NHNG VN LIN QUAN N S DNG AMONIAC TRONG CNG NGHIP

H Ni- 2008

MC LC Trang I. M U II. GII THIU V AMONIAC II.1. Lch s pht hin v s dng amoniac II.2. Ngun pht sinh amoniac II.3. Mt s tnh cht c bn ca amoniac II.3.1. Tnh cht vt l II.3.2. Tnh cht ha hc III. TNH HNH SN XUT V S DNG AMONIAC
3

5 7 7 8 8 8 10 12

III.1. ng dng amoniac III.2. Sn xut v tiu th amoniac III.2.1. Sn xut amoniac III.2.2. Tiu th amoniac III.3. Tiu chun lin quan n amoniac IV. CNG NGH SN XUT AMONIAC IV.1. Quy trnh Haber tng hp amoniac IV.2. Cc bc trong quy trnh tng hp amoniac IV.3. Hng nghin cu cng ngh trong tng lai V. VN AN TON TRONG SN XUT, S DNG, LU TR V VN CHUYN AMONIAC V.1. Tnh cht c hi ca amoniac V.2. Tnh cht chy n ca amoniac V.3. Thao tc an ton vi NH3 lng V.3.1. Nguyn tc chung V.3.2. Mt s quy nh c th trong s dng an ton V.4. X l cc tnh hung khi lm vic vi amoniac V.5. Cc vn lin quan khc

12 12 12 14 15 16 16 18 22 22 22 25 25 25 26 28 30

I. M U Amoniac (NH3) l mt hp cht ca nit v hyro c tn quc t (theo IUPAC) l Azane, Ammonia, Hydrogen nitride, v mt s tn khc. Amoniac l mt ha cht c rt nhiu ng dng. Trc y trong thi k Chin tranh Th gii th II, NH3 lng tng c thit k s dng lm thuc phng tn la. Trc khi diclorodiflorometan (Freon 12 hay R12) v mt s cht hu c cha flo, clo (nhm cc cht CFC) c pht minh ra v p dng lm mi cht lnh, th NH3 lng l mi cht lnh c tn. Tuy nhin do tnh c hi v hiu sut nng lng thp m NH3 lng c thi phi nhng ch cho cc CFC trong lnh vc lm lnh, nht l cc thit b lm lnh dn dng cng sut nh (t lnh, my iu ha khng kh, v.v). Tuy nhin i vi cc dy chuyn lnh cng sut ln, NH3 lng vn pht huy tc dng, nht l t nm 1994 khi nhiu nc c lnh cm sn xut v s dng cc CFC gim hin tng ph hy tng ozon theo Ngh nh th Montreal (1987). Hin nay NH3 vn c s dng nhiu nht trong sn xut phn bn v mt s ho cht c bn. Trong lng s dng cho sn xut phn bn (c dng rn v lng) chim phn ln, n trn 80% sn lng NH3 ton th gii v tng ng vi khong 1% tng cng sut pht nng lng ca th gii. Bn
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cnh NH3 vn c s dng trong cng nghip ng lnh (sn xut nc , bo qun thc phm, v.v...), trong cc phng th nghim, trong tng hp hu c v ha dc, y t v cho cc mc ch dn dng khc. Ngoi ra trong cng ngh mi trng, NH3 cn c dng loi b kh SO2 trong kh thi ca cc nh my c qu trnh t nhin liu ha thch (than, du) v sn phm amoni sunfat thu hi ca cc qu trnh ny c th c s dng lm phn bn. NH3 cng c dng theo cng ngh kh chn lc (selective catalytic reduction- SCR) vi xc tc cha vanai loi cht nhim NOx trong khi ng c. Hin ti NH3 lng l dng thng phm c s dng quy m ln nht. Ngoi NH3 lng, trong cng nghip ngi ta cn dng c dung dch NH 3 trong nc, c bit dng ny vn cn c dng trc tip lm phn bn ti mt s nc (nh Hoa K, Nga). Ti Nga, ngi ta dng nhiu NH3 dng dung dch (cng thc quy c l NH3.H2O) theo tiu chun GOST 9-92 (liquid ammonia technical GOST 9-92). y l dung dch NH3 trong nc, c nng NH3 l 25% (min), c sn xut di 2 dng l loi A (type A) dng cho cc ngnh cng nghip v loi B (type B) dng trong nng nghip (trc tip lm phn bn). Dng cc dung dch NH3 trong nc an ton hn dng NH3 lng do khng chy v khng gy n, tuy nhin hi amoniac tch ra t dung dch vn c th to hn hp n vi khng kh trong nhng iu kin thch hp.Vic lu tr, chuyn ch cc dung dch ny cng n gin hn nhiu so vi NH3 lng do khng cn cc bn chu p lc chuyn dng (ch cn dng thng ng c np thng thng v c th np ti a n 95% dung tch bnh cha). NH3 dng trong cc phng th nghim v cho cc mc ch dn dng thng dng dung dch nc c nng 5, 10 hoc 25% cc cp tinh khit (P) hoc tinh khit phn tch (PA). Do mt s tnh cht ring ca NH3, ngi lm vic v s dng NH3 phi i mt vi nhng ri ro do cht ny em li nh tnh c, kh nng gy nhim mi trng, kh nng gy mt an ton do p sut cao (khi s dng amoniac lng) v mt s nguy c khc. V vy ti cc nc, qu trnh sn xut, lu tr v vn chuyn amoniac u c cc quy trnh v quy nh c th. Ti Vit Nam do vn ny cn tng i mi, nn mi ch c rt t ti liu phc v nhng ngi trc tip s dng NH 3 ti cc c s sn xut, m cha c cc ti liu, thng tin rng ri v vn ny. nc ta, NH3 c s dng kh lu trong cng nghip lm lnh. Tuy nhin vic s dng cn gii hn quy m nh. Trong nhng nm gn y, trong ngnh cng nghip trong nc, amoniac li ni ln nh l mt sn phm trung gian, mt tin cht quan trng, c nhu cu ln trong cng nghip sn xut cc loi phn bn cha m v phn tng hp (ur, DAP, v.v) v vy cc thng tin lin quan n NH3 cng c quan tm nhiu hn. Trong ti liu ny, chng ti s a ra mt s thng tin c bn nht, lin quan n cc qu trnh sn xut, s dng, lu tr v vn chuyn amoniac. II. GII THIU V AMONIAC II.1. Lch s pht hin v s dng amoniac Ngi Roman xa tm thy mui amoni clorua ti n th thn Jupiter ti x Libi c v gi mui l mui Amun ( salt of Amun). Trong mt tc phm c, Caius Plinius Secundus (hay cn gi l Pliny the Elder) c nhc n tn mt loi mui c gi l Hammoniacus (hammoniacus sal, hay cn gi l sal ammoniac). Vo Th k th 8, cc nh gi kim thut Arp bit n sal ammoniac. Sau
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 vo Th k 13, Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan) v cc nh gi kim thut chu u cng nhc n tn mui ny. Vo thi k Trung th k, nhng ngi th nhum bit dng mui sal ammoniac (cn c gi l nc tiu ln men) lm i mu cc loi thuc nhum c ngun gc tho mc. Vo Th k 15, Basilius Valentinus ch ra rng c th thu c amoniac bng cc cho kim tc dng vi sal ammoniac. Sau loi mui ny c iu ch bng cch chng (nhit phn) sng v mng gia sc, sau trung ha dch ct cha cacbonat thu c vi axit clohyric (HCl). Ln u tin amoniac dng kh do Joseph Priestley phn lp vo nm 1774 v c ng t tn l khng kh kim (alkaline air). Tuy nhin ngi u tin thu c cht kh ny l nh gi kim thut Basil Valentine. 11 nm sau, Claude Louis Berthollet xc nh c thnh phn phn t ca amoniac l NH3. Fritz Haber v Carl Bosch l nhng ngi pht hin quy trnh sn xut amoniac vo nm 1909. Cng trnh ny c ng k pht minh vo nm 1910. Ngi c l l nhng ngi u tin trn th gii s dng amoniac quy m cng nghip trong thi k i chin th gii ln th I sau khi b phong ta mt ngun natri nitrat t Chil. Khi amoniac c c ngi c dng sn xut thuc n phc v chin tranh. II. 2. Ngun pht sinh amoniac Hin nay ngoi ngun NH3 nhn to (cc nh my sn xut phn ur hoc cc nh my chuyn sn xut amoniac lng), trong t nhin cng c mt lng nh NH3 tn ti trong kh quyn do thng xuyn hp cht ny c to ra t cc qu trnh phn hy cc vt liu hu c c ngun gc ng, thc vt. Trong nc ma, nc bin ngi ta cng pht hin thy c NH3 v cc cc mui amoni. Hot ng ca ni la cng l ngun sinh ra mui amoni (nh amoni clorua NH 4Cl v amoni sunfat (NH4)2SO4). Ti mt s vng khong cha sa, ngi ta cng thy c cc tinh th amoni bicacbonat NH4HCO3. Cc hot ng sinh ha hng ngy ca ngi v ng vt cng l ngun sinh ra NH3. II.3. Mt s tnh cht c bn ca amoniac II.3.1. Tnh cht vt l Amoniac c cng thc phn t l NH3. Phn t lng NH3 l 17,0306g/mol. iu kin thng, NH3 khan l mt cht kh khng mu, nh bng na khng kh (t trng so vi khng kh bng 0,596 OoC), c mi sc c trng. Amoniac khan to khi trong khng kh m. Amoniac ha tan mnh trong nc to thnh dung dch nc ca NH3 (hay cn gi l amoni hyroxit do trong dung dch nc ca amoniac c to thnh NH4OH). OoC, NH3 c ha tan cc i l 89,9g trong 100 ml nc. Dung dch nc ca NH3 (cn c tn l nc i qu) kh bn nhng b loi gn ht NH3 khi un ti si. Nng ca amoni hyroxit c th c xc nh bng t trng k hoc Bom k. p sut kh quyn, NH3 ha lng ti -33,34oC (239,81oK), c trng lng ring 682 g/lit ti 4oC, ha rn ti -77,73oC (195,92oK), v vy nhit thng ngi ta phi lu tr NH3 lng di p sut cao (khong trn 10 atm ti 25,7oC). Do NH3 lng c entalpy (nhit bay hi) H thay i ln (23,35kJ/mol) nn cht ny c dng lm mi cht lm lnh.
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NH3 lng l mt dung mi ha tan tt nhiu cht v l mt trong nhng dung mi ion ha khng nc quan trong nht. N c th ha tan cc kim loi kim, kim th v mt s kim loi t him to ra cc dung dch kim loi (c mu), dn in v c cha cc electron solvat ha. Di y l bng tm tt mt s tnh cht c trng ca NH3 im si ( p sut kh quyn) T trng (so vi khng kh OoC) ha tan trong nc g/100g H2O -33,34C 0,596 89,9 (OoC) 60 ( 15C) 7,4 (100C) tan ca NH3 kh trong 1 lit nc Gii hn n vi khng kh 700 lt (20C) 15-28% (th tch)

tan ca mt s mui v c trong NH3 lng: tan (g mui/ 100 g NH3 lng) Amoni axetat Amoni nitrat Liti nitrat Natri nitrat Kali nitrat Natri florua Natri clorua Natri brorua Natri iodua Natri tioxyanat 253.2 389.6 243.7 97.6 10.4 0.35 3.0 138.0 161.9 205.5

NH3 lng l mt dung mi ion ha nhng yu hn nc. N c th ha tan v phn li nhiu hp cht c lin kt ion in hnh nh cc mui nitrat, nitrit, xyanua, v.v ...ca kim loi kim v amoni. Trong NH 3 lng, cc mui amoni tan u c tnh axit. So vi trong mi trng nc, th oxyha kh ca nhiu h trong NH3 lng u chuyn sang dng hn. E (V, amoniac lng) Li+ + e Li K+ + e K Na+ + e Na 2.24 1.98 1.85
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E (V, nc) 3.04 2.93 2.71

Zn2+ + 2e Zn NH4+ + e H2 + NH3 Cu2+ + 2e Cu Ag+ + e Ag II.3.2. Tnh cht ha hc

0.53 0.00 +0.43 +0.83

0.76 +0.34 +0.80

Phn t NH3 c cu trc kim t thp tam gic (trigonal pyramid). Trong khng kh, NH3 l cht bn, khng t bc chy v khng duy tr s chy. nhit cao (1200oC) v c mt ca cht xc tc thch hp, amoniac c th b phn hy thnh nit v hyro. 2NH3 N2 + 3H2 t= 1200C (1)

NH3 c th phn ng vi cc cht oxy ha. V d: n c th chy trong oxy vi ngn la mu lc vng yu cho sn phm l nit v nc; c th chy trong kh clo, nit b y ra v to HCl, cn trong trng hp d NH3 th c th xy ra n mnh ng thi to thnh nit triclorua NCl3. Khi nit trong phn t NH3 chuyn ha tr t - 3 ln +3. Cng v l NH3 d dng phn ng vi nhiu cht, trong c cc cht oxy ha mnh, cc axit mnh, v.v..., nn trong thc t ngi ta khuyn co khng nn trn ln (hoc gn) amoniac vi cc axit mnh, cc halogen, cc cht cht ty trng clorin (chlorine bleach) hoc cc cht oxy ha mnh khc. NH3 khan ( m di 0,2%) khng phn ng vi HCl khan, tuy nhin khi c mt ca nc ( m) s xy ra phn ng mnh. Trong trng hp ny, NH3 th hin tnh baz in hnh. Dung dch nc ca amoniac thng c gi l amoni hyroxit vi hng s baz pk=4,75, v tc dng t lng vi cc axit v to cc mui amoni. V d: NH3 + HCl NH4Cl (2)

Phn ng to khi trng rt c trng khi cho hi NH3 tip xc vi dung dch HCl m c. Trong khi bn thn NH3 khan li l mt axit rt yu, c th mt 1 proton H + to thnh anion amid NH2-. V d cho liti nitrua vo NH3 lng ngi ta nhn c anion amid (NH2- ) Li3N(s)+ 2 NH3 (l) 3 Li+(am) + 3 NH2(am) (3)

Hyro trong NH3 c th b cc kim loi mnh y ra v th ch to ra cc nitrua nh magie c th chy trong NH3 to magie nitrua Mg3N2. Natri hoc kali kim loi nng c th to ra cc nitrua (NaNH2, KNH2) khi tc dng vi NH3. NH3 c th b oxy ha thnh axit nitric HNO3 vi s c mt ca xc tc platin nhit 750800 C, p sut oxy 9 atm. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh Oswald
o

4 NH3 + 8 O2 4 HNO3 + 4 H2O

(4)

T axit nitric ngi ta c th sn xut nhiu dn xut ca nit trong c cc cht n. NH3 t bc chy 651 C v c th to hn hp n vi khng kh khi nng nm trong vng 1625% (c ti liu ni l 16-28%). NH3 c tnh n mn cc kim loi v hp kim cha ng (Cu), km (Zn), nhm (Al), vng (Au), bc (Ag), thy ngn (Hg), v.v... V vy trong thc t ngi ta khuyn co khng nn hi hoc dung
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dch amoniac tip xc vi cc vt dng c cha cc kim loi hoc hp kim ny. Khi NH3 tip xc lu di vi mt s kim loi (Au, Ag, Hg, Ge, Te, Sb) th c th to ra cc hp cht kiu fuminat d gy n nguy him. Amoniac lng ph hy cc cht do, cao su, gy phn ng trng hp n ca etylen oxit. III. TNH HNH SN XUT V S DNG AMONIAC III.1. ng dng amoniac Amoniac c s dng c trong cng nghip v trong i sng hng ngy. C th: - Dung dch nc ca NH3 c nng 25% hoc thp hn thng c dng trong cc phng th nghim v trong i sng. - Dung dch NH3 c s dng trong nng nghip nh: to mi trng chng ng (nng NH3 0,03% v axit boric 0,2-0,5%) bo qun m cao su (latex) hoc c s dng trc tip lm phn bn. - Dung dch amoniac hoc amoniac lng c s dng trong x l mi trng nhm loi cc NOx hoc SOx trong cc cc kh thi khi t cc nguyn liu ha thch (than , du, v.v). Qu trnh ny thng c th phi dng cht xc tc cha vanai. - Dung dch amoniac hoc amoniac lng c s dng trong cng nghip sn xut phn bn, ha cht v ha dc. III.2.Sn xut v tiu th amoniac III.2.1. Sn xut amoniac NH3 l mt loi ha cht hin c sn xut quy m ln trn th gii vi sn lng hng trm triu tn/nm v sn xut amoniac lun chim v tr quan trng trong cn bng ngn sch ca th gii. Di y l cc s liu ca Hip hi Phn bn quc t (IFA) v sn lng ca amoniac th gii trong cc nm gn y: Nm 2004 Nm 2005 Nm 2006 Nm 2007 Nm 2008 Nm 2010 159,1 triu tn 162,3 triu tn 166,1 triu tn 176,6 triu tn 184,0 triu tn D kin khong 202 triu tn

Sn lng NH3 (nm 2004) cao nht l Trung Quc (chim 28,4% sn lng ton cu), n (8,6%) Nga (8,4%), Hoa K (8,2%). Ngoi ra mt s nc ti khu vc Trung ng, Nam M, ng Nam , cng c cc nh my sn xut phn m nn cng sn xut nhiu NH3. Trong nhng nm gn y s nh my phn m ti khu vc Ty v Trung ng tng ln do c u th v gi kh thin nhin nn t l v sn lng NH3 ti cc khu vc trn th gii ang thay i.

Cc chuyn gia trong ngnh d bo sn lng amoniac ca th gii d kin s tng bnh qun 7%/nm nu tnh hnh sn xut ho cht ny ca cc nc trn th gii tin trin theo ng k hoch. Khu vc Ty c th chim 1/3 mc gia tng sn lng trong khong thi gian trn. Ti Vit Nam hin nay c 2 c s c sn xut NH3, l Nh my Phn m Bc Giang (ti tnh Bc Giang) ca Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin Phn m v Ha cht H Bc thuc Tng Cng ty Ha cht Vit Nam (VINACHEM) v Nh my Phn m Ph M (ti tnh B Ra- Vng Tu) thuc Tp on Du kh Vit Nam (PetroVietnam). Nh my Phn m Bc Giang chuyn sn xut phn ur t ngun nguyn liu than (dng cc) do Trung Quc gip xy dng t nm 1960 nhng do chin tranh v nhiu kh khn khc m n nm 1973 Nh my mi c sn phm ur. Nh my c cng sut thit k ban u 10 nghn tn ur/ nm. Nm 1977 Nh my chnh thc i vo sn xut sau khi phc. Thi k 2000-2003 Nh my c ci to k thut nng cng sut ln 150 nghn tn ur/nm v chy cng sut 180 nghn tn ur/nm t n nay. Bn cnh sn xut ur, Nh my cng c kh nng cung cp CO 2 lng v rn, nng lng in v 5-10 nghn tn NH3 lng/nm ty theo nhu cu th trng. Sn phm NH3 lng ca Nh my t tinh khit 99,9% v t c mt s gii thng, huy chng (Huy chng Vng Hi ch Kinh t Quc dn nm 1986, 1988; Huy chng Vng Hi ch Kinh t hng cng nghipVit Nam nm 1993; Huy chng vng Hi ch Quc t Ha cht Vit Nam nm 1997; Gii thng Bng la Vng Hi ch Nng nghip Quc t Cn Th nm 1997). Nh my Phn m Ph M chuyn sn xut ur t ngun kh thin nhin, khnh thnh v bt u i vo sn xut t cui nm 2004. Nh my c cng sut thit k 760 nghn tn ur/nm. Ngoi sn phm ur, Nh my cn c nng lc cung cp nng lng in v 90-100 nghn tn NH 3/nm ty theo nhu cu th trng. Sn phm NH3 lng ca Nh my t tinh khit 99,9%; hm lng nc nh hn 0,1%; hm lng st nh hn 2mg/lt; hm lng ng nh hn 8mg/lt. T nay n sau nm 2010, ti Vit Nam s c thm mt s nh my sn xut phn m (c sn xut c NH3) nh: Nh my phn m t than cm ti Ninh Bnh (VINACHEM u t) cng sut 560 nghn tn ur/nm, Nh my Phn m C Mau (thuc T hp Kh-in-m do PetroVietnam u t) chy bng nguyn liu kh thin nhin, cng sut 800 nghn tn ur/nm. C hai nh my phn m ny ang trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng. Ngoi ra cn mt d n v sn xut phn m cng ang c chun b u t nh: D n sn xut phn m t than ti Nghi Sn (Thanh Ha) v mt s d n khc. III.2.2. Tiu th amoniac Phn ln (trn 80%) NH3 c tiu th vi mc ch sn xut phn bn. NH3 lng l dng thng phm ch yu c s dng quy m ln v ch yu cng sn xut phn bn. Gi NH3 thay i mnh ty theo tnh hnh thay i gi phn m th gii. Nu nh nm 2005 gi NH3 trn th trng th gii ch khong trn 200 USD/tn th u nm 2008 vt 700 USD/tn (FOB). Tuy nhin t gia nm 2008 n nay gi NH3 gim nh xung cn 450-550 USD/tn. Ti Vit Nam, NH3 ngoi lnh vc sn xut phn ur, lng NH3 tiu th ch yu l cho lnh vc lm lnh (sn xut nc , bo qun thc phm v thy sn, v.v...).

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n nay, vi cng sut ur c nc tng cng vo khong 900-950 nghn tn/nm, th lng NH3 cn cho sn xut phn bn trong nc hng nm l 500-540 nghn tn NH 3. Khi lng ny do cc c s sn xut t sn xut, cn i v hin khng phi nhp khu thm t bn ngoi. Cc nh my phn ur C Mau (t kh thin nhin), Ninh Bnh (t than cm) khi hon thnh thi cng xy dng v i vo hot ng cng s tiu th nhng lng ln NH3 do cc nh my t sn xut. Nm 2009, Nh my sn xut DAP Hi Phng ca VINACHEM bt u i vo hot ng (vi cng sut 330 nghn tn DAP/nm), th c kh nng phi nhp khu khong 90-100 nghn tn NH 3 lng/nm. Mt s nh my DAP tip tc c xy dng trong tng lai cng c tnh ton l s s dng NH3 lng nhp khu hoc cn i mt phn t cng sut d ca cc nh my ur trong nc. Hin nay cng c nhng tnh ton v kh nng u t mt c s sn xut NH 3 phc v cho nhu cu s dng trong nc (sn xut DAP, SA, v.v) v xut khu. Hin cha thy c s liu chnh thc v mc tiu th amoniac lng lm mi cht lnh ti Vit Nam, song qua s lng amoniac d tha c kh nng bn ra ca cc c s c sn xut amoniac (Nh my Phn m Bc Giang v Nh my Phn m Ph M) trong nhng nm gn y, c th s b c tnh nhu cu ny hng nm ca c nc l khng vt 100 nghn tn. III.3. Tiu chun lin quan n amoniac Hin ti c mt s tiu chun Vit Nam v quc t lin quan n NH3 ang c p dng nc ta: STT 1 2 Tiu chun TCVN 1993 TCVN 1993 Ni dung 2613- Amoniac lng tng hp. Yu cu k thut (Technical requirements) 2614- Amoniac lng tng hp. Ly mu (Liquid synthetic amoniac.Sampling) Amoniac lng tng hp. Phng php xc nh hm lng amonic (Liquid synthetic ammonia. Method for the determination of ammonia content) Amoniac lng tng hp. Phng php xc nh hm lng nc (Liquid synthetic ammonia. Method for the determination of water content) Amoniac lng tng hp. Phng php xc nh hm lng du (Liquid synthetic ammonia. Method for the determination of oilcontent) Amoniac lng tng hp. Phng php xc nh hm lng st (Liquid synthetic ammonia. Method for the determination of iron content) Ammonia solution for industrial use -- Determination of ammonia content -- Titrimetric method Ammonia solution for industrial use -- Determination of residue after evaporation at 105 degrees C -- Gravimetric method

TCVN 2615:1993 TCVN 2616:1993 TCVN 2617:1993 TCVN 2618:1993 ISO 7108:1985 ISO 7109:1985

6 7 8

IV. CNG NGH SN XUT AMONIAC

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IV. 1. Quy trnh Haber tng hp amoniac Trc i chin Th gii ln I, NH3 c iu ch quy m rt nh bng cch chng ct cc cht thi ng thc vt, than , hoc cho cc mui amoni, nht l amoni clorua (sal ammoniac), tc dng vi kim (vi). Phn ng xy ra nh sau: 2 NH4Cl + 2 CaO CaCl2 + Ca(OH)2 + 2 NH3 (5)

Mc d trong khng kh rt sn nit, nhng phi n u Th k 20, nh phn ng c nh nit con ngi mi c th sn xut NH3 v cc hp cht cha m khc quy m cng nghip. Hai nh ha hc ngi c (Fritz Haber v Carl Bosch) l nhng ngi u tin pht hin quy trnh sn xut amoniac vo nm 1909 v cng trnh ny c ng k pht minh vo nm 1910. Quy trnh Haber (hay cn gi l quy trnh Haber-Bosch) l quy trnh da trn phn ng c nh nit bng hyro trn nn st (xc tc) to ra NH 3 . y l mt phn ng v cng quan trng v n l c s sn xut NH3 quy m cng nghip phc v sn xut phn m. Cc cng ngh sn xut NH3 mang tn khc nhau c ng k pht minh v sau ny ch yu vn da trn nguyn tc c nh nit bng hyro ca Haber-Bosch trn c s thay i nguyn liu u, cht xc tc v cc iu kin phn ng (p sut, nhit , v.v). Hin nay trn th gii c mt s cng ngh sn xut amoniac ang c p dng thng mi, trong c 5 cng ngh c thng mi ha nhiu nht l: 1/ Cng ngh Haldor Topsoe ; 2/ Cng ngh M.W. Kellogg; 3/ Cng ngh Krupp Uhde; 4/ Cng ngh ICI; 5/ Cng ngh Brown & Root. Ring cng ngh Haldor Topsoe hin chim n 50% th phn trn th trng cng ngh trong lnh vc tng hp amoniac trn th gii. Hin cc nh my sn xut amoniac (v phn m) hin i nht trn th gii u chuyn nguyn liu u, v d kh thin nhin (ch yu l metan NH 4), kh ha lng (cha propan v butan), hoc naphta, than thnh kh tng hp (syngas) c cha hyro (H2) v cacbon monooxit (CO). Tip theo H2 c tch t syngas (sau khi chuyn CO thnh CO2 v c loi i). Nit (N2) c ly t khng kh sau khi tch ht oxy trong qu trnh kh ha nguyn liu cha cacbon. Sau cc qu trnh ra kh v iu chnh t l N2:H2 ngi ta tin hnh tng hp NH3 bng qu trnh HaberBosch theo phn ng: 3 H2 + N2 2 NH3 (6)

Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta c th ly hyro t cc ngun khc (v d in phn). Ti Vit Nam, cc nh my phn m mi c xy dng hoc ang c xy dng u p dng quy trnh cng ngh tng hp amoniac ca hng Haldor Topsoe nh: Nh my Phn m Ph M ca PetroVietnam ti B Ra- Vng Tu (i t kh t nhin) k mua bn quyn cng ngh nm 2002, Nh my Phn am Ninh Bnh ca VINACHEM ti Ninh Bnh (i t than ) k nm 2007, Nh my Phn m C Mau ca PetroVietnam ti C Mau (i t kh thin nhin) k nm 2008.
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IV.2. Cc bc trong quy trnh tng hp amoniac C th tm tt qu trnh sn xut (tng hp) amoniac quy m cng nghip gm mt s bc nh sau: 1. iu ch hn hp kh nit - hydro Kh tng hp (syngas) thng c iu ch bng cc phng chuyn ha kh thin nhin, kh ha than, phn ly kh cc. Trong trng hp nguyn liu l kh thin nhin: Kh thin nhin (ch yu cha metan CH4) c chuyn ha bng hi nc hoc oxi theo cc phn ng: CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2 CH4 + 1/2 O2 = CO + 2H2 Kh CO to thnh c chuyn ha tip thnh hydro v CO2: CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 (9) (7) (8)

Ty theo cht oxi ha s dng m trong cng nghip c 3 loi cng ngh chuyn ha: - Chuyn ha bng hi nc c xc tc. - Chuyn ha bng hi nc v oxi c xc tc. - Chuyn ha khng c xc tc bng oxi hay khng kh giu oxi. Trong trng hp nguyn liu l than : V nguyn tc, kh ha than iu ch syngas cng tng t. Nu coi trong than ch ch yu cha cacbon v khng tnh n cc thnh phn tp cht khc th qu trnh kh ha c coi nh gm cc phn ng chnh sau: Cc phn ng d th: C + O2 C + CO2 C + H2 O C + 2H2 Cc phn ng ng th: CO + 3H2 CO + H2O CH4 + H2O CO2 + H2 (15) (14) CO2 2CO (10) (11)

CO + H2 (12) CH4 (13)

Kt thc qu trnh chuyn ha, ngi ta thu c hn hp kh N2 + H2 c ln kh CO2 v mt t CO, CH4. 2. Lm sch kh Trc khi tng hp NH3, hn hp kh N2 + H2 iu ch c phi c cho qua h thng lm sch kh loi cc tp cht (H2S, CO2, CO...) c hi n h xc tc. Ngi ta tch kh CO 2 v H2S bng cch ra bng nc p sut cao. Ngy nay, ngi ta s dng rng ri dung dch etanolamin trong nc, ch yu l mono etanolamin CH2-CH2(OH)NH2 tch loi cc kh trn. 3. Nn kh
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Dng cc my nn cng sut ln to p sut cn thit cho hn hp kh trong h thng tng hp amoniac 4. Tng hp amoniac Da vo p sut s dng, ngi ta chia lm 3 loi h thng tng hp amoniac: - H thng lm vic p sut thp 100 160 atm. - H thng lm vic p sut trung bnh 250 360 atm. - H thng lm vic p sut cao 450 1000 atm. Thp tng hp amoniac s dng h thng p sut trung bnh l thng dng nht. Di y s trnh by s lc 2 cng ngh sn xut amoniac in hnh nht: Cng ngh Haldor Topsoe A/S l cng ngh sn xut amoniac c mc tiu hao nng lng thp, i t cc loi nguyn liu hyrocacbon khc nhau, t kh thin nhin n naphta nng v c than . Hin nay trn th gii c hn 60 nh my ln sn xut amoniac t kh thin nhin theo cng ngh Haldor Topsoe A/S. Ngoi ra, nhiu nh my sn xut amoniac i t cc nguyn liu khc cng p dng cng ngh ny. T nm 1988, c 52% sn lng amoniac ca cc nh my amoniac mi xy dng trn th gii c sn xut theo cng ngh Haldor Topsoe A/S. M t quy trnh: Nguyn liu kh (hoc hyrocacbon ni chung) c tch lu hunh, sau c phi trn vi hi nc v c chuyn ha thnh kh tng hp trong thit b cracking bng hi nc. Thit b reforming bao gm mt thit b reforming s b (y l thit b ty chn, nhng c bit c ch khi s dng nguyn liu hyrocacbon cao hoc naphta), mt thit b reforming ng t v mt thit b reforming th cp. Kh cng ngh c np vo thit b reforming th cp ny. Thit b reforming bng hi nc, vi thit k kiu ng, l thit b theo thit k t thnh bn c Cng ty Topsoe ng k sng ch. Sau cng on reforming, kh tng hp s i qua cc cng on chuyn ha shift nhit cao v nhit thp, cng on tch CO2 v metan ha. Kh tng hp c nn n p sut cn thit, sau c chuyn ha thnh amoniac trong cng on tng hp vi cc thit b tng hp. Cc thit b tng hp ny c cc tng m xc tc (S - 200, S 250 hoc S- 300). Sn phm amoniac c ngng t (ha lng) v tch bng cch lm lnh. Tt c cc cht xc tc s dng trong cc bc phn ng xc tc ca quy trnh u do Topsoe cung cp. Cng ngh Krupp Uhde l cng ngh sn xut amoniac t kh thin nhin, kh ho lng hoc naphta. Nu sa i cc thit b u - cui mt cch thch hp th cng c th s dng cc nguyn liu hyrocacbon khc nh than, du, cc loi b hoc metanol. Trong thi gian t nm 1990 n nm 2000 c 40 nh my p dng cng ngh ny c a vo vn hnh vi cng sut 500 -1.800 tn/ngy. Theo quy trnh cng ngh Krupp Uhde, ngi ta p dng phng php reforming thng thng bng hi nc sn xut syngas cha CO v H2, tip theo s dng chu trnh tng hp amoniac vi thit b trung p. Phng php ny c ti u ha gim tiu th nng lng v tng n nh vn hnh. Nh my ln nht c xy dng theo cng ngh Krupp Uhde c cng sut 1.800 tn amoniac/ngy v nh mc tiu hao nng lng l 6,65 Gcal/ tn NH3. M t quy trnh:
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Nguyn liu (v d kh thin nhin) c tch lu hunh, phi trn vi hi nc v c chuyn ho thnh syngas nh xc tc niken p sut khong 40 bar v nhit 800-850 oC. Thit b reforming s cp ca Krupp Uhde l thit b t phn trn, c cc ng c lm bng thp hp kim v h thng ng x lnh nng cao n nh vn hnh. Trong thit b reforming th cp, khng kh c a vo syngas qua h thng vi phun c bit, cho php phi trn hon ho hn hp khng kh vi syngas. Cng on to hi nc v un qu nhit tip theo m bo s dng ti a nhit nng ca quy trnh t hiu qu nng lng ti u. Kh CO c chuyn ha thnh CO2 trong cc thit b chuyn ha nhit cao v nhit thp vi tc dng ca cc xc tc. Kh CO 2 c loi b thit b ra kh, CO 2 d c chuyn ha thnh metan nh phn ng metan ha c xc tc gim hm lng CO2 di mc cho php. Qu trnh tng hp amoniac s dng hai thit b chuyn ha vi ba tng xc tc bt st. Nhit thi c s dng sn xut hi dng cui dng. Thit b sn xut hi bng nhit thi c b phn gia nhit s b nc np vi cc ng lm lnh c bit gim nhit v xung mc ti thiu v gim ng sut vt liu. Thit k dng chy xuyn tm cho php hn ch ti a s tt p trong qu trnh tng hp v tng ti a hiu sut chuyn ha amoniac. Amoniac lng ngng t v c tch ra khi qu trnh tng hp, sau c lm lnh tip xung di nhit ngng t v a vo b cha, hoc c vn chuyn ti a ch tiu th. Ti Vit Nam, cc nh my sn xut phn ur mi u t hoc s u t xy dng trong thi gian ti nh Nh my Phn m Ph M ( hot ng nm 2004), Phn m C Mau (ang thi cng xy dng), Nh my Phn m Ninh Binh (ang thi cng xy dng) u s dng cng ngh ca Haldor Topsoe A/S (an Mch). Trong Nh my Phn m Ph M, C Mau dng nguyn liu chnh l kh ng hnh v kh thin nhin) t cc m du v kh ti Bch H, Nam Cn Sn, C Mau v cc b khc thuc thm lc a pha Nam. Nh my phn m Ninh Bnh dng nguyn liu l than cm vng Ung B, ng Triu (Qung Ninh). IV.3. Hng nghin cu cng ngh trong tng lai - Hin nay trn th gii, ngi ta ang nghin cu cc phng php mi tng hp amoniac, nht l tng hp nhit v p sut thng. Cc nh ha hc ti i hc Tng hp Oregon, M, iu ch c amoniac t nit nhit phng v p sut kh quyn bnh thng. y l bc t ph quan trng t c mt trong nhng mc tiu y ngha ca ngnh cng nghip ha cht sn xut phn m trong nhng iu kin t khc nghit v vi gi thnh thp hn. Qu trnh phn ng ny c gio s ha hc David Tyler v hai nghin cu sinh ca ng l John Gilberton v Nate Szymczak tm ra v thc hin. Tuy phng php mi a ra c gii php cho mt vn khoa hc c ngha ln, nhng c th cn cn phi hng nhiu nm na th phng php ny mi c th c p dng mt cch c hiu qu kinh t trong sn xut cng nghip. - Trong mt s vi sinh vt trong t nhin, nh c enzym nitrogenases nn c kh nng chuyn ni t khng kh thnh NH3. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh c nh m (nit). Hin nay ngi ta cha t vn p dng qu trnh phng sinh hc ny vo cc qu trnh sn xut cng nghip cnh tranh vi qu trnh Haber, m cc nh khoa hc ch hy vng tm hiu bn cht ca qu trnh c nh m trong sinh vt. Mt pht hin rt n tng lin quan n vn ny l tm ra vng hot ng ca enzym c nh m c cu trc d thng Fe7MoS9.
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V. VN AN TON TRONG SN XUT, S DNG, LU TR V VN CHUYN AMONIAC V.1. Tnh cht c hi ca NH3 c tnh ca NH3 ty thuc vo nng ca cht ny. Thng thng, ngi ta t khi t ra vn v c ca amoniac i vi ng vt v ngi do trong c th ca ngi v ng vt c tn ti mt c ch, nh ngn cn hin tng tch t NH3 trong mu. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy trong mu NH3 chuyn thnh cacbamonyl pht phat do c s tc ng ca enzym tng hp carbamoyl phosphate synthetase v amoniac s i vo chu trnh ur ca c th chuyn thnh cc amino axit hoc b thi ra dui dng nc tiu. C v cc loi lng c khng c c ch ny nhng c th thi NH3 d tha bng cch bi tit trc tip. NH3 ha tan trong nc khi nng cao s gy c cho cc sinh vt thy sinh, nhng trong trng hp ny NH3 li ch c phn loi l cht gy c hi mi trng. Dung dch amoniac long trong nc (dng trong mc ch dn dng nh ra knh, dng trong phng th nghim, v.v) c kh nng bc hi lm kch thch nim mc (mt, mi). Khi cng c mt cc sn phm cha clo (thuc ty), hi amoniac c kh nng to ra cloramin c hi c kh nng gy ung th. Dung dch NH3 nng cao c th c th kch thch v gy tn thng da, nim mc, c bit l mt v h thng h hp. Ty theo nng m tc ng c hi l khc nhau. Lin hip Chu u (EU) c quy nh phn loi cc dung dch ny nh sau: Nng 510% (2.875.62 mol/l) 1025% (5.6213.29 mol/l ) >25% (>13.29 mol/l) Khi lng ring 48.995.7 g/l 95.7226.3 g/l >226.3 g/l Phn loi c hi Kch thch (Xi) Gy n mn (C) Mc nguy cp R36/37/38 R34

Gy n mn (C) R34, R50 v nh hng n mi trng (N)

NH3 khan (in hnh l amoniac lng) c xp vo loi ha cht c (toxic), l cha k ti nhng nguy him v s c do p sut cao gy ra, ng thi cht ny cng l cht c kh nng gy nhim mnh mi trng. Trong khng kh c ln hi NH3, ty theo nng , m ngi v ng vt s b nh hng cc mc khc nhau. Ngi ta phn loi gii hn nng ca NH 3 tc ng n sc khe con ngi nh sau: Hin tng Pht hin thy c mi D dng pht hin mi Gy kh chu v nh hng n sc khe khi tip xc lu
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Nng , ppm 5 20-50 50-100

Gy chy nc mt k c khi tip xc trong thi gian ngn Kch thch mt, mi, kh th k c khi tip xc trong thi gian ngn Ho, co tht cung phi Nguy him n tnh mng k c tip xc di 30 pht Ph, ngt th, ngt v nhanh chng t vong Cht lp tc

150-200 400-700 1.700 2.000-3.000 5.000-10.000 Trn 10.000

T chc Qun l An ton v Sc khe ngh nghip Hoa K (OSHA) c quy nh gii hn thi gian phi nhim NH3 trong khng kh xung quanh ti a 15 pht i vi NH3 khi nng 35ppm (th tch); 8 gi i vi NH3 khi nng 25ppm. Khi ht phi NH3 nng cao c th b tn thng phi v cht. Ti Vit Nam, nng NH3 cho php trong khng kh xung quanh theo TCVN 5938-2005 l 0,2 mg/m3. NH3 hin ti khng c xp vo loi cht c kh nng gy ung th hoc thng cng khng c a vo danh sch cc cht c. V.2.Tnh cht chy n ca NH3 Hi amoniac Bn thn amoniac khng phi l cht d bt la v khng duy tr s chy. Nhit bc chy ca NH3 kh cao: 651o C (1204oF) khi c mt ca xc tc st, v 850 o C (1562oF) khi khng c cht xc tc. Hi amoniac c th to hn hp n vi khng kh khi nng amoniac trong hn hp l 16-28%. Khi cho amoniac tip xc vi thy ngn, cc halogen, bc oxit, hypoclorit c th to ra cc hp cht n. Dung dch amoniac Dng cc dung dch NH3 trong nc an ton hn dng amoniac lng do khng chy, khng gy n. Vic lu tr, chuyn ch (bng ng st, ng b hoc ng thy) cc dung dch ny cng n gin hn so vi NH3 lng (c th dng thng ng c np bnh thng). Tuy nhin khi chuyn ch vn phi tun theo quy nh i vi ha cht bay hi v n mn. Khi lu tr v chuyn ch dung dch amoniac c th np ti a n 95% dung tch bnh cha. V.3. Thao tc an ton vi NH3 lng V.3.1. Nguyn tc chung - Lm vic vi amoniac lng lun lun phi ng u vi mt s nguy c l: b ng c cp hi amoniac, b bng lnh v tai nn n khi lm vic vi p sut cao. - Ti cc v tr c nguy c r r NH3 cn phi c h thng cnh bo. V cc phng tin x l s
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c, cp cu (nc, bnh bt, v.v). - Nhng ngi lm vic vi NH3 lng phi c o to v chuyn mn v v cch x l cc s c lin quan, ng thi phi c trang b cc thit b bo h cn thit (mt n, knh bo h, gng tay v ng cao su butyl, qun o bo h chuyn dng, v.v). - V NH3 lng c kh nng gy c, n, nn cc bnh cha amoniac dng khi chuyn ch, bo qun v s dng phi p ng mt cch nghim ngt cc tiu chun, nn chai (hoc bn) phi sn mu vng, ch phi l mu en. Lm vic vi amoniac lng phi tun th ng cc quy nh. V.3.2. Mt s quy nh c th 1. Quy nh v s dng an ton cc thit b chu p lc - t cc yu cu chung v ch to, lp t, sa cha cc bnh (thit b) p lc theo TCVN 6153-1996. - t cc yu cu v ch kim nh k thut (lp t, kim nh k thut). - t cc yu cu v vn hnh theo ng nguyn tc an ton. - t cc yu cu chung v cc dng c kim tra, o lng, c cu an ton v ph tng km theo (p k, c cu an ton, cc dng c o, v.v) v phi tin hnh nh k kim nh cc dng c ny theo quy nh. 2. Quy nh v s dng, lu tr amoniac lng - Ngi lm vic cn eo mt n (hoc knh eo mt v khu trang t), i ng v gng tay cao su butyl phng h. Khi thao tc cn ng ti v tr ngc hng gi vi ngun NH3. - Ti ni lm vic vi NH3 lng cn c sn ngun nc dng khi cn cp cu s c. Nu chng may amoniac lng tip xc vo da hoc mt cn c ra ngay bng nhiu nc ngui (15 pht) v a gp nn nhn n trm y t, bnh vin cu cha. Lng hi NH3 trong khng kh c th c loi tr bng cch dng nc phun sng. - Khng lm vic vi NH3 lng hoc bnh cha NH3 lng khu vc c nhit cao trn 50oC hoc gn la, khng phi nng qu lu cc bnh cha NH3. - Khi lm vic vi NH3 cn phi kim tra bnh cha, van, vi dn NH 3. Nu pht hin cc bt thng lin quan n s nguy him cn ngay lp tc dng thao tc v tm cc bin php x l kp thi. - phng trng hp khi NH3 lng bay hi, thu nhit v gi trng thi lng kh lu. Trong trng hp ny nu da tip xc vi NH3 lng c th b bng lnh rt nguy him. - Khi dng amoniac lng ng bnh, th khng c dng n ht kit m phi dng s dng khi p sut cn 0,05 MPa (0,5 atm) - Tuyt i khng sa cha bnh cha khi trong bnh ang cn p sut - Nghim cm ln bnh, bn cha NH3 vi cc bnh cha cc cht khc, c bit l bnh cha kh oxy. - Qu trnh lu gi phi c bin bn ghi r ngy thng bt u lu, thi gian thanh kim tra, sa cha, o lng, v.v Quy nh v chit np amoniac lng
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- Chun b bnh (bn) np NH3: Do amoniac c th to hn hp n vi khng kh nn v vy cn thc hin ng cc quy nh v chun b bnh np. i vi cc v bnh mi hoc lu ngy khng s dng, cn dng khng kh sc ra trc khi dng. M van di v b sung mt lng nh NH 3 vo bnh. Kh y ra s c dn qua nc v kim tra n khi chc chn ton b kh ra l NH 3. p sut kh NH3 a vo bnh cho php n 0,05 MPa (0,5 atm). Ti ni np bnh phi tuyt i cm la, cm hn hoc sa cha bnh cha. Mi vic cho vic np bnh cn phi c chun b xong xui trc. - Khng c np y bnh (bn) phng s gin n khi nhit tng. Lng NH 3 np vo bnh c tnh theo cng thc: G= 0,53V. Trong : V l th tch bnh tnh bng lit; G tnh bng kg. Mt s nc c quy nh kh chi tit v ch to, s dng bnh, bn chit np NH3 lng. V d ti Hoa K: 1/ C s thit k v sn xut bnh, bn cha phi c chng ch, giy php ca chnh quyn. Tng loi bnh, bn phi c chng nhn hp cch. 2/ o to nhn s: Ngi thao tc chit np NH3 phi c o to chuyn ngh v kim tra tay ngh. 3/ Khi thao tc chit np phi tht thn trng, m van chm trnh p sut thay i t ngt. 4/ Khng c np y bnh, bn v khi lng NH3 ti a c np l G= 0,53 V. 5/ Kim tra inh k cc bnh, bn ng do c quan c thm quyn tin hnh 1 hoc 2 nm mt ln. Phi ng c du xc nhn kim tra vo v bnh, bn. 6/ Bnh, bn cha NH3 cn c nh k bo dng trnh h hng r r. Cc bnh, bn khng s dng cn phi ni kh ro. Khng dng bnh, bn ng amoniac ng cc cht khc m khng c nh du li theo ng quy nh. Quy nh v chuyn ch amoniac lng - Xe bn ch amoniac: Phi t yu cu tng ng loi phng tin vn ti trung p. V amoniac l cht c th gy c nn cc xe bn trn 440 lt mc nhin c xp loi xe bn cp II do hu qu nghim trng khi xy ra s c n. - Chuyn ch an ton NH3: Trc khi bc xp v chuyn ch NH3, cn kim tra bnh, bn, van. Trong qu trnh chuyn ch phi m bo bnh, bn khng b lt hoc x dch; van phi ng cht v c m y. Khi bc v r hng phi t tn, chm ri v thn trng. Khng cc bnh, bn b va chm mnh, khng ln cc bnh. Khi chuyn ch, nghim cm ln bnh, bn cha NH3 vi cc bnh cha cc cht khc, c bit bnh cha oxy. Nu pht hin cc bt thng lin quan n s nguy him cn ngay lp tc dng chuyn ch v tm cc bin php x l kp thi.
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- Li xe ch amoniac cn c o ti chuyn mn v kim tra tay ngh. Khi ch amoniac, ngi li xe khi cho xe chy hoc dng, th ngoi vic phi tun th cc quy nh chung v an ton giao thng cn phi tun th cc quy nh ring lin quan n vic chuyn ch ha cht c th gy nguy him chy n v c hi. Cc quy nh ny phi c ghi trn hoc trong xe. V.4. X l cc tnh hung khi lm vic vi amoniac - pht hin v tr r r amoniac trn ng ng c th dng giy ch th t (tm phenolphtalein, qu). - Khi pht hin trong h thng c hin tng r r kh NH3 cn nhanh chng kha ngt ngun pht NH3, qut thng gi v dng nc phun ma ton b h thng ha tan v pha long NH 3, ng thi phi nhanh chng nm thp trnh lung NH3, bt mi bng khu trang t v ri khi ni nhim theo hng ngc chiu gi, sau li qut gi hng vo bnh cha NH3. - Trong trng hp s c van bnh b hng v c mt lng ln NH 3 lng b thot ra, c th dng t, ct ngn hoc o h cha NH 3 lng gim kh nng NH3 lng trn rng, hn ch s bc hi NH3. C th dng bt bnh bt cu ha hoc tm nha che ln b mt NH3 lng. Nu khng c t, ct hoc khng o c h cha NH 3 lng th c th tm cch quay thng cha NH 3 lng sao cho van v tr cao nht nhm hn ch tc NH 3 thot ra. (1 lt NH3 th lng thot ra s tng ng vi 1000 lit NH3 th kh). Ch : Cc thao tc ny i hi tnh chuyn nghip cao v trnh c th tip xc vi amoniac lng. Tuyt i khng c phun nc trc tip v amoniac lng v nh vy s lm amoniac lng bay hi nhanh hn, lm tng nhanh nng amoniac trong khng kh. Mt s yu cu s cu tai nn do amoniac gy ra: S cu khi ht phi NH3 Chuyn nn nhn khi khu vc b nhim (trong khi phi ch bo v cho mnh), h hp nhn to hoc nu c iu kin th cho th oxy. Gi nn nhn nm m v yn tnh. Lu cc vt thng phi c th cn tin trin sau 18-24 gi. Nu nn nhn b ngt cn xoa bp lng ngc v nhanh chng a nn nhn n trm y t hoc bnh vin cu cha. S cu cc ti nn mt do tip xc vi NH3 Chuyn nn nhn khi ngun nhim v nhanh chng ra mt bng nc sch hoc vi sen. Nhanh chng nhng nh nhng lau sch cc vt ha cht. Tip tc ra mt (c th c 2 mt) bng dng nc chy nh 15 pht hoc lu hn v a y trng mt v cc pha cho sch. Nhanh chng a nn nhn n trm y t hoc bnh vin cu cha. S cu cc tai nn do da tip xc vi NH3 Dng nc x l qun o, gng tay, ng dnh amoniac. Khng ch xt hoc dng thuc m bi ln vt thng trn da. Chuyn nn nhn khi vng b nhim v nhanh chng tm ra nn nhn bng nc sch hoc vi sen (ch bo v mt). Ra khong 1 gi hoc hn. Sau cn a nn nhn n trm y t hoc bnh vin cu cha. S cu khi ung hoc nut phi NH3
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Ni lng c vt, khn, c o nn nhn v cho nn nhn sc ming nhiu ln bng nc lnh v nh i. Tip tc cho nn nhn ung 1-2 chn sa. Khng gy nn v khng cho nn nhn ung cc loi du vi mc ch trung ha axit, khng cho nn nhn ung natri cacbonat hoc cc loi nc gii kht c ga. Nu nn nhn nn th phi u thp hn chn trnh vt nn lt vo phi. Sau cn a nn nhn n trm y t hoc bnh vin cu cha. V.5. Cc vn lin quan khc Vn o to ngi lao ng - Vn o to nghip v cho ngi lao ng lm vic vi NH3 l trch nhim ca nh qun l. - Nhn vin mi, c u c quyn c o to v o to li theo nh k duy tr tnh chuyn nghip. - Chng trnh o to bao gm c ti liu vit v ging gii c thc hin di dng cc mc hun luyn k thut chuyn mn, c tnh thit b, v.v - To cho ngi lao ng c tnh k lut cao trong lao ng v tun th cc nguyn tc, ni quy lm vic trnh tai nn, thng tch hoc b ng c. Cc bin php phng nga, s c, nhim Mi c s sn xut c c th ring nn cn c cc bin php phng nga cc s c lin quan n amoniac, bao gm: - Cc chng trnh phng h, ng cu (tp hun v o to k thut x l s c, s cu, cp cu, v.v); - H thng thit b phng h (h thng qut thng gi, h thng phun ma v lm sch khng kh, h thng cnh bo nhim); - Trang thit b bo h lao ng. - Hun luyn v cch lp bo co s c. Gim st, bo co - Mi s c, tai nn lin quan n chit np, s dng, chuyn ch NH3 cn phi c bo co ngay vi cnh st hoc c quan c thm quyn. .

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