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I. T ng quan v cng ngh DSL 1. Gi i thi u chung v DSL 2. Phn lo i v ng d ng DSL 3. Cc c i m cng ngh xDSL 4. u v nh c i m c a cng ngh xDSL Cng ngh ADSL: 1. Gi i thi u chung v ADSL 2. K t n i ADSL 3. K thu t i u ch ADSL 4. Cc u nh c i m c a ADSL 5. ng d ng c a ADSL
II.
2. Phn lo i DSL:
Cc k thu t DSL c tn g i chung l xDSL v i x bi u
th cho cc k thu t khc nhau. Cc k thu t c phn bi t d a vo t c v v ch truy n d n. C th chia lm hai lo i chnh: - DSL i x ng: t c truy n t i xu ng v ln trong cng ngh ny l cn b ng v ch truy n d n. - DSL b t i x ng: vi c truy n d li u ln v xu ng l khng cn b ng.
K thu t
T c
Gi i h n kho ng cch
Khng gi i h n
ng d ng
Email, truy nh p LAN t xa Truy nh p Internet, Intranet
56Kbps Analog Modem ISDN Cable Modem ADSL Lite Full Rate ADSL IDSL
56Kbit/s downlink 28,8 ho c 33,6 Kbit/s uplink 128 Kbit/s (khng nn) i x ng 10 - 30Mbit/s Downstream 0,128 - 10 Mbit/s Upstream 1Mbit/s Downstream 512 Kbit/s Upstream 1,5 Mbit/s Downstream 1,544 Mbit/s Upstream 144 Kbit/s i x ng
5km(thi t b c th m r ng kho ng cch) 50km (c thi t b ph tr th t i 300km) 5km 5km(kho ng cch cng ng n t c cng cao) 5km (c th m r ng t i 300km) 3,6 Km - 4,5 Km
H i ngh truy n hnh, d phng leased, internet,intranet Truy c p Internet Truy c pInternet/ Intranet, duy tWeb, tho i IP, tho ivideo. Truy c p Internet/ intranet,video theo yu c u truy c p LAN t xa, VoIP Truy c p Internet/ intranet,video theo yu c u, truy c p LAN t xa, VoIP N i h t, thay th trung k T1/E1 c dng b l p. T p trung l u l ng Flame Relay,k t n i cc m ng LAN N i h t, thay th trung k T1/E1 c dng b l p. K t n i cc m ng LAN Truy c p Multimedia Internet, Qu ng b ch ng trnh TV.
HDSL
i x ng i x ng
SDSL
10544 Mbit/s full duplex (T1) 2.048 Mbit/s full duplex (E1)
3Km
VDSL
3.
3.
M i ng i s d ng c 1 ng ring k t n i DSLAM (digital subscriber line access multiplexer: b ghp knh truy nh p DSL) t t i t ng i hay RT(tr m thi t b t p trung thu bao). Cc d ch v h tr : - Truy n s li u v VoDSL(v i voice gateway)(voice over DSL). - ADSL chia s cng ng cp ng v i tho i t ng t . - VDSL c th h tr cho chuy n m ch truy n hnh.
3.
Yu c u k thu t: ng cp ng s ch, khng c cu n c m ko di, khng r nhnh. - H n ch kho ng cch ng truy n d i 4,5km. - Khng s d ng cc thi t b DLC (digital loop carrier)trong m ng thu bao, n u c DLC th DSLAM ph i t t i cc RT. Thi t b khch hng ngoi xDSL modem - Voice gateway n u dng VoDSL.
4. 4.1.
u nh c i m c a DSL: u i m:
u i m l n c a DSL chnh l kh n ng truy n t i nhi u ng d ng khc nhau m tr c y ch a th c hi n c. DSL t n d ng c m ng i n tho i c s n v r ng kh p v lm t ng ng k cng su t s c a ng dy ny. V t c , DSL a ra 1 t c ng k trn m t i dy ng: nhanh g p 100 l n t c c a m t modem t ng t truy n th ng v c th tt i hng tri u bit trn giy. M t k t n i ADSL c s c ng t t h n nh ng modem t ng t 20 l n ho c h n th n a
1.4. 1.4.1.
u nh c i m c a DSL: u i m:
D ch v DSL cung c p t i m i th i i m v ph n d li u c a ng dy lin t c c k t n i.V i m t k t n i always-on, khch hang s khng c n ph i quay s n nh cung c p d ch v Internet (ISP) truy c p vo m ng Internet M t ng dy DSL c th truy n t i c tn hi u tho i v d li u. DSL cho php truy n d li u b ng thng r ng n cc a i m khc nhau m ch c n s thay i nh trn c s h t ng vi n thng s n c. u t cho m ng khng l n
4. u nh c i m c a DSL: 4.2. Nh c i m:
M ng truy nh p khng ng b d n n kh kh n trong tri n khai Ch m sc khch hng, tnh c c Tri n khai cc d ch v gi tr gia t ng H n ch b i kho ng cch v nh ng h th ng t p trung thu bao cng ngh c tri n khai Gy kh kh n cho cc nh khai thc c nh tranh
2. K t n i ADSL
2.1 C ch ho t ng c a ADSL 2.2 M hnh k t n i ADSL 2.3 Cc thnh ph n c a ADSL 2.4 Cc giao th c k t n i ADSL
2.1 C ch ho t
ng
ADSL tm cch khai thc ph n b ng thng t ng t cn ch a c s d ng trn ng dy n i t thu bao t i t ng i n i h t. M t ng dy cp ng c b ng thng l n h n 100MHz, trong ph n dnh cho tn hi u tho i ch chi m c 4KHz, ph n cn l i ch a c dng n. ADSL t n d ng ph n d th a ny truy n d li u Internet
2.1 C ch ho t
ng
2.1 C ch ho t
ng
V i d ng ki n trc trn, khch hng ph i c modem ADSL: Modem ADSL c 1 jack c m RJ11 dng cho cc my i n tho i hi n th i t ng i soho. Cc port khc c th l cc port dnh cho 10Base-T Ethernet k t n i v i my tnh c nhn hay cc h p giao ti p TV dng cho nhi u d ch v khc nh : truy xu t internet t c cao hay d ch v xem phim theo yu c u(video on demand)
2.1 C ch ho t
ng
pha t ng i, d ch v tho i t ng t c chuy n sang cho b chuy n m ch t ng i b i 1 b tch d ch v . Vng thu bao ADSL c k t thc access node( i m truy xu t). M t bn kia c a access node c k t n i v i cc router TCP/IP hay cc b chuy n m ch ATM. Cc thi t b ny cho php ng i s d ng truy xu t d ch v h l a ch n. Cc d ch v ny c t t i t ng i n i h t Khi dng truy n d li u t c cao th vi c i dy cho d ch v i n tho i ko thay i v c cc splitter dng tch ring cc tn hi u t ng t . C 2 cch cung c p d ch v :
2.1 C ch ho t
ng
Cch th nh t: - Cc ng lin k t ADSL c t p trung t i DSLAM v chuy n sang cho thi t b DACS, DACS a n h th ng truy n d n t c cao nh ng truy n T3 khng phn knh(t c 45Mb/s) d n n nh cung c p d ch v internet. - T t c cc lin k t u c k t thc t i b nh tuy n internet. - Cc gi d li u c chuy n v n 2 chi u nhanh chng v i internet. T c t ng c ng c a lin k t ADSL theo ph ng php ny khng c qu 45Mb/s theo m i chi u.
2.1 C ch ho t
ng
Cch th 2: - i m access node c lin k t tr c ti p v i 1 b nh tuy n IP hay b chuy n m ch ATM t g n access node. - Ph ng php ny t p trung l u l ng vo 1 ng truy n v t l t i m access node t i b nh tuy n IP hay b chuy n m ch ATM. - Hi n nay, h u h t cc i m access node ADSL u ch th c hi n vi c ghp l u l ng n gi n. T c l t t c cc bt d li u v gi d li u vo ra i m access node u c truy n t i b ng cc m ch n gi n.
Modem trong th c t :
'Local loop' l thu t ng dng ch cc ng dy i n tho i bnh th ng n i t v tr ng i s d ng t i cng ty i n tho i. Nguyn nhn xu t hi n thu t ng local loop - l ng i nghe ( i n tho i) c k t n i vo hai ng dy m n u nhn t t ng i i n tho i th chng t o ra m t m ch vng local loop.
M t thi t b DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer) c th t p h p nhi u k t n i thu bao ADSL - c th nhi u t i hng tr m thu bao - v t l i trn m t k t n i cp quang. S i cp quang ny th ng c n i t i thi t b g i l BAS - Broadband Access Server, nh ng n c ng c th khng n i tr c ti p t i BAS v BAS c th c t t i b t c u. DSLAM l thi t b t pha t ng i, l i m cu i c a k t n i ADSL. N ch a v s cc Modem ADSL b tr v m t pha h ng t i cc m ch vng v pha kia l k t n i cp quang.
Broadband Access Server (BAS) l thi t b t gi a DSLAM v POP c a ISP. M t thi t b BAS c th ph c v cho nhi u DSLAM. Cc giao th c truy n thng c ng gi truy n d li u thng qua k t n i ADSL, v v y m c ch c a BAS l m gi hon tr l i cc giao th c tr c khi i vo Internet.
Nhn t c ngh a nh t trong s lin h gi a ADSL v ATM l a ch v t o h ng . ng d n qua m ng ATM g i l m ch i n o . T t c cc ph i c xc nh tr c . M t k t n i ATM c xc nh b i 2 gi tr : B nh n d ng ng d n o VPI ( Virtual PathIndentifier ) v B nh n d ng knh o VCI ( Vitual Chanel Indentifier ) ; g i l c p VPI / VCI . VCI l k t n i c tnh n tr trong m t VPI . Cc VCI c nhm trong cc VPI t o s thu n ti n cho cc nh khai thc , cc nhm VCI ch c th chuy n m ch trong n n c s VPI . Trong m t m ng l i , m i chuy n m ch x p t m t c p VPI / VCI incoming trn m t c ng incoming t i m t c p VPI / VCI trn m t c ng outgoing
3.1 Gi i t n c a ADSL.
3.1 Gi i t n c a ADSL.
Vi c phn tch ph t n s gi a tho i ( T 0Khz - 4Khz ) v i ADSL ( T 94Khz n 1,1 Mhz ) c th c hi n nh b l c Splitter . L u l b l c t n s Splitter ng n c dng m t chi u DC khng cho vo modem ADSL . Vi c phn tch ph t n s gi a dng ln Upstream v dng xu ng Downstream c th c hi n b i cc b l c hai b thu pht c a ADSL . - Ph t n dng xu ng chia thnh 256 ph t n nh , g i l knh r i r c, kho ng cch gi a cc knh 4Khz. Knh c s th t cao nh t 256 , c ng ng ngh a t n s cao nh t, n khng dng cho d li u m dng lm ng b . Knh th 64 ( 276 Khz ) c a ph t n dng xu ng lm knh pilot ( nh th i ) . - Ph t n dng ln upstream chia thnh 31 ph t n nh v m t knh th 16 lm knh pilot. T ng c ng c c th y 288 knh cho dng xu ng v dng ln . T t c cc knh c th c hi n i u ch QAM .
3.1 Gi i t n c a ADSL.
ADSL phn chia ph t n c th c hi n theo hai cch :
3.1 Gi i t n c a ADSL.
Cch 1 - Phn chia theo t n s FDM ( Frequency Division Multiplexing ) : Hai ph t n dng cho dng ln v dng xu ng c tch ring bi t . Cch 2 - Phn chia theo d ng tri t ti ng d i - Echo Cancellation : Ph dng xu ng bao trm ln ph dng ln ; v tch ring ph ng i ta dng ph ng php tri t ti ng d i. S g i ln nhau v rng bu c gi a cc d ch v Upstream v Downstream cung c p nhi u d i t n h n bn pha Downstream.
Gi i thi u chung:
S kh i t ng qut hai b thu pht c a 3 d ng i u ch :
Gi i thi u chung:
Kh i i u ch chuy n i cc bit vo ( d ng xung ) sang t n s ( d ng sng ) g i i ln knh truy n . Kh i gi i i u ch trong b thu ; thu l i sng mang v chuy n i tr l i cc bt gi ng nh c t o rab i b pht. t ng chnh l vi c ti t o l i bit u ra c a b gi i i u ch gi ng nh cc bit c a vo ng vo b i u ch . 3 k thu t i u ch l QAM, CAP, DTM.( c xem xt k ph n sau)
Gi i thi u chung:
Cc kh i b ch c n ng : T i pha u pht Transmitter : B tr n SCRAMBLER B m ho s a l i h ng t i FECE B xen tn hi u Interleaver . B i u ch tn hi u Modulation . B s a d ng sng . T i pha u thu Receiver : B l c cn b ng Equalizer . B gi i i u ch Demoulation . B gi i xen ( tch ) tn hi u De-interleaver . B gi i m s a l i tn hi u h ng n FECD B gi i tr n tn hi u De-Scrambler .
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 i u bin c u ph ng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) M hnh i u ch QAM
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 i u bin c u ph ng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) Nguyn l tr c giao - Xt 1 chu k n m i sng:
T l chu k c a sng sine v cosine . V tnh tr c giao nn cc hm sine v cosine th ng g i l cc hm c b n - Sau khi i u ch th tn hi u pht QAM c d ng sau: VA(t) = Xicos( t) + Yisin( t) V i Xi l bin sng cos Yi l bin sng sin
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 i u bin c u ph ng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) - Cc xung tn hi u(cc bit) tr c khi th c hi n i u ch c th ph i c s a l i d ng sng v h n ch cc t n s cao tr c khi th c hi n i u ch b ng 1 b l c xung c p ng p(t) . - Bin hai sng sine v cosine lc ny ph thu c vo hm p ng p(t) v tn hi u pht c d ng sau:
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 i u bin c u ph ng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) Gi i i u ch QAM
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 i u bin c u ph ng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) C th nh sau:
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 i u bin c u ph ng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) - T i B tn hi u nh sau:
- T i C tn hi u nh sau:
- Tn hi u i m B v C s c l p chuy n qua kh i tch h p . Kh i ny tch h p trong 1 chu k sng v s reset tr l i sau m i chu k (sau m i chu k gi i i u ch - ng v i m t symbol).
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 i u bin c u ph ng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) - Ch r ng gi tr 0 l do tnh tr c giao c a hai hm sine v cosine. - T ng h p hai gi tr c a hai ph ng trnh trnb gi i i u ch c th xc nh c i m vector trong b n m ho a ra t h p gi tr cc bit (symbol ) . - Trong th c t , d ng sng trng khc nhau r t t v cc knh lin l c khng th i u ti t pha k p th i nh l thuy t ; v n i h i b ng thng r t l n m i c th truy n m t cch chnh xc .
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 i u bin c u ph ng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) L i vect :
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.2 i u ch bin pha khng sng mang CAP Carrierless Amplitude & Phase
S
i u ch CAP:
In-phase filter
Output To line
Binary input
Constellation encoder
D/A
Quadrature filter
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.2 i u ch bin pha khng sng mang CAP Carrierless Amplitude & Phase B i u ch c 2 nhnh, m t nhnh PHA v m t nhnh C U PH NG . Cc p ng xung c a b l c s l Hilpert transform pairs hay n gi n l Hilpert pair. Hai hm ( sng ) hnh thnh c a b Hilpert pair c tnh tr c giao v i nh ng hm (sng) khc . Ni chung, b t k gi tr c a Hilpert pair u c th c dng t o i u ch CAP. Tuy nhin, vi c tri n khai CAP ngy nay dng m t sng Cosine v m t sng sine t o xung pht v c th c hi n v i b l c s thay v dng b nhn phase v c u ph ng .
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.2 i u ch bin pha khng sng mang CAP Carrierless Amplitude & Phase
T ng t nh i u ch QAM , i u ch bin pha khng sng m ng CAP dng m t t p i m vector i u ch constellation m ho cc bit b pht v gi m cc bit u thu . K t qu hai gi tr X , Y t x l m ho c dng kch b l cs
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.2 i u ch bin pha khng sng mang CAP Carrierless Amplitude & Phase
- Tn hi u t i A: - Tn hi u t i B: - Tn hi u t i C:
- Tn hi u t i D:
- Tn hi u t i E:
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.2 i u ch bin pha khng sng mang CAP Carrierless Amplitude & Phase - L i c:
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.2 i u ch bin pha khng sng mang CAP Carrierless Amplitude & Phase - i l s nguyn, th i gian p ng xung c a cc b l c khng ph thu c vo i v tr thnh:
- K t qu ny ch ra m i quan h ph h p t c symbol v t n s trung tm c a h th ng CAP (QAM) cho php nh n d ng sng trong mi n th i gian. - Cc d ng sng s c nh n d ng trong t p i m constrellation i u ch v gi i i u ch nguyn g c.
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
i u ch a m r i r c DMT hi n nay l tiu chu n k
thu t chnh th c trong cng ngh ADSL , VDSL DTM xy d ng d a trn t ng c a QAM s d ng nhi u b m ha QAM v i t p h p cc vector i u ch constellation t ng ng ( v i ADSL, kh n ng l n nh t c 256 b QAM cho dng xu ng v 97 b QAM cho dng ln). Qu trnh i u ch DMT c khi qut nh hnh v :
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
M i b m ho thu nh n m t nhm bt th c hi n m ho v i t p constellation c a mnh theo ch nh v v i m c i u ch khc nhu: 16,4,,4 T t c cc t n s sine v cosine ng ra c a cc b QAM ph n t c t ng h p v i nhau v g i ln knh truy n . D ng sng ny l m t symbol n gi n c trnh by nh hnh 2-1 . b thu c th tch ring cc sng cc t n s c a khc nhau , m i ph n t sng ( g m sine v cosine ) c gi i m c l p b ng ph ng php gi i i u ch QAM nh trnh by ph n tr c. K t qu cho ra cc bit t ng ng i m gi i i u ch trong t p i m vertor gI i i u ch constellation c a n .
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
S
kh i pht DMT:
1
Data input
IFTT
D/A
Line filter
Output to line
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
Cc d ng sng m i knh ph c phn bi t t nh ng t n s khc . N u khng phn bi t c d ng sng cc knh ph th s gi i m trong m i knh r t kh kh n v sng c a knh nc th b ph hu b i cc knh khc . M t cch gi i quy t l cc t n s sine v cosine dng trong m i knh s l tch nguyn l n c a m t t n s chung trong m t chu k c a symbol T. T n s ny c xem nh t n s c s . m khng c s giao thoa sng gi a cc knh ph v i nhau , cc d ng sng t b t k knh ph no c ng s tr c giao v i cc sng sine v cosine c a b t k cc knh ph khc . . y , m v n l hai s nguyn khc nhau , l t n s gc c a t n s c s .
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
Cc ph
ng trnh tr c giao:
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
C s tr c giao ngay c khi n = m , V v v y , vi c gi i i u ch m t symbol DMT d a trn tnh tr c giao c a sng sine v cosine cc t n s khc nhau c ng t t nh gi a cc sng sine v cosine cng t n s . Xt php c ng hai sng sine v cosine trong m t chu k v tn hi u S(t) bi u di n c u thnh t m t knh ph , n gi n l knh ph th n , t i m t symbol n
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
Trong h th ng DMT , N l knh ph l n nh t truy n m t tn hi u . Tn hi u ny c c t n s Nf. V theo l thuy t Nyquist, t c l y m u trong m t h th ng ph i b ng ho c l n h n 2 l n t n s c a h th ng , cho nn t c 2Nf c ch n N u S(t) c l y m u 2*N*f th k t qu l:
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
N u th c hi n bi n i r i r c Fourier DFT Discrete Fourier Transform - c a Sk dng 2N i m k t qu nh sau:
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
Th t c khc cho m t symbol DMT . Thay v u ra s d ng t p i u ch constellation b ng m t bin sine v cosine , ta s d ng m t vector s ph c Gi tr X - hay cosine , l tr c th c c a s ph c , v gi tr Y - hay sine l tr c o s ph c . u ra c a cc b i u ch c a cc knh ph cx p x p theo vector , m i vector i m i di n m t knh ph DMT . N u c N knh ph trong h th ng DMT th vector ph c s c N ng vo
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
C s o ng c ch c n ng gi a b i u ch v gi i i u ch v m t DFT c dng thay cho m t IDFT . i u ny s t o nh y v DFT i t mi n th i gian t i mi n t n s . V cc gi tr mi n th i gian l th c , u ra c a kh i DFTc ph c h p i x ng . Ch m t n a c a u ra a n t p constellation gi i i u ch . Th ng dng Bi n i Nhanh Fourier FFT Fast Fourier Transform gi i i u ch v o Bi n i Nhanh Fourier IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform th c hi n i u ch . Cc gi i thu t bi n i ny th c hi n DFT v IDFT v i h n ch vi c tnh ton ph c t p .
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
DMT cho php m t h th ng lin l c m m d o v t i u knh dng Xem xt kh n ng DSL trong mi tr ng xuyn m, theo l thuy t t s SNR c a knh truy n nh sau:
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
T s SNR lin quan n t ng m u knh nh ( cn g i l bin ho c carrier ho c subcarrier ho c chanel ) Cc knh ph nh ng n i c t s SNR cao c th dng cc t p i u ch constellation c m t m ch n, c th truy n nhi u bit h n . Vi c x l bao hm vi c gia t ng s i m dng trong t p constellation c a cc knh ph t t .
3.2 K thu t i u ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 i u ch a m r i r c DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
DMT c ng l ph ng php n gi n cho php gia t ng hay suy gi m cng su t tn hi u u ra c a b pht trong cc vng t n s ch n. C th nng cng su t trong cc vng hay b m t tn hi u , ho c gi m cng su t trong vng b giao thoa v i cc h th ng khc ph i c trnh . Ch r ng nng hay gi m cng su t c ng c th c th c hi n trong m t h th ng CAP/QAM b ng cc b l c d ng sng ph , m c d xu h ng ny ph c t p v c th kh kh n cho th c hi n .
3.3 cc b kh i
M TRELLIS CODES - S m ha ch p- convolution coding- khc nhau t kh i m ho. Khng c cc t m ct o trong cc m u d li u r rng. Thay v CRCcyclic redundancy checkc phn b h u kh p d li u. Cc m ch p convolution thi tho ng c thm vo nh l i m t co. - Vi c m ho convolution n gi n nh ng vi c gi i m kh kh n. - M Trellis c th tuy n tnh hay khng tuy n tnh. M convolution l 1 t p h p con c a m tuy n tnh Trellis code.
l m hnh m ho n gi n v i t l m ha , m t vi c chuy n 1 bit u vo thnh 2 bit u ra. di c ng b c l 2-m ch s tr trong b m ho. - B m ho convolution c xem nh 1 my gi i h n tr ng thi, s thay i tr ng thi d a trn 1 i u ki n u vo t o ra 1 u ra khi n thay i tr ng thi -
im t
H u h t cc DSL g m c 1 b tr n u pht v 1 b gi i tr n u thu. Vi c tr n tn hi u trong b pht th khng dng m ho d li u hay cho cc m c ch an ninh. Vi c gi i b tr n d li u thu b thu n gi n cho hi u qu v cc ng d ng an ninh.
u i m c a b tr n: - B tr n gia t ng kh n ng t o chu i di bit 1,0 c chuy n t i b i u ch . Cc bit di x y ra trong cc h th ng truy n t i gi d li u hay h th ng ATM khng c gi hay t bo pht hay ng vo b pht c t ch c m c cao hay th p. - Vi c tr n d li u m b o cng su t pht ph t p trung u ra b pht c th d bo c. Khi c s cn b ng trong m t cng su t ph , s k t lu n ny thng qua vi c th ng k t i cc b pht. - S tr n m b o s ph i h p thch h p gi a cc kh i ch c n ng.
ng b self- synchronizing
.
c bi u th b ng
- Tnh ch t c a b tr n v b gi i tr n a th c sinh:
- Cc h s trong ph ng trnh trn bi u th quan h v tr m b tr n th c hi n ch duy nh t b ng hm OR. Vi c t o ra a th c c a b tr n l cc gi tr khng i c a 1 ho c 0. Gi s c c cc h s ph h p ch n, cc b tr n di s t o ra l n chi u di cho cc chu i.
- B gi i tr n c th b t u t m t tr ng thi tu nghi v sau m t th i l ng hon t t, b t u xu t ra d li u chnh cc khng tr n. H n n a , m t bit l i trn knh s khng nh h ng l n n b gi i tr n hay gy ra nhi u l i . - Vi c khng th c hi n h i ti p b gi i tr n c quan h tr c ti p t i cc thu c tnh ny , h i ti p ( feedback) c th gy ra l i bit , s t o ra v vn nh ng nh hu ng n ho t ng c a kh i
- M t bit l i trn knh c m t t ph n b t ng c ng b i b gi i tr n . Ni chung , m t l i bit n c gia t ng b i m t nhn t cn b ng v i cc quan h s khc 0 ( nonzero ) trong b gi i tr n . - Chnh xc h n , m t l i bit u vo t o l i bit u ra , n lan truy n t i t t c cc quan h v tr c gi tr 1 ( nonzero ) . Vi c ny th ng g i l nhn t lan truy n l i. - S gia t ng l i th ng c cho r ng c th ch p nh n khi c n tho hi p cc t ng ph n l i ch c a vi c tr n tn hi u .
h(t)
Y(f)= S(f)H(f)
t=nT
Yf(f)
P(f)
Trasmit Filter
H(f)
Channel
G(f)
Matched Filter
W(f)
Noise Whitening Fliter
L(f)
Line Equalizer
Demodulator output
G(f) v G*(f) l cc h s c a bi n i hm gi a b i u ch v b l c nhi u tr ng bao g m u vo knh , b l c d ng sng v b l c b ng . G(f) v G*(f) c ch n sao cho W(f) c th ch p nh n c v i G*(f) c pha nh nh t. K t ( * ) bi u th s lin h p ph c .
Cc ph t n
kT f(t)
p(t)
h(t)
Yk Slicer
b(t)