Qun L Ti Nguyn Nc Da Vo Cng ng

Vit Nam
Nghin cu ti liu v kinh nghim v m hnh thnh cng

H Ni, 8-2006

Qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit Nam

Nghin cu ti liu v kinh nghim v m hnh thnh cng

Nhm nghin cu Nguyn Vit Dng Nguyn Danh Tnh Bin tp Trnh L Nguyn

2006

Mc lc
Mc lc................................................................................................................................... ii Li cm n............................................................................................................................. iii Li ni u ............................................................................................................................ iv 1. Gii thiu............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Ti nguyn nc v qun l ti nguyn nc Vit Nam........................................... 1 1.2 Mc tiu nghin cu..................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Cch tip cn v phm vi nghin cu........................................................................... 3 2. Qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng..................................................................... 4 2.1 Cc nh ngha v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng.................................. 4 2.2 Qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit nam: gc nhn t chnh sch v th ch................................................................................................................................. 5 2.3 Th no l m hnh tt v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng?.................... 6 3. Cch tip cn v m hnh qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit Nam ........ 7 3.1 Cc m hnh truyn thng hoc bn a: Nc l ti sn chung .................................. 7 3.2 Cc m hnh tin tin ti nguyn nc l mt loi hng ho .................................. 10 4. Qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit Nam: Nhng nh gi chung......... 17 4.1 C s tham gia ca cng ng ................................................................................... 17 4.2 H tr thit ch........................................................................................................... 18 4.3 Nng lc, chuyn giao cng ngh v huy ng ngun lc ........................................ 18 4.4 Tip cn da vo nhu cu........................................................................................... 19 4.5 T ch v ti chnh ..................................................................................................... 19 4.6 Tnh bn vng............................................................................................................. 19 5. Ny mnh s tham gia ca cng ng trong qun l ti nguyn nc Vit N am: N hng khuyn ngh ban u............................................................................................................. 20 6. cng nghin cu hin trng cc m hnh thnh cng v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng ............................................................................................................... 22 Ti liu tham kho................................................................................................................ 31 Ti liu in.......................................................................................................................... 31 Cc ngun tin Internet ...................................................................................................... 32

ii

Li cm n
Bo co ny c hon thnh vi s h tr ca T chc Gio dc, Khoa hc v Vn ho Lin hip quc (UNESCO) Vit Nam theo cc iu khon ca hp ng ti chnh s AFC06-010. Nhng ni dung trnh by trong bo co l ca cc tc gi v khng phn nh cc quan im chnh thc ca UNESCO. Xin chn thnh cm n ng Chu Shiu Kee, Trng i din, v ng Greg Edeson, cn b chng trnh khoa hc t nhin ca UNESCO ti Vit Nam ng gp kin cho bn d tho bo co. Chng ti cng cm n ng Andrew Law - tnh nguyn vin ca t chc Tnh nguyn v Ho bnh v b Jeanette Rive dnh nhiu thi gian chnh sa ngn ng ting Anh cho bo co ny. Nhm nghin cu ca Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin (PanNature) chu trch nhim v mi thiu st v khim khuyt nu c trong bo co ny.

iii

Li ni u
Bo co ny tng quan t nhng ti liu hin c, gm c ting Vit v ting Anh, ca cc nh nghin cu trong nc v quc t v lnh vc qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit Nam. Do ngun thng tin v ti liu thu thp c trong thi gian ngn cn hn ch, nn chng ti cha trnh by ht c tt c kha cnh lin quan ca qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit Nam trong bo co ny. Cc kt lun chnh trong bo co ny c tng hp da trn nhng nh gi s b, ban u do nhm nghin cu tin hnh. Trn thc t, nhm nghin cu nhn thy cho n nay khng c nhiu cc nghin cu, nh gi c tnh chuyn v ton din v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng c thc hin Vit Nam. Mc d trn ton quc, t lu c nhiu cng ng a phng tham gia, vn hnh c ch t qun l v s dng v phn phi ti nguyn nc, tuy nhin c rt t ti liu ghi li nhng tp tc v vn ha cng ng i vi vn th v ny. Trong khun kh hp ng h tr kinh ph ca UNESCO, PanNature s tin hnh cc nghin cu thc a kho st mt s cng ng a phng c la chn v thc trng qun l v s dng ti nguyn nc ca h hin nay. Cng vi bo co ny, chng ti hy vng cc kt qa t nghin cu hin trng s lm sng t hn v vn ny. Sn phm cui cng ca nghin cu ny s l mt bo co tng hp kt qu nh gi ti liu v nghin cu thc a. Bo co tng hp s phn nh mt bc tranh tng i ton din v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit Nam.

iv

Tm tt
Vit Nam c lch s lu di v s tham gia ca cng ng trong qun l ti nguyn nc khp nhiu ni trong nc, c vng ng bng v vng cao, th hin di nhiu m hnh v cch thc khc nhau, phc v cho mc ch ly nc sinh hot v ti tiu ng rung. Cc m hnh truyn thng v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng thng d tm thy cc vng nng thn min ni, ti nguyn nc c xem nh l ti sn chung ca cng ng. Tuy nhin, cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t th trung Vit Nam, ti nguyn nc dn tr thnh mt th hng ha c gi tr thng mi. Cc m hnh tin tin v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit Nam ra i v vn hnh tng thch vi nhng thay i ca nn kinh t x hi theo nh hng th trng ca t nc. Mt vi m hnh tin tin v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng c dn chng cho qun l h thng thy li v cp nc sinh hot c s tham gia ca cng ng, v d ng qun l gia t chc nng dn v c quan nh nc, gia t chc nng dn v t chc c lin quan n nh nc (nh doanh nghip), do chnh t chc nng dn ng ra qun l, cc hp tc x cp nc hoc trm cp nc do cng ng qun l. Da trn ngun ti liu v thng tin hin c, bo co ny c gng trnh by cc yu t m bo cho m hnh qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng c th vn hnh c Vit Nam, bao gm cc hnh thc tham gia ca cng ng, cch tip cn da vo nhu cu, s h tr v mt th ch, nng lc ca cc bn tham gia, chuyn giao k thut, huy ng ngun lc v s t ch (ch ng) v mt ti chnh. Bo co cng nhn mnh cc vn v quyn li, quyn lc v vai tr ca cng ng a phng trong qu trnh ra cc quyt nh lin quan n qun l v s dng ti nguyn nc. Nhm nghin cu xut s tin hnh 04 nghin cu hin trng v cc m hnh vn hnh tt cc tnh Ha Bnh, Bc Kn, Ngh An v Sc Trng. Vi nghin cu ban u ny, nhm nghin cu cng a ra mt s khuyn ngh s b nhm thc y vic qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit Nam. Nhng khuyn ngh ny lin quan n qu trnh phi tp trung ha qun l ti nguyn nc, lut ha s tham gia ca cng ng, ra quyt nh da vo cng ng, nng cao nhn thc v tng cng nng lc, t chc v thc hin, cc vn v gii, kin thc bn a v lng gi ti nguyn nc.

1. Gii thiu
1.1 Ti nguyn nc v qun l ti nguyn nc Vit Nam
Nc l thnh phn cu thnh quan trng ca tt c mi sinh vt, gm c con ngi. Chng ta s dng nc trong hu ht cc hot ng hng ngy, t phc v sinh hot gia nh nh n, ung, v sinh, chm sc sc khe n sn xut nng nghip, lm nghip, thy sn v cng nghip. Nc l thnh phn chnh ca mi trng sng. Ngun ti nguyn quan trng ny to dng nn x hi loi ngi vi s a dng v x hi, vn ha v tn gio tn ngng khp mi ni. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam rt a dng v phong ph, gm c ngun nc mt v nc ngm cc thy vc t nhin v nhn to nh sng, sui, h t nhin, h nhn to (h cha), ging khi, h p, ao, m ph v cc ti nc ngm. Theo Chin lc quc gia v ti nguyn nc n nm 2020 (BTNMT, 2005) Vit Nam c khong 2.372 con sng ln nh c chiu di t 10km tr ln, trong c 109 sng chnh. Trong s ny, c 9 con sng (sng Hng, sng Thi Bnh, sng Bng Giang - K Cng, sng M, sng C, sng Vu Gia - Thu Bn, sng Ba, sng ng Nai v sng Cu Long) v 4 nhnh sng (sng , sng L, sng S San, sng Sr Pok) to nn mt vng lu vc trn 10.000 km2, chim khong 93% tng din tch ca mng li sng Vit Nam. Bn cnh , Vit Nam c rt nhiu cc loi h t nhin, h p, m ph, vc nc c kch thc khc nhau ty thuc vo ma. Mt s h ln c bit n nh h Lk (rng khong 10 km2 k Lk), Bin H (rng 2,2km2 Gia Lai), h Ba B (rng 5km2 Bc Kn) v h Ty (rng 4,5 km2 H Ni). Cc m ph ln thng gp ca sng vng duyn hi min Trung nh Tam Giang, Cu Hai v Th Ni. Vit Nam cn c hng ngn cc h p nhn to vi tng sc cha ln n 26 t m3 nc. Su h ln nht c sc cha trn mt t m3 ang c s dng khai thc thy in l h Ha Bnh, Thc B, Tr An, Du Ting, Thc M v Ya Ly. Nhiu h v p nh hn trn khp ton quc phc v ti tiu nh Cm Sn (Bc Giang), Bn En v Ca t (Thanh Ha), Lng (Ngh An), K G (H Tnh) v Ph Ninh (Qung Nam). Theo s liu thng k, Vit Nam hin c hn 3.500 h cha nh v khong 650 h cha c ln v trung bnh dng sn xut thy in, kim sot l lt, giao thng ng thy, thy li v nui trng thy sn (FAO, 1999). Nc ngm l ngun nc c tim nng tr lng ln, c bit vng ng bng Bc B v Nam B. Ti nguyn nc ven bin v cc vng t ngp nc ni a c tm quan trng cao cho vic bo tn, duy tr chc nng sinh thi v a dng sinh hc t ngp nc. in hnh l cc vng nh h Ba B (Bc Kn), t ngp nc Xun Thy (Nam nh), Tin Hi (Thi Bnh), Bu Su (ng Nai), Cn Gi (thnh ph H Ch Minh) v Trm Chim (ng Thp). Mc d ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c tr lng di do nhng trn thc t ngun nc c th s dng ngay (sn dng) l hn hu v s phn b khng ng u. Nhiu vng b thiu nc sch sinh hot do nhim, l lt, st l t, hn hn v cc tc nhn khc. Cht lng nc b suy gim nghim trng hy hoi mi trng sng v y con ngi n gn

cc ri ro nguy him. Theo c tnh, khong 37% nc b mt i do lng ph, thm ch c ni ln n 50% (Jordan, 2003). Nguyn nhn mt phn do h thng ti tiu c xy dng t nhng nm 1960 v 1970 n nay b xung cp v h hng nng (Molle, 2005), trong khi h thng ti tiu hin ti ch c kh nng cung cp nc cho khong 50-60% theo yu cu thit k c ti (Nguyn Xun Tip, 2002). Trong nhng thp nin gn y, vic qun l ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c ci thin ng k v mt php l, cu trc th ch v cc c ch, gp phn vo s pht trin kinh t x hi ca t nc. Lut Ti nguyn nc c chnh thc ban hnh t nm 1998 (Cc BVMT, 2006) v cc vn bn php quy hng dn tip theo cung cp cc quy nh v qun l, iu hnh, lu tr, khai thc v s dng ti nguyn nc trn ton quc. S thay i v th ch trong qun l ti nguyn nc khuyn khch c qu trnh phi tp trung ha v y mnh s tham gia rng ri ca cc thnh phn ngoi nh nc trong vic khai thc, s dng v bo v ngun nc, c bit l cung cp nc sinh hat v nc ti tiu. Theo lut ny, ti nguyn nc Vit nam thuc s hu ton dn v c nh nc thng nht qun l nhm m bo tt c mi ngi c quyn hng li t cc ngun nc. Hin ti B Ti nguyn v Mi trng c Chnh ph giao trch nhim qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc ni chung, trong khi B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, B Thy sn v B Cng nghip c trch nhim qun l ti nguyn nc theo hot ng ca ngnh, cho cc mc ch tng ng nh thy li, nui trng thy sn v sn xut thy in. Gn y, cch tip cn qun l ti nguyn nc tng hp v da trn lu vc c y mnh Vit nam. V nguyn tc, ti nguyn nc khng ch c xem nh l ti sn chung m cn l hng ha c gi tr thng mi v kinh t. Do , Chnh ph p dng mt s c ch nhm tng cng hiu qu v hiu lc qun l nc cc kha cnh khc nhau v chnh sch, k thut thc hin, nng lc v c s h tng. Kinh nghim qun l ti nguyn nc Vit Nam ghi nhn v nh gi cao vai tr quan trng ca cc cng ng a phng vi t cch va l ngi trc tip s dng nc, ng thi va l ngi qun l v bo v ti nguyn nc. Qun l bi cng ng hay qun l da vo cng ng c gii thiu v p dng nhiu vng theo cc cch khc nhau trong lnh vc cp nc sinh hat v thy li. Mc d cn c nhiu bt cp v mt php lut, th ch v nng lc, nhng cng ng a phng chng minh c rng ti nguyn nc s c qun l tt hn nu c s tham gia ca cng ng trong qu trnh ra quyt nh. Tuy nhin, cho n nay c rt t nghin cu hoc nh gi ton din v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit nam. Chnh iu ny hn ch n lc pht trin v qung b hiu bit v dn chng v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng ca Vit Nam cng nh thc y vic p dng c hiu qu trong thc tin.

1.2 Mc tiu nghin cu

Tm hiu v nh gi cc m hnh hin c cng cc vn lin quan n qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit Nam.

Xc nh 04 x c m hnh vn hnh tt v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng thc hin cc nghin cu su hn. xut cng nghin cu cho hot ng kho st hin trng 04 im (hay m hnh) xc nh.

1.3 Cch tip cn v phm vi nghin cu

Nghin cu ny c thc hin da trn vic nh gi ti liu vi ngun thng tin c sn t cc bo co d n, nghin cu, tp ch v bn tin chuyn ngnh, bo ch v ngun thng tin Internet. Mt ngun thng tin khc thu c t quan st thc t v phng vn nhng ngi c kinh nghim qun l ti nguyn thin nhin cng ng. thc hin nghin cu ti liu ny, nhm nghin cu bt u bng nh ngha khi nim qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng ph hp vi hon cnh ca Vit Nam. V th, nghin cu ny ch ra rng m hnh qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng ch yu tm thy vng nng thn hn l vng th. Nghin cu ny hng vo cc m hnh qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng cp x v thn, nhm hiu c thc trng ca t chc v qun l cng ng mc c s. Nghin cu tp trung vo cc vn nc sinh hat (nc dng cho sinh hat gia nh) v nc thy li, khng ch trng nc cho nui trng thy sn v mi trng. Nghin cu ny cn hn ch v thiu nhng thng tin ph hp v d liu trong qu trnh thc hin.

2. Qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng

2.1 Cc nh ngha v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng
Qun l ti nguyn thin nhin da vo cng ng l mt khi nim rng v a ngha theo tnh ng dng ca n trong thc tin, cp s tham gia ca cc cng ng c li ch lin quan trong qun l ti nguyn t v nc, rng v ng vt hoang d v ngun li thy sn. Theo Trung tm Nc v V sinh Quc t (2003) khi nim v s tham gia ca cng ng trong s dng nc ln u tin c gii thiu chnh thc ti Hi ngh Th gii v Nc nm 1977 Achentina cho chng trnh quc t Thp k v cung cp nc sch v v sinh trong nhng nm 1980. Sau , tng v qun l nc bi cng ng v phi tp trung ha trong cp nc tip tc c th nghim, cng c v lan rng trong thp k 1990, c bit l cc nc ang pht trin sau cc s kin Hi ngh t vn ton cu v nc sch t chc New Delhi (1990) v Tuyn b Dublin v nc v pht trin bn vng (1992) v Hi ngh thng nh v Tri t Rio de Janiero (1992). Gn y, mt trong 6 tuyn b chnh thc ca Hi ngh quc t v nc ngt CHLB c (2001) xc nhn tm quan trng ca qun l da vo cng ng rng: Phi tp trung ha l ct li. a phng l ni chnh sch quc gia p ng nhu cu ca cng ng. Nguyn tc ct li ca qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng, d tn ti di hnh thc no, vn l s tham gia ca cng ng trong vic lp k hoch, vn hnh, duy tr cc h thng cp nc m cng ng c hng li. Theo Molle (2005), s tham gia ny c th c xem nh mt cng c ( qun l tt hn) hoc mt qa trnh ( trao quyn cho cng ng). Theo Madeleen (1998), qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng c 3 kha cnh chnh l trch nhim, quyn lc v kim sot. Trch nhim: cng ng tham gia lm ch (c quyn s hu) v c ngha v tham d vo h thng cp nc m bo vic vn hnh v duy tr thnh cng. Quyn lc: vi t cch va l ngi s dng, va l ngi qun l ti nguyn nc, cng ng c quyn hp php ra nhng quyt nh lin quan n kim sot, vn hnh v duy tr ti nguyn nc v h thng cp nc i km. Kim sot: cng ng c kh nng thc hin v xc nh c kt qu t cc quyt nh ca mnh c lin quan n h thng. Kha cnh ny chnh l cp n nng lc ca cng ng kh nng ng gp v k thut, nhn cng v ti chnh, cng nh s h tr v th ch ca cng ng trong qu trnh lp k hoch, thc hin v duy tr tnh bn vng ca h thng cung cp nc. Qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng l mt qu trnh c s tham gia, trong cng ng chnh l trung tm ca h thng qun l nc c hiu qu. S tham gia ca cng ng rt a dng v ph thuc vo bi cnh a phng, quy m ca cng ng, lut php nh nc, th ch v nng lc a phng, v cng ngh c s dng. M hnh ny c th xc

lp di dng cc hi ngi tiu dng v cc nhm hnh ng cng ng khu vc thnh th cho n cc nhm s dng nc v hp tc x thy li vng nng thn (Bandaragoda 2005). Qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng khng hm cng ng phi c trch nhim i vi tt c cc kha cnh trong h thng nc m h ang s dng. H c th phi tham gia vo mt, mt vi hoc tt c cng vic qun l, vn hnh, k thut v ti chnh ca mt h thng cp nc. Theo Bruns (1997), mc tham gia ca cng ng l rt a dng, t vic n thun chia s thng tin v k hoch nc, cho n tho lun a ra cc tng; hoc t vic tham gia nh hnh thc nhn cng gi r hoc l chia s chi ph, hoc tham gia xy dng quyt nh da trn s ng thun n chuyn giao trch nhim v quyn kim sot h thng ti a phng.

2.2 Qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit nam: gc nhn t chnh sch v th ch

S tham gia ca cng ng trong qun l ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c lch s t lu, c bit l vng ng bng Bc B v Nam B - ni hng nm l lt t sng Hng v sng M Kng thng gy ra thit hi cho ngi, ti sn, ma mng v t ai. Nh s tham gia ca cng ng, hng ngn , p, h cha nc nhn to, knh mng v ging lng c xy dng nhiu ni. Tuy nhin, bn cht ca s tham gia ca cng ng trong qun l nc c s khc bit tng ng vi iu kin kinh t x hi, mi trng th ch chnh tr v t chc x hi ca t nc tng giai on. K t khi Vit Nam bt u qu trnh chuyn i kinh t (cn gi l qu trnh i Mi) nm 1986, Chnh ph lin tc cao s tham gia v ng gp ca cng ng v cc ngnh trong mi lnh vc pht trin ca t nc, k c khai thc, s dng, x l, cung cp v bo v ngun nc. iu ny c bit n di khi nim x hi ha nh l mt phng chm hnh ng vi khu hiu Nh nc v nhn dn cng lm. Tuy nhin, vn chuyn giao y trch nhim qun l nc cho cng ng th hu nh cha c xem xt n. Lut Ti nguyn Nc ca Vit nam ln u tin c ban hnh vo nm1998. V vn s hu, Lut ny quy nh ti nguyn nc l ti sn ca tt c mi ngi v c Nh nc thng nht qun l (iu 1). iu ny c ngha nc l ti sn chung. Lut cng quy nh mi t chc hoc c nhn u c quyn khai thc v s dng ti nguyn nc cho i sng v sn xut, ng thi h cng phi c trch nhim bo v ti nguyn nc. Tuy nhin, trong lut ny khng c t no nhc n s tham gia ca cng ng hoc qun l bi cng ng i vi ti nguyn nc. iu 4 ca lut c quy nh Chnh ph s thc hin qun l thng nht v mt Nh nc i vi ti nguyn nc v tt c cc hot ng bo v, khai thc v s dng ti nguyn nc; ngn chn, kim sot v gim nh cc tc ng bt li do ngun nuc gy ra trn ton quc. iu ny rt d hiu v thit ch cng ng cha c cng nhn v mt php l trong cc quy nh ca nh nc (ngoi tr Lut Bo v v Pht trin Rng sa i 2005 c quy nh cng ng nh l mt n v tham gia qun l ti nguyn rng).

Mt bc tin khi qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng c chnh thc xut trong Chin lc Quc gia v Ti nguyn Nc n nm 2020 c ph duyt theo Quyt nh 81/2006/QD-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph ngy 14 thng T nm 2006 (Cc BVMT, 2006). Chin lc ny nhn nhn s tham gia ca cng ng l mt bin php chnh m bo vic qun l v s dng ti nguyn nc bn vng. Chin lc ny nhn mnh: 1) huy ng s tham gia ca nhn dn nhm bo v ti nguyn nc, c bit l cc thnh ph ln, vng ng dn c v cc vng ang b nhim ngun nc nghim trng; 2) xy dng cc c ch ph hp huy ng kh nng ca cng ng tr thnh nhng ngi h tr chnh cho vic gim st bo v ngun nc v ngn chn cc hnh vi tiu cc lm cho ngun nc b nhim v suy thoi; 3) tng cng s tham gia ca cc t chc v c nhn trong qu trnh lp k hoch, kim tra v gim st vic thc hin cc k hoch lu vc sng v d n v ti nguyn nc. Theo Bo co Mi trng nc ca Vit Nam (2003), khi xem xt li cu trc th ch hin ti, Ngn hng Th gii v B Ti nguyn v Mi trng thy rng vai tr ca ngi s dng nc t c ch trng trong cc h thng qun l nc. Gn y, Chnh ph cho thc hin th im mt vi thay i c tnh chin lc chuyn giao quyn qun l thu li cho cc cng ty thu nng v nhm nhng ngi s dng nc cp c s nhng kt qu vn cn rt hn ch. Ngy nay, c nhiu loi hnh th ch cng ng v qun l v cung cp nc Vit Nam ni ln. Vi xu hng x hi dn s ang pht trin trong nc, s c nhiu t chc cng ng hn ra i trong tng lai, v chc chn xu hng ny s thc y mnh m cc cng ng tham gia vo cc hot ng qun tr x hi v qun l ti nguyn.

2.3 Th no l m hnh tt v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng?

V s tham gia ca cng ng rt a dng v c hnh thc v mc , cho nn rt kh ni m hnh no v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit Nam (hay nc khc) l tt nht, v mi m hnh thch ng cho mt cng ng c th vi nhng c trng ring v dn c, a l, th ch v vn ha. xem xt mc thnh cng ca mt m hnh qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng, cn phi c cc tiu ch v ch s nh gi c th. Vi vic nh gi ti liu, nghin cu ny cha th nh ngha c m hnh nh th no th c xem l tt nht do thiu d liu c s v cc php o thc t. Nhng nghin cu ny c gng tm hiu cc m hnh c xem l tt nh theo ch dn c kh nng ch ra cc kinh nghim thnh cng t cc cng ng c quy m nh (Ryan 2003). V l thuyt, nhng tiu ch c bn nh gi mt m hnh ni trn c th bao gm: vic thc hin, tnh bn vng v li ch thu c. Mi tiu ch li c cc ch s c th. V d, cc kha cnh ca vic thc hin s c cc ch s vn hnh, ch s ti chnh, ch s x hi v cc ch s v th ch. Theo Van Den Berg(2002), cc yu t quan trng trong qun l khng ch l m hnh t chc m quan trng hn chnh l lut chi ang c p dng. V d, tnh t ch v qun l dch v cp nc v mc gi ph hp l cc ch s tt nh gi mc thnh cng hn l cc m hnh qun l t pht. Hn na, mt vi nh nghin cu cng cho rng vic p dng cch tip cn nh hng ngi tiu dng (hoc tip cn p ng nhu cu) a li kt qu thc hin tt hn v tng th. iu ny l ng vi cc bng chng t nhiu ni rng cch tip cn p ng nhu cu c tc ng tch cc cho s bn vng ca cc h thng.

3. Cch tip cn v m hnh qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit Nam

3.1 Cc m hnh truyn thng hoc bn a: Nc l ti sn chung
Cc m hnh truyn thng v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng thng gp cc a phng vng cao, min ni ni c dn bn a ang sinh sng v mt s vng ng bng. Cc c dn bn a ny thng gn lin vi cc ngun nc phc v sinh hot v sn xut, v vic qun l ti nguyn nc gn lin vi qun l ti nguyn t ai, rng v a dng sinh hc. Lut tc truyn thng c vai tr quan trng trong vic nh hng hnh vi ca cng ng v qun l ti nguyn nc. Ging lng l mt loi hnh cung cp nc kh ph bin trong cc cng ng dn c vng ng bng nhiu tnh nh H Ty, Ngh An, H Tnh. Cc x Thch Knh, Thch Vit, Thch Long, Thch Sn ca huyn Thch H, tnh H Tnh l nhng v d in hnh ca ni c ging lng. Ging thng c hnh trn hoc hnh vung vi kch thc trung bnh ( su 2 - 3m); thnh ging c lm bng t hoc bng b tng p cao hn mt bng xung quanh; nn ging bng t st hoc bng ct bi t. Nc ma v mch nc ngm l ngun nc chnh cho ging khi. Ging khi thng c lm gia cnh ng lng v cch xa khu dn c. Do ging c xy p cn thn, v tr xy dng hp l nn gip hn ch cc dng nc bn xung quanh chy trc tip vo ging v gi c nc vo ma kh. Mi lng thng c t nht 1 ging v ging lng l ti sn chung ca cng ng. Tt c ngi lng c quyn ly nc cho mc ch sinh hot v h phi c trch nhim bo v ging. Nhng ngi t lng khc cng c php ly nc t ging lng, c bit l vo ma kh, th hin tinh thn chia s ca cng ng. Vic qun l v bo v ging lng l trch nhim chung ca cng ng ch khng phi c giao cho mt ban qun l c th no. Vic chn th gia sc t do v vt rc ba bi quanh khu vc ging tuyt i b nghim cm. Hng nm, lng s t chc cc ngy lao ng cng ch v mi h gia nh s c mt ngi tham gia lm sch v duy tu ging. Dn lng khng phi tr chi ch cho vic s dng nc nhng h phi ng gp cng lao ng hoc tin mt nu h mun xy dng thnh ging bng b tng. Quan st cho thy, ti cc h gia nh trong lng ging o su hn 5m khng th s dng lm nc ung v c cha phn, nhng ging lng vn s dng c mc d cc yu cu v cht lng nc ung c th khng p ng c v c th b nhim d lng thuc tr su t cnh ng ngm vo mch nc ngm xung quanh ging. Cc cng ng dn tc thiu s bn a Vit Nam c phong tc bo v ngun nc v rng u ngun (vng thng ngun) bng cch thn thnh ha ti nguyn thin nhin ca h. H tin rng tt c sng, sui, bn nc, m nc v rng u ngun u c linh hn hoc thuc v nhng thn linh, v thnh hay con ma no . Do , khi mi ngi mun tip cn v s dng nc, h phi lp n cu v cng bi cc v thn theo cc l nghi v th tc truyn thng bi bn. Lut l ny tr thnh lut tc ca cc cng ng bn a v vic bo v ti nguyn nc.

Theo truyn thng, ngi Thi cc tnh pha Bc c lut tc quy nh khng mt ai trong cng ng, k c Gi lng, c php git m gia sc, gia cm hoc x rc u ngun nc. Bt k s vi phm no u b x pht t 5 quan tin n 3 nn bc, cha k ru v tht. H xem sui l ti sn chung ca cng ng (mi cng ng tng ng vi mt mng), nhng mi ngi dn trong mng u c php chn mt on sui nui c. phn chia ranh gii cc on sui ny, h dng mt cnh cy phn dng sui ra v treo mt cc tre ( gi l Ta leo) ln thn mt cy ven b sui nh du. Nhng tn hiu ny c tc dng bo cho ngi khc bit rng on sui ny c ch v ngi khc khng c php nh c y na. Bt c s vi phm no b pht hin ra s b pht t mt quan tin n mt nn bc cha k ru v tht (Tp ch Nghin cu Khoa hc, 2002) Theo Ng c Thnh (1999), ngi Thi Thun Chu (Lai Chu) c quy nh nghim ngt v vic bo v cc ngun nc Pak Bom v Pak Muoi gn cc khu rng thing. y l nhng khu vc cm, ch dnh cho vic th cng v t l bng con tru en cho cc linh hn v ma nc trong bn hoc mng. Lut tc ca mng quy nh r rng cc iu khon lin quan n gii quyt xung t v ngun nc ti tiu, thay i bt hp php dng chy v tranh ginh cc ng cp nc m b xem nh l nhng hnh vi n cp. Lut tc cng x pht rt nghim khc nhng ngi m ph by c v n trm c ca ngi khc hoc nh bt trm c trn cnh ng hoc ao h ca ngi khc. Cng ng ngi Mng, ngi Dao v ngi HMng cc tnh min ni pha Bc thng xy dng h thng cp nc chung bng cc cn nc (gung nc) lm bng tre na v h thng nc t chy. Ngi Dao x Ngc Hi (Tuyn Quang) ch yu ly nc t h thng nc t chy t ni cao xung ni thp. V th, khi pht rng ly t lm ry, h thng li cc cy ln trn nh i hoc u ngun nc gi nc. Ngi Mng x Nam Sn (Ho Bnh) lp cc cn (gung) bng tre bn dng sui ly nc v dn nc v rung bng cc ng tre. Cng ng ngi HMong Lo Cai thng o cc by nc hoc dng lch nc bng np tre, p bng t hoc xp iu chnh dng chy dn nc t sui vo cc lch. H thng c mt thn cy to lm mng a nc vo rung bc thang. y l mt cch hiu qu ly nc canh tc nhng cng bc l im yu v n thng lm hng cc b rung v gy ra xi mn (Trn Hu Sn 1999) Truyn thng ca ngi , Jrai v Mnng vng Ty Nguyn tin rng t, sng, sui v cy rng l ci nong, ci nia, ci lng ca ng b (Ng c Thnh, 1999). Do , bo v ti nguyn thin nhin, k c ngun nc l ngha v thing ling v bt buc i vi mi thnh vin trong cng ng. Lut tc ca ngi cho rng ti nguyn thin nhin (t, nc, rng) l gn lin vi t tin ca h; quyn s hu ti nguyn thuc v ch t v c truyn li qua cc th h. Lut tc ni rng: "Mt cu li cho chu [quyn ch t] Mt b li cho chu Mt ngi ny li ngi kia Khng ai dm chim ly cho ring mnh Khng ai dm ginh ly m chia ct, chim ly bng c"

Theo Nguyn Hu Tr (1999), i vi ngi v Jrai, bn nc v ngun nc c xem l hnh nh tiu biu tng ca bun lng. ng bo quan nim mi bn nc l mt ti sn chung ca dn lng v c mt v thn linh tr ng gim st. V thn s ni gin v gy ra dch bnh trng pht dn lng nu h lm bn nc b u bn. Vo dp u nm, khong gia cui ma kh, u ma ma, ngi v Jrai thng t chc l cng bn nc ca bun lng gi l l Nga yang tring kpin ea ala buon. Khi nghi thc quan trng nht l tt c dn lng tham gia lm sch bn nc v hy vng cc v thn s vui v, hi lng v ban cho dn lng sc kho. Tp tc ca ngi v Jrai cho rng: Vic lm bn t ai, ngun nc ca ngi ta S rng s lm k khng mc La s khng m bng S rng ma mng s khng sinh si ny n t s khng thu c la Rng s khng thu c k Dng h s khng tr nn giu c iu s b ngi ta xt x Theo lut tc ca ngi Mnng, mc tiu ca vic bo v ngun nc khng ch nhm cung cp nc sinh hot m cn nhm cung cp ngun ngun thc n nh c, cua, c cho bun lng. Bun lng s pht tht nng i vi nhng ai nh bt c bng thuc l (c). Lut quy nh rng: Rng l ca chung t l ca chung Sui nui c l ca bun lng C di sui ai bt th bt Bt ch con phi cha ch m Bt c con phi cha c m Cht cy tre phi cha cy con t t ong cha li ong cha Thuc c lm sui ngho Mun n ch phi dng n bn Mun n c nn dng r vt Khng c ly cy rng thuc c Lm cht sch c tp c cua Bun lng c quyn xt x Ai thuc c, c ti vi bun lng Ti thuc c, khng ai m ni. Nhng bi th truyn tc nh trn th hin hiu bit su sc v kt hp s dng v bo v bn vng ti nguyn nc ca ngi v MNng, l khng khuyn khch thc ti nguyn v cc li ch trc mt.

ng bo dn tc C Tu cc tnh Tha Thin Hu v Qung Nam (nh x Thng L, Thng Nht huyn Nam ng, x Tabhing huyn Nam Giang) thng t chc cng t ti nh cng ng (gi l nh Gl) khi h lm xong mt mng nc cho lng mi hoc tu sa li mng nc c. Bng vic th cng ny, h hy vng cc v thn linh s lun mang n y nc v nhc nh con chu phi bit tit kim nc (L Vn Ln, 1999). Ngi Chm tnh Ninh Thun c truyn thng canh tc la nc. H c mt h thng cc c tin v l nghi quan trng lin quan n nc nh (cng) t ma, khi thng p v knh mng hay l chn dng nc. Lut tc ca ngi Chm c cc quy nh chi tit v quy trnh khai hoang t, bo v rng u ngun nc, duy tu h cha nc. Lut tc quy nh c quyn li v ngha v ca cc thnh vin cng ng i vi bo v v qun l ngun nc. V d, lut tc nu r mi thnh vin trong cng ng c trch nhim bo v ngun nc, tham gia o knh mng, ng gp chi ph cng t, ngn chn trm nc v khai thc rng u ngun. C th cn c rt nhiu m hnh truyn thng khc v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit Nam m vn cha c khm ph, nht l cc vng min ni ni cng ng phng phi sng da vo khai thc cc ti nguyn thin nhin, gm c ngun nc nh l ti sn chung cho sinh k lu di ca h. Nhng m hnh tn li lu i v gn lin vi cc nt vn ho x hi ca cng ng. Tuy nhin, cha c mt thng tin hoc iu tra no khng nh cc m hnh truyn thng ni trn l thnh cng nht, nhng tnh bn vng ca chng th c xc nhn mt cch r rng.

3.2 Cc m hnh tin tin ti nguyn nc l mt loi hng ho

S pht trin ca cc m hnh tin tin v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit Nam l qu trnh thch nghi p ng vi s i thay ngy cng tng ca nn kinh t x hi nh hng theo th trng ca Vit Nam, trong nc, vi t cch l mt ngun ti nguyn c gii hn, c chp thun rng ri nh l mt loi hng ho thng mi phc v cho mc ch ti tiu thy li v cung cp nc sinh hot. 3.2.1 Nc cho nng nghip: Qun l thu li c s tham gia (PIM) Vit Nam bt u p dng phng php qun l thy li c s tham gia t u nhng nm 1990 sau khi Chnh ph chnh thc quyt nh chuyn giao quyn s dng t nng nghip cho cc h gia nh thng qua chnh sch Khon 10. Qun l thy li c s tham gia l mt phng php hiu qu cho qun l ti nguyn nc c s tham ca ngi dn, bi v cc cng ng hng li s cng tham gia vi t cch l ngi s dng nc, ngi qun l v bo v ngun nc, nht l i vi cc h thng ti tiu quy m nh. M hnh qun l thy li c s tham gia c p dng th nghim nhiu tnh nh Tuyn Quang, Bc Kn, H Ty, Thanh Ho, Ngh An, Qung Tr, Qung Ngi v Bnh nh. V mt th ch t chc, cc nh gi gn y xc nh c 3 m hnh qun l thy li c s tham gia ca cng ng, bao gm: 1) m hnh t chc nng dn v nh nc cng qun l; 2) m hnh chia s qun l gia t chc nng dn v mt t chc c lin quan n nh nc; v 3) m hnh t chc cng ng t qun l. nh gi ny khng nh s tham gia ca nng dn ngy cng tng trong

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qu trnh ra quyt nh dn n cc m hnh qun l thc hin ngy cng tt hn. (Trn Ch Trung et al 2002). 1) M hnh t chc nng dn v nh nc cng qun l M hnh ny tn ti cc x Bc Thnh, Trung Thnh, Xun Thnh v Long Thnh ca huyn Yn Thnh, tnh Ngh An. nhng x ny, cc t chc nng dn nh Hp tc x s dng nc hay hp tc x nng nghip c thnh lp phi hp vi Cng ty Thu nng Bc Ngh An (l cng ty dch v ca nh nc) cung cp dch v thu li cho cc h gia nh (B NN-PTNT, 2004). Vic qun l v phn phi nc trong a bn c giao cho tn c s theo hng qun l phi tp trung. Cng ty thu li c trch nhim qun l cc trm (bm) u mi, cc tuyn knh cp 2 v mt s tuyn knh cp 3 cung cp nc ti cnh ng rng trn 500ha, gm c vic duy tu nh k v bo v cc cng trnh khi s xm phm v ph hoi. Cng ty ny c trch nhim cp nc t trm u mi n cc knh cp 3 v chuyn giao cho cc hp tc x nng nghip hoc hp tc x s dng nc phn phi v dn nc vo ng rung. Cc hp tc x nng nghip hoc hp tc x s dng nc c thnh lp theo Lut Hp tc x. M hnh hp tc x nng nghip ph hp vi a phng ni c cc cng trnh thy li c b tr ngay ti mt x hoc mt lng. M hnh hp tc x s dng nc, v d nh hp tc x N4B v N6, li ph hp cho vic qun l v khai thc cc cng trnh thy li c tuyn knh lin thn hoc lin x. Trong , mi tuyn knh do mt nhm dch v cp nc c lp chu trch nhim phn phi v dn nc n tng mnh rung ca cc h. Nhng hp tc x ny c trch nhim qun l, duy tu, bo v v dn nc t cc tuyn knh cp 3 vo h thng knh ni ng do h kim sot. Thng qua hp ng vi cng ty thu nng, mi h gia nh c rung c ti s phi tr ph thu li di s gim st ca cc hp tc. Nhng li ch chnh ca m hnh hp tc x s dng nc tnh Ngh An v Thanh Ho c Nguyn Vn Phc (2004) nh gi nh sau: Ci thin quyn lm ch (tnh s hu) v tinh thn trch nhim; Vic lp k hoch ti c s tham gia mt cch cn thn v hp l da trn tp hp yu cu ti tiu t cc h mt cch hiu qu v thi gian ph hp; Tit kim nc mt cch ng k, hiu qu ti tiu cao hn, cho php nhng ngi cui ngun nhn c nhiu nc hn; Gim thiu c mu thun thng xuyn gia nhng ngi s dng nc u knh v cui knh; Cc tuyn knh c duy tu tt hn, chi ph gim hn do i bo v ca hp tc x trc tip m nhn; thi v mi quan tm ca ngi dn c ci thin, nht l trong vic gim st knh mng; Ngun nc trong knh lun lun c gi sch v x vin ca hp tc x tham gia thu gom rc trong knh; H thng thu ph s dng nc c ci thin ng k, c th thu c 100% ph thu li; n nh sn xut v ci thin sinh k gim bt ni lo v nc nh trc y;

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To c hi v ci thin thu nhp cho ngi ngho; Ci thin nng lc qun l thu li, v Gim chi ph, khi lng cng vic v cng lao ng cho cc trm thu li.

Tuy nhin, li ch t cc m hnh ny l ch gii hn cho nhng ngi l thnh vin ca hp tc x. Cc tr ngi v hn ch ca m hnh ny c ch ra l: Chnh sch v khung lut php h tr cn yu v cha hiu qu; Chnh quyn a phng h tr cha y v cha to iu kin thun li; Vic th ch ho nhm h tr tip cn c s tham gia cn bt cp; Nng lc qun l v vn hnh ca cc nh qun l cn hn ch; C s h tng cn yu km; Mc hiu bit v nhn thc ca nng dn cn hn ch; H thng sn xut quy m nh v phn tn; Chin lc tch hp vn gii cha hiu qu; Chc nng qun l v vn hnh b chng cho gia hp tc x s dng nc v chnh quyn a phng (v d: UBND x); v Hp tc x s dng nc cn yu v c tm qun l v ti chnh.

Tng t nh cc hp tc x s dng nc Ngh An, mt m hnh qun l thy li c s tham gia tnh Qung Nam l s phi hp qun l gia Cng ty qun l thu nng v Hp tc x dch v nng nghip (B NN-PTNT, 2003). Mt dn chng Tam Thanh (th x Tam K) mt x c 02 hp tc x, nm dc theo tuyn knh N12 ca h thng thu li Ph Ninh th x Tam K (xem hp thng tin). M hnh cng c p dng x Bnh T (huyn Thanh Bnh, tnh Qung Nam) nhng vai tr ca hp tc x dch v nng nghip c thay th bng Ban kinh t x. Thay mt nhng ngi s dng nc (nng dn), ngi ng u hp tc x hoc ban kinh t x k hp ng vi vi cng ty thu nng qun l v phn phi nc t u ngun knh cp 3 dn vo cc tuyn knh ni ng. thc hin nhim v ny, mi hp tc x thnh lp mt i thu li gm cc trng thn. X Tam Thanh c 2 hp tc x (s 1 v s 2) nn c 02 i thu li. Ti mi thn, t nht c 02 nhm t qun c thnh lp, mi nhm gm c 2-3 ngi do thn la chn. Nhng nhm ny c trch nhim thc hin cc dch v thy li ti thn nh thng bo cho cc h v lch (thi gian) cp nc, thu ph thu li v truyn t cc vn hnh chnh.
Mt m hnh qun l nc da vo cng ng tnh Qung Nam X Tam Thanh (huyn Tam K) c 2.209 h gia nh vi 4.486 khu 10 thn (s liu 2003). X c 2 hp tc x dch v nng nghip: Hp tc x s 1 gm c 4 thn v Hp tc x s 2 gm c 6 thn. Mi hp tc x c B phn qun l hnh chnh v Ban kim sot. H c trch nhim cung cp cc dch v nng nghip nh thu li; nguyn liu v vt t nng nghip; hng dn k hoch sn xut v khuyn nng; qun l v phn phi in n tng h gia nh; dch v sn xut hng th cng m ngh. Hp tc x ny chuyn i t hp tc x m hnh c (c chc nng lp k hoch, qun l v t chc sn xut do t thuc hp tc x) sang chc nng cung cp dch v, t vn cho nng dn (t ai c giao cho cc h gia nh qun l v s dng lu di).

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Vi m hnh ny Quang Nam, chnh quyn a phng khng trc tip tham gia qun l v cp dn nc. y ban Nhn dn x ch tham gia gii quyt cc xung t v tranh ci trong phm vi chc nng ca mnh. M hnh ny ch ph hp vi cc cng trnh cp nc nh hot ng trong mt thn hoc lin thn, do d dng thch hp vi kh nng thc t ca b con nng dn trong qun l v cp dn nc. Tuy nhin, m hnh ny cng l r nhng bt cp trong vic thu ph thu li v ngi s dng nc (cc h gia nh) khng trc tip k cc hp ng dng nc vi cng ty thu nng. 2) M hnh chia s qun l gia t chc nng dn v mt t chc c lin quan n nh nc M hnh ny c thc hin x Sn Nam, huyn Sn Dng, tnh Tuyn Quang (B NN-PTNT, 2004). Ti x ny cc i thu li v t chc cng ng phi hp vi Hp tc x nng-lm nghip ca x cung cp cc dch v thy li cho cc h gia nh c nhu cu dng nc. Hp tc x s hu v trc tip qun l cc cng trnh thu li a phng, bao gm cc tuyn knh mng, trm bm nc trong x v cung cp cc dch v thu li. Hp tc x ny hot ng t do v c lp vi cng ty thy nng thng qua c ch t ch ti chnh (t thuchi). Khong 80% ph thu li thu c dng duy tu knh mng ni ng v 20% cn li cho chi ph hnh chnh ca hp tc x. Mc d hp tc x chu trch nhim qun l chung tt c cc cng trnh ti tiu nhng cc h gia nh s dng nc cng c giao thc hin cc nhim v qun l c th. H c yu cu trng coi v bo v cc cng trnh ti tiu ni ng, dn nc vo v ra theo lch ti ma v ca a phng. Cch lm ny m bo cc cng trnh ti tiu ni ng c duy tu, sa cha kp thi, trnh lng ph nc. Cc i thu li c o to nng cao hiu bit v thu li v h thng ti tiu, qun l v s dng cng trnh, thit b ti tiu, do nng lc v trch nhim ca h c nng cao, m bo vic bo v v qun l ngun nc c ci thin ng k. Hng nm nhng i thy li ny v h gia nh s dng nc cng ng gp cng lao ng duy tu, ci to v no vt cc cng trnh thu li. 3) M hnh t chc nng dn t qun l M hnh Hi nhng ngi s dng nc c p dng tnh Bc Kn t nhng nm 1990 cc huyn Bch Thng, Ch Mi v Ch n, v th hin c s tham gia c hiu qu ca cc cng ng a phng v qun l nc cho ti tiu. Hi nhng ngi s dng nc x Nguyn Phc, huyn Bch Thng l mt v d c th (ADB, 2006). Nguyn Phc l mt x min ni chuyn sn xut nng nghip, ch yu trng la vi din tch khong 90 hec ta. H thng thu li ca x c khong 40 cng trnh (gm c trm bm u mi v knh mng dn nc) nhng hu ht cc cng trnh rt tm b. Trc khi m hnh Hi nhng ngi s dng nc c p dng, ti a phng khng c mt t chc hay nhm no chu trch nhim qun l cc cng trnh thu li . Nng dn a phng t do s dng h thng thu li ly nc vo rung ca mnh. V th c nhiu vn pht sinh ti a phng nh n ma v th ht nc ti, nng sut ma v thp, h thng knh

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mng b xung cp do khng c duy tu, tht thot nc, chi ph lao ng ti tiu cao, v c bit l mu thun gia cc h gia nh do cnh tranh dng nc. Thng qua s t vn ca d n v s h tr tch cc ca chnh quyn x, cc h nng dn tho lun v quyt nh thnh lp 04 Hi nhng ngi s dng nc ti x iu hnh v qun l h thng thu nng. Ngi dn tham gia cc cuc hp cng ng bu ra mt Ban qun l cho mi hi nhng ngi s dng nc v cng thng nht v quy ch, quy nh v nguyn tc cho hi. B con cng chn ra nhng ngi vn hnh cng trnh c trch nhim dn nc vo rung, sa cha nh cho h thng thu li, v bo v cc cng trnh thu li. Ban qun l hi v nhng ngi vn hnh thng gp nhau hng thng xem xt li tin ti tiu v lp k hoch hot ng cho thng tip theo. H u c o to v qun l thu li v ti chnh. B con nng dn tham gia tch cc trong vic xy dng cc quyt nh lin quan n hot ng ca Hi nhng ngi s dng nc. Vo u mi ma v, ban qun l Hi chun b mt k hoch ti tiu b con ng gp kin v thng qua ti cuc hp ton th nng h. K hoch ny tp trung vo lch cp nc da vo nhu cu ca mi h gia nh v lng nc c trn knh u mi. Nh thnh lp hi nhng ngi s dng nc m cng tc ti tiu ca x c ci thin ng k nh cc cng trnh thy nng c duy tu v bo v tt hn; lng nc tht thot gim r rng; din tch c ti 15% v nng sut ma v cng tng ln 20%. By gi cc h nng dn c gii phng khi vic ly nc vo rung v c nhm vn hnh thy nng m nhn. Do vy, b con c nhiu thi gian hn lm cc vic khc tng thm thu nhp v ci thin i sng. 3.2.2 Cc h thng cp nc sinh hot Vi thng tin hin ti nhm nghin cu cha c bng chng v s tn ti ca cc m hnh qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot ti cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh. cc thnh ph ln, vic cp nc sinh hot hu nh do cc cng ty v doanh nghip dch v nh nc m nhn c cp tnh, thnh ph, qun/huyn nh cng ty (cp) nc sch, trung tm nc sch v v sinh mi trng. C mt s a bn vng ven do cc cng ty cp nc ca t nhn v hp tc x iu hnh. Mc tham gia ca ngi (h gia nh) s dng nc trong qun l nc rt thp, thng thng h ch theo di ch s s dng trn ng h o nc tr ph v ng gp chi ph lp t v duy tu h thng cp nc. Nhng cng ty ny bn nc trc tip n tng h gia nh da theo hp ng v thu ph s dng nc hng thng da vo mc tiu th thc s ca mi h gia nh. cc vng nng thn, c 2 loi hnh cp nc sinh hot c s tham gia ca cng ng thng gp l hp tc x cp nc nng thn v trm cp nc do cng ng qun l. Trong , hp tc x cp nc nng thn l mt m hnh gii hn cng phi hp qun l gia mt c quan nh nc (nh Trung tm nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn) v mt t chc da vo cng ng. M hnh ny hot ng da theo nguyn tc Nh nc v nhn

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dn cng lm, thng gp cc tnh Thi Nguyn, Tha Thin Hu, k Lk, k Nng v Tin Giang. Sau y l hai v d Thi Nguyn v Tin Giang. Nm 2003, thn n Bay ca x min ni V Hng, huyn Bch Thng c Trung tm nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn tnh Thi Nguyn h tr ti chnh v xy dng mt trm cp nc. Cng trnh ny gm c b lc v su b cha cp nc sch cho 43 h gia nh, cc trng tiu hc v trung hc c s a phng (Tho Vn, 2004). Trc y, ngi dn n Bay thng dng nc ging khi, nc sui v sng n ung v ti tiu. Tuy nhin, nhng ngun nc ny u khng sch v thng cn vo ma h. gii quyt nhng vn ny, Trung tm nc sch v v sinh mi trng ca tnh t vn cho ngi dn h c php thc hin cng trnh. Ngi dn a phng c hng li t cc hot ng nng cao nhn thc v tp hun v qun l h thng cp nc, bo v ngun nc, v sinh mi trng v chm sc sc kho. H ng gp cng lao ng xy dng cng trnh cp nc, c tnh khong 10% chi ph u t. H cng xut cc bin php qun l v bo v cng trnh v thit lp qu chi ph cho qun l v duy tu cng trnh. Hng thng mi h gia nh ng gp 1.000 ng. Hin ti, tt c b con trong thn c nc sch cho gia nh s dng. Hp tc x cp nc (nng thn) thn Bnh Trung, x Thanh Nht, huyn G Cng Ty, tnh Tin Giang c xem l m hnh c hiu qu v s tham gia ca cng ng trong qun l ti nguyn nc. Hp tc x ny c khi s t nhng nm 1991 bi mt s h gia nh tin phong trong thn gii quyt vn thiu nc sinh hot do ngun nc b nhim v nhim mn. B con trong thn la chn 07 ngi thnh lp ban qun l, chu trch nhim t chc v gim st xy dng mt trm cp nc nh v chi tiu ti chnh. Khi bt u, ch c 138 h gia nh tham gia v ng gp xy dng cng trnh. n nm 1999, hp tc x quyt nh u t v nng cp cng trnh vi thp nc cao 13m c dung tch 11m 3, b cha nc 37m3, tc lc nc 300 m3 v mt ging khoan. n nm 2003, c 1345 h gia nh Bnh Trung v cc thn xung quanh tham gia vo hp tc x vi vai tr l ngi s dng nc. Hng thng, cc h gia nh s dng ht khong 7.750m3 nc sch v mi khi nc gi khong 2000 ng. Mt nhm 6 ngi vn hnh cng trnh c nhn lng, c o to v chu trch nhim qun l, vn hnh v bo dng trm nc. Ti cuc hp ton th ca hp tc x, ngi dn ( gm c ngi s dng nc v x vin) c thng bo v ngn sch thu ph nc v thng qua vic s dng ngn sch . n nm 2003 c khong 260 h tc x cp nc tng t nh m hnh Bnh Trung c thc hin tnh Tin Giang. (Trn nh Hoan, 2003) M hnh trm cp nc sinh hot hon ton do cng ng qun l x Tn Bnh, huyn Bnh Minh, tnh Vnh Long bt u hot ng t nm 2001 vi s tham gia ca 135 h gia nh (Bch Thnh ng, 2004). Bng ngun ti tr ca mt t chc quc t, trm cp nc c xy dng v chuyn giao cho cng ng qun l. Ngi dn tr chi ph lp t ng h nc v ng dn nc. H cng la chn mt ngi c kh nng iu hnh trm cp nc. Tuy nhin, sau mt vi nm s dng mt s h gia nh tham gia s dng nc khng tng ln, do ph s dng nc thu li khng b cho chi ph vn hnh v duy tu h thng. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh l do cng ngh s dng (bm v y) khng cn ph

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hp vi iu kin a phng. Hng ngy trm bm ch cp nc trong 06 ting, v th cc h gia nh cn phi c hoc xy dng cc b cha tch nc nhng hu ht b con y khng c tin chi ph cho hng mc ny. V nhng kh khn , n nm 2002 trm ny cng vi 34 trm tng t khc c bn giao li cho Trung tm nc sch v v sinh mi trng tnh Vnh Long qun l. Cc h thng nc t chy thng ph bin cc x min ni tnh Tuyn Quang, H Giang, in Bin, Ho Bnh, Ngh An v Qung Nam. Phn ln cc h thng ny c xy dng gn y vi ngun h tr t Chng trnh 135 ca Chnh ph - Chng trnh Xo i Gim ngho cho cc x ngho v vng xa xi cho ngi ngho v cc x vng xa. M hnh nc t chy x Tn Phong, huyn K Sn, tnh Ho Binh l mt v d in hnh (Nguyn Vn An etla., 2004). Tn Phong l mt x min ni, c dn ch yu l ngi Mng. Ngi dn y thng ly nc t sui n ung v git gi. T nm 2001, tnh h tr x xy dng 02 h thng nc t chy cng vi 34 b cha nc v ging nc. Ngi dn tham gia thc hin d n tch cc: tham d cc bui tp hun v s dng nc, tho lun v quyt nh a im t b cha nc, la chn ngi tham gia ban qun l nc. Ban ny c trch nhim gim st qu trnh xy dng, duy tu v sa cha h thng cp nc. n nay khong 90% ngi dn trong thn c nc sch thoi mi (khong 52lt/ ngy). H khng phi i xa ly nc nh trc y na. Tt c ngi dn trong x khng phi tr tin nc nhng mi h gia nh phi ng gp 2000 ng mi thng duy tu h thng cp nc.

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4. Qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit Nam: Nhng nh gi chung

4.1 C s tham gia ca cng ng
Trong giai on u ca nghin cu ny, nhm nghin cu nhn thy s tham gia ca cng ng trong cc m hnh qun l ti nguyn nc mi mc trung bnh, v ph bin di nhng hnh thc tham gia nh sau: c mi tham gia cc bui hp t vn khi bt u trin khai m hnh ng gp kin xy dng k hoch v thc hin cp nc ca a phng Ch nh v bu ra i din cho cng ng cho Ban qun l hoc i qun l - ngi c trch nhim i vi cc vn lin quan n cp nc cho a phng ng gp cng lao ng v cc ng gp ti chnh xy dng, hot ng, duy tu v bo v cc cng trnh nc a phng Thanh ton chi ph nc theo mc tiu th thc t hoc tha thun ca h gia nh.

V kha cnh t chc, nhng m hnh ph bin ca qun l ti nguyn nc c s tham gia ca cng ng thng l hp tc x hoc hi nhng ngi s dng nc c thnh lp di hnh thc cc t chc cng ng hoc t chc nng dn c phi hp vi c quan nh nc. Nc c xem l hng ha v ngi s dng thng phi tr ph s dng nc. Tuy nhin, cc cng ng bn a (min ni) khng tham gia qun l ti nguyn nc di dng cc th ch chnh thc bi v i vi h nc vn l ti sn chung, c gi tr v mt tinh thn, v c qun l theo cc tp tc, lut tuc truyn thng ca h. Trn thc t, n nay cha c nhng thng tin v nh gi no v mc nh hng ca cc tp tc, lut tc i vi s tham gia ca cng ng trong qun l ti nguyn nc. Vi cc m hnh cp trn, trch nhim ca cng ng c xc nh tng i c th nhng quyn s hu ca h li khng c m t r rng cho d h c ng gp ng k. thc v quyn s hu (quyn lm ch) ca cng ng i vi cc m hnh truyn thng l r rng hn so vi cc cc m hnh tin tin. i vi cc m hnh tin tin, dng nh chnh quyn a phng hay t chc nh nc mi l ngi s hu chnh thc cc phn cng ca h thng cp nc (trm bm, knh mng b tng), nht l cc cng trnh do nh nc ti tr hay u t. Vai tr ca cng ng trong qu trnh ra quyt nh v qun l ti nguyn nc c th hin kh r rng, nhng h cng ch mi tham gia mc thp nh la chn v bu ban quan l, chn a im lp t cng trnh nc, v.v.... Do hn ch v nng lc nn cng ng t khi c tham gia ra quyt nh mc cao hn nh la chn cng ngh hay thit b vn hnh. Theo ng L Vn Minh B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, cng ng a phng ng gp n 44% trong tng s 6.500 t ng tng u t cho chng trnh nc sch ca Vit Nam, tuy nhin h li khng c quyn la chn cng ngh ph hp qun l v s dng nc. (B TNMT, 2005)

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4.2 H tr thit ch
Mc d th ch cng ng cha c lut ha chnh thc, nhng nhng thay i v chnh tr v th ch su sc Vit Nam trong hai thp k va qua thc y cho s tn ti v pht trin ca qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng. S chuyn i sang nn kinh t th trng, chnh sch Khon 10 trong nng nghip, xu hng x hi ha v t nhn ha v quy ch pht huy dn ch c s to iu kin cho cng ng tham gia vo qun l ti nguyn nc. Hi nhng ngi s dng nc hay hp tc x (dch v) cp nc l nhng t chc ph hp vi cch qun l da vo cng ng. Cc t chc quc t (nh UNICEF, Danida) v cc t chc phi chnh ph c nhiu h tr v k thut v ti chnh thc y qu trnh qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng Vit Nam. Cng vi nhng tr gip ny l s ng h v can thip tch cc ca chnh quyn a phng cc cp (nh ng y, UBND x, phng chuyn mn ca huyn) m bo cho s tham gia ca ngi dn trong qun l s dng nc ti c s. Trong mt vi trng hp, UBND quyt nh vic qun l v vn hnh m hnh cho h thng cung cp nc.

4.3 Nng lc, chuyn giao cng ngh v huy ng ngun lc

Nng lc l mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh, c nh hng quan trng n s tham gia ca cng ng trong qun l ti nguyn nc, c bit l trong qu trnh ra quyt nh. Thng thng, cng ng a phng c kh nng thc hin c nhng vic sau: ng gp kin v k hoch cng ng tham gia qun l ti nguyn nc trong cc cuc hp t vn cng ng; c nhng ngi c kh nng tham gia vi ban qun l hoc i qun l nc h c trch nhim qun l v duy tu cc cng trnh nc ti a phng; ng gp tin, cng lao ng hay vt liu sa cha v ci to knh mng ni ng, nht l cc cng trnh n gin nh o p t, vn chuyn vt liu, trn b tng, xy dng v bo v; Tham gia qun l v phn phi nc vi hng dn k thut t i thu li v hp tc x dch v nng nghip, nht l cc cng vic n gin, tnh k thut khng cao. Nh tham gia vo cc m hnh qun l v s dng nc, nng lc ca cng ng c ci thin sau cc kha tp hun v trao i kinh nghim v qun l v bo v ti nguyn. Nhng ngi dn i din cho cng ng trc tip qun l v iu hnh h thng cp nc thng c tp hun cc k nng c th nh thit k h thng, k thut vn hnh v gim st v qun l ti chnh. H thng kin thc bn a cng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong qun l ti nguyn nc c s tham gia ca cng ng, nht l kinh nghim v k thut ca ngi dn trong bo v rng u ngun, ly nc v bo v ngun nc bng cc truyn tng nim tin o c vo thn thnh hay linh hn.

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Cng ngh p dng cho vic cp nc v ti tiu nng thn ni chung n gin v khng t. iu ny ph hp vi kh nng v ngun lc ca a phng, nht l cc x ngho, vng su, vng xa. Do vy, s ng gp, h tr ca Chnh Ph (nh Chng trnh 135, tn dng cho ngi ngho), ca cc t chc quc t v t chc phi chnh ph l rt quan trng m bo m hnh hot ng c s. Vic thiu r rng (minh bch) v quyn s hu ca ngi dn i vi cng trnh cng lm nh hng n qu trnh huy ng cng ng tham gia ng gp xy dng h thng cp nc, ng thi cng d gy hiu nhm v tranh ci gia cc bn c lin quan khi vn hnh v duy tr h thng. Van den Berg (2002) cho rng vic minh bch quyn ti sn ngay t u s gip trnh c cc xung t v sau trong qu trnh qun l v vn hnh.

4.4 Tip cn da vo nhu cu

Cc m hnh bc u u phn nh r vic tiu th nc da theo nhu cu, nht l khi nc c chp nhn nh mt hng ho v ngi s dng nc phi tr ph s dng nc. Ngi iu hnh thu li dn v cp nc vo rung theo mc ph hp yu cu ma v ca ngi dn; nc sinh hot c tnh theo ch s trn ng h nc. Ngi s dng phi tr tin l mt nguyn tc quan trng gip tit kim nc v nng cao nhn thc cng ng v bo v nc. Tuy nhin, cch tip cn ny khng ph hp vi m hnh qun l nc khi cng ng a phng xem nc l ti sn chung hoc c h thng nc t chy.

4.5 T ch v ti chnh
Cc cng trnh cp nc v thy li quy m nh, c s tham gia ca cng ng thng c xy dng bng kinh ph t ba ngun: ti tr ca nh nc, ti tr t bn ngoi (thng l t d n do cc t chc phi chnh ph thc hin) v ng gp ca cng ng. Khi i vo hot ng, chi ph vn hnh v duy tu s c thanh ton bng ngn sch thu c t ph s dng nc. Mc thu tin nc ny thng do cng ng tha thun quy nh ti cc cuc hp dn v c y ban nhn dn x ph duyt. Vi chng trnh cp nc nng thn, cc nh gi chng minh cc h thng nc do cng ng qun l thng c mc ph thp nht.

4.6 Tnh bn vng

Tnh bn vng ca mt m hnh qun l ti nguyn nc c s tham gia ca cng ng l tp hp tt c cc kha cnh x hi, ti chnh, th ch, k thut v mi trng. y cng l c s nh gi mt m hnh c xem l thnh cng nht, v trn thc t vic nh gi ny l mt thch thc ln. Trong bi cnh hin nay, mt vi kha cnh c th xem xt v mc thc hin tt ca cc m hnh. Chng hn nh p dng cch tip cn nh hng ngi s dng nc hay p ng nhu cu thng c tc ng tch cc i vi s bn vng ca cc h thng qun l ngun nc. Hoc s ng thun ca cng ng l mt kt qu tt v kha cnh x hi ca mt m hnh thnh cng. Thc t nhiu ni ph n tham gia tch cc vo vic xy dng v gim st cc h thng cp nc.

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5. y mnh s tham gia ca cng ng trong qun l ti nguyn nc Vit Nam: Nhng khuyn ngh ban u
Cc m hnh qun l ti nguyn nc c s tham gia ca cng ng chng minh c nhng thnh cng cp c s. Tuy nhin, kh nng m rng p dng v pht trin tm quc gia vn cn hn hu do c nhiu ro cn v kh khn v chnh tr, th ch, qun l v k thut trong khi thc hin. Nh ni trn, v mt php l, ti nguyn nc Vit Nam hin do nh nc s hu v qun l; ngha v bo v ti nguyn nc li c ch nh cho tt c mi c nhn v t chc trong nc. Quyn ra quyt nh i vi ti nguyn nc cp c s gn nh thuc v cc cng ty cp nc, cc x nghip thy nng v cc ban qun l rng u ngun, h cha, p, hoc cc c s nhnh ca h. y mnh s tham gia ca cng ng trong qun l ti nguyn nc ng ngha vi vic tng cng qu trnh phi tp trung ha (hay phn cp) qun l xung c s. thc hin c mc ch ny nhm nghin cu a ra nhng khuyn ngh ban u nh sau: - Thit ch cng ng phi c cng nhn v lut ha nh l mt thc th chnh chc trong x hi, c chc nng, ngha v v quyn li tham gia vo cng cuc pht trin kinh t x hi ca t nc. Gn y, Lut Bo v v Pht trin rng (sa i) ghi nhn thit ch ny. - Lut v Hi phi c thng qua sm, lm c s v to iu kin php l cho vic thnh lp cc t chc cng ng cp a phng. y l trin vng quan trng nht cng ng a phng c th tham gia mt cch hp php trong qun l ti nguyn ni chung. - Nng cao nhn thc cho nhng ngi xy dng chnh sch v ra quyt nh, cn b qun l, ngi lp k hoch ca Chnh ph v tm quan trng ca qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng, t c c th tc ng n cc quyt nh ca h c lin quan n qun l ngun nc. - Khuyn khch chnh quyn a phng h tr cc sng kin qun l ti nguyn nc c s tham gia ca cng ng thng qua cc lp o to, tp hun, hi tho, hp t vn hoc tham quan hc tp. - cp c s, cc m hnh qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng nn thc hin trong cc cng ng quy m nh - M hnh hon ton do cng ng trc tip qun l hin cn tip tc c cn nhc v nh gi do c nhng hn ch v ngun lc v nng lc. Cc m hnh phi hp gia cc t chc cng ng (nh hp tc x, hi nhng ngi s dng nc) v c quan nh nc hoc c lin quan n nh nc nn c u tin do c nhiu u th v kh nng qun l v ngun lc. Vi m hnh ny, cn phi nh r trch nhim, ngha v v quyn li ca cng ng trong qun l ti nguyn nc (da trn cc quy ch, quy nh, hng c)

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- Tng cng nng lc cho cng ng trong qun l ngun nc, phi xem y l nhn t quyt nh cho s thnh cng ca m hnh. Nhim v ny nn thc hin thng qua cc hot ng thc hnh ( cn gi l gio dc tri nghim), m bo p ng c nhu cu thc t ca cng ng. Cc chuyn gia ng vai tr quan trng trong vic h tr qun l v k thut cho cng ng. - Cn a dng ha cc ngun ng gp cho qun l ti nguyn nc t cng ng, nh nc v phi nh nc, trong s ng gp ca cng ng nn l ngun chnh gn kt vai tr s hu (quyn lm ch) ca cng ng i vi h thng nc. - Cng ng phi c tham gia vo qu trnh ra quyt nh v khai thc, s dng v qun l nggun nc. Khng ch n gin h n v gp kin cho nh gi ban u, lp k hoch hay bu chn ban qun l, m h nn tham gia trc tip trong vic la chn cng ngh, qun l ti chnh, nh gi v chi ph u t v gim st qu trnh thc hin. Tt nhin, s tham gia ny phi ph hp vi nng lc ca cng ng. - Nhng ngi gi, ph n v tr em trong cng ng phi c tham gia cc hot ng qun l ti nguyn nc, c bit l trong qu trnh lp k hoch, nh gi, xy dng, duy tu v gim st cc cng trnh nc. Cn xy dng cc chng trnh truyn thng v gio dc mi trng v bo v v qun l ngun nc cho tr em v ngi dn trong thn, x. - Cc m hnh qun l ti nguyn nc c s tham gia ca cng ng cn p dng cc kin thc truyn thng, bn a gii quyt cc vn lin quan n ngun nc v ci thin vic qun l chng. Nhng kin thc v kinh nghim c th thu thp t nhng ngi cao tui v c hiu bit trong cng ng. - Ty iu kin thc t, nc cn c nh gi nh l mt loi hng ho ng thi m bo phi p ng c nhu cu s dng nc ca tng h gia nh trong cng ng. nh gi nc c th l cch tt nht tit kim nc v thay i hnh vi ca cng ng trong bo tn ngun nc.

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6. cng nghin cu hin trng cc m hnh thnh cng v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng
Nghin cu hin trng tip theo nhm cung cp hiu bit su hn v cc m hnh c th c xem l tt nht v qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng. Nghin cu ny nhm c kt cc bi hc kinh nghim v chia s nhng m hnh qun l thnh cng lm c s nhn rng ra nhng vng khc Vit Nam. Da trn cc thng tin hin c, nhm nghin cu xut 04 a im thc hin nghin cu hin trng nh sau: 1) X Lng Vn, huyn Tn Lc, tnh Ha Bnh: y l x ca ng bo Mng sinh sng, c m hnh s dng nc c vn hnh v qun l theo cc phng php truyn thng c p dng cng ngh tin tin. Ti x ny c mt m nc, xung quanh c rng t nhin. Cng ng a phng tham gia bo v khu rng ng thi xy dng v vn hnh h thng cp nc ly ngun t m nc ni trn. 2) X Nam Mu, huyn Ba B, tnh Bc Kn: y l x ca ng bo Ty sinh sng ngay st Vn quc gia Ba B. Cng ng y qun l v duy tr m hnh nc t chy ly nc sinh hot v thy li theo phng php truyn thng. Nghin cu y s tm hiu s kt ni gia tp qun s dng v qun l nc ca cng ng a phng v vai tr ca h trong bo tn h Ba B. 3) X Bc Thnh, huyn Yn Thnh, tnh Ngh An: x ny c m hnh Hp tc x s dng nc (N6B) phc v mc ch thy li vng ng bng. Bc Thnh l mt x in hnh v canh tc la nc ca tnh Ngh An. M hnh ny s phn nh cch phi hp qun l gia x nghip thy nng (nh nc) v mt t chc nng dn trong qun l thy li c s tham gia. 4) X An Ho, huyn Tnh Bin, tnh Sc Trng: y l m hnh cng ng tham gia qun l v s dng nc sinh hot vng Nam B. y l m hnh c s h tr ca bn ngoi, t vn cho cng ng xy dng v qun l trm cp nc. Nhm nghin cu cng d kin nghin cu thm x V Hng, huyn Bch Thng, tnh Thi Nguyn vi m hnh v s dng v qun l nc sinh hot bi cng ng thng qua s h tr ca chnh quyn a phng. Ni dung nghin cu Ti mi im nghin cu phi xc nh c mc v bn cht ca s tham gia ca cng ng trong m hnh, nhng im mnh v yu ca cu trc qun l v thay i v s lng v cht lng ngun nc, t a ra cc bi hc kinh nghim ca mi m hnh. hon thnh nhim v trn, nhng thng tin sau cn c thu thp ti mi im nghin cu:

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1) iu kin t nhin v kinh t x hi: gm a hnh, iu kin kh hu, v tr a l, dn s v nhn khu, kinh t v mc i ngho, gio dc v chm sc sc kho, cc hot ng sn xut v dch v do b con a phng thc hin. 2) c im ca h thng cp nc ang c a phng qun l v s dng: tnh trng cc ngun nc, nhng thay i ca ngun nc theo thi gian; cc cng trnh v thit b s dng, s thay i qun l nc theo thi gian. 3) Phn tch m hnh qun l: - T chc vn hnh (gm c kha cnh cng ngh): chc nng ca h thng: c ch vn hnh v duy tu, ch th qun l v iu hnh; la chn cng ngh v thit b, qu trnh xy lp; iu l v quy nh vn hnh; nng lc qun l ca ca cng ng; - Th ch hay t chc qun l: loi hnh t chc qun l h thng; qu trnh thit lp cu trc qun l h thng; chc nng v cch thc hp tc vi cc bn lin quan; vai tr v tham gia ca cng ng; quyn s hu (lm ch) v quyn hn ca cng ng i vi h thng; - Qun l ti chnh: ng gp ca cng ng vo h thng; ph s dng nc; tiu th nc v hnh thc thanh ton; cc chi ph vn hnh v duy tu; li ch ti chnh ca cng ng; cc h tr t bn ngoi hoc cc khon u t; - Tc ng x hi: thi ca cng ng i vi s tham gia qun l ngun nc; nng lc qun l; nhng li ch x hi tng thm m cng ng t c (thi gian, cng lao ng, nhn thc, sn lng ma v .v.v...); - Tc ng sinh thi v mi trng: nhng thay i v cht lng v khi lng nc t m hnh; cc tc ng n ma mng, hoa mu v i sng t nhin (nhn t gc a phng); Phng php thc hin nghin cu 1) Hp v trao i vi chnh quyn a phng (UBND x, trng thn) v ban qun l h thng cp nc (nu c). Mu thu thp thng tin t cuc hp ny c trnh by trang sau. 2) Phng vn ngi dn/cng ng: ti mi x, nhm nghin cu s trc tip phng vn khong 30 ngi (hay h gia nh), c lu v t l gii, tm hiu nhn thc v s tham gia ca h v s dng v qun l ngun nc ti a phng. Biu mu phng vn c trnh by trang sau. 3) Quan st hin trng v hnh vi ca cng ng c lin quan n s dng v qun l nc K hoch thc hin T 15 thng Ging n 28 thng Hai, 2007: t chc nghin cu hin trng ti 4 im ni trn Ha Bnh, Bc Kn, Ngh An v Sc Trng; chun b v np bo co s b T thng Ba n 30 thng Su, 2007: thu thp kin ng gp v hon thnh bo co nghin cu.

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BIU MU THU THP THNG TIN NGHIN CU

M HNH QUN L V S DNG TI NGUYN NC DA VO CNG NG

(Dnh cho cn b chnh quyn a phng v ngi qun l m hnh)

a bn (thn/x/huyn/tnh) Thi gian (ngy/thng/nm) N gi thu thp thng tin N gi cung cp thng tin (tn/chc v)

1. 2. 3.

PHN I

THNG TIN C S V NA PHNG

1. iu kin a l v t nhin
1.1 c im a hnh v v tr a l 1.2 iu kin kh hu (ch ma kh, ma ma) 1.3 c im t nhin (cc loi sinh cnh, din tch tng ng, v c im sinh cnh) 1.4 iu kin th nhng (nht l cc iu kin v t ai c lin quan n cch thc qun l v s dng ti nguyn nc) 1.5 c im h thng sng, sui, ao h v knh mng (t nhin, nhn to) (s lng, phn b v c im ca cc thy vc ti a bn; c bit l cc thay i, bin ng ca cc thy vc a phng gn lin vi cc mc thi gian quan trng ca x/thn)

2. Dn s v dn tc
(tng s dn c ca thn/x, s h, t l nam n, dn tc, ngun gc dn c bn a hay di dn t u n,)

3. C s h tng, iu kin kinh t v sn xut

(C s h tng gm ng s, trng hc, trm y t, thng tin lin lc, h thng cp nc, cc c s dch v v thng mi; Ngnh ngh sn xut ca ngi dn, sn lng lng

24

thc, trng trt, chn nui, mc thu nhp ca ngi dn, t l ngho i, cc h thng h tr sn xut,.. )

4. Vn ha v x hi
(cc iu kin hay c trng v mt vn ha x hi - t chc cng ng, tp tc, quan nim x hi, cc quan nim v gi tr ti nguyn v trch nhim cng dn, cc l hi vn ha, cc hot ng sinh hot cng ng nht l cc hot ng c lin quan n s dng nc v ti nguyn ni chung)

5. Chnh quyn v th ch qun l

(Cc t chc, th ch ti a phng c lin quan n qun l v s dng ti nguyn nc, vai tr ca UBND v chnh quyn a phng, vai tr v chc nng ca cng ng, cch thc hay c ch qun l iu hnh ca a phng quan h gia chnh quyn v cng ng,)

PHN II

THNG TIN V M HNH QUN L T.N NC

1. M hnh qun l ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng thuc loi hnh no?

V mc ch s dng: Cung cp nc sinh hot Cung cp nc ti tiu, thy li cho sn xut nng nghip Cung cp nc cho c sinh hot v thy li Cung cp ngun nc cho nui trng thy sn N gun nc cho mc ch cng cng (cnh quan, cng vin, ngh dng, dch v sinh thi, vn ti) X l cc ngun nc thi Mc ch khc (yu cu vit r) M hnh t chc, bao gm: Tn m hnh (nhm, cu lc b, hp tc x, trung tm, dch v,): Loi hnh t chc (do chnh t cng ng thnh lp, do cng ng thnh lp c s h tr ca d n t bn ngoi, hnh thc lin kt gia cng ng v nh nc, hnh thc lin kt gia cng ng v doanh nghip, hoc c cng ng tham gia nhng mc xc nh,). ngh m t c th.

2. Ngun gc hnh thnh (ng c v nguyn nhn m hnh ra i hoc l do c s tham gia ca cng ng, thi gian thnh lp..)

25

3. C ch qun l (b my, cu trc t chc m hnh, gm cc bn (ai) tham gia v chc

nng nhim v ca cc bn; iu l, nguyn tc v tha thun hot ng; c ch tham gia ca cng ng; c ch phi hp; quy nh bu v gim st b my qun l,)

4. C ch vn hnh (cng ngh, thit b, vt liu ang s dng; ai xy dng v vn hnh; nng lc vn hnh k thut; ai bo tr v gim st; lch trnh vn hnh v gim st; lch trnh v hnh thc tham gian ca cng ng trong qu trnh vn hnh; kh nng ca m hnh v d, lu lng nc cung cp, din tch c ti tiu,;

5. Hot ng ti chnh
- Hng mc v chi ph u t ton b - Hng mc u t v chi ph do cng ng ng gp hay phi tr - N gun thu (thu, ph, ng gp theo nh k) v chi ph nh k - Hiu qu kinh t (so snh chi ph li ch hay mc bn vng v ti chnh) - N guyn tc hay quy nh qun l v bo co ti chnh

6. Tc ng x hi
- Cc vn v qun l v s dng nc m m hnh gp phn gii quyt - N ng lc ca cng ng lin quan n vn hnh v duy tr m hnh (tng ln/gim xung hay c ci thin kha cnh no) - Mc ng h / h tr ca Chnh quyn a phng; s hp tc vi cc bn lin quan - Mc ng h v thi tham gia ca cng ng; phn nh ca cng ng v quyn s hu, quyn ra quyt nh, v quyn qun l, gim st ca cng ng i vi m hnh; nhng li ch m cng ng trc tip thu c t m hnh,) - Cc trc trc v mu thun hoc c th xy ra vi cc bn lin quan khc

26

7. Tc ng mi trng / sinh thi

- N hng thay i v s lng v cht lng ngun nc t khi c m hnh - Tc ng n t ai - Tc ng n cy trng, ma v v vt nui - Tc ng n sinh cnh t nhin v ng vt hoang d ti a phng theo quan st v nh gi chung

PHN III NHN XT, NH GI CHUNG V KHUYN NGHN

1. Nhng li ch t m hnh

2. Nhng kh khn v cn tr trong qu trnh vn hnh m hnh

3. Kh nng m rng v tn ti lu di ca m hnh

4. Nhng khuyn ngh khc m hnh c hiu qu v bn vng

27

BIU MU PHNG VN H GIA NH

v nhn thc v mc tham gia Qun l v s dng ti nguyn nc da vo cng ng
ti thn x .. huyn/tnh

N gi phng vn: ... N gy phng vn: . a im phng vn: ..

PHN I

THNG TIN CHUNG

1. H tn ngi tr li phng vn (khng bt buc): . 2. Gii tnh: . Tui: Dn tc: . 3. Trnh hc vn: 4. Gia nh ng/b c my ngi: . 5. N gh nghip chnh/ hot ng to thu nhp chnh ca gia nh ng/b l g? 6. Thi gian (gia nh) ng/b sng ti a phng: . nm 7. (Gia nh) ng/b thng s dng (ti nguyn) nc vo mc ch g v ngun nc ly t u?
Mc ch s dng N c sinh hot hng ngy (n ung, tm, git) N c thy li, lm rung N c ti vn, chn nui nh N c vo h/p nui thy sn (c, tm) N c phc v hot ng sn xut, dch v khc N c ni cng cng bi, ngh ngi N c cho mc ch khc Ngun nc t u?

28

PHN II

NHN THC V MC THAM GIA CA CNG NG VO M HNH

8. ng/b c bit v tham gia vo m hnh s dng nc () ti a phng khng? C tham gia C bit, khng tham gia Khng tham gia, khng bit

N u khng tham gia, ngh cho bit l do v sao:

9. ng/b bit, tham gia vo qun l v s dng nc ca m hnh t nm no?.......... 10. N hng hnh thc tham gia no di y m ng/b c lin quan n m hnh: Hp cng ng (hp dn) ly kin xy dng m hnh (giai on u) Tham gia la chn v bu ra ban qun l theo mong mun ca mnh Tham gia hp lp k hoch hot ng hng nm ca m hnh c tho lun, gp v la chn cng ngh, thit b cho m hnh Tham gia ng gp (tin, lao ng, vt liu) xy dng v vn hnh m hnh Tham gia ban qun l, iu hnh m hnh qun l, s dng nc Tham gia vn hnh v bo dng m hnh qun l, s dng nc Tham gia gim st, theo di qu trnh xy dng, vn hnh v bo dng m hnh ng gp ph s dng nc v tham gia cc cuc hp c lin quan theo nh k Cc hnh thc khc . 10. ngh ng/b cho bit nhng li ch ca m hnh nc i vi gia nh ng/b? So vi trc y, m hnh ny gip gii quyt nhng vn , kh khn g; to ra nhng tin b, thay i g? (sc khe, tin bc, nng sut ma v, sinh hot, tnh cm,..) .

29

11. Khi tham gia vo qun l v s dng m hnh, ng/b c c tp hun, hng dn cc k thut v hiu bit v s dng nc khng? C Khng N u c, ngh cho bit ng/b c tp hun v hng dn nhng g? . 12. ng/b c c giao trch nhim hoc cm thy c trch nhim i vi vic qun l, vn hnh, bo v v gim st m hnh s dng nc ca a phng khng? C N u khng, ngh cho bit v sao? 13. ng/b c cm thy m hnh s dng nc nh l mt phn ti sn ca gia nh do mnh tham gia ng gp (cng, tin, vt liu) xy dng nn? (tnh s hu) C Khng Khng

14. ng/b c cho rng mnh c quyn can thip, v thng xuyn ng gp kin cho ban qun l m hnh s dng nc vn hnh tt hn? C N u c, ngh cho mt v d: 15. C iu g m ng/b khng bng lng hoc bn khon vi m hnh s dng nc hin ti? . Khng

30

Ti liu tham kho

Ti liu in
Bandaragoda, D.J.(2005). Stakeholder participation in developing institutions for integrated water resources management: Lessons from Asia. Working Paper 96. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Bruns, B. (1997). Agricultural Water Control in Vietnam: Challenges and Opportunities. A background paper for the National Seminar on Participatory Irrigation Management, 1997. Bch Thnh ng (2004). Nng cao hiu qu u t v s dng nc sch. Bn tin s 11: Chng trnh nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn, thng 10/2004: B NN PTNT Trn nh Hoan (2003). M hnh hiu qu hp tc cp nc nng thn. Bn tin s 8: Chng trnh nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn, thng 12/2003: B NN - PTNT L Vn Ln (2004). Nghin cu v cc tp tc v truyn thng bo v v s dng ti nguyn thin nhin ca ngi C Tu, huyn Nam ng v ng dng trong bo tn thin thin nhin da vo cng ng Vn Quc gia Bch M, CRES, H Ni Madeleen W.S. (1998). Community management models for small scale water supply systems. IRC International Water and Sanitation Center. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2003). Social Impact Assessment Phu Ninh Subproject. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) (2004). Participatory Irrigation Management: Pathways for Progress in Vietnam. MARD: Workshop proceedings. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) (2004). Participatory Irrigation Management: Pathways for Progress in Vietnam. MARD: Workshop proceedings. Molle, F. (2005). Irrigation and water policies in the Mekong region: Current discourses and practices. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IWMI. 43p. (Research report 95). Molle, F. (2005). Irrigation and water policies in the Mekong region: Current discourses and practices. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IWMI. 43p. (Research report 95). Nguyn Vn Phc (2004). Nghin cu nh gi ca ADB v cch tip cn c s tham gia trong thc hin qun l ti nguyn nc Vit Nam, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng. Trn Hu Sn, (1999). Cc c trng vn ha ca ngi Hmng trong giao tip vi mi trng, Ti liu hi tho. H Ni, CRES . The World Bank, MONRE and DANIDA (2003). 2003 Vietnam Environmental Monitor: Water Environment Report. Hanoi: the World Bank. Ng c Thnh (1999). Lut tc v qun l ti nguyn thin nhin. Ti liu hi tho, H Ni, CRES

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Nguyn Xun Tip (2002). An ton lng thc v ti nguyn nc Vit Nam. Ti liu trnh by ti hi tho v Nc, Lng thc v Mi trng Nguyn Hu Tr (1999). Vn ho truyn thng ca cng ng ngi bn a k Lc v mi trng . Ti liu hi tho. CRES, H Ni. Tran Chi Trung, Gupta A.D. et al (2002). Assessment of different irrigation management models in Vietnam. Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. Van den Berg, C. (2002). Vietnam: Evolving management models for small towns water supply in a transitional economy. Water and Sanitation Program for East Asia and the Pacific. Van den Berg, C. (2002). Vietnam: Evolving management models for small towns water supply in a transitional economy. Water and Sanitation Program for East Asia and the Pacific. Tho Vn (2004). Huy ng h tr cung cp nc nng thn. Bn tin s11: Chng trnh nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn, thng 10/2004: B NN PTNT. Chin lng quc gia v ti nguyn nc n nm 2020. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (2005)

Cc ngun tin Internet

24 triu nng dn cha c dng nc hp v sinh. Thng 6/2005. Theo B ti nguyn v mi trng, 15/6/2006 <www.ciren.gov.vn/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3504> L Qu An v cng s : Mi trng v cng ng. H Ni 2004 Hi bo tn thin nhin v mi trng Vit Nam. 21/6/2006 <www.vacne.org.vn/CD_ROM/root/data/HTML/ChuongVI-2.html> Country Water Actions: Viet Nam Integrated Water Resources Management: Practical Experiences and Successful Lessons in Bac Kan Province, Vietnam. 2006. Asian Development Bank (ADB). 15/6/2006. <www.adb.org/Water/CFWS/Pilot_study_03.asp> History of Community Management. Community and Water Supply Management. International Water and Sanitation Centre. 1998 2003. 19/6/2006. <www2.irc.nl/manage/whatisit/history.html> Trng Tin Hng, . i nt v nh hng ca tn ngng, tn gio i vi Lut tc ca ngi Chm Ninh Thun: Nghin cu v tn ngng, tp 1(thng 4/ 2006). 23/6/2006. <www.vae.org.vn/News_print.asp?id=2936> Jordan, Ryan. Chm sc ngun nc - ti nguyn chin lc th k 21 (Care for Water the Strategical Natural Resource of the 21st Century). 2003. The United Nations Development Programme in Vietnam. 15/6/2006. <www.undp.org.vn/undp/unews/features/03feat/feat05v.htm> Mt s tp qun bo v mi trng ca cc dn tc t ngi nc ta. Cc nghin cu khoa hc (5/2002). B khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng 19/6/2006. <www.tchdkh.org.vn/tchitiet.asp?code=832>

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The Government of Vietnam. Luat Tai nguyen nuoc (Laws on Water Resource). Vietnam Environment Protection Agency. 21/6/2006. <www.nea.gov.vn/luat/toanvan/Luat_TNNuoc2.html> The Prime Minister. Quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph s 81/2006/QD-TTg ngy 14 thng 4 nm 2006 ph duyt Chin lc quc gia v ti nguyn nc n nm 2020. Cc bo v mi trng Vit Nam. 21 /6/2006. <www.nea.gov.vn/luat/toanvan/QD_81-06_QD-TTga.htm> Vietnam. FAOs Information System on Water and Agriculture. 1999. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 19/6/2006. <www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/countries/viet_nam/print1.stm>

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Nghin cu ny c thc hin vi s ti tr ca Vn phng UNESCO Vit Nam