, v mt t bo EOM. Nu mt thng ip hon chnh c th va trong mt
t bo, n c gi l mt thng ip on n (SSM), ni m CS PDU l 44
octect hay t hn.
AAL-3/4 c nhng bin php khc nhau m bo tnh trung thc ca d
liu ci m c phn on v truyn i nh l cc t bo. Ni dung ca t bo
c bo v bi CRC 10; nhng s dy bo v s khng theo yu cu. Mt bin
php khc m bo cc PDU bi sa sai ang c phn pht l s bo v
EOM/ BOM. Nu EOM ca mt CPSP PDU v BOM ca ci tip theo bi rt v
mt vi l do th dng t bo c th c th hin nh l PDU hp l. bo
v nhng loi li ny th nhng gi tri s BEtag trong nhng phn u v phn
156
ui ca CPCS PDU c so snh m bo rng chng so khp. Hai ch
ca dich v c inh ngha cho AAL-3/4 nh sau:
- Message Mode Service. Loi ny cung cp cho s truyn ti ca mt hay
nhiu n vi d liu dich v AAL m kch c c inh trong mt hay
nhiu CS-PDU.
- Streaming Mode Service. n vi d liu dich v AAL ny c a qua
giao din AAL trong mt hay nhiu n vi d liu giao din AAL
(IDUs). S chuyn i AAL IDU ny qua giao din AAL c th xut
hin tch bit vi thi gian, v dich v ny cung cp s truyn ti ca
nhng AAL SDUs di bin i. Dich v ch dng bao gm mt
dich v bi bo, s loi bo ca mt AAL SDU chuyn i tng phn
qua giao din AAL th c th c yu cu. Ni mt cch khc, ch
dng th mt gi n c i qua n lp AAL v c truyn trong nhiu
CPCS PDUs khi v nh l nhng phn ca gi c nhn. Ch dng
c th c s dng trong nhng b chuyn mch trung gian hay nhng b
Router ATM to SMDS v th chng c th bt u truyn li mt gi ang
c nhn trc khi ton b gi n. iu ny gim tr qua bi ton b
gi.
5.1.6. Cc dich v: hng kt ni v khng kt ni
Cc vn nh nhng s quyt inh v nhng kin truc inh tuyn c mt
nh hng n nhng dich v hng kt ni ni m nhng node cui B-
ISDNATM phi bo qun hay ly truy cp tra cu nhng bng, ci m
phin dich ia ch ch sang cc ng dn mch. Nhng ng dn mch tra cu
nhng bng l khc nhau tt c node cn c bo qun trong mt kiu gn nh
thi gian thc. iu ny s phi c lm bi mt vi loi giao thc inh tuyn.
Mt cch gii quyt vn ny l to ra mt vn mng bn trong v
s dng dich v khng kt ni nh c miu t trong ITU-T Rec. I.364 (Ref.
11). Chng ta cn nh rng v c bn ATM l mt dich v hng kt ni. y
chng ta s lm thch ng n cung cp mt dich v khng kt ni.
Kin trc chc nng
S cung cp dich v d liu khng kt ni trong B-ISDN c tin hnh vi
nhng b chuyn mch ATM v nhng chc nng dich v khng kt ni (CLSF).
Cc b chuyn mch ATM h tr truyn ti ca nhng khi d liu khng kt ni
trong B-ISDN gia nhng nhm chc nng xc inh ni m CLSF iu khin
157
giao thc khng kt ni v cung cp cho s thch ng ca nhng khi d liu
khng kt ni thnh nhng t bo ATM c chuyn trong mt mi trng
hng kt ni. Vi lu rng nhm chc nng CLSF c th c t ngoi B-
ISDN, trong mt mng khng kt ni ring, vi mt nh cung cp dich v c bit
hay bn trong B-ISDN.
Chuyn mch ATM c thc thi bi nhng node ATM (b chuyn mch
ATM/ kt ni cho), ci m l mt phn chc nng ca mng truyn ti ATM.
Nhm chc nng CLSF kt thc giao thc khng kt ni B-ISDN v bao gm
nhng chc nng cho s thch ng ca nhng giao thc khng kt ni cho giao
thc lp ATM v bn cht hng kt ni. Nhng chc nng v sau ny c thc
thi bi lp thch ng ATM loi 3/4 (AAL -3/4), trong khi nhng s kt thc nhm
CLSF c tin hnh bi nhng dich v lp trn AAL c gi l CLNAP
(Connectionless Network Access Protocol). Giao thc khng kt ni bao gm
nhng chc nng nh l la chn inh tuyn, inh ia ch, v QoS. thc thi
inh tuyn cc n vi d liu khng kt ni (CL) th CLSF phi tng tc vi
nhng mt iu khin/qun l ca mng ATM nm bn di.


Hnh 5.10. Cu trc giao thc chung cho s cung cp
dich v d liu CL trong B-ISDN
Cu trc giao thc ni chung cho vic cung cp dich v d liu CL c
minh ha hnh 5.10. Hnh 5.11 ch ra kin trc giao thc h tr dich v lp
khng kt ni. Lp CLNAP s dng loi AAL 3/4, dich v khng chc chn v
bao bm nhng chc nng cn thit cho dich v lp CL.
Lp dich v CL cung cp cho s truyn thng sut cc khi d liu c kch
thc bin i t mt ngun ti mt hay nhiu ch mt kiu m nhng khi
d liu bi mt hoc bi sa sai khng c truyn li. S truyn ny c thc thi
bng cch s dng mt k thut CL, bao gm s a vo cc ia ch ngun v ch
vo trong mi khi d liu.
158

Hnh 5.11. Kin trc giao thc cho s h tr dich v khng kt ni
5.1.7. Chuyn mch v inh tuyn trong B ISDN/ ATM
Mt tuyn truyn dn ATM h tr cc tuyn o (VPs) v bn trong nhng
tuyn o l nhng knh o (VCs) nh c minh ha hnh 5.12. phn IV
chung ta miu t phn u t bo ATM. Mi phn u t bo gm mt nhn m
xc inh r rng t bo thuc knh no. Nhn ny bao gm hai phn: (1) mt b
inh danh knh o (VCI) v (2) mt b inh danh tuyn o (VPI).

Hnh 5.12. Mi quan h gia VC v VP v tuyn truyn dn
a. Mc knh o (Virtual Channel Level)
Knh o l mt thut ng chung c s dng miu t mt kh nng
truyn thng n hng cho s truyn ti ca nhng t bo ATM. Mt VCI xc
inh mt lin kt VC c th cho mt kt ni tuyn o(VPC) nht inh. Mt gi tri
xc inh ca VCI c gn mi thi im cho mt VC c chuyn mch trong
mng. Mt kt ni VC l mt kh nng n hng cho s truyn ti ca cc t bo
ATM gia hai thc th ATM lin tc ni m gi tri VCI c phin dich. Mt lin
kt VC c bt u hay kt thc bi s gn hay loi bo ca gi tri VCI.
Cc chc nng inh tuyn ca nhng knh o c lm ti chuyn mch
VC/cross-connect(VC cross-connect l mt thnh phn mng m kt ni cc tuyn
VC. N kt thc cc VPC v phin dich cc gi tri VCI, v c inh hng bng
cc chc nng pha qun l m khng phi bi nhng chc nng pha iu khin.).
S inh tuyn bao gm s phin dich ca cc gi tri VCI ca nhng lin kt VCI
i vo sang nhng gi tri VCI ca nhng lin kt VC i ra.
159
Cc lin kt knh o c ni vo nhau hnh thnh mt lin kt knh o
(VCC). Mt VCC m rng gia hai im cui VCC( trong trng hp ca nhng
s sp t im ti nhiu im) hay nhiu hn hai im cui VCC. Mt im cui
VCC l mt im m ni trng thng tin t bo c chuyn i gia lp
ATM v ngi s dng ca dich v lp ATM.
mc VC, cc VCC c cung cp cho mc ch ca chuyn i thng tin
gia ngi s dng ngi s dng, ngi s dng mng, hay mng mng.
Tnh nguyn vn ca dy t bo c duy tr bi lp ATM cho nhng t bo thuc
cng VCC.
b. Mc ng o (Virtual Path Level)
Tuyn o (VP) l mt thut ng chung cho mt b nhng lin kt knh o;
tt c nhng lin kt trong mt b c cng nhng im cui ging nhau. Mt VPI
xc inh mt nhm cc lin kt VC ( mt im tham chiu nht inh) m chia s
cng VPC. Mt gi tri xc inh ca VPI c gn ti mi thi im cho mt VP
c chuyn mch trong mng. Mt lin kt VP l mt kh nng c hng cho
s truyn ti ca cc t bo ATM gia hai thc th ATM lin tc ni m gi tri
VPI c dich. Mt tuyn VP c bt u v kt thc bi s gn hay ri bo ca
gi tri VPI.
Nhng chc nng inh tuyn cho cc VP c thc thi mt b chuyn
mch VP/ crossconnect. Vic inh tuyn ny gm s phin dich ca nhng gi
tri VPI ca nhng tuyn VP i vo vo trong nhng gi tri VPI ca nhng tuyn
ni VP i ra. Nhng kt ni VP c ni lin nhau hnh thnh nn mt VPC.
Mt VPC m rng hai im cui VPC (trong trng hp ca nhng s sp t
im ti nhiu im) hay nhiu hn hai im cui VPC. Mt im cui VPC l
mt im ni m cc VCI c bt u, phin dich, hay kt thc. mc VP th
cc VPC c cung cp cho mc ch ca chuyn i thng tin gia ngi s
dng ngi s dng, ngi s dng mng, hay mng mng.
160

Hnh 5.13. S th hin ca h phn cp chuyn mch VP v VC: (a) VC v VP;
(b) chuyn mch VP (T ITU-T Rec. I.311, Figure 4I.311, p. 5 [Ref. 12].)
Khi cc VPC c chuyn mch, VPC h tr cc lin kt VC i vo c kt
thuc u tin v mt VPCC i ra mi sau c to ra. Tnh nguyn vn ca dy
t bo c m bo bi lp ATM cho cc t bo thuc v cng VPC. V th tnh
ton vn dy t bo c duy tr cho mi lin kt VC trong mt VPC.
161
Hnh 5.13 l mt s th hin ca mt h phn cp chuyn mch VP v VC,
ni m lp vt l l lp thp nht th bao gm mt mc phn b to, mt mc
phn s, v mt mc tuyn truyn. Lp ATM c tr trn lp vt l v bao gm
mc VP; trn cng l mc VC.
5.1.8. Cc yu cu bo hiu
a. S thit lp v gii phng ca cc VCC
Thit lp v gii phng cc VCC giao din ngi s dng mng (UNI)
c th c thc hin theo cc cch khc nhau nh sau:
- Nhng th tc khng s dng bo hiu. Cc mch c thit lp pha
thu bao vi nhng kt ni vnh cu hay bn vnh cu;
- Nhng th tc bng siu bo hiu(meta-signalling), ni m mt VCC c
bit c s dng thit lp hay gii phng mt VCC c s dng cho
bo hiu. Meta-signalling l mt giao thc n gin c s dng thit
lp v ri bo cc knh bo hiu. Tt c nhng s trao i thng tin trong
siu bo hiu c tin hnh qua nhng thng ip t bo n;
- Nhng th t tc bo hiu ngi s dng mng, nh l mt bo hiu
VCC thit lp hay gii phng mt VCC c s dng cho kh nng kt
ni end to end;
- Nhng th tc bo hiu ngi s dng ngi s dng, nh l mt bo
hiu VCC thit lp hay gii phng bn trong mt CPC c thit lp
trc gia hai UNI.
b. Bo hiu cc knh o
Nhng yu cu cho bo hiu cc knh o
Vi mt cu hnh bo hiu im ti im, th yu cu cho bo hiu cc knh
o nh sau:
- Mt kt ni knh o mi hng c ch inh ti mi thc th bo
hiu. Gi tri VPI/ VCI ging nhau c s dng c c cc hng. Mt
gi tri VCI chun ha c s dng cho knh o bo hiu (SVC) im
ti im.
- Ni chung, mt thc th bo hiu c th iu khin, vi s giup ca
nhng SVC im ti im c kt hp th ngi dng VCs thuc v
mt vi VP bi kt thc trong cng thnh phn mng.
162
- Nh l mt la chn mng, User VCs c iu khin bi mt thc
th bo hiu c th bi p buc m mi User VC c c iu
khin th trong c dng ln v dng xung m cha cc SVC im ti
im ca thc th bo hiu.
- Vi nhng cu hnh bo hiu im ti nhiu im th nhng yu cu cho
cc knh o bo hiu nh sau:
- Point-to-Point Signaling Virtual Channels (cc knh o bo hiu im
ti im). Cho bo hiu im ti im th mt kt ni knh o mi
hng c ch inh cho mi thc th bo hiu. Gi tri VPI/ VCI ging
nhau c s dng cho c cc hng.
- General Broadcast Signaling Virtual Channel (knh o bo hiu qun b
chung). Knh o bo hiu qung b chung (GBSVC) c th c dng
cho s nghi cuc gi trong tt c cc trng hp. Trong nhng trng
hp ni m im khng thc thi nhng miu t s lc dich v hay
nhng ni a im khng h tr nhn dng m t s lc (profile)
dich v th GBSVC c s dng nghi cuc gi. Gi tri VCI xc
inh cho bo hiu qung b chung c dnh bi VP UNI. Ch khi
siu bo hiu (meta - signalling) c s dng trong mt VP l
GBSVC m kch hat trong VP.
- Selective Broadcast Signaling Virtual Channels ( Nhng knh o bo
hiu qung b la chn). Thay v GBSVC mt kt ni knh o cho bo
hiu qung b la chn (SBS) c s dng cho s nghi cuc gi,
trong nhng trng hp ni m mt s m t s lc dich v c th
c s dng. Khng mt s s dng no cho cc SBSVC c bit
trc.
5.1.9. Cht lng dich v
a. Tng quan v cht lng dch v ca ATM
Mt s o lng hiu nng c bn cho mt vi h thng truyn thng d liu s
l tc li bit (BER). Nhng kt ni si quang c thit k tt s chim u th
hin nay v trong tng lai gn. Chng ta c th mong i nhng BER t nhng
lin kt ny trong khong 1x10
-12
v vi s thc thi end to end tt hn 5x10
-10

(Ref.14). Do nhng vn v s thc thi khc c th chi phi tnh hnh hin
163
nay. Nhng iu ny c th c gi l nhng mc QoS c nht ATM, c tn
nh sau:
- tr truyn t bo Cell transfer delay;
- S thay i tr t bo Cell delay variation;
- T l mt t bo Cell loss ratio;
- tr truyn t bo c ngha Mean cell transfer delay;
- T l li t bo Cell error ratio;
- T l ngn chn t bo bi li d di Severely errored cell block ratio;
- T l mt chn t bo Cell misinsertion rate.
b. Nhng m t tham s QoS c la chn
Cell Transfer Delay.
Ngoi tr thng thng qua cc thnh phn mng v nhng tuyn truyn
dn, c mt tr thm vo c thm vo mt mng ATM mt b chuyn
mch ATM. Nguyn nhn ca tr ny im ny l s ghp knh khng ng
b thng k (statistical asynchronous multiplexing). Do iu ny m hai t bo c
th bi inh hng n cng mt li ra ca mt b chuyn mch ATM hay cross
connect, v kt qu l c s tranh chp li ra.
Kt qu l mt hay nhiu t bo bi gi b m n khi c hi sn sng tip
theo tip tc truyn. Chng ta c th thy rng t bo th hai s chiu ng
tr thm vo. tr ny ca mt t bo s ph thuc vo s lng lu lng bn
trong mt b chuyn mch v do c th xy ra tranh chp.
Tuyn khng ng b ca mi t bo ATM cn ng gp vo tr ca t bo.
Cc t bo c th bi tr mt hay nhiu chu k t bo ty thuc vo cng lu
lng, kch thc chuyn mch, v ph thuc vo tuyn truyn dn i qua mng.
Cell Delay Variation (CDV)
c inh ngha l tr truyn dn phng m rng(lu lng ATM l khng
ng b ). tr ny cn l khng nht qun trn mng. N c th l mt hm
ca thi gian, hm ca thit k mng/ b chuyn mch ( nh l kch thc b
m), v cc c tnh lu lng khong thi gian . Kt qu sinh ra s bin i
tr t bo(CDV).
164
CVD c th c cc nh hng c hi khc nhau. nh hng phn tn (hay tri
ra) ca nhng thi im n ca t bo c th tc ng ti cc chc nng bo hiu
hay s tp hp ca d liu ngi s dng t bo. Mt nh hng khc c gi l
clumping. N xut hin khi nhng thi im n gia cc t bo truyn ngn.
Chng ta c th hnh dung ra iu ny s nh hng n dung lng mng tc
thi nh th no v n c th nh hng n cc dich v khc s dng mng.
C hai tham s thc thi lin quan n bin i tr t bo: mt l bin i
tr t bo 1 im (1-point CDV) v bin i tr t bo 2 im (2-point CDV).
bin i tr t bo 1 im miu t tnh bin thin trong kiu mu nhng s
kin n ca t bo c quan st mt ng bin n vi tham chiu ti tc
nh m phn 1/T nh c inh ngha trong ITU-T Rec. I.371 (Ref. 13).
bin i tr t bo 2 im miu t tnh bin thin trong kiu mu ca cc s kin
n ca t bo khi quan st li ra ca phn kt ni (MP
1
)
The 1-point CDV describes variability in the pattern of cell arrival events
observed
Cell Loss Ratio.
S mt t bo c th khng thng thng trong mt mng ATM. C hai nguyn
ngn mt gi c bn: (1) li trong phn u t bo hay (2) tc nghn mng.
Cc t bo vi nhng li phn u bi loi bo t ng. iu ny ngn chn s
mt inh tuyn ca nhng t bo bi l, cng nh kh nng vi phm bo mt v
ring t.
Hin tng trn b m chuyn mch c th cn gy ra mt t bo. N trong
cc b m m nhng t bo c gi trong cc hng i c dnh u tin. Nu
c tc nghn, cc t bo trong mt hng i c th bi loi bo mt cch la chn
ph hp vi mc u tin ca n. y i vo bit CLP (Cell Loss Priority)
c tho lun trn. Nhng t bo vi bit ny t ln 1 th c loi bo hn ci
khc (nhiu t bo ti hn hn). Theo cch ny, s y b m c th c gim
ngn chn hin tng trn b nh (Ref. 1).
T l mt t bo c inh ngha cho mt kt ni ATM nh l : Cc t bo bi
mt/ Tng cc t bo truyn.
Cc t bo truyn v mt c m trong cc khi t bo bi li rt ln bi loi
tr t mu t bo trong vic tnh t l mt t bo (Ref. 3).
c. iu khin lu lng v iu khin tc nghn
165
Sau y l cc chc nng m hnh thnh nn mt framework cho qun l,
iu khin lu lng v tc nghn trong cc mng ATM, cng nh n c s
dng trong nhng s kt hp hp l t quan im ca ITU-T Rec. I.371 (Ref. 13):
- Network Resource Management (NRM). c s dng ch inh nhng
ti nguyn mng tch ring cc lung lu lng tng ng vi cc c
tnh ca dich v.
- Connection Admission Control (CAC). Chc nng ny c inh ngha
nh l mt h cc hot ng c thc thi bi mng trong sut giai on
ci t cuc gi hay l trong sut giai on thng lng li cuc gi
thit lp xem mt yu cu kt ni VC hoc VP c th c chp nhn
hay t chi, hay thit lp xem mt yu cu cho s ch inh li c th
c iu chnh. S inh tuyn l mt phn ca cc hot ng CAC.
- Feedback Controls. Nhng chc nng ny l mt h cc hot ng c
thc hin bi mng v nhng ngi dng iu chnh lu lng m
i qua trn nhng kt ni ATM ty theo trng thi ca cc thnh phn
mng.

- Usage / Network Parameter Control(UPC/NPC). Chc nng ny l mt
h cc hot ng c thc hin bi mng quan st va iu khin lu
lng di dng lu lng cung cp v tnh cht hp l ca kt ni
ATM ti truy cp ngi dng v truy cp mng tng ng. Mc ch
chnh l ca chung l bo v cc ngun ti nguyn mng t cc hnh
ng ph hoi c ch tm cng nh v tnh (nhng hnh ng ny c th
nh hng n QoS ca nhng kt ni thit lp sn khc).
- Priority Control. Ngi dng c th to ra nhng lung lu lng u tin
khc nhau bng vic s dng CLP. Mt yu t mng bi tc nghn c th
loi bo mt cch chn la cc t bo vi mc u tin thp nu cn thit
bo v s thc thi ca mng cho cc t bo vi mc u tin cao n
mc c th (Ref. 13).
166

Hnh 5.14 Cu hnh tham chiu cho iu khin tc nghn v lu lng trn
mt mng B-ISDN/ ATM (From ITU-T Rec. .371,Figure 1/ I.371, p. 3 [Ref. 13].)
5.1.10. S truyn ti cc t bo ATM
a. Trong khung ca DS3
DS3 l mt trong nhng h thng truyn dn s tc cao ph bin nht
Nam M hot ng mt tc truyn dn trn danh ngha l 45 Mbps. N cn
ang c thc thi rng ln cho truyn ti SMDS. H thng c s dng map
cc t bo ATM sang inh dng DS3 l ging nh c s dng cho SMDS.
map cc t bo ATM vo trong mt dng bit DS3 th giao thc hi t lp vt l
(PLCP) c trin khai. Mt khung PLCP DS3 c ch ra hnh 18.16.
T hnh v ta thy c 12 t bo trong mt khung PLCP. Mi t bo t trc
bi mt mu khung 2 octet (A1, A2) cho php b nhn ng b cc t bo. Sau
mu khung c mt b hin thi m bao gm 12 mu bit c inh c s dng
nhn dng vi tr ca t bo trong khung (POI). Ci ny c theo bi mt octet
ca thng tin overhead m c s dng cho qun l ng dn. Sau khung
hon chnh c m vi 13 nibble hay 14 nibble (1 nibble = 4 bits) ca phn
ui a tc truyn dn ln tc bit ca DS3 chnh xc. Khung DS3 khi
m chng ta nhn ra c thi gian hiu lc l 125 s. DS3 phi vt qua nhng s
sut ca mng (nhng khung c thm vo/ nhy xung iu chnh s lin kt
ng b). Do PLCP c m vi mt s bin i ca cc bit iu chnh c
th iu chnh nhng s sut v thi gian. Octet overhead C1 hin thi di n.
BIP (bit-interleaved parity) kim tra trng ti v cc chc nng overhead cho s
gim st thc thi v cc li. Thng tin thc thi ny c truyn trong overhead.
167

Hnh 5.15. inh dng ca khung PLCP DS3
(From Ref. 1, courtesy of Hewlett-Packard.)
b. nh x DS1
Mt mc tiu map cc t bo ATM vo trong mt khung DS1 l s
dng mt th tc ging nh khi c s dng vi PLCP ca DS3. Trong trng
hp ny ch c 10 t bo c b bn trong mt khung, v hai trong Z cc octet
ca overhead bi ri bo. Vic n vo ca khung c t 6 octet. Khung ton b
mt 3 ms truyn v ko nhiu khung DS1 ESF (Extended SuperFrame). Vic
map ny c minh ha hnh 18.17. PDU ca L2 l mt thut ng c s dng
vi SMDS. N l khung mc cao hn so vi nhng t bo ATM ly c t s
chia on ca n.
Mt iu cn phi quan tm l s ca vi tr. Mi khe thi gian DS1 c di
8bit hay 1 octet. Theo inh ngha c 24 octet trong mt khung DS1. Tt nhin iu
ny mang n mt phng php th 2 ca vic truyn ti cc t bo ATM trong
DS1 bng cch map trc tip cc t bo ATm vo trong DS1. iu ny c lm
bng cc nhm ca 53 octet (1cell) v cho qua nhng ng bin khung DS1
truyn ti mt t bo hon chnh.
168

Hnh 5.16. nh x DS1 vo trong PLCP.
(From Ref. 1, courtesy of Hewlett-Packard.)
c. nh x E1
E1 PCM c mt tc truyn l 2.048-Mbps. Mt khung E1 c 256 bits th
hin 32 knh hay khe thi gian, trong c 30 knh mang lu lng. Cc khe thi
gian (TS) 0 v 16 c dnh, trong TS0 c dng ng b ha v TS16
dng cho bo hiu. Khung E1 c minh ha nh hnh sau. Cc dy ca cc bit t
bit 9 n bit 128 v t bit 137 n bit 256 c th c dng cho map t bo ATM.
Cc t bo ATM cn c th c map trc tip vo trong cc khung E3 v E4 c
bit. E3 th c 530 octet sn sng cho cc t bo (chnh xc l 10 t bo) v E4 c
2160 octet (khng th chia u c).


Hnh 5.17. nh x cc t bo ATM trc tip vo trong E1.
(From Ref. 1, courtesy of Hewlett-Packard.)
169
d. nh x cc t bo ATM vo trong SDH
tc STM-1 (155.520 Mbps)
Hnh 5.18 minh ha th tc mapping ny. Dng t bo ATM u tin c
map vo trong C-4, sau n lc n c map vo trong b cha VC-4 cng
vi overhead ng dn VC-4. Cc ng bin t bo ATM c sp hng vi
cc ng bin octet STM. Khi m dung lng C-4 (2340) khng l bi s
nguyn ca chiu di t bo (53 octets) th mt t bo c th i qua cc ng
bin C-4. Con tro AU-4 ( cc octet H1 v H2 trong SOH) c s dng tm
kim octet u tin trong VC-4.

Hnh 5.18. nh x t bo ATM vo trong STM-1 (155.520 Mbps rate)
ti SDH-based UNI. (From ITU-TRec. I.432, Figure 8/ I.432, p. 13 [Ref. 4].)
170
tc STM-4(622.080 Mbps).
Nh ch ra hnh 5.19, cc dng t ba ATM c map u tin vo trong
C-4-4c v sau c ng gi vo trong b cha VC-4-4c cng vi overhead
VC-4-4c. Cc ng bin c xp thng hng vi cc ng bin ca octet
STM-4. Dung lng C-4-4c (9360 octet) khng l mt bi s nguyn ca chiu
di cell; do mt cell c th i qua ng bin ca C-4-4c. Cc con tro AU c
s dng tm kim octet u tin ca VC-4-4c.

Hnh 5.19. nh x cc t bo ATM vo trong cu trc khung STM-4
(655.080 Mbps rate) cho SDH m da trn
UNI. (From ITU-T Rec. I. 432, Figure 10I.432, p. 15 [Ref. 4].)
e. nh x cc t bo ATM vo trong SONET
Cc t bo ATM c nh x trc tip vo trong trng ti (ti tin) SONET
(49,54 Mbps). Cng ging vi SDH, ti trng trong cc octet khng l mt b s
nguyn ca chiu di t bo, v do mt t bo c th qua mt ng bin t
171
bo STS. Khi nim nh x ny c ch ra trong hnh 18.21. Con tro H4 c th
hin thi ni m cc t bo bt u bn trong mt khung STS. Mt phng php
tip cn khc l xc inh cc phn u t bo, v t bo u tin trong khung.

Hnh 5.20. nh x cc t bo ATM trc tip vo trong mt khung
SONET STS-1. (From Ref. 1, courtesy of Hewlett-Packard.)
5.2. Cc h thng chuyn mch ATM
5.2.1. Tng quan v mng ATM
Giao thc ATM tng ng vi lp 2 nh c inh ngha trong m hnh
tham chiu lin kt cc h thng m (OSI). ATM l loi hng kt ni, c ngha
l mt lin kt end to end (hay knh o) cn phi c thit lp trc khi inh
tuyn cc t bo ATM. Cc t bo c inh tuyn da theo hai gi tri quan trng
c cha trong 5 byte phn u t bo: b nh danh tuyn o (VPI) v b nhn
danh knh o (VCI) ni m mt tuyn o bao gm mt s lng cc knh o.
S lng cc bit c ch inh cho mt VPI ty thuc vo loi giao din. Nu n
l giao din mng ngi s dng (UNI) gia ngi dng v b chuyn mch
ATM u tin, cn 8 bit c cung cp cho VPI. iu ny c ngha l ti a 2
8
=
256 tuyn o c th s dng c im truy cp ngi dng. Mt khc, nu n
l giao din gia cc node mng (NNI) gia cc b chuyn mch trung gian th
12 c cung cp cho VPI. iu ny cho thy c 2
12
= 4096 tuyn o c th gia
cc ATM. c UNI v NNI u c 16 bit cho VCI. Do s c 2
16
= 65 536
knh o cho mi tuyn o.
S kt hp ca VPI v VCI s xc inh mt kt ni o c th gia hai im
cui. Thay v c cng VPI/ VCI cho ton b tuyn inh tuyn, m VPI/ VCI c
172
xc inh trn mi c s tuyn ni v thay i mi b chuyn mch ATM. Mt
cch c th th mi lin kt li vo ti mt node chuyn mch, mt VPI/ VCI c
th c thay th vi mt VPI/ VCI khc lin kt li ra vi s tham chiu ti
mt bng c gi l bng thng tin inh tuyn (RIT) trong b chuyn mch
ATM. iu ny v cn bn lm gia tng s lng cc ng dn inh tuyn trong
mng ATM.
Hot ng ca cc t bo inh tuyn nh sau. Mi b chuyn mch ATM c
RIT ca chnh n, v RIT bao gm t nht cc trng sau: trng VPI/ VCI c,
trng VPI/ VCI mi, ia ch cng li ra, v trng u tin (ty chn). Khi mt t
bo ATM n mt li vo ca b chuyn mch, n c chia ra 5 byte phn u
v 48 byte phn trng ti (d liu). Bng vic s dng VPI/ VCI m cha trong
phn u nh l gi tri VPI/ VCI c th b chuyn mch nhn vo RIT cho VPI/
VCI mi ca t bo n. Khi gi tri ny so khp th gi tri VPI/ VCI bi thay th
bng gi tri c. Hn na, ia ch cng ra tng tng ng v trng u tin c
nh km vi ti tin 48 byte trc khi n c gi ti c cu chuyn mch. i
ch cng ra ch ra cng ra m t bo nn c inh tuyn ti. C ba ch inh
tuyn trong c cu chuyn mch: ch unicast l ch trong mt t bo
c inh tuyn ti mt cng li c th, ch multicast l ch trong mt t
bo c inh tuyn n mt s lng cc cng, v ch broadcast l ch
trong mt t bo c inh tuyn n tt c cc cng ra. ch unicast,
log
2
N bit (trong N l s lng cc cng vo/ ra) l cho bit s lng
cng li ra. Tuy nhin, ch multicast/ broadcast, th N bit (mi bit kt hp vi
mt cng li ra c th) l cn thit trong mt b chuyn mch tng n. Trng
u tin cho php b chuyn mch truyn cc t bo mt cch la chn ti cc
cng li ra hay loi bo chng khi b nh m trn ty thuc vo cc yu cu ca
dich v.
Cc kt ni ATM c thit lp trc qua vic cung cp hay c ci t
ng ty theo yu cu bng cch s dng bo hiu (nh bo hiu UNI v bo hiu
inh tuyn giao din mng mng ring (PNNI) ). Bo hiu UNI c quy cho
nhng kt ni o c inh (PVC), trong khi PNNI c qui cho cc kt ni o
c chuyn mch (SVC). Vi SVC th RIT c cp nhp bi b x l cuc gi
trong sut thi gian ci t cuc gi, n tm mt ng dn inh tuyn thch hp
gia ngun v ch. VPI/ VCI ca mi lin kt dc theo tuyn ni, cc ia ch
cng li ra ca cc b chuyn mch v trng u tin c xc inh v in y
vo trong bng bi b x l gi. B x l gi phi m bo rng iu mi b
173
chuyn mch, VPI/ VCI ca cc t bo n t cc lin kt khc nhau nhng i n
cng cng li ra l khc nhau. Thc t c mt b x l gi cho tt c b chuyn
mch ATM. n gin, hnh 5.21 ch mt b x l gi cp nht RIT ca mi
b chuyn mch trong mt cch da trn khi nim.

Hnh 5.21. S phin dich VPI/ VCI dc theo tuyn ni.
i vi hnh 5.21, khi mt thit lp cuc gi c hon thnh th ngun bt
u gi mt t bo ca VPI/ VCI c th hin bng w. Ngay khi t bo ny n
b chuyn mch u tin, ton b bng c tm kim. Nu c mt thc th no
so khp c tm thy vi mt VPI/ VCI mi x, n thay th VPI/ VCI c w. ia
ch cng li ra tng ng (gi tri ca n l 100) v trng u tin c nh km
vi t bo m t bo c th c inh tuyn ti cng li ra 100 ca b chuyn
mch u tin. b chuyn mch ATM th 2, VPI/ VCI ca t bo m c gi tri
l x c cp nhu mt gi tri mi l y. Da vo ia ch cng li ra t c t
bng, t bo i vo c inh tuyn n cng ra 10. Hot ng ny lp li cc b
chuyn mch khc dc theo tuyn ni n ch. Khi kt ni bi chm dt th b x
l cuc gi s xa cc thc th kt hp ca cc bng inh tuyn dc theo tuyn
ni.
Trong trng hp multicast, mt t bo c sao chp vo trong nhiu bn
sao v mi bn sao c inh tuyn n mt cng ra. Khi VPI/ VCI ca mi bn
sao cng li ra c th l khc nhau th s thay th VPI/ VCI thng thc hin
li ra thay v li vo. Kt qu l bng inh tuyn thng c tch thnh 2 phn,
mt li vo v mt li ra. li vo th c hai trng trong RIT l gi tri VPI/
174
VCI c v N bit thng tin inh tuyn. li ra c 3 trng trong RIT l s cng li
vo, gi tri VPI/ VCI c, v gi tri VPI/ VCI mi. S kt hp ca s cng vo v
VPI/ VCI c c th xc inh duy nht kt ni multicast v c s dng nh l
mt ch s inh vi VPI/ VCI mi li ra. Khi nhiu VPI/ VCI t cc cng li
vo khc nhau c th hp li ti cng cng li ra v c gi tri VPI/ VCI c xc
inh, do n phi s dng thng tin thm vo nh l mt phn ca ch mc cho
RIT. S dng s cng vo l mt cch t nhin v d dng.
5.2.2. Cu trc tng chuyn mch ATM
Hnh 5.22 a miu t mt m hnh h thng chuyn mch ATM in hnh, n
gm b iu khin cng vo (IPC), mt c cu chuyn mch, v mt b iu
khin cng ra (OPC). Trong thc t, IPC v OPC thng c xy dng trn cng
mt mch in, c gi l card giao din ng (LIC Line Interface Card). Nhiu
IPC v OPC c th c xy dng trn cng mt LIC. C cu chuyn mch trung
tm cung cp cc lin ni gia cc IPC v cc OPC. Hnh 5.22 b ch ra mt chasis
bao gm mt card ngun, mt card CPU thc thi cc chc nng vn hnh, qun
l, v bo dng (OAM) cho h h thng chuyn mch, mt card c cu chuyn
mch v nhiu LIC. Mi LIC c mt b truyn v mt nhn (RCV).

175
Nh ch ra hnh 5.23 a mi IPC kt cui mt ng li vo v rt cc phn
u t bo x l. Trong v d ny, u tin cc tn hiu quang c chuyn
thnh tn hiu in bng b chuyn i quang in (O/E) v sau c kt
cui bi mt b to khung SONET. Cc ti tin t bo c lu tr trong mt b
m FIFO, trong khi cc phn u c rt ra cho x l inh tuyn. Cc t bo
i vo c xp hng trc khi c inh tuyn trong c cu chuyn mch n
lm n gin ha thit k ca c cu chuyn mch. Dng t bo c ct x v
thi gian c yu cu truyn mt t bo qua mng l mt khe thi gian.

Hnh 5.23 S khi iu khin cng li ra v li vo
hnh 5.23b, cc t bo n t c cu chuyn mch c lu vo mt b
m FIFO. Thng tin inh tuyn (v thng tin khc nh l mt mc u tin nu c
th) s c lt vo trc khi cc t bo c vit vo FIFO. Cc t bo sau
c mang i trong ti tin ca cc khung SONET (sau n c chuyn thnh
tn hiu quang qua mt b chuyn i E/O).
OPC c th truyn ti hu ht mt t bo ti tuyn truyn trong mi khe thi
gian. Bi v cc t bo n l ngu nhin trong mng ATM, n dng nh rng
nhiu hn mt t bo c dnh cho cng mt cng ra. S c ny c gi l s
tranh chp hay xung t cng li ra. Mt t bo s c chp nhn cho truyn i,
v nhng ci khc cn c loi bo hoc c m li. Vi tr ca cc b m
176
khng ch nh hng ng k n ch tiu cht lng chuyn mch m cn nh
hng n tnh phc tp ca s thc thi chuyn mch. S la chn ca nhng k
thut gii quyt tranh chp cn bi nh hng bi vi tr ca cc b m.
C hai phng php inh tuyn cc t bo qua mt c cu chuyn mch: t
inh tuyn (self-routing) v inh tuyn theo nhn (label routing). Trong phng
php t inh tuyn th mt trng ia ch cng ra (A) bi treo trc ti mi t bo
cng vo trc khi cc t bo i vo c cu chuyn mch. Trng ny ( n c
log
2
N bit cho cc t bo unicast hay N bit cho cc t bo multicast/ broadcast)
c s dng iu hng cc t bo ti cc cng li ra ch ca n. Mi bit ca
trng ia ch cng li ra c kim tra bi mi tng ca thnh phn chuyn
mch. Nu bit ny l 0 th t bo c inh tuyn ti cng bn trn ca thnh phn
chuyn mch. Nu bit ny l 1 th n c inh tuyn ti li ra thp hn ca n.
Nh ch ra hnh 5.24, mt t bo m ia ch ra ca n l 5 (101) c inh tuyn
ti li vo 2. Bit u tin ca ia ch cng li ra (1) c kim tra bi tng th 2
ca thnh phn chuyn mch. T bo c inh tuyn ti li ra thp hn v i n
tng th 2. Bit tip theo (0) c kim tra bi tng th 2 v t bo c inh
tuyn ti li ra cao hn ca thnh phn chuyn mch. tng cui cng ca thnh
phn chuyn mch th bit cui cng (1) c kim tra v t bo c inh tuyn
ti cng thp hn ca n tng ng vi cng s 5. Khi t bo n cng ra th ia
ch cng ra bi loi bo.

Hnh 5.24. Mt v d ca phng php t inh tuyn trong mt mng delta
Vi s tng phn th trong inh tuyn nhn th trng VPI/ VCI trong phn
u c s dng bi tng module chuyn mch quyt inh kt ni li ra. Tc
177
l mi module chuyn mch c mt bng tm kim VPI/ VCI v chuyn mch t
bo ti mt kt ni li ra tng ng vi vic nh x gia VPI/ VCI v cc kt ni
vo/ ra trong bng ny. inh tuyn nhn khng ph thuc vo lin ni c th ca
cc thnh phn chuyn mch nh t inh tuyn v n c th c s dng ty tin
bt c ni no cc module chuyn mch c lin ni.
5.3. Cc khi nim trong chuyn mch ATM
5.3.1. Hin tng Blocking lin kt ni (bn trong)
Trong khi mt t bo ang c inh tuyn trong mt c cu chuyn mch,
n c th gp phi mt vn tranh chp gy nn t vic hai hay nhiu t bo
cnh tranh nhau mt ti nguyn. Hin tng chn ng kt ni bn trong xut
hin khi nhiu t bo u tranh cho mt kt ni cng thi im bn trong c cu
chuyn mch, c ch ra trong hnh 2.1. iu ny thng xy ra trong mt b
chuyn mch da trn cng ngh ghp knh phn chia theo khng gian, ni m
mt kt ni vt l bn trong c chia s bi nhiu lin kt gia cc cng vo/ra.
Mt b chuyn mch blocking l mt chuyn mch c hin tng blocking bn
trong. Mt b chuyn mch m khng chiu ng hin tng blocking bn trong
th c gi l nonblocking. Trong mt b chuyn mch c m bn trong,
tranh chp c iu khin bi vic thay th cc b m im xung t. Vic
thay th cc b m bn trong trong b chuyn mch s gia tng tr truyn t
bo v lm gim thng lng ca b chuyn mch.

Hnh 5.25. Hin tng blocking trong mt mng delta
xung t hai t bo c dnh cho cc cng ra 4 v 5
178
5.3.2. S tranh chp cng ra (Output Port Contention)
S tranh chp cng ra xut hin khi hai hay nhiu t bo n t cc cng vo
khc nhau v c dnh trc cho cng cng ra, c ch ra trong hnh 5.26. Mt
cng ra n c th truyn ch mt t bo mt khe thi gian; do cc t bo
khc cn thit c loi bo hoc a vo b m. trong cc switch m li ra,
mt b m c thay th mi li ra lu tr nhiu t bo c dnh trc
cho cng li ra .

Hnh 5.26. S tranh chp cng ra
5.3.3. Head-of-Line Blocking
Mt cch khc gii quyt tranh chp cng li ra l thay th mt b
m mi cng li vo, v la chn ch mt t bo cho mi cng li ra gia
cc t bo c dnh cho cng ra trc khi truyn t bo. Loi b chuyn mch
ny c gi l b chuyn mch m li vo. Mt b phn x s quyt inh t bo
no nn c chn v t bo no nn bi t chi. Quyt inh ny c th c da
trn s u tin t bo hay tem thi gian t bo, hay ngu nhin. Mt s lng cc
c cu phn x c xut, nh l s dnh ring vng, sort and arbitrate, v
route and arbitrate. Vi s dnh ring vng, cc cng vo c lin kt qua mt
vng, ci m c s dng u cu truy cp cc cng ra. Cho cc b chuyn
mch m da trn mt c cu mm c cu chuyn mch, tt c cc t bo yu
cu cng cng s xut hin gn k vi nhau sau khi sp xp. Vi dng route-and-
arbitrate cc t bo c inh tuyn qua c cu chuyn mch v c b phn x
d tranh chp im xung t.
179
Mt vn c bit n nhiu trong b chuyn mch ch thun tuy m li
ra vi b m li vo first-in-first out (FIFO) l vn head-of-line (HOL)
blocking. iu ny xy ra khi cc t bo bi ngn chn t vic t c mt li ra
ri bi v cc t bo khc, t bo m phn u ca n trong b m v khng th
c truyn qua c cu chuyn mch. Nh ch ra hnh 5.27, t bo ng sau t
bo HOL cng vo O c dnh trc cho mt cng s 1 ri. Nhng n bi chn
bi t bo HOL, ci m mt mt ng truyn do mt tranh chp li ra. Do hin
tng HOL blocking, nn thng lng ca b chuyn mch m li vo l hu
nh 58.6% dnh cho lu lng khng thay i ngu nhin

Hnh 5.27. Blocking phn u ca ng
5.3.4. K thut truyn Multicasting
h tr cho vic qung b d liu v hi tho video-audio, cc b chuyn
mch ATM c tnh nng multicast v broadcast. Mt vi c cu chuyn mch t
c multicast bng vic sao chp nhiu bn copy ca cc t bo v sau inh
tuyn mi bn copy ti cc cng ch ca chung. Cc switch khc t oc
multicast bng vic ng dng tnh cht pht qung b vn c ca phng tin
c chia s m khng to mt bn copy ca cc t bo ATM no.
5.3.5. S phn i cuc gi (Call Splitting)
Mt vi nguyn tc sp xp cuc gi c xut cho chc nng
multicast, nh l sp xp mt ln duy nht, phn i cuc gi chnh xc v phn
i cuc gi theo hng rng. Sp xp mt ln duy nht th yu cu tt cc cc
bn sao ca cng mt t bo c truyn trn cng mt khe thi gian. Cn phn
180
i chnh xc v phn i theo hng rng cho php s truyn dn ca t bo
c phn chia ra mt vi khe thi gian khc nhau. Cho cc ng dng thi gian
thc, s tr khc nhau gia cc b nhn lm cho vic phn i cuc gi nn c
gii hn. Mt ma trn c a ra m t hot ng ca thut ton sp xp,
c ch ra hnh 5.28, y mi hng (ct) tng ng vi mt ng truyn
li ra (li vo) ca b chuyn mch. Vi c tnh multicast mi hng cha hai hay
nhiu hn mt knh n so vi trng hp unicast. mi khe thi gian ch c
mt t bo c la chn t mi ct hnh thnh mt kt ni.

Hnh 5.28. Nhng phng php lp lich cuc gi
a) Sp xp mt ln duy nht(One-Shot Scheduling)
ch sp xp mt ln duy nht, tt cc bn sao ca cng mt t bo phi
cn c chuyn mch thnh cng trong mt khe thi gian. Nu mt bn sao mt
s tranh chp cho mt cng ra, th t bo gc i trong hng i vo cn truyn li
mt ln na trong khe thi gian tip theo. Tt nhin rng chin lc ny gip cc
t bo t bn sao hn(ngha l giup cc cuc gi vi t bn nhn hn), v thng
chn ng cc t bo multicast nhiu hn vi nhiu bn sao hn
b) Phn i cuc gi theo hng chnh xc(Strict-Sense Call Splitting)
181
ch mt ln duy nht, nu ch mt bn sao mt s tranh chp, th t bo
gc(tt c cc bn sao ca n) cn lm li trong khe thi gian tip theo, do lm
gim thng lng ca b chuyn mch. iu tr ngi ny xut vic truyn cc
bn sao ca t bo multicast mt cch c lp. Vi phn chia cuc gi theo hng
chnh xc, hu ht mt bn sao t cng mt t bo c th c truyn trong
mt khe thi gian, l, mt t bo multicast cn ch trong hng i li vo cho
cc khe thi gian khc nhau cho n khi tt c bn sao ca n c truyn. Nu
mt t bo multicast c K bn sao truyn, th n cn t nht K khe thi gian
truyn chng. Mt cch thng k th thut ton ny dn n mt thng lng thp
khi b chuyn mch ch cha trong sut lu lng nh, khi thut ton khng
thay i mt cch ng vi kiu dng lu lng.
c) Phn chia cuc gi theo hng rng( Wide-Sense Call Splitting)
Trng hp ca lu lng nh nn c cp khi ch mt ng vo ch
ng c mt t bo multicast c truyn v tt c cc cng ra l ri. Trong
trng hp ny phn i cuc gi SS ch cho php mt t bo c trn mi khe
thi gian, iu ny dn n mt ng dng thp. Phn i cuc gi theo hng
rng c xut cho php nhiu hp mt bn sao t cng mt t bo
multicast dnh c truy cp ti cc cng ra mt cch ng thi min l nhng
cng ra ny l ri.
Tht r rng l ch mt ln duy nht c s hiu nng thng lng thp
nht trong 3 thut ton ny; tuy nhin, n li d dng nht thc hin. Phn i
SS thc thi tt hn One-shot trong trng hp lu lng, nhng n dng nh
cng nhc trong trng hp lu lng nh v dn n mt ng dng thp. Phn
i cuc gi WS c u y ca vic s dng cc trung k ra, n cho php cc
t bo multicast s dng tt c cc cng free, iu ny dn n thng lng cao
hn.
5.4. Phn loi kin trc chuyn mch ATM
Chuyn mch ATM c th c chia da trn cc k thut chuyn mch ca
n, bao gm hai nhm sau: Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian(Time Division
Switching TDS) v chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian(Space Division
Switching SDS). TDS c chia ra lm hai loi l dng chung b nh(shared
memory) v loi dng chung mi trng(shared medium). SDS c chia ra thnh
loi chuyn mch n tuyn(single path) v a tuyn(multiple path). Trong
chuyn mch a tuyn li c chia ra thnh mt vi loi khc nhau, c minh
182
ha hnh 5.29. Trong phn ny, chng ta m t s lc v hot ng, u im,
v nhc im, v gii hn vn c ca mi loi chuyn mch.

Hnh 5.29. S phn loi cc kin trc chuyn mch ATM
5.4.1. Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian
Trong TDS, c mt cu trc truyn thng n bn trong, ci m c chia s
bi tt c cc t bo di chuyn t cc cng vo ti cc cng ra qua b chuyn
mch. Cu trc truyn thng bn trong c th l mt BUS, mt vng, hay l mt
b nh. Nhc im chnh ca k thut ny l gii hn dung lng chnh xc ca
n trong cu trc truyn thng bn trong. Tuy nhin, loi ny cung cp mt u
im l tt c cc t bo chy dc theo mt cu trc truyn thng n, n c th d
dng c m rng h tr cc hot ng multicast v broadcast.
a) Chuyn mch dng chung mi trng
trong mt b chuyn mch dng chung mi trng, cc t bo n cc
cng vo c ghp knh theo thi gian trong mt phng tin tc cao thng
nh l mt bus hay mt vng(ring), th di thng s bng vi N ln tc ng
truyn vo. Thng lng ca mi trng c chia s ny xc inh dung lng
ca b chuyn mch y . Nh ch ra hnh 5.30, mi ng truyn ra c
kt ni ti mi trng tc cao c chia s qua mt giao din gm mt b lc
ia ch(Address Filter - AF) v mt b im FIFO li ra. B lc ia ch kim tra
phn u(header) ca cc t bo li vo, v sau chp nhn ch nhng t bo
dnh cho chnh n. Phng php tp trung ny c mt u im l mi cng ra c
th hot ng c lp v c th c xy dng tch bit nhau. Tuy nhin, nhiu
183
nguyn l thit k phn cng v nhiu b m c yu cu cung cp cc giao
din tch bit cho mi cng ra.

Hnh 5.30. Cu trc chuyn mch dng chung mi trng
Mt khe thi gian c chia lm N khe nho. Trong mi khe nho, mt cell t
mt u vo c qung b ti tt c cc cng u ra. iu ny lm n gin ha
qu trnh truyn a hng. Mt bit sp t cc cng li ra vi mi bit hin thi nu
t bo c inh tuyn ti cng li ra m c th c nh km ti phn trc ca
t bo. Mi AF s kim tra ch nhng bit tng ng vi quyt inh xem t bo
c lu tr trong FIFO theo y. Mt nhc im ca cu trc ny l kch c
ca b chuyn mch N bi gii hn bi tc ca b nh. Ni mt cch c th l
khi tt c cc t bo li vo N c dnh cng cng li ra th FIFO khng th lu
tr tt c N t bo trong mt khe thi gian nu kch c b chuyn mch l qu ln
hay tc ng vo l qu cao. Mt nhc im khc l s thiu b nh bi
vic chia s gia cc b m FIFO. Khi mt cng li ra bi tc nghn tm thi do
np vo lu lng cao th b m FIFO bi y v bt u loi bo cc t bo.
Trong luc , cc b m FIFO khc c th c mt t khong trng nhng khng
th c dng bi cng tc nghn. Kt qu l, mt b chuyn mch dng
chung b nh c dng thay th.
b) Chuyn mch dng chung b nh
Trong mt b chuyn mch dng chung b nh nh hnh 5.31, tt c cc t
bo i vo c ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian vo trong mt dng d liu
n v c ghi mt cch tun t ti b nh dng chung. Vic inh tuyn cc t
bo ny c thit lp bng vic rt ra nhng t bo lu tr hnh thnh mt
184
lung d liu li ra n. Lung d liu ny sau c phn knh vo trong
nhng ng ra khc nhau. Cc ia ch m cho c vic ghi cc t bo i vo v
c cc t bo lu tr ra th c cung cp bi mt module iu khin ty theo
thng tin inh tuyn c rt ra t cc phn u t bo.

Hnh.5.31. Cu truc c bn ca cc chuyn mch dng chung b nh
u im ca loi chuyn mch ny l n cung cp ng dng b nh tt nht,
khi tt c cc cng li vo/ li ra chia s cng b nh. Kch c b nh nn c
hiu chnh ty theo vic gi tc mt t bo di mt gi tri chn. C hai s
khc nhau trong vic dng chung b nh gia cc cng l: dng chung y (full
sharing) v dng chung chia phn y (complete partitioning). Vi s dng
chung chia phn y th ton b b nh c chia thnh N phn bng nhau,
trong N l s lng cc cng vo/ra, v mi phn c gn vi mt cng ra c
th. Cn s dng chung y , th ton b b nh c dng chung bi tt c
cc cng ra m khng c s t dnh ring no. Mt vi c cu khc dng vic t
mt ng bin trn v bin di trong khng gian b nh th c dng ngn
chn s gi c quyn ca b nh bi mt vi cng ra.
Ging nh cc b chuyn mch dng chung mi trng, cc b chuyn
mch dng chung b nh c nhc im l tc truy cp b nh gii hn kch
thc b chuyn mch v hn na s iu khin trong cc b chuyn mch dng
chung b nh th phc tp hn. Bi v nhng ng dng m tt hn ca n nn
loi dng chung b nh vn ph bin hn v c nhiu bin th hn loi dng
chung mi trng.
185
5.4.2. Chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian
Trong TDS, mt cu trc truyn thng bn trong n c chia s bi tt c
cc cng vo v ra. Trong khi trong SDS tt c nhiu ng dn vt l c
cung cp gia cc cng vo v ra. Nhng ng dn ny hot ng ng thi lm
sao nhiu t bo c th c truyn qua b chuyn mch cng mt lc. Dung
lng tng cng ca b chuyn mch do l tch s ca di thng ca mi
ng dn v s lng cc ng dn m c th truyn cc t bo ng thi. Tuy
nhin trong thc t n bi gii hn bi cc rng buc ca s thc thi phn cng nh
l pin thit bi, cc gii hn kt ni, cc vn ng b. Cc b chuyn mch SDS
c chia da trn s lng cc ng dn c hiu lc gia mt vi cp vo/ra.
cc b chuyn mch n ng th ch c mt ng dn tn ti cho mt vi cp
vo/ra, trong khi cc b chuyn mch a ng th c nhiu hn mt ng
dn cho mt vi cp vo ra. b n ng c s iu khin inh tuyn n gin
hn b a ng, nhng b a ng th li c dung li(fault tolerance) cao
hn.
a) Cc b chuyn mch n ng
Cc b chuyn mch n ng c chia thnh cc b chuyn mch da
trn crossbar, cc b chuyn mch lin ni y v cc b chuyn mch da trn
banyan
Cc b chuyn mch Crossbar
Mt b chuyn mch crossbar c ch ra hnh 5.32 cho trng hp N =4,
trong cc ng ngang th hin cc li vo, v cc ng dc th hin cc li
ra. Mt cch c bn, mt b chuyn mch NxN bao gm mt mng hnh vung
ca N2 cc crosspoint hot ng ring, n tng ng vi mt cp vo ra. Mi
crosspoint c hay trng thi c th: cross(mc inh) v bar. Mt kt ni gia cng
vo i v cng ra j c thit lp bng vic t cp crosspoint (i, j) trng thi bar
trong khi cc crosspoint khc dc kt ni duy tr trng thi cross. Trng thi
bar ca mt crosspoint c th c kch hot ring l bi tng t bo i vo trong
khi ch ca n c lm thch hp vi cc ia ch li ra. Khng mt thng tin
ton b no v cc t bo khc v cc ch ca n c yu cu. c tnh ny
c gi l c tnh t inh tuyn(self-routing), v vy tnh phc tp trong vic
iu khin c gim i trong c cu chuyn mch khi chc nng iu khin c
phn b gia tt c cc crosspoint.
186
Cc b chuyn mch crossbar c ba tnh cht th vi l: nonblocking, cu trc
n gin, v m un ha. Tuy nhin n s tr nn phc tp khi m s lng cc
crosspoint ln n N2. S quyt inh la chn thnh cng cho tt c cc li ra
trong mi khe thi gian c th cn tr thnh mt s nghn c chai h thng khi
m kch c ca b chuyn mch gia tng.
C 3 vi tr c th cho cc b m trong mt b chuyn mch crossbar: (a)
ti crosspoint trong c cu chuyn mch, (b) ti cc li vo ca b chuyn mch,
v (c) cc li vo v cc li ra ca b chuyn mch. mi ci li c nhng u
v nhc im ring.

Hnh 5.32. Mt b chuyn mch crossbar c 4x4
Hnh 5.33a minh ha chin lc m cc t bo cc crosspoint. B chuyn
mch ma trn bus (BMX) c xut bi Fujitsu l mt v d ca loi ny. AF
th chp nhn cc t bo dnh trc cho cng ra tng ng v lu chung trong
b m. Cc t bo m i trong cc b m cng mt ct th c chn cho
cng ra vi mt t bo mi khe. B chuyn mch lm vic v khng tri qua gii
hn thng lng c gnh bng vic m li ra. Trong mt hon cnh c th n
tng t t c vic xp hng i li ra, vi s khc nhau l hng i cho
187
mi li ra c phn b qua N b m. Khi khng c s chia s gia N b m th
tng b nh c yu cu cho mt tc mt cho trc l ln hn yu cu cho
xp hng i li ra(nh trong trng hp dng chung mi trng). Khi b nh
m yu cu nhiu dung lng c inh trong mt chip hn l logic crosspoint th
vic bao gm cc b m crosspoint trong mt chip s gii hn kht khe s lng
cc crosspoint trong mt chip.
Hnh 5.33b minh ha b chuyn mch xp hng i li vo. Vic tch bit cc
b m t cc crosspoint l ng mong moi t tm nhn mang tnh sc tch ca
mch m nn. Mt t bo n mt li vo trc tin s vo b m, ch i n
phin n c chuyn mch qua b chuyn mch. Vi gii php tranh chp c
phn tn th xung t c gii quyt mt cch ring l cc crosspoint. Khi mt
t bo n mt crosspoint m sn c t bi mt t bo trc , hay n mt
s tranh chp vi t bo khc ang tranh chp th mt tnh hiu blocking c to
ra v gi ti cng li vo. iu ny l block s truyn dn ca t bo v gi
t bo trong b m li vo cho nhng c gng sau ny. Vi gii php tranh chp
tp trung th chc nng phn x c s dng cho mi cng ra gii quyt tranh
chp, v ch mt t bo c dnh cho mt cng ra l c cho php c chuyn
tip n c cu chuyn mch.
Cc b chuyn mch lin ni y
Trong mt b chuyn lin ni y , tnh kt ni y gia cc li vo v
li ra thng c hnh thnh bi nhng bus qung b ring r t tt c cc cng
li vo ti tt c cc cng li ra, nh ch ra hnh 5.34. N b m ring l c
yu cu trong mt b chuyn mch ny, mi ci mi cng li ra. Tuy nhin nu
tng ci trong N b m li ra ny trong b chuyn mch lin ni y c
chia v ch inh ti tng ng vo th n tr nn ging ht vi b chuyn mch
m ti crosspoint v do cung cp cng tnh phc tp ca s thc thi v hiu
nng.


188

Hnh 5.33. Cc chin lc m khc nhau cho mt b chuyn mch crossbar
189

Hnh.5.34. Mt b chuyn mch lin ni y
B chuyn mch lin ni y hot ng trong mt loi ging nh b
chuyn mch dng chung mi trng. Mt t bo t mt vi cng li vo c
qung b ti tt c cng li ra. Do cc t bo t cc cng li vo ring r c th
c truyn cng mt lc ti cng cng li ra. V vy cc b lc t bo v cc b
m c ch inh (mi loi cho mt cng li ra) c yu cu lc nhng t
bo c phn pht nhm v lu tr tm thi nhng t bo c tr inh t
trc ung cch.
Tuy nhin b chuyn mch lin ni y khc vi b chuyn mch dng
chung mi trng ch yu cu overhead ca s tng tc bi gy bi s truyn
tun t qua mi trng dng chung th c thay th bi yu cu overhead khng
gian ca N2 bus qung b ring r. y l mt nhc im tnh ton ca loi
chuyn mch ny. u im ca b chuyn mch lin ni y nm cu trc
nonblocking v n gin, n ging nh b chuyn mch crossbar. B chuyn
mch knockout l mt v d ca loi ny.
Cc b chuyn mch kiu Banyan( Banyan-Based Switches)
Nhng b chuyn mch Banyan l mt h ca loi chuyn mch t inh tuyn
c xy dng t 2x2 thnh phn chuyn mch vi mt ng dn n gia mt
vi cp vo/ra. Nh ch ra hnh 5.35 c 3 tp thuc h Banyan l cc mng
Delta, Omega v banyan. Tt c chng yu cu s thc thi tng ng.
B chuyn mch Banyan cung cp nhng u im khc nhau: th nht n c
mt tnh phc tp ca cc ng dn v cc yu t chuyn mch ca N logN (cc
yu t ny lm n ph hp hn b chuyn mch crossbar v lin ni y ), tnh
phc tp ca n l N2 cho cu trc ca cc b chuyn mch ln. S t inh tuyn
190
cn l mt c tnh thu ht ch khng cn c cu iu khin cho vic inh tuyn
cc t bo. Thng tin inh tuyn c cha trong tng t bo, v n c dng
khi t bo c inh tuyn dc ng dn(tuyn ni). Cu trc song song ca b
chuyn mch cung cp mt im li ch nhng t bo ring r trn cc tuyn
khc nhau c th c x l ng thi. Ty thuc vo cu truc qui v module
ca n m cc b chuyn mch c ln c th c xy dng bng cch s dng
cc thnh phn chuyn mch s cp m khng chnh sa nhng cut trc ca n.
iu ny c th c thc hin mt cch thch hp bi VLSI.

Hnh 5.35. Ba tp khc nhau ca chuyn mch Banyan
Mt hn ch chnh ca b chuyn mch kiu banyan l n l b chuyn mch
blocking bn trong. S thc thi ca n lm gim sut nhanh chng khi kch thc
ca b chuyn mch gia tng. S thc thi c th c ci tin nu MxM thnh
phn chuyn mch c trin khai thay cho 2x2 thnh phn chuyn mch. iu
ny a n lp ca cc b chuyn mch delta.
B chuyn mch delta l mt h ca cc b chuyn mch t inh tuyn c
xy dng t MxM thnh phn chuyn mch vi mt ng dn n gia mt vi
cng li vo v ra. Trong khi s thc thi ca b chuyn mch delta c th tt hn
b chuyn mch loi banyan khc, nhng n vn l mt b chuyn mch blocking.
S thc thi ca b chuyn mch bi gim i ty thuc vo s tranh chp bn trong.
iu ny c th c ci tin bng cch gia tng tc ca cc lin kt ni bn
trong b chuyn mch i vi nhng cng ra v vo hay a vo cc b m
vo trong cc thnh phn chuyn mch.
b) Cc b chuyn mch a ng
191
Cc b chuyn mch a ng c chia thnh cc b chuyn mch
augmented banyan, cc b chuyn mch Clos, cc b chuyn mch multiplane, v
cc b chuyn mch quay vng(recirculation) nh ch ra hnh 5.36

Hnh. 5.36. Nhng b chuyn mch a ng phn chia theo khng gian
Augmented Banyan Switches
trong mt b chuyn mch banyan NxN bnh thng cc t bo i qua logN
tng ca cc thnh phn chuyn mch trc khi n cc ch ca chng. B
chuyn mch augmented banyan c nhiu tng hn b chuyn mch banyan bnh
thng. b chuyn mch banyan bnh thng, khi mt t bo bi chch hng
ti mt kt ni khng ung v do lc ng t mt tuyn ni c nht inh
trc th t bo khng c m bo n li ra c yu cu ca n. Cn trong
b chuyn mch augmented banyan nhng t bo bi chch hng c cung cp
nhiu c hi c inh tuyn ti nhng ch ca n ln na bng vic s dng
cc tng c tng ln(augmented) sau. Khi nhng t bo bi chch hng khng
n ch ca n sau tng cui cng n s bi loi bo.
u im ca b chuyn mch banyan c tng thm l t l mt t bo
c gim i. S thc thi ca b chuyn mch ny c ci tin. Cn nhc im
ca loi chuyn mch ny l lc inh tuyn phc tp ca n. Cc t bo c
kim tra tt c cc tng c tng thm xc inh xem n n nhng cng
ra yu cu ca chung hay cha. Nu ung th chung c gi ti module giao
din li ra. Cn nu khng, n c inh tuyn n tng tip theo v s bi kim
192
tra ln na. Mt nhc im na l s lng cc tng c tng ln cn c ln
thch hp. Vic thm tng tng vo b chuyn mch th lm gia tng tnh phc
tp ca phn cng. B chuyn mch banyan tandem v b chuyn mch trao i
b tr li i (dual shuffle exchange switch) l mt v d ca loi ny.
Three-Stage Clos Switches
Cu trc ca cc chuyn mch Clos ba tng c ch ra hnh 5.36b, n bao
gm 3 tng ca cc module chuyn mch. tng u tin, N ng li vo c
chia thnh r nhm ca n ng. Mi nhm ca cc ng ny n mi module
chuyn mch ca tng u tin. C m li ra trong module chuyn mch tng u
tin; mi ci kt ni ti tt c m module chuyn mch tng th hai. Tng t nh
th mi module chuyn mch tng th hai c t li ra ri n li kt ni ti tt c
t module chuyn mch tng th 3. Cn tng th 3, N li ra c cung cp nh t
nhm ca s ng.
Mt iu cn quan tm vi loi chuyn mch Clos ba tng l n c th c
blocking. Hnh 5.37 ch ra mt b chuyn mch Clos 3 tng vi N = 9, n = 3 v m
= 3. Nhng ng m biu thi cc tuyn m sn sng c dng. N cng ch ra
rng li vo cng s 9 khng th c kt ni ti c cng li ra 4 ln li ra s 6,
ngay c khi nhng li ra ny sn sng.
Bng cch gia tng gi tri ca m (s lng ca cc cng ra t mi module
chuyn mch tng u tin hay s lng cc module chuyn mch tng th 2) th
c th gim c hin tng blocking. tm c gi tri ca m cho mt b
chuyn mch ba tng nonblocking chng ta hy xem hnh 5.38.

193
Hnh 5.37. V d v hin tng blocking ni trong mt b chuyn mch Clos 3
tng
Chng ta cn thit lp mt tuyn ni t cng a ti cng ra b. Mt tnh trng
xu cho blocking xut hin nu tt c n 1 ng vo v n 1 ng ra cn li
li ang bn v ang c kt ni ti cc module chuyn mch tng gia khc. Do
c (n 1) + (n 1) = 2n 2 module chuyn mch tng gia l khng sn
sng to ra mt tuyn ni t a ti b. Tuy nhin, nu c hn 1 module chuyn
mch tng gia tn ti th mt lin kt thch hp s sn sng cho kt ni. Do ,
mt b chuyn mch Clos ba tng s l nonblocking nu: m > 2n 2 + 1 = 2n 1.
Tng s N
x
crosspoint trong mt b chuyn mch Clos ba trng thi khi n i
xng ( nh l khi t = r v s = n) l:
. 2
2
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
n
N
m Nm N
x

Thay m = 2n 1 vo phng trnh trn cho N
x
ta c biu thc cho b chuyn
mch Clos ba tng nonblocking nh sau:
. ) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 ( 2
2
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
n
N
n n N N
x

Vi nhng b chuyn mch c ln, n ln th chng ta c th ly xp x:
. 2 4 ) 2 ( ) 2 ( 2
2 2
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ ~
n
N
Nn
n
N
n n N N
x


194
Hnh 5.38. iu kin nonblocking cho mt b chuyn mch Clos ba tng
ti u ha s lng crosspoint th ta ly vi phn biu thc ca N
x
theo n
v t kt qu bng 0. Ta c ( )
2
1
2
N
n ~ . Thay gi tri ca n vo biu thc N
x
ta
c: ) ( 2 4
2
3
2
3
N O N N
x
= = . B chuyn mch Clos ba tng c mt u im
l n gim c s phc tp ca phn cng t O(N
2
) ca b chuyn mch
crossbar xung O(N
3/2
) v n c th c thit k nonblocking. Hn na n
cn cung cp tin cy hn bi v n c nhiu hn mt tuyn ni qua b chuyn
mch kt ni t bt c cng vo ti bt c cng ra no. Nhc im chnh ca
b chuyn mch loi ny l mt vi c cu thng minh v nhanh cn c sp
xp li nhng kt ni trong tt c cc khe thi gian t bo theo cc t bo n
cho blocking bn trong c th c ngn nga. iu ny s c hin tng nghn
c chai khi kch thc b chuyn mch tr nn ln ln. Thc t tht l kh
ngn chn hin tng blocking bn trong mc d b bn thn b chuyn mch l
nonblocking. Khi kt ni trn nhng lin kt bn trong xut hin th thng lng
bi gim. iu ny c th c ci tin bng vic gia tng s lng cc lin kt bn
trong gia cc module chuyn mch lm sao c nhiu tuyn ni hn cho cc t
bo inh tuyn. Vic gia tng di thng ca cc lin kt bn trong cn c ch ch
thay cho vic c mt t bo cho mi kt ni bn trong mi khe thi gian bng
nhiu hn mt t bo t module li vo( module m c dnh trc cho cng
module th 3) c th c inh tuyn. Mt cch khc gim blocking bn trong
l inh tuyn cc t bo trong mt kiu ngu nhin. Nu cc module chuyn mch
trung tm c nhng b m th phi c lm cc cng li ra duy tr s sp
xp th t t bo.
Multiplane Switches
Nh ch ra hnh 5.36c, b chuyn mch multiplane quy cho nhng b
chuyn mch m c nhiu (thng l xc inh)plane chuyn mch. Nhng b
chuyn mch multiplane c nghi ch yu nh l cch gia tng thng
lng h thng. Bng vic s dng mt vi c cu phn b ti lu lng i vo
th nhng s xung t t bo bn trong cc b chuyn mch c th c gim.
Hn na nhiu hn mt t bo c truyn ti cng mt cng ra bng cch s
dng tng plane chuyn mch, m cc ng li ra khng phi hot ng tc
cao hn cc ng li vo. Mt u im khc ca cc b chuyn mch
multiplane l n c th c s dng t c tin cy cao bi v s mt mt
ca ton b plane chuyn mch s gim dung lng nhng khng gim kh nng
195
lin kt ca cc b chuyn mch. Tuy nhin s sp xp t bo c th c phn b
tr khi cc t bo thuc cng mt kt ni c y dng cng mt mt. b
chuyn mch banyan song song v b chuyn mch Sunshine l nhng v d ca
b chuyn mch multiplane.
Recirculation Switches
Nhng b chuyn mch quay trn hnh 5.36d c thit k iu khin
nhng vn kt ni cng ra. Bng vic quay trn cc t bo (cc t bo m
khng n c cng ra ca n trong sut khe thi gian hin ti) tr li nhng
cng li vo qua mt h cc tuyn ni quay trn th t l mt t bo c th c
gim. iu ny lm cho thng lng ca h thng gia tng. Nhc im ca cc
b chuyn mch quay trn l n yu cu mt b chuyn mch ln t nhng
cng quay trn. V vic quay trn cn lm xut hin nhng li sp xp. Mt vi
c cu cn duy tr s sp xp t bo gia cc t bo cng mt kt ni.
196
CHNG VI
CNG NGH CHUYN MCH MPLS
6.1. Khi nim c bn v chuyn mch nhn
Khi nim chuyn mch nhn tng i n gin. hnh dung vn ny
chng ta xem xt mt qu trnh chuyn th in t t h thng my tnh gi n
h thng my tnh nhn. Trong mng internet truyn thng (khng s dng
chuyn mch nhn) qu trnh chuyn th in t ging ht qu trnh chuyn th
thng thng. Cc ia ch ch c truyn qua cc thc th tr (cc b inh
tuyn). ia ch ch s l yu t xc inh con ng m gi tin chuyn qua cc
b inh tuyn. Trong chuyn mch nhn, thay v s dng ia ch ch quyt
inh inh tuyn, mt nhn c gn vi gi tin v c dt trong tiu gi tin
vi mc ch thay th cho ia ch v nhn c s dng chuyn lu lng cc
gi tin ti ch.
Mc tiu ca chuyn mch nhn a ra nhm ci thin hiu nng chuyn tip
gi tin ca cc b inh tuyn li qua vic s dng cc chc nng gn v phn phi
nhn gn vi cc dich v inh tuyn lp mng khc nhau. Thm vo l lc
phn phi nhn hon ton c lp vi qu trnh chuyn mch.
Trc ht ta xem xt mt s l do c bn hin nay ang c quan tm vi
cng ngh mng ni chung v chuyn mch nhn: tc v tr, kh nng ca
h thng, tnh n gin, ti nguyn mng, iu khin inh tuyn.
Tc v tr
Theo truyn thng chuyn tip gi tin da trn phn mm rt chm trong qu
trnh x l ti lu lng ln trong internet v intranet, tr ch yu trong qu trnh
ny l qu trnh x l inh tuyn tm ra thch hp cho cc gi tin u vo. Mc
d c nhiu ci thin trong vic tm kim bng inh tuyn nh k thut tm
kim nhanh trong bng inh tuyn, nhng ti lu lng trong bng inh tuyn
lun ln hn kh nng x l, v kt qu c th mt lu lng, mt u ni v gim
hiu nng ca ton mng (mng IP). Chuyn mch nhn a ra cch nhn nhn
khc vi chuyn tip gi tin IP thng thng, s cung cp gii php c hiu qu
gii quyt vn trn. Chuyn mch nhn thc hin qu trnh gn nhn cho gi tin
u vo v s dng nhn truy nhp vo bng chuyn tip ti b inh tuyn nh
mt ch s ca bng. Qu trnh truy nhp ny ch yu cu duy nht cho mt ln
truy nhp ti bng thay v hng ngn qu trnh tm kim c thc hin trong
bng inh tuyn truyn thng. Kt qu l cc hot ng ny hiu qu hn v v
vy lu lng ngi s dng trong gi tin c gi qua mng nhanh hn, gim
197
tr v thi gian p ng tt hn cho cc chuyn giao thng tin gia cc ngi s
dng.
Mng my tnh lun tn ti cc hiu ng tr, khi cc gi tin chuyn qua rt
nhiu nt v nhiu chng khc nhau ti ch n to ra cc hiu ng tr v bin
ng tr. S tch tr trn cc cung on s to ra tr tng th gia cc u cui.
Ti mi nt mng ia ch ch trong gi tin c xc minh v so snh vi cc ia
ch ch c kh nng chuyn tip trong bng inh tuyn tm ra ng ra. Cc
gi tin chuyn qua cc nt mng to ra tr v bin ng tr khc nhau, tu thuc
vo kh nng x l ca b inh tuyn cng nh lu lng ca lung tin s nh
hng trc tip n tr ca ngi dng u cui. Mt ln na, c ch hot ng
ca chuyn mch nhn vi kh nng chuyn tip gi tin nhanh l gii php gii
quyt vn ny.
Kh nng ca h thng
Tc l mt kha cnh quan trng ca chuyn mch nhn v tng qu trnh
x l lu lng ngi dng trn mng internet l vn rt quan trng. Nhng
cc dich v tc cao khng phi l tt c nhng g m chuyn mch nhn cung
cp. Chuyn mch nhn cn c th cung cp mm do cc tnh nng khc nhau
p ng cc nhu cu ca ngi dng internet. Thay v hng lot cc ia ch IP
(tng ln rt nhanh tng ngy) m b inh tuyn cn phi x l th chuyn mch
nhn cho php cc ia ch ny gn vi mt hoc vi nhn. tip cn ny lm gim
kch thc bng ia ch v cho php b dinh tuyn h tr nhiu ngi s dng
hn.
Tnh n gin
Mt kha cnh khc ca chuyn mch nhn l s n gin trong cc giao
thc chuyn tip gi tin (hoc mt tp cc giao thc), v nguyn tc rt n
gin:chuyn tip gi tin da trn nhn ca n. Tuy nhin, cn c k thut iu
khin cho qu trnh lin kt nhn v m bo tnh tng quan gia cc nhn vi
lung lu lng ngi s dng, cc k thut ny i khi kh phc tp nhng
chng khng nh hng n hiu sut ca dng lu lng ngi dng. Sau khi
gn nhn vo dng lu lng ngi dng th hot ng chuyn mch nhn c th
nhng trong phn mm, trong cc mch tch hp c bit (ASIC) hoc trong b x
l c bit.
Ti nguyn s dng
Cc k thut iu khin thit lp nhn khng chim dng ti nguyn ca mng,
cc c ch thit lp ng chuyn mch nhn cho lu lng ngi s dng mt
cch n gin l tiu ch thit k cc ng chuyn mch nhn.
198
iu khin nh tuyn
inh tuyn trong mng Internet c thc hin vi cc ia ch IP (trong
mng LAN l cc ia ch MAC). Tt nhin, c rt nhiu thng tin c ly ra t
gi IP thc hin qu trnh inh tuyn ny, v d nh: Trng kiu dich v IP
(TOS), ch s cng...l mt phn quyt inh ca chuyn tip gi tin. Nhng inh
tuyn theo ch l phng php thng thng nht hin ang c s dng.
inh tuyn theo ia ch ch khng phi l phng php lun em li hiu
qu. Cc vn lp vng trn mng cng nh s khc nhau v kin trc mng s
l tr ngi trn mt bng iu khin chuyn tip gi tin i vi phng php ny.
Mt vn t ra na l cc nh cung cp thit bi (b inh tuyn, cu). Trin khai
phng php inh tuyn da theo ia ch ch theo cch ring ca h: mt s thit
bi cho php nh qun tri mng chia s lu lng, trong khi mt s khc s dng
cc trng chc nng TOS, ch s cng... Chuyn mch nhn cho php cc b
inh tuyn chn tuyn u ra tng minh theo nhn, nh vy c ch ny cho cung
cp mt phng thc truyn ti lu lng qua cc nt v lin kt ph hp vi lu
lng truyn ti, cng nh l t ra cc lp lu lng bao gm cc dich v khc
nhau (da trn yu cu QOS) trn . Chuyn mch nhn l gii php tt
hng lu lng qua mt ng dn, m khng nht thit phi nhn ton b thng
tin t giao thc inh tuyn IP ng da trn ia ch ch.
inh tuyn da trn IP (PRB) thng gn vi cc giao thc chuyn mch
nhn, nh FR, ATM hoc MPLS. Phng php ny s dng cc trng chc nng
trong tiu gi tin IP nh: trng TOS, ch s cng, nhn dng giao thc IP hoc
kch thc ca gi tin. Cc trng chc nng ny cho php mng phn lp dich v
thnh cc kiu lu lng v thng c thc hin ti nut u vo mng(thit bi
g mng).
Cc b inh tuyn trn lp li c th s dng cc bt ti thit bi g quyt
inh x l lung lu lng n, qu trnh x l ny c th s dng cc kiu hng
i khc nhau v cc phng php xp hng khc nhau. inh tuyn da trn IP
cng cho php nh qun l mng thc hin phng php inh tuyn rng buc.
Cc chnh sch da trn IP cho php b inh tuyn:
- t cc gi tri u tin vo trong tiu gi tin IP.
- Thit lp bc k tip cho gi tin IP.
- Thit lp giao din ra cho gi tin.
- Thit lp bc k tip cho gi tin khi khng tn ti hng trong bng inh
tuyn.
199
Chuyn mch nhn khc vi phng php chuyn mch khc ch n l k
thut iu khin giao thc chuyn mch IP theo kiu topo. Mt khc s tn ti ca
mt ia ch mng ch s xc inh qu trnh cp nht trong bng inh tuyn ra
mt ng dn chuyn mch hng ti ch. N cng khi qut c cu chuyn
tip v trao i nhn, phng php ny khng ch thch hp vi cc mng ln nh
ATM, chuyn mch khung, PPP, v n c th thch hp vi bt k phng php
ng gi no.
6.2. Tng quan v cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
6.2.1. Cc c im c bn ca cng ngh MPLS
MPLS l mt cng ngh tch hp tt nht cc kh nng hin ti phn pht
gi tin t ngun ti ch qua mng Internet. C th inh ngha MPLS l mt tp
cc cng ngh m da vo chun Internet m kt hp chuyn mch lp 2 v inh
tuyn lp 3 chuyn tip gi tin bng cch s dng cc nhn ngn c chiu di
c inh.
Bng cch s dng cc giao thc iu khin v inh tuyn Internet MPLS cung
cp chuyn mch hng kt ni o qua cc tuyn Internet bng cch h tr cc
nhn v trao i nhn. MPLS bao gm vic thc hin cc ng chuyn mch
nhn LSP, n cng cung cp cc th tc v cc giao thc cn thit phn phi
cc nhn gia cc chuyn mch v cc b inh tuyn .
Nghin cu MPLS ang c thc hin di s bo tr ca nhm lm vic
MPLS trong IETF. MPLS vn l mt s pht trin tng i mi, n mi ch
c tiu chun ho theo Internet vo u nm 2001.
S dng MPLS trao i khe thi gian TDM, chuyn mch khng gian v
cc bc sng quang l nhng pht trin mi nht. Cc n lc ny c gi l
GMPLS (Generalized MPLS ).
Nhm lm vic MPLS a ra danh sch vi 8 bc yu cu xc inh MPLS
l:
- MPLS phi lm vic vi hu ht cc cng ngh lin kt d liu.
- MPLS phi thch ng vi cc giao thc inh tuyn lp mng v cc cng
ngh Internet c lin quan khc.
- MPLS cn hot ng mt cch c lp vi cc giao thc inh tuyn.
- MPLS phi h tr mi kh nng chuyn tip ca bt k nhn cho trc no.
- MPLS phi h tr vn hnh qun l v bo dng (OA&M).
- MPLS cn xc inh v ngn chn chuyn tip vng.
200
- MPLS cn hot ng trong mng phn cp
- MPLS phi c tnh k tha.
Tm yu cu ny chnh l cc n lc pht trin cn tp trung. Lin quan ti cc
yu cu ny, nhm lm vic cng a ra 8 mc tiu chnh m MPLS cn t c:
- Ch r cc giao thc c tiu chun ho nhm duy tr v phn phi nhn
h tr inh tuyn da vo ch unicast m vic chuyn tip c thc
hin bng cch trao i nhn. (inh tuyn unicast ch ra mt cch chnh
xc mt giao din; inh tuyn da vo ch ng l inh tuyn da vo ia
ch ch cui cng ca gi tin).
- Ch r cc giao thc c tiu chun ho nhm duy tr v phn phi nhn
h tr inh tuyn da vo ch multicast m vic chuyn tip c thc
hin bng cch trao i nhn. (inh tuyn mulicast ch ra hn mt giao
din u ra. Nhim v tch hp cc k thut multicast trong MPLS vn
ang tip tc nghin cu v pht trin.
- Ch r cc giao thc c tiu chun ho nhm duy tr v phn phi nhn
h tr phn cp inh tuyn m vic chuyn tip c thc hin bng
cch trao i nhn , phn cp inh tuyn ngha l hiu bit v topo mng
trong h thng t tri.
- Ch r cc giao thc c tiu chun ho nhm duy tr v phn phi nhn
h tr cc ng ring da vo trao i nhn. Cc ng ny c th
khc so vi cc ng c tnh ton trong inh tuyn IP thng thng
( inh tuyn trong IP da vo chuyn tip theo ia ch ch ). Cc ng
ring rt quan trng trong cc ng dng TE.
- Ch ra cc th tc c tiu chun ho mang thng tin v nhn qua cc
cng ngh lp 2.
- Ch ra mt phng php tiu chun nhm hot ng cng vi ATM mt
phng iu khin v mt phng ngi dng.
- Phi h tr cho cc cng ngh QoS ( nh l giao thc RSVP) (QoS l mt
trong nhng ng dng quan trng nht ca MPLS, MPLS QoS s c th
mang li nhiu li ch cho mng th h sau).
- Ch ra cc giao thc tiu chun cho php cc host s dng MPLS.
6.2.2. Cch thc hot ng ca MPLS
MPLS c th c xem nh l mt tp cc cng ngh hot ng vi nhau
phn pht gi tin t ngun ti ch mt cch hiu qu v c th iu khin c.
201
N s dng cc ng chuyn mch nhn LSP chuyn tip lp 2 m c
thit lp bo hiu bi cc giao thc inh tuyn lp 3
Hnh 6.1. M hnh chung v chuyn tip v chuyn mch ti b inh tuyn
Bi v cc khi nim chuyn tip, chuyn mch v inh tuyn l nhng vn
quan trng hiu MPLS hot ng nh th no do vy ta xem xt cc vn
ny trong b inh tuyn. Mt thit bi inh tuyn chuyn mt gi tin t ngun ti
ch bng cch thu hoc nhn, chuyn mch v sau chuyn tip n ti mt thit
bi mng khc cho ti khi n ti ch cui cng. Hnh 6.1 trn y m t m hnh
chung v chuyn tip v chuyn mch ti b inh tuyn.
Mt bng iu khin qun l mt tp cc tuyn ng m mt gi c th s
dng, trong m hnh ny mt gi i vo thit bi mng qua giao din u vo, c
x l bi mt thit bi m n ch x l thng tin v gi a ra quyt inh logic.
Quyt inh logic ny c thng tin c cung cp t mt bng iu khin cha cc
tuyn, cho cc thng tin v gi c cp nht ti thit bi khc chuyn tip gi
thng qua giao din u ra ti ch ca gi tin .
y l m hnh n gin nht trong cc cng ngh mng, nhng n l s bt
u cho cc vn lin quan ti MPLS c thc hin nh th no. Cc cng
ngh MPLS a ra m hnh mi cho vic inh tuyn, chuyn mch v chuyn tip
chuyn cc gi tin trong mng Internet.
Mt m hnh khc thng gp m t lung cc gi tin gia cc thit bi
mng (v d nh l cc b inh tuyn) c trnh by trong hnh v di y.
Cc lp trn
Duy tr tuyn

La chn cng ra

Mt phng
iu khin
inh tuyn
Chuyn mch
Mt phng
chuyn tip
Nhn gi u vo

Pht gi u ra

Cc cng u vo

Cc cng u ra

202
-ng iu
khin
-ng chuyn
tip
phn mm
phn cng
-ng iu
khin
-ng chuyn
tip
phn mm
phn cng
-ng nhanh
(d liu)
-ng chm
(iu khin)
router A router B
data
data

Hnh 6.2. M hnh lung gi tin gia hai thit bi mng
Lu lng trong mng c th c hiu theo hai cch: Lu lng iu khin
bao gm cc thng tin v qun l v inh tuyn v Lu lng d liu. Lu lng
d liu th i theo ng nhanh v c x l bi cc thit bi mng. Trong hu
ht cc thit bi mng hin i, ng nhanh c thc hin bi phn cng. Bt c
thit bi mng no nhn mt gi tin khi x l tiu ca gi, thng tin v gi c
gi ln ng iu khin x l. Cc gi iu khin bao gm cc thng tin yu
cu cho vic inh tuyn gi, bt c mt gi no khc c th cha thng tin iu
khin, cc gi d liu u tin vv.. th c x l chm bi v chng cn c
kim tra bi phn mm. V l do ny ng x l ny thng c gi l ng
chm.
M hnh ny rt quan trng hiu MPLS hot ng nh th no bi v n
ch ra ng iu khin v ng chuyn tip l ring bit. Kh nng ca MPLS
phn bit cc chc nng quan trng ny to ra mt phng php mi lm
thay i phng thc truyn cc gi d liu qua mng Internet.
MPLS ch yu lm vic vi cc giao thc lp 2 v lp 3, v cng hot
ng trong nhiu kiu thit bi mng khc.
Cng ngh lp 2.5 l mt cch nhn v MPLS. Hnh sau trnh by MPLS c
xem nh l mt lp chn m t t n vo gia lp mng v lp lin kt d
liu.

Lp 4 7 (Lp truyn ti, phin, trnh din, ng dng)
Lp 3 (lp mng)
Lp 2.5 (MPLS)
203
Lp 2 (lin kt d liu)
Lp 1 (lp vt l)

Hnh 6.3. Lp chn MPLS

M hnh ny ban u xut hin nh l mt m hnh khng ng nht vi
OSI, m hnh ny ch ra rng MPLS khng phi l mt lp mi ring, m n l
mt phn o ca mt phng iu khin di lp mng vi mt phng chuyn
tip nh ca lp lin kt d liu. MPLS khng phi l mt giao thc tng mng
mi bi v n khng c kh nng t inh tuyn hoc c s ia ch, m yu cu
phi c trong giao thc lp 3. MPLS s dng cc giao thc inh tuyn v cch
nh ia ch ca IP ( vi s iu chnh v m rng cn thit) MPLS cng khng
phi l mt giao thc tng lin kt d liu bi v n c thit k hot ng
trong nhiu cng ngh lin kt d liu ph bin m cung cp yu cu chc nng
v ia ch lp 2.
6.2.3. Cc thut ng trong MPLS
B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn v b nh tuyn bin nhn(LSR v LER)
Cc thit bi tham gia trong k thut giao thc MPLS c th c phn loi
thnh cc b inh tuyn bin nhn ( LER) v cc b inh tuyn chuyn mch nhn
(LSR).
- Mt LSR l 1 thit bi inh tuyn tc cao trong li ca 1 mng MPLS,
n tham gia trong vic thit lp cc ng dn chuyn mch nhn (LSP)
bng vic s dng giao thc bo hiu nhn thch ng v chuyn mch tc
cao lu lng s liu da trn cc ng dn c thit lp.
- Mt LER l 1 thit bi hot ng ti bin (cnh ) ca mng truy nhp v
mng MPLS. Cc LER h tr a cng c kt ni ti cc mng khng
ging nhau ( chng hn FR, ATM v Ethernet ) v chuyn tip lu lng
ny vo mng MPLS sau khi thit lp LSP, bng vic s dng cc giao
thc bo hiu nhn ti li vo v phn b lu lng tr li mng truy nhp
ti li ra. LER ng vai tr quan trng trong vic ch inh v hu bo nhn,
khi lng vo trong hay i ra khoi mng MPLS
Lp tng ng chuyn tip (FEC)
FEC l mt s biu din ca nhm cc gi, cc nhm ny chia x cng yu
cu trong s vn chuyn ca chng. Tt c cc gi trong mt nhm nh vy c
cung cp cng cch chn ng ti ch. Ngc li vi chuyn tip IP truyn
204
thng, trong MPLS vic gn mt gi c th vo mt FEC c th c thc hin
ch mt ln khi cc gi vo trong mng. Cc FEC da trn cc yu cu dich v i
vi mt tp cc gi cho trc hay n gin l i vi mt ia ch cho trc
(address prefix). Mi LSR xy dng mt bng xc inh xem mt gi phi c
chuyn tip nh th no. Bng ny c gi l mt bng thng tin nhn c bn
(LIB: Label Information Base), n l t hp cc rng buc FEC vi nhn
Tiu MPLS
MPLS inh ngha mt tiu c di 32 bit v c to nn ti LSR vo.
N phi c t ngay sau tiu lp 2 bt k v trc mt tiu lp 3. y l
IP v c s dng bi ingress LSR (LSR vo) xc inh mt FEC, lp ny s
c xt li trong vn to nhn. Sau cc nhn c x l bi LSR transit
(LSR chuyn tip). Khun dng v tiu MPLS c ch ra trong hnh1.4 . N
bao gm cc trng sau:
- Nhn: Gi tri nhn 20 bits, gi tri ny cha nhn MPLS.
- Exp: thc nghim s dng 3 bits.
- S : bit ngn xp,1 bit, s dng sp xp a nhn.
TTL: Thi gian sng, 8 bit, t ra mt gii hn m cc gi MPLS c th i qua.
iu ny l cn thit bi v trng TTL IP khng c kim tra bi cc transit
LSR (LSR chuyn tip)

Hnh 1.4: inh dng cu trc nhn

Ngn xp nhn
Chuyn mch nhn c thit k co dn cc mng ln v MPLS h tr
chuyn mch nhn vi cc hot ng phn cp, hot ng phn cp ny da trn
kh nng ca MPLS c th mang nhiu hn mt nhn trong gi. Ngn xp nhn
cho php thit k cc LSR trao i thng tin vi nhau v hnh ng ny ging nh
vic to ng vin node to ra mt min mng rng ln v cc LSR khc. C
th ni li rng cc LSR khc ny l node bn trong (transit node) mt min v
khng lin quan n ng vin node (vi cu to router lin vng) v cc nhn
c kt hp trong cc router ny.
Ti Tiu IP

m MPLS Tiu lp 2
Nhn (20) COS (3)
S (1)

TTL (8)
205
S x l mt gi nhn c hon thnh c lp vi tng mc ca s phn
cp. l cc mc nhn th khng c LSR kim tra. gi hot ng n, cc
chng trnh x l thng xuyn da trn nh nhn m khng cn quan tm n
nhn trn n luc trc, hoc di n ti thi im hin ti.
Kt hp lung FEC
Cch thc cc lu lng o n cc FEC ti ra mt FEC ring bit cho
mi ia ch prefix. Phng php tip cn ny c kt qu trong vic thit lp cc
FEC, cc lp ny c inh tuyn ging nhau ti node ra, vic hon i nhn c th
ch c s dng chuyn lu lng ti node k tip. Trong tnh hung ny
trong min MPLS, cc FEC ring r thc hin th s khng em li hiu qu tt.
Trong quan nim ca MPLS, kt hp cc FEC ny to ra mt FEC c trng cho
tt c l em li hiu qu nht. Trong tnh hung ny c hai la chn:
-Lin kt mt nhn ring bit ti mt min FEC.
-Lin kt mt nhn ti mt min, ng dng nhn kt hp vi tt c lu lng
trong min.
Th tc lin kt mt nhn n ti mt min kt hp cc FEC, min ny chnh
l mt FEC (trong min MPLS ging nhau) v ng dng cc nhn cho tt c
cc lu lng trong min kt hp. S kt hp lm gim bt s lng nhn cn
thit iu khin mt cch chi tit mt b gi v cng lm gim i s lng lu
lng iu khin phn phi nhn cn thit.
Nhn v s lin kt nhn
Mt nhn c s dng xc inh ng dn cho mt gi i qua. Mt
nhn c mng hay c ng gi vo trong tiu lp 2 cng vi gi. B inh
tuyn nhn kim tra cc gi vi ni dung nhn ca n quyt inh chng k tip.
Mi khi gi c dn nhn th phn cn li hnh trnh ca gi qua ng trc
mng c da trn chuyn mch nhn. Gi tri nhn ch c ngha cc b, ngha
l chng ch lin quan n cc chng gia cc LSR.
Mi ln mt gi c phn loi nh mt FEC mi hay FEC ang tn ti,
mt nhn c phn b cho gi. Cc gi tri nhn nhn c t lp lin kt d liu
nm pha di. Vi cc lp lin kt d liu (nh FR hay ATM), cc b nhn dng
lp 2 nh l b nhn dng kt ni tuyn s liu (DLCI: Data Link Connection
Identifier) trong mng chuyn tip khung (FR: Frame Relay) hay b nhn dng
ng o (VPI: Virtual Path Identifier)/ b nhn dng knh o (VCI: Virtual
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Channel Identifier) trong mng ATM, c th c s dng mt cch trc tip nh
cc nhn. Cc gi sau c chuyn tip da vo gi tri nhn ca chng.
Cc nhn c rng buc ti mt FEC nh mt kt qu ca mt vi s kin
hay chnh sch. iu ny ch ra mt yu cu cho rng buc nh vy. Nhng s
kin ny c th hoc l cc rng buc d liu hay cc rng buc iu khin. Rng
buc iu khin hay c s dng hn do c cc tnh cht m rng tin tin v
c s dng trong inh tuyn thng tin trong mng MPLS.
Cc quyt inh phn b nhn c th da trn cc tiu chun chuyn tip,
chng hn nh:
- inh tuyn n hng ch.
- K thut lu lng.
- a hng (Multicast).
- Mng ring o (VPN: Virtual Private Network).
- QoS.
Nhn c th nhung trong tiu ca lp lin kt d liu (VPI/VCI ATM
v DLCI FR ) hay trong lp m .
To nhn v phn b nhn
C mt s phng php c s dng trong vic to nhn:
+ Phng php da trn hnh (topology-based): s dng cc giao thc inh
tuyn thng thng nh OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) v BGP (Border
Gateway Protocol: Giao thc cng ng bin).
+ Phng php da trn yu cu (request-based): s dng iu khin lu lng
da trn yu cu nh RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol: Giao thc dnh
trc ti nguyn).
+ Phng php da trn lu lng: s dng s tip nhn ca gi phn b
thng tin nhn
Cc phng php da trn hnh v da trn yu cu l cc v d v cc rng
buc nhn iu khin, trong khi phng php da trn lu lng l mt v d v
cc rng buc d liu.
Kin trc MPLS khng s dng mt phng php bo hiu phn b nhn.
Cc giao thc inh tuyn ang tn ti nh BGP, c tng cng mang
thng tin nhn trong ni dung ca giao thc. RSVP cng c m rng h
tr vic trao i nhn c mang. IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force:
Nhm c trch k thut Internet) inh ngha mt giao thc c gi l Giao
thc phn b nhn (LDP: Label Distribution Protocol) cho bo hiu tng minh
v qun l khng gian nhn. S m rng ti giao thc LDP c bn cng c
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inh ngha h tr inh tuyn tng minh da trn cc yu cu v QoS v CoS.
Nhng s m rng ny c lu gi trong inh tuyn da trn rng buc (CR:
Constraint-based Routing) - inh ngha giao thc LDP.
Mt tng kt v cc lc khc nhau cho vic trao i nhn nh sau:
- LDP - nh x cc ch IP n hng vo cc nhn.
- RSVP, CP-LDP - c s dng cho k thut lu lng v t trc ti
nguyn.
- Multicast c lp giao thc - c s dng cho vic nh x nhn cc trng
thi a hng.
- BGP cc nhn bn ngoi (VPN).
- ng dn chuyn mch nhn (LSP)
Mt tp hp MPLS cc thit bi c cho php biu din mt min MPLS. Trong
mt min MPLS, mt ng dn c thit lp cho mt gi c di chuyn da
trn mt FEC. LSP c thit lp trc truyn dn d liu. MPLS cung cp 2
chc nng sau thit lp mt LSP:
- inh tuyn theo tng chng (hop by hop routing): Mi LSR la chn mt
cch c lp tuyn k tip vi mt FEC cho trc. Phng php ny l
tng ng vi phng php c s dng hin nay trong cc mng IP.
LSR s dng mi giao thc inh tuyn c th nh OSPF, giao din mng-
mng ring ATM (PNNI: Private Network to Network Interface), etc
- inh tuyn tng minh (ER:Explicit Routing): inh tuyn tng minh
tng t vi inh tuyn ngun. LSR li vo (ngha l LSR ni m dng d
liu bt u ti mng u tin) xc inh danh sch cc node m ER-LSP i
qua. ng dn c xc inh c th l khng ti u. Dc ng dn
cc ti nguyn c th c t trc m bo QoS cho lu lng d
liu. ng ny lm gim nh cho k thut lu lng thng qua mng v
cc dich v khc nhau c th c cung cp bng cch s dng cc lung
da trn cc chnh sch hay cc phng php qun l mng.
LSP thit lp cho mt FEC v bn cht l khng n hng. Lu lng ngc li
phi s dng LSP khc.
Khng gian nhn
Cc nhn c s dng bi mt LSR vi cc rng buc FEC-nhn c lit k
nh sau:
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- per platform Cc gi tri l duy nht vt qua ton b LSR. Cc nhn
c b tr t mt thng cha nhn chung. Khng c 2 nhn c phn b
trn cc giao din khc nhau c cng gi tri.
- per interface Vng nhn (phm vi nhn) c kt hp vi cc giao din.
Cc thng a nhn c inh ngha cho cc giao din v cc nhn c
cung cp trn cc giao din ny c inh vi t cc thng tch bit. Gi tri
cc nhn c cung cp trn cc giao din khc nhau c th ging nhau.
Hp nht nhn
Dng lu lng n t cc giao din khc nhau c th c kt hp cng nhau v
c chuyn mch bng vic s dng mt nhn chung nu chung ang i qua
mng hng ti cng mt ch cui cng. iu ny c bit nh l s hp nht
lung hay kt hp cc lung.
Nu mng truyn ti nm bn di l mt mng ATM, cc LSR c th s dng
hp nht ng o (VP) hay knh o (VC). Trong kich bn ny, cc vn an
xen t bo xut hin khi nhiu dng lu lng c kt hp trong mng ATM,
cn phi c trnh.
S duy tr nhn
MPLS inh ngha s c x cho cc rng buc nhn nhn c t cc LSR,
khng phi l chng k tip vi mt FEC cho. Hai ch c inh ngha:
Bo ton (conservative) Trong ch ny, cc rng buc gia mt nhn v mt
FEC nhn c t cc LSR khng l chng k tip cho mt FEC cho trc bi hu
bo. Ch ny cn mt LSR duy tr s nhn t hn. y l ch c khuyn
khch s dng cho cc LSR ATM.
T do (liberal) Trong ch ny, cc rng buc gia mt nhn v mt
FEC nhn c t cc LSR khng l chng k tip vi mt FEC cho trc c
gi nguyn. Ch ny cho php tng thch nhanh hn vi cc thay i cu hnh
v cho php chuyn mch lu lng ti cc LSP khc trong trng hp c s thay
i.
iu khin nhn
MPLS inh ngha cc ch cho vic phn b nhn ti cc LSR ln cn nh sau:
c lp (Independent) Trong ch ny, mt LSR nhn dng mt FEC
no v ra quyt inh rng buc mt nhn vi mt FEC mt cch c lp
phn b rng buc n cc thc th ng mc ca n. Cc FEC mi c nhn
dng bt c khi no cc tuyn (route) tr nn r rng vi router.
C th t (ordered) Trong ch ny, mt LSR rng buc mt nhn vi
mt FEC no nu v ch nu n l router li ra hay n nhn c mt rng
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buc nhn cho FEC t LSR chng k tip ca n. Ch ny c khuyn nghi
s dng cho cc LSR ATM.
6.2.4. Cc c tnh hot ng, iu hnh ca MPLS
Cc bc sau phi c thc hin vi mt gi d liu i qua mt min MPLS:
- To v phn b nhn.
- To bng ti mi router.
- To cc ng dn chuyn mch nhn (LSP).
- Chn/tm kim bng nhn.
- Chuyn tip gi.
Ngun gi d liu ca n ti ch. Trong mt min MPLS khng phi tt c lu
lng ngun l cn thit c chuyn qua cng ng dn. Ph thuc vo c
tnh lu lng, cc LSP khc nhau c th c to cho cc gi vi cc yu cu
CoS khc nhau.
Trong hnh 6.5, LER1 l router li vo v LER4 l router li ra


Cc bc sau y minh ho hot ng MPLS tc ng ti gi d liu trong mt
min MPLS.
To & phn b nhn
Trc khi lu lng bt u, cc router quyt inh rng buc mt nhn
vi mt FEC xc inh v xy dng bng ca chung. Trong LDP, cc router ng
xung khi to s phn b cc nhn v rng buc nhn/FEC.
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Ngoi ra, cc c tnh lin quan lu lng v kh nng MPLS c tho thun
bng vic s dng LDP.
To bng
Ti pha nhn cc rng buc nhn, mi LSR to cc li vo trong c s
thng tin nhn (LIB : Label Information Base).
Ni dung ca bng s xc inh nh x gia mt nhn v mt FEC.
nh x gia cng vo v bng nhn u vo ti cng ra v bng nhn u ra. Cc
li vo c cp nht bt c khi no s ti m phn v rng buc nhn xy ra.
To ng dn chuyn mch nhn .
Nh c biu din bng ng ngt qung trong hnh 1.5, cc LSP c
to phng ngc li vi s to cc li vo trong cc LIB.
Chn/tm kim bng nhn
Router u tin (LER1 trong hnh 1.5) s dng bng trong LIB tm
chng k tip v yu cu mt nhn ch FEC xc inh.
Cc router ch ln lt s dng nhn tm chng k tip.
Mi ln gi chm ti LSR li ra (LER4), nhn c xo bo v gi c cung cp
cho ch.
Chuyn tip gi .
LER1 c th khng c nhn no cho gi ny khi l ln u tin xy ra yu
cu ny. Trong mt mng IP, n s tm s ph hp ia ch di nht tm chng
k tip. Cho LSR1 l chng k tip ca LER1. LER1 s khi to mt yu cu nhn
chuyn ti LSR1.
Yu cu ny s pht thng qua mng. Mi router trung gian s nhn mt
nhn t router pha sau n bt u t LER2 v i ln trn cho n LER1. Thit lp
LSP c ch bo bi ng xanh da tri gy khc bng vic s dng LDP hay
bt k giao thc bo hiu no khc. Nu k thut lu lng c yu cu, CR-LDP
s c s dng trong vic quyt inh thit lp ng dn thc s chc chn
yu cu QoS/CoS c tun th. LER1 s chn nhn v chuyn tip gi ti
LSR 1.
Mi LSR ln lt, ngha l LSR2 v LSR3, s kim tra nhn vi cc gi nhn
c, thay th n vi cc nhn u ra v chuyn tip n. Khi gi ti LER4, n s
xo bo nhn bi v gi s ri khoi min MPLS v phn pht ti ch.
6.2.5. Kin truc ngn xp trong MPLS
Cc thnh phn MPLS ch yu c th c phn chia thnh cc phn sau:
- Cc giao thc inh tuyn (IP) lp mng.
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- Chuyn tip bin ca lp mng.
- Chuyn tip da trn nhn mng li.
- Lc nhn.
- Giao thc bo hiu phn b nhn.
- K thut lu lng.
- Kh nng tng thch vi cc lc chuyn tip lp 2 khc nhau (ATM,
FR, PPP: Point to Point Protocol).
Hnh 6.6 m t cc giao thc c th c s dng cho cc hot ng MPLS.
Module inh tuyn c th l bt c giao thc no trong cc giao thc cng
nghip ph bin. Ph thuc vo mi trng hot ng, module inh tuyn c
th l OSPF, BGP hay PNNI ca ATM, etcModule LDP s dng TCP
truyn dn tin cy cc d liu iu khin t LSR ny n LSR khc trong sut
mt phin. LDP cng duy tr LIB. LDP s dng UDP trong sut qu trnh
khm ph ca n v trng thi hot ng. Trong trng thi ny, LSP c gng
nhn dng cc phn t ln cn v cng nh s c mt ca chnh cc tn hin
ca n vi mng. iu ny c thc hin thng qua trao i gi.
IP Fwd l module chuyn tip IP c in, n tm kim chng k tip bng
vic so snh ph hp vi ia ch di nht trong cc bng ca n. Vi MPLS,
iu ny c thc hin ch bi cc LER. MPLS Fwd l module chuyn tip
MPLS, n so snh mt nhn vi mt cng u ra v chn s ph hp nht vi mt
gi cho.Cc lp c biu din trong hp vi ng gp khuc c th c thc
hin bng phn cng hot ng nhanh v c hiu qu.

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TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Nguyn Hng Sn, C s k thut chuyn mch v tng i, NXB Gio
dc, 2001
[2] Dng Vn Thnh, C s k thut chuyn mch, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu
chnh Vin thng, 2000
[3] Tm hiu v mng th h mi NGN, Trung tm ng dng cng ngh- Vin
KHKT Bu in, 2005
[4] H. Jonathan Chao, Cheuk H. Lam, Eiji Oki, Broadband Packet Switching
Technologies
[5] Roger L. Freeman, Fundamental of telecommuniction