Bai Giang Logistics

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI KHOA KINH T V QUN L ------------------------------oOo------------------------------
BI GING MN
LOGISTICS
Bin son: V INH NGHIM HNG
H Ni, 2005
CHNG 1: KHI NIM V NI DUNG CA LOGISTICS 1.1. Ngun gc v khi nim Logistics
V mt t ng, ch Logistics c ngun gc t ch Logos, c ngha l hp l. Nh vy ni dung ca Logistics bao gm vic hng dn mi ngi cch thc thc hin cc cng vic sao cho hp l nht. Logistics c ngun gc t trong qun s, n bao gm vic gii quyt cc bi ton v di chuyn qun lng, b tr lc lng, thit k v b tr kho tng, qun l v kh,... sao cho ph hp nht vi tnh hnh nhm mc tiu chin thng i phng. Nu nh trong chin tranh, chin thng ch thuc v nhng ngi c sc mnh qun s th trong lch s chin tranh gn gi v bo v t quc Vit Nam khng th nh ui c cc i qun hung hn t phng Bc hay nhng k c sc mnh qun s thuc loi hng u th gii nh thc dn Php v Hoa K. V vy c th thy vic gii cc bi ton Logistics trong qun s c tm quan trng c bit. Trong sn xut kinh doanh, Logistics cp n vic ti thiu ha chi ph, t vic mua sm nguyn vt liu cho ti vic lp, thc hin k hoch sn xut v giao hng. Mc tiu ca Logistics trong sn xut kinh doanh l gim thiu cc chi ph pht sinh, ng thi vn phi t c cc mc tiu m doanh nghip ra. Tm li, Logistics c th c nh ngha nh sau (Coyle, 2003): Logistics l qu trnh d bo nhu cu v huy ng cc ngun lc nh vn, vt t, thit b, nhn lc, cng ngh v thng tin tha mn nhanh nht nhng yu cu v sn phm, dch v ca khch hng trn c s khai thc tt nht h thng sn xut v cc mng phn phi, cung cp hin c ca doanh nghip, vi chi ph hp l. 1.2. Ni dung ca Logistics.
Khi tin hnh iu tra, kho st 163 doanh nghip ti chu u nm 1997, hip hi Logistics Chu u (ELA- European Logistics Association) thng k c quan im ca cc nh qun l chu u v ni dung ca Logistics nh sau (Coyle, 2003):
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
Bng 1.1: Quan im ca cc nh qun l chu u v ni dung ca Logistics n v: % Php Anh 99 92 99 67 92 50 50 25 23 42 17 99 99 81 99 89 62 61 51 50 31 0
STT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Chc nng Kho bi VC bn ngoi Qun l d tr vt t Phn phi Vn chuyn ni b Qu trnh t hng KHH sn xut Mua sm Dich v khch hng H thng thng tin Kim tra cht lng
Chu u 83 82 81 72 63 54 49 46 33 29 20
c 86 70 71 68 63 52 46 37 24 25 15
Nh vy c th thy rng, trong sn xut kinh doanh Logistics tp trung vo vic gii quyt cc vn sau y: 1.2.1. Xc nh ngun cung cp Xc nh ngun cung cp hay cn gi l nh ngun. Ni dung ca cng vic nh ngun bao gm vic nh gi v la chn nh cung cp tt nht. Trong sn xut kinh doanh, doanh nghip phi mua nguyn vt liu t cc nh cung cp, thm ch phi mua cc chi tit, linh kin lp rp sn phm. Trn th trng cng c rt nhiu nh cung cp hng ha c th p ng c yu cu ca doanh nghip. Tuy nhin mi nh cung cp khc nhau li a ra cc sn phm c cht lng c th khc nhau, ng thi gi bn cng c s khc bit. Thng thng sn phm c cht lng cao hn th c gi bn cao hn v ngc li. Ngoi ra doanh nghip cn phi cn nhc vic la chn nh cung cp no cung cp hng ha cho mnh da trn cc yu t, ch tiu khc nh: ch bo hnh, dch v hu mi hay cc phng thc chit khu gim gi. Ni tm li, vic nh gi cc nh cung cp phi da trn mt h thng cc ch tiu m doanh nghip a ra ch khng th ch da trn mt ch tiu duy nht. C nh cung cp c th mnh tiu chun ny nhng li km th tiu chun
khc, v vy nh ngun s a ra phng php dng nh gi cc nh cung cp da trn cc tiu chun khc nhau . 1.2.2. Lp k hoch sn xut ti u Trc khi tin hnh sn xut doanh nghip thng phi d bo nhu cu ca th trng i vi sn phm do mnh sn xut ra. Gi s doanh nghip X d bo nhu cu v sn phm ca mnh trong 3 thng cui nm (10, 11, 12) nh sau: Bng 1.2: D bo nhu cu sn phm ca cng ty X t Dt 10 2 11 3 12 4
Nh vy nu chu k sn phm nh hn mt thng th chng ta cng c rt nhiu k hoch sn xut c th p ng c nhu cu trn. V d: Bng 1.3: Cc k hoch sn xut p ng nhu cu c d bo t Dt KH1 KH2 KH3 10 2 2 2 9 11 3 3 7 0 12 4 4 0 0
bng trn ta c th thy c t nht 3 k hoch sn xut c th p ng c nhu cu v sn phm bng 1.2. k hoch th nht ngi ta sn xut mi thng mt lng ng bng nhu cu ca thng . K hoch th 2 ngi ta sn xut 2 sn phm thng 10; thng 11 sn xut 7 sn phm bn thng 11, 12; thng 12 khng sn xut. K hoch th 3 l sn xut c 9 sn phm thng 10 cung cp cc thng 10, 11, v 13; thng 11, 12 khng sn xut. Trong thc t cc k hoch sn xut khc nhau yu cu nhng chi ph khc nhau, v ngi lm cng tc Logistics phi xc nh c k hoch sn xut no cho chi ph t nht. iu cn c mt thut ton xc nh. 1.2.3. D tr v bo qun nguyn vt liu, hng ha Trong sn xut, d tr ng vai tr v cng quan trng. N nhm hn ch vic gin on sn xut v cung ng sn phm, p ng nhu cu v sn phm, dch v mt cch nhanh nht.
Tuy nhin ngi lm cng tc Logistics phi xc nh c chi ph cho vic d tr, bo qun bao nhiu l ti u. N lin quan ti vic xc nh loi kho hng v t chc cc t nhp hng. Nu trong nm vic nhp hng c chia lm nhiu ln th s gim c chi ph d tr, chi ph vn nhng iu cng s lm pht sinh thm chi ph vn ti. Ngc li nu s ln nhp hng trong nm l t th s gim c ch ph vn ti nhng s lm tng chi ph lu kho, ng thi chi ph vn cng tng thm. Ngoi ra s lng hng ha cn mua trong mt ln t hng cn ph thuc vo kh nng ti chnh ca doanh nghip, chnh sch chit khu gim gi ca ngi bn v dung lng ca kho hng. V vy vic xc nh s ln t hng v s lng t hng ti u trong nm l mt iu ht sc cn thit v i hi phi c cn c khoa hc. 1.2.4. T chc h thng phn phi T chc h thng phn phi lin quan n vic t chc di chuyn phng tin, phn b ngun hng ti cc th trng, xc nh s lng kho hng ti u. Vic di chuyn phng tin v hng ha t kho n cc khch hng c th thc hin trn nhiu tuyn ng khc nhau. Chi ph trn mi tuyn ng cng c th khc nhau do ph thuc vo qung ng di chuyn, ph cu ng, thm ch l cc khon tiu cc ph nu c. V vy mt trong cc chc nng ca Logistics l phi ch ra vic phn b hng ha ti u cho cc th trng v con ng vn chuyn c chi ph thp nht. Ngoi ra ngi lm Logistics cn phi xc nh c s lng kho hng ti u trong iu kin c th ca doanh nghip. Nu s lng kho hng ln s lm gim chi ph vn chuyn t cc kho n cc khch hng, tuy nhin n lm pht sinh thm chi ph vn chuyn t ni sn xut n cc kho v pht sinh thm cc chi ph d tr cng nh chi ph qun l kho. 1.2.5. B tr kho hng B tr kho hng bao gm cc c s khoa hc trong vic thit k mt nh kho, sp xp hng ha trong kho cng nh vic di chuyn hng trong nh kho . 1.2.6. Bao gi Ni dung ny bao gm vic thit k cc bao b sao cho hp l d dng trong vic vn chuyn cng nh sp xp ti u trn cc xe nng hng. Ngoi ra ni dung ny cn cp ti vn nhn dng, qun l hng ha trong kho sao thun tin v nhanh chng.
1.2.7. Qun l mng cung cp v phn phi hng ha Ni dung ny bao gm vic qun l ton b h thng phn phi c thit lp sao cho chng hot ng thc s c hiu qu v khoa hc. 1.3. So snh mt s ni dung ca Logistics vi Marketing
Chng ta u bit mt trong nhng ni dung ca Marketing l Phn phi hng ha (Place) v Logistics cng gii quyt vn phn phi trong ni dung ca mnh. Nh vy liu c s chng cho chc nng gia Logistics v Marketing hay khng? Cu tr li l KHNG. Phn phi trong Marketing cp ti vic xc nh loi knh bn hng, cc loi v s lng cc trung gian phn phi hng ha tng ng (i l, nh bn bun, v nh bn l). Phn phi trong Marketing khng cp ti v tr c th v cn thit ca cc trung gian phn phi hng ha trong khu vc a l xc nh. ng thi n cng khng quan tm ti vic t chc vn chuyn hng ha nh th no, chi ph l bao nhiu; n ch quan tm ti vic hng ha c c chuyn n ng a im v ng thi hn hay khng. Nh gii thiu mc 1.2.4, phn phi trong Logistics thc hin cng vic di chuyn phng tin v hng ha nh th no ti th trng v cc khch hng sao cho ng vi cc yu cu t ra vi chi ph hp l nht. Nh vy c th hiu phn phi trong Marketing l ngi t ra vn , t ra yu cu v phn phi trong Logistics phi c nhim v p ng cc vn v cc yu cu c t ra sao cho chi ph thc hin l ti u nht. Tng t nh vy l vn bao gi sn phm. Trong vic bao gi, Marketing quan tm ti mu sc, hnh dng ca bao b sao cho bt mt v c th qung b c thng hiu ca nh sn xut hay nh phn phi sn phm . Marketing quan tm ti mu sc c in bn ngoi bao b l mu g, cc hnh v, k hiu ch vit cn phi in v tr no l ph hp. Logistics th quan tm ti kch c v vt liu ca bao b. i vi Logistics, mu sc in trn bao b l mu g cng c, min l thng hng (bao b) c th xp c mt cch ti u trong nh kho, trn cc phng tin vn ti hay trn cc tm nng hng, ng thi vt liu ch to bao b phi ph hp vi iu kin bo qun sn phm v tnh cht ca sn phm. Nh vy ni mt cch ngn gn, Marketing quan tm ti cc tnh cht c tnh thm m v hnh thc th hin trn bao b sn phm cn Logistics quan tm ti cc tnh cht vt l ca bao b .
CU HI N TP 1. Trnh by khi nim, ni dung, v mc ch ca Logistics trong sn xut kinh doanh. 2. Hy so snh mt s ni dung ca Logistics vi Marketing. Ti sao chng li c s khc nhau ? 3. Cng vic phn phi hng ha v thit k bao b sn phm trong Logistics quan trng hn hay trong Marketing quan trng hn? Ti sao?
CHNG 2: XC NH NH CUNG CP (NH NGUN) 2.1. Doanh nghip nn t hng gia cng hay t sn xut?
Trong sn xut kinh doanh, doanh nghip c th t mnh tim kim v khai thc nguyn vt liu cng nh t mnh sn xut ton b linh kin, chi tit cho sn phm ca mnh. Doanh nghip t tm kim nguyn vt liu v sn xut cc chi tit, linh kin cho sn phm ca mnh trong cc trng hp sau y: Doanh nghip mun khng nh kh nng ca mnh vi khch hng. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy nhiu khi chi ph sn xut cn ln hn so vi vic mua t cc doanh nghip khc nhng nh sn xut vn c thc hin. Mc tiu ca nh sn xut lc ny l khng nh vi khch hng kh nng sn xut, kh nng cng ngh ca mnh, trong con mt ca khch hng doanh nghip mnh khng h thua km cc doanh nghip khc. Hoc cng c th v l do khc nh chin lc ca doanh nghip. Doanh nghip mun gi b mt v cng ngh. V l do bo m b mt v cng ngh, doanh nghip s tin hnh t sn xut chi tit, linh kin cho sn phm. Nu thu gia cng th doanh nghip phi chuyn giao cng ngh sn xut v cc ti liu c lin quan cho ngi gia cng. iu l v cng nguy him cho doanh nghip nu nh cng ngh l ti sn ch yu ca mnh v nhiu doanh nghip khc mun c c n. Doanh nghip mun kim sot v gi mc cht lng cao cho sn phm. Nhiu khi doanh nghip mun kim sot cht lng v m bo mc cht lng cao cho sn phm th phi t sn xut, v t sn xut doanh nghip mi kim sat c ton b qu trnh gia cng, ch bin, t vic mua nguyn vt liu cho ti vic thc hin sn xut v ng gi sn phm. Mt l do na l doanh nghip mun m bo an ton cho khu cung cp. V t mnh sn xut doanh nghip mi c th m bo chc chn kh nng c nguyn vt liu, vt t v p ng ng thi gian yu cu, trnh c s gin on sn xut.
Tuy nhin do s phn cng lao ng x hi, do nhu cu v chuyn mn ha m thng thng nguyn vt liu, chi tit hay linh kin sn phm phi c nhp t cc doanh nghip khc. Thm ch trong thc t c doanh nghip ch thc hin cng vic lp rp (cng vic lp rp thm ch cng c th b qua) v dn nhn sn phm mang tn mnh phn phi ra th trng. Vic mua nguyn vt liu, mt phn sn phm hoc ton b sn phm t cc doanh nghip khc cn c th pht sinh do vic bin i ti trng hng ha cn cung cp (nhu cu pht sinh t ngt), cc l do v ti chnh (mua ca ngi khc r hn so vi t mnh sn xut, hoc khng tin xy dng b phn sn xut), hoc cc l do k thut khc (khng nng lc, trnh sn xut).
Nh trnh by mc 1.2.1, mi mt nh cung cp c mt hoc mt vi th mnh ring v doanh nghip cn phi la chn nh cung cp ph hp nht vi iu kin ca mnh. Vic la chn nh cung cp nh th no s c m t trong mc 2.2 ngay sau y. 2.2. Phng php nh gi v la chn nh cung cp
Vic nh gi v la chn nh cung cp thng thng c thc hin qua 7 bc sau y: 2.2.1. Bc 1: Xy dng h thng ch tiu nh gi. Thng thng nh gi cc nh cung cp, ngi ta cn c vo cc ch tiu sau y: Cht lng. Nng lc ca nh cung cp. Tnh hnh ti chnh ca nh cung cp. Cc c tnh k vng ca sn phm. Uy tn ca nh cung cp.
2.2.2. Bc 2: Xc nh trng s cho cc ch tiu. Mc quan trng ca cc ch tiu i vi doanh nghip l khng nh nhau. V d nh nhm mc tiu c c sn phm c cht lng tt nht th ch tiu v cht lng nguyn vt liu, linh kin, hay chi tit phi c t ln hng u v ngi ta c th khng quan tm lm ti gi c ca chng. Do vy khi nh gi cc nh cung cp, ngi nh gi cn gn mc quan trng cho cc ch tiu thng qua cc trng s ca chng. Hoc mt v d n gin khc nh vic tuyn chn Hoa Hu chng hn. Vic la chn Hoa Hu c th cn c trn cc ch tiu: gng mt p, tc di, v hnh th chun (90-60-90). Nh vy c th thy rng ch tiu gng mt p l quan trng hn ch tiu tc di v gng mt p l ch tiu tri ph, khng phi ai cng p nh nhau v gng mt p l kh thay i hay ci to; ngc li ai cng c th c mi tc di nu mun, iu cn thit ch l vn thi gian. 2.2.3. Bc 3: C th ha tng ch tiu v xc nh trng s cho cc ch tiu con Thng thng cc ch tiu li c chia nh ra thnh cc ch tiu con thun li cho vic nh gi v gip cho vic nh gi c chnh xc hn.
V d khi cc con n trng cc bc cha m thng dn: n lp con ch c chi vi cc bn ngoan, khng nn chi vi cc bn h. Nh vy rt kh cho a tr v n khng th bit c nh th no l bn ngoan. Nhng nu cc bc cha m ni c th hn: n lp con ch c chi vi cc bn bit vng li c gio, qun o sch s, khng nghch bn, khng tranh ginh chi, khng nh nhau,... th s d dng cho a tr hn rt nhiu trong vic chn bn chi cng. Thc t cho thy, nu ch bo cng chi tit th a tr cng d thc hin (tuy nhin nhiu qu cha chc tr con nh c). V cng ging nh bc 2, bc ny ngi nh gi cng cn xc nh trng s cho tng ch tiu nh . 2.2.4. Bc 4: Xc nh thang im cho mi ch tiu con. V l do mc quan trng ca cc ch tiu khc nhau l khc nhau, v vy thang im dng nh gi cc nh cung cp theo tng ch tiu cng khng cn phi nh nhau. Vic nh gi hc lc ca hc sinh trong cc trng ph thng ngi ta s dng thang im 10, im l l . Nhng khi chm im thi hc sinh gii cp tnh hay cp quc gia phi s dng ti thang im 20, im l c khi xung ti , v lc ny ngi ta yu cu chnh xc phi ln hn th mi c th nh gi c chnh xc. V k thi quc t ngi ta phi s dng thang im ln ti 40. V vy nu trong h thng cc ch tiu nh gi nh cung cp, nu ch tiu no cng quan trng th thang im cho n cng phi ln. 2.2.5. Bc 5: S loi da trn cc tiu chun d nhn bit. Sau khi xy dng xong h thng cc ch tiu nh gi, ngi ta tin hnh nh gi cc nh cung cp, tuy nhin c th s xut hin mt phi nh cung cp phm quy ngay t u, v vic pht hin ra cc nh cung cp phm quy l ht sc d dng. V vy trc khi tin hnh nh gi ngi ta thng thc hin qua bc s loi. Trong vic tuyn dng nhn vin cc doanh nghip, bc ny chnh l bc kim tra v loi ng c vin trn h s. 2.2.6. Bc 6: Cho im cho cc nh cung cp theo tng ch tiu. Sau khi thc hin qua bc s loi, tt c cc nh cung cp qua c vng 1 s c nh gi v chm im da trn cc ch tiu, cc thang im m ngi nh gi xy dng c cc bc trc. Trong qu trnh nh gi, mt s cc ch tiu nh lng c th c nh gi mt cch kh chnh
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xc, ngc li mt s cc ch tiu c tnh nh tnh th li ph thuc nhiu vo ch quan ca ngi nh gi. 2.2.7. Bc 7: Tnh im tng cng v la chn. y l bc cui cng trong vic nh gi v la chn nh cung cp. Ngi ta tnh im tng cng bng cch ly im ca tng ch tiu nhn vi trng s tng ng ri cng li. Kt qu ra bao nhiu s l s im cui cng ca nh cung cp . Cui cng ngi ta chn nh cung cp l ngi c tng im cao nht. 2.3. Phng php AHP trong vic nh gi v la chn nh cung cp.
Trong mc 2.2 trnh by cc bc trong vic nh gi v la chn nh cung cp ni chung, p dng cho trng hp tng qut. mc ny chng ti xin trnh by mt phng php nh gi c th, c tn gi l phng php AHP (Vu Dinh Nghiem Hung, 2002). Phng php AHP c s dng trong trng hp nh gi vi s lng nh cc nh cung cp v vi mt s t cc ch tiu (thng l nh hn 10). cho d hiu, chng ti xin trnh by phng php AHP vi v d i km sau y: V d: C mt doanh nghip ng trc vic la chn 1 trong 5 d n: A, B, C, D, E u t. Vic nh gi v la chn d n cn c trn 5 ch tiu: (C1) Vn u t ban u, (C2) Thi gian thc hin d n, (C3) Thi gian hon vn, (C4) Tin li trung bnh hng nm, v (C5) Li sut ca d n. Vic nh gi cc da n da trn cc tiu chun nh nu c m t trong hnh 2.1.
MC TIU: Chn d n u t tt nht
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
D.A. A D.A. B D.A. C D.A. D D.A. E
Hnh 2.1: nh gi 5 d n da trn 5 tiu chun 2.3.1. Bc 1: xc nh trng s cho cc tiu chun. xc nh trng s cho cc tiu chun ra, ngi ta lp ra mt ma trn vung cp n (vi n l s lng cc ch tiu ra, trong v d ny n=5). Bng 2.1: So snh cc ch tiu C1 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Sau ngi ta tin hnh so snh cc ch tiu theo tng cp, trong v d ny c 5 ch tiu, nh vy ngi nh gi phi tin hnh so snh 15 cp ch tiu. V d nu ngi nh gi cho rng ch tiu C1 quan trng bng ch tiu C2 th ti (1,2) ngi ta in s 1, nu ngi nh gi cho rng ch tiu C1 quan trng ch bng 1/3 ch tiu C3 th ti (1,3) ngi ta in vo s 1/3 . V c nh th cho ti cp th 15. cng l l do ti sao cc nm trn ng cho
C2
C3
C4
C5
ca ma trn c gi tr l 1. Cc i lng c k hiu l cc aij. Cc aij hoc nghch o ca chng phi l cc s nguyn t 1 n 9. Bng 2.2: So snh cc ch tiu C1 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 1 1 3 7 5 C2 1 1 1 5 5 C3 1/3 1 1 3 3 C4 1/7 1/5 1/3 1 1 C5 1/5 1/5 1/3 1 1
V mt iu lu na, l cc thuc na di ca ma trn c gi tr bng gi tr nghch o ca cc tng ng na trn, i xng qua ng cho ca ma trn. 2.3.2. Bc 2: tnh ton mc quan trng (trng s) cho cc ch tiu. Sau khi thnh lp xong ma trn, ngi nh gi s tin hnh tnh ton cc trng s ca cc ch tiu thng qua cc i lng sau y:
wi = [(ai1 ) (ai 2 ) ... (aim )]m , i nwi = wi , i
1
(2.1) (2.2)
w
i =1
Nh vy t bng 2.2 ngi tnh ra c: nw1= 0.059 nw2= 0.079 nw3= 0.121 nw4= 0.383 nw5= 0.358 y chnh l trng s ca cc ch tiu tng ng C1, C2, C3, C4, v C5. Tuy nhin n y ta phi lu mt iu l: Khi so snh C1 vi C2, ngi ta cho rng C1 quan trng bng C2. Khi so snh C1 vi C3, ngi ta cho rng C1 quan trng bng 1/3 so vi C3. Nh vy nu theo tnh cht bc cu th C2 phi quan trng ch bng 1/3 so vi C3.
Nhng thy rng khi so snh C2 vi C3, ngi ta cho rng C2 quan trng nh C3. Trong l thuyt ca mnh, ng Saaty, tc gi ca AHP, a ra khi nim xung khc. Nu t s xung khc t mc <=10% th ngi ta ni rng cc nh gi trong bng 2.2 l chp nhn c, ngc li th ngi nh gi phi nh gi v tnh ton li bng 2.2 . T s xung khc c xc nh nh sau:
C.R = C.I R.I
Vi C.R l t s xung khc. Cc i lng C.I v R.I c xc nh thng qua mt chui cc biu thc sau y:
C .I =
max m
m 1
m j =1
max = y j nw j
y j = aij , j
i =1 m
(2.3)
2 R.I = 1.845 1 m
Trong v d trn, ngi ta tnh ra c: C.R= 1.2% vi: C.I= 0.013, R.I= 1.107, max = 5.051, m=5 V vy cc nh gi aij trong bng 2.2 l hon ton chp nhn c hay ni cch khc cc trng s nwi tnh ra t cng thc 2.1 v 2.2 l chp nhn c. 2.3.3. Bc 3: Cho im cc d n theo tng ch tiu. bc ny ngi ta thc hin cc cng vic ging nh bc 2, ch khc mt iu trong bng nh gi (ging bng 2.2) th cc i tng cn a ra so snh l cc d n c nh gi theo tng ch tiu. Trong v d ni y, ti bc 3 ny ngi ta phi lm 5 ma trn nh lm bc 2 (mi ln nh gi theo mt ch tiu phi lp mt ma trn, y s dng 5 ch tiu nh gi cc d n).
Gi s sau khi tnh ton ngi ta c c cc trng s v im ca cc d n nh sau:

MC TIU: Chn d n u t tt nht
C1
0.059 D.A A 0.146 D.A B 0.127 D.A C 0.221 D.A D 0.253 D.A E 0.253
C2
C3
C4
C5
Hnh 2.2: Trng s ca cc tiu chun v im ca cc d n 2.3.4. Bc 4: Tnh im cho cc d n v la chn. y l bc cui cng trong qu trnh nh gi v la chn. Ngi ta tnh im bng cch ly ly tng ca im ca d n theo tng ch tiu nhn vi trng s ca cc ch tiu tng ng. V d im ca d n A c tnh nh sau: D.A A = 0.146 0.059+0.2 0.079+0.308 0.121+0.478 0.383+0.352 0.358 = 0.371 C nh vy cui cng ta c bng im nh sau: Bng 2.3: im tng hp ca cc d n STT 1 2 3 4 5 D n A B C D E im 0.371 0.218 0.141 0.177 0.093 Xp hng 1 2 4 3 5
Cui cng ta thy d n A c im cao nht v s c la chn thc hin.
Trn thc t ngi ta cung cp cho chng ta cc cng c la chn cc mc tiu theo nhiu tiu chun nh th ny chng ta khi phi tnh ton mt cch th cng nh trn. Trong h thng tr gip ra quyt nh ngi ta c gii thiu mt trong cc cng c , l phn mm Exper Choice. S dng phn mm ny ngi nh gi ch cn a vo h thng nhn nh ca mnh khi so snh cc tiu chun v so snh cc i tng cn nh gi theo cc tiu chun . Ni mt cch khc l ngi s dng ch cn in vo cc bng nh bng 2.2 ri h thng s t tnh ra cc ch s CR, trng s ca cc tiu chun, im ca tng i tng theo tng tiu chun, v cui cng l i tng c la chn. Tham kho thm ti http://www.expertchoice.com 2.4. Ngun thng tin v cc nh cung cp.
Khi nh gi v so snh cc nh cung cp, ngi ta c th tm kim thng tin v cc nh cung cp theo cc ngun sau: Cc ngun thng tin ni b:
y c th l nhng thng tin vit tay hoc nhng thng tin ly ra t c s d liu ca doanh nghip, cc thng tin c th thu thp c l: thi hn giao hng, t l ph phm, s ln l hn, nng lc cung cp. Qung co:
Khi s dng thng tin ny doanh nghip cn lu rng y l nhng thng tin c chau chut v cung cp nhng ni dung mi v nh cung cp. Thng tin trn bo ch
Thng tin trn cc tp ch chuyn ngnh thng cung cp thng tin v nhng tin b k thut mi, nhng ng dng mi, v nhng thnh cng mi. Tp ch chuyn ngnh l ngun thng tin ng tin cy v trc khi c cng b bao gi ngi ta cng tin hnh thm tra chnh xc, trung thc ca thng tin di gc khoa hc cng nh lut php. Catalogue ca nh cung cp:
Catalogue thng c thit k rt p, n cho bit nhng thng tin chi tit v sn phm cn mua nh: tnh nng tc dng, thng s k thut, gi c, thi gian s dng, ch bo dng,.. Cc nh k thut v nhn vin ca nh cung cp:
Ty theo doanh nghip m ngi ta c th tip xc c vi cc i tng nh nhn vin bn hng, cc nh k thut, cc nh qun l ca ngi cung cp tm hiu ton din v nh cung cp cng nh sn phm ca h. Tham quan nh cung cp:
y l mt trong nhng hnh thc tm kim thng tin ph bin bi v n c iu kin tt nht tm hiu v nng lc k thut v nng lc sn xut ca nh cung cp. Ngi ta cng c th tm hiu c cht lng ca qu trnh sn xut, phng php lp chng trnh sn xut cng nh kh nng ca i ng cn b k thut bng hnh thc tm hiu ny. S dng cc mu sn phm th ca nh cung cp:
Cc mu th sn phm gip ngi mua c th th nghim, so snh, thm ch l phn tch kho nghim cht lng a ra kt lun trc khi c quyt nh mua hng. kin ca ng nghip:
Trong trng hp khng th ly c thng tin bng cc cch khc th cch ny cng l mt phng php ng quan tm, ng nghip y c th l cc bn hng, cc nh sn xut khc c bit nu h khng phi l i th cnh tranh trc tip. C s d liu v nh cung cp:
y l ngun ti nguyn qu gi m chng ta hoc nhng ngi khc c uc trong nhng ln tip xc trc y vi nh cung cp. Mt iu phi lu l cc thng tin ny cn c cp nht thng xuyn, c bit l thng tin v lch s gi c, mc cht lng, kh nng giao hng. Cc bo co kt qu iu tra ca ngi th 3.
Mt s doanh nghip khng th t mnh iu tra c c nhng thng tin cn thit th c th thu cc cng ty t vn hoc vn phng chuyn mn lm vic . Cc bo co kt qu nghin cu t nhng thng tin m h thu thp c ng vai tr nh mt ngun thng tin hu ch v tin cy.
CU HI N TP 1. Ti sao phi nh gi cc nh cung cp ni ring v cc i tng ni chung theo nhiu ch tiu khc nhau? 2. Hy cho bit u nhc im ca phng php AHP v phm vi p dng ca n. 3. Hy cho bit mc tiu ca anh, ch trong 2 nm ti v cho bit mc u tin ca tng mc tiu (p dng phng php AHP). 4. Hy cho bit c thng tin v cc nh cung cp th ngi ta c th tm hiu bng nhng cch no?
CHNG 3: KHO HNG V BI TON PHN B H THNG KHO 3.1. Kho hng.
3.1.1. Khi nim kho hng v vai tr ca n. Kho hng l ni m lu gi v cha hng ha, n thc hin cc chc nng sau y: Tp hp hng ha vn chuyn.
Kho hng
Nh my
Cc nh cung cp
Hnh 3.1: Tp hp hng vn chuyn Cung cp v trn hng.
Nh my 1 SX : A v B
Khch hng 1 Mua : A , C, v D
Nh my 2 SX : C v D
Kho hng
Khch hng 2 Mua : B, C, v E
Nh my 3 SX: E v F
Khch hng 3 Mua : F, E, v A
Hnh 3.2: Cung cp v trn hng ha

Trung chuyn hng trong ngy. Lm dch v. Ngn nga ri ro. iu ha sn xut
3.1.2. Cc hot ng c bn ca kho hng. Cc hot ng trong kho hng c m t v sp xp nh trong hnh di y:
Nhn hng
HNG VO
Tip nhn xe theo lch D hng Kim tra hng hc
Ly hng Tm v tr ct gi Ly sn phm Di chuyn sn phm Cp nht thng tin
Ct gi
Chun b vn chuyn ng gi Dn nhn Tin hnh vn chuyn
Ly n hng Kim tra thng tin Ly hng
Vn chuyn Xe n theo lch Cht hng ln xe Giy vn chuyn Cp nht thng tin
HNG RA
Hnh 3.3: Cc hot ng c bn ca kho hng 3.1.3. Cch b tr v thit k nh kho. Cc b tr v thit k nh kho cn tun th cc nguyn tc sau: S dng nh kho mt tng Di chuyn hng ha trong kho theo ng thng
NN:
KHNG NN:
Nhn
Chuyn
Nhn
Chuyn
Hnh 3.4: Di chuyn hng ha theo ng thng S dng thit b bc xp ph hp Ti thiu ng i trong kho
KHNG NN:
NN:
Nhn
Nhn
Chuyn
Chuyn
Hnh 3.5: Ti tiu ha ng i trong kho S dng ti a cao ca nh kho S dng hiu qu mt bng kho
Cho d khng dng th bn vn c phi tr tin cho ch ny lc xy (hoc thu) kho Hy ch c chiu cao ca kho ch khng phi ch chiu su v chiu rng
Hnh 3.6: ln ca nh kho c tnh bng th tch ca n 3.1.4. Thc o nng sut v hiu qu ca mt nh kho. Nng sut v hiu qu ca mt nh kho c th hin qua cc ch tiu sau y: Khi lng hay n v hng di chuyn trong ngy S lng nhn vin cn di chuyn mt kg hng Khi lng xp d trong mt gi Khi lng hng ly ra t kho trong mt gi Khi lng hng cht ln xe trong mt gi T l n hng c thc hin ng T s nng sut = Khi lng x l/ngy chia cho gi cng lao ng/ngy Khi lng vt liu di chuyn trong h thng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh
3.1.5. Quyt nh lin quan ti s s hu kho hng. Mc ny nhm tr li cu hi: khi s dng nh kho th doanh nghip nn s dng kho i thu hay kho do doanh nghip t xy. Nh gii thiu ti chng 1, nu cn c trn mc tiu ca Logistics l ti thiu ha chi ph th c th tr li cu hi trn trong hnh v sau y:
Chi ph
Chi ph khi thu kho
Chi ph ca kho t xy
Q*
Lng hng lu kho
Hnh 3.7: Chi ph lu kho trong 2 trng hp: thu v t xy Nh vy c th thy, nu lng hng lu kho thng xuyn lun ln hn mc Q* th doanh nghip nn t xy kho v ngc li th nn i thu. Tuy nhin trong thc t vic thu hay t xy ca doanh nghip cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc na, c th: S n nh v nhu cu Mt ca th trng S cn thit v an ninh v kim sot cht lng S cn thit phi phc v khch hng S cn thit cho cc mc ch khc ca doanh nghip
S nh hng ca cc yu t ny ti quyt nh thu hay xy kho c trnh by trong bng sau y: Bng 3.1: Cc c trng ca cng ty nh hng ti quyt nh v s hu kho STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 c trng Khi lng Nhu cu Mt th trng Kim sot v vt l Dch v khch hng Yu cu v an ninh S dng cho nhiu mc ch Kho t xy Cao n nh Cao Cn thit Cao Cao Cn Kho i thu Thp Dao ng Thp Khng cn Thp Thp Khng cn
Nu s dng kho thu th cn lu cc c im sau y c th nh hng ti chi ph thu:

Gi tr mt hng Tnh d hng ca hng ha Kh nng gy thit hi n cc hng ha khc Khi lng v s u n ca hng gi T khi ca hng ha Mc dch v yu cu
3.1.6. Nhn dng hng ha trong kho Trong thc t mt kho hng d ln hay nh cng u cha nhiu loi hng ha khc nhau, thm ch cng mt loi hng ha cng c th c chia thnh nhiu loi nh hn, ph thuc vo cht lng, hnh thc, hoc mt vi tnh cht khc. Nh vy d dng cho vic gi tn, phn loi v sp xp hng ha trong kho ngi ta t cho mi hng ha mt tn gi. Tn gi ny phi tha mn iu kin ng nht v mt cu trc, phn bit cc hng ha khc nhau mt cch d dng. Vic gn cho mi hng ha trong kho mt tn gi nh vy ngi ta gi l m ha hng ha. Theo Nguyn Vn Ba (2003) v Grard Chevalier, Nguyn Vn Nghin (1998), vic m ha hng ha c th thc hin theo mt trong ba phng php sau y: m ha tun t, m ha phn tch, hoc m ha hn hp. M ha phn tch tc l m ha cc i tng da trn mt vi tnh cht ca i tng , ni mt cch khc l ngi ta c th phn tch b m bit mt vi tnh cht ca i tng c m ha. V d nh qun o bn siu th c m ha: XL, L, M, v S. l m theo kch c ca chic o, tng ng vi cc c: siu rng, rng, trung bnh, v nh. Hoc nu ai i my bay th u bit tn gi cc sn bay c m ha theo kiu ny. V d: Bng 3.2: M ha tn gi ca mt s sn bay quc t trn th gii STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 M HAN SGN BKK SIN LAX YAN LON SYD TYO MOW Tn sn bay Ni Bi (Vit Nam) Tn Sn Nht (Vit Nam) Don Muang (Bng Cc Thi Lan) Singapore Los Angeles (Hoa K) Yangon (Lin bang Myanmar) London (Anh) Sydney (c) Tokyo (Nht Bn) Moscow (Nga)
M ha tun t l kiu m ha khng ph thuc vo c im ca i tng c m ha m ch ph thuc v thi im c m ha. i tng c m ha trc s nhn m c s th t nh, i tng c m ha sau s nhn c m c s th t ln hn. B m tun t th chng ta thng c gp mi khi phi ly phiu (hoc cn gi l ly s) khi vo khm bnh, khi xp hng mua v my bay, v tu hoc khi i c phc v ti cc ngn hng. R rng l vic ly c phiu c s th t nh (s c phc v trc nhng ngi ly phiu c s th t ln hn) l ph thuc vo thi im chng ta ly phiu ti cc a im , khng ph thuc vo bnh tnh (trong bnh vin) hay gii tnh, tui tc, a v cng tc (trong quy v, ngn hng). Kiu m ha th 3 l kiu m ha hn hp, y l kiu kt hp gia m ha tun t v m ha phn tch. Trong m hn hp gm c 2 phn, phn tun t v phn phn tch. Kiu m ha ny chng ta thng gp hn c. V d nh tuyn sinh vo i hc mt th sinh c th c gn m (chnh l s bo danh) nh sau: BKA-00001. Phn BKA cho bit th sinh ny thi khi A vo trng H Bch Khoa H Ni, cn 00001 l s th t ca th sinh trong s tt c cc th sinh thi vo trng ny. B m ny chng ta cn bt gp hng ngy mi khi tham gia giao thng. Cc k hiu trn bin s ng k xe chnh l m hn hp. V d: 29 K4-4380. 29 cho ta bit chic xe ny ng k ti H Ni, cn K4-4380 chnh l phn tun t ca b m .
Bng 3.3: S ng k xe ca cc tnh thnh ti Vit Nam

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 a phng Cao Bng Lng Sn Bc Giang Qung Ninh Hi Phng Thi Bnh Nam nh Ph Th Thi Nguyn Yn Bi Tuyn Quang H Giang Lo Cai Lai Chu Sn La in Bin Ha Bnh H Ni H Ty Hi Dng Ninh Bnh Thanh Ha Ngh An H Tnh Nng c Lc c Nng Lm ng H Ch Minh ng Nai Bnh Dng Long An 11 12 13, 98 14 15, 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29, 30, 31, 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 43 47 48 49 50, 51, ... 58, 59 60 61 62 S hiu STT 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 a phng Tin Giang Vnh Long Cn Th ng Thp An Giang Kin Giang C Mau Ty Ninh Bn Tre B Ra - Vng Tu Qung Bnh Qung Tr Tha Thin - Hu Qung Ngi Bnh nh Ph Yn Khnh Ha Cc CSGT B - S (B Cng An) Gia Lai Kon Tum Sc Trng Tr Vinh Ninh Thun Bnh Thun Vnh Phc Hng Yn H Nam Qung Nam Bnh Phc Bc Liu Hu Giang Bc Kn Bc Ninh 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 88 89 90 92 93 94 95 97 99 S hiu
3.1.7. Kt cu ca h thng kho. Cng ging nh kt cu ca h thng phn phi trong Marketing, h thng kho trong Logistics c th c kt cu nh sau:
Nh my
Khch hng
Nh my
Kho trung tm
Khch hng
Nh my
Cc kho a phng
Khch hng
Nh my
Kho trung tm
Khch hng
Cc kho a phng
Hnh 3.8: Kt cu ca h thng kho 3.2. Bi ton phn b h thng kho.
Nh mc 3.1.7 trnh by, doanh nghip c th la chn h thng khng c kho hng, s dng 1 kho trung tm phn phi cho khch hng, hoc h thng nhiu kho hng. Logistics quan tm ti vn l v tr ca cc kho hng ny nn nm u trong khu vc a l m doanh nghip quan tm. Mi ngi u bit l chi ph vn chuyn hng ha t nh my n cc kho hay t kho n cc khch hng ph thuc vo 2 yu t: khi lng chuyn ch v qung ng s i. Trong trng hp doanh nghip s dng 1 kho trung tm phn phi hng ha th v tr ca kho ny c xc nh nh sau: Ngi ta a tt c cc a im cn nhn hng ln cng mt h trc ta , lc ny v tr ca cc a im v kho hng s c xc nh bi tung v honh ca chng. V ta ca kho hng c xc nh bi cng thc sau y:
xO =
Q x
i =1 i
Q
i =1 n i =1 i n
(3.1)
yO =
Q y Q
i =1 i
(3.2)
Vi: n: s a im cn nhn hng Qi: lng hng m a im th i cn nhn xi, yi: tung v honh ca a im th i xO, yO: tung v honh ca kho hng Phng php xc nh nh trn gi l phng php trng tm. im hn ch ca phng php ny l n coi khong cch gia cc a im trn h trc ta l chiu di on thng ni cc im , iu ny l khng thc t bi v chiu di qung ng gia 2 a im khng phi c tnh theo ng chim bay, mt khc phng php ny khng tnh n trng hp a im c xc nh c th s khng xy (hoc thu) c kho. Ngoi ra gi c trong vic thu (hoc xy) kho ti a im xc nh c cng khng thy cp n trong ni dung ca phng php. Trng hp doanh nghip mun s dng nhiu hn mt kho hng th s lng kho hng ti u c xc nh nh sau:
Chn ra n a im bt k v gi thit mi a im s xy mt kho hng Xc nh chi ph trong trng hp s dng n kho (CFn) Quyt nh ng ca mt trong cc kho ri lm tun t cho n kho th n, tnh chi ph trong tng trng hp s dng n-1 kho . Nu thy CFn<CFn-1 th doanh nghip s s dng h thng n kho hng. Nu thy CFn>CFn-1 th tip tc gim h thng xung n-2 kho bng cch lm tng t. Lp li qu trnh trn cho ti khi khng nhn c mc tit kim hn bc trc th dng li.
6
Chi ph
5 3
4 2
1 n* S lng kho hng
Hnh 3.9: Mi quan h gia s lng kho hng v cc chi ph c lin quan Ch gii: 1: Chi ph vn chuyn t kho n cc khch hng 2: Chi ph vn chuyn t nh my n cc kho 3: Chi ph vn d tr 4: Chi ph x l thng tin kho 5: Chi ph vn chuyn, bo qun ni b 6: Chi ph tng cng n*: s lng kho hng ti u
CU HI N TP 1. Hy cho bit cc nguyn tc b tr v thit k kho hng. Gii thch cc nguyn tc . 2. Hy cho bit cc nhn t nh hng ti quyt nh thu hoc xy kho. 3. Hy cho bit cc im hn ch ca phng php trng tm trong vic xc nh v tr kho hng. T cho bit phm vi p dng ca phng php ny.
CHNG 4: BI TON PHN PHI V VN CHUYN HNG HA 4.1. Bi ton phn phi hng ha.
Ni dung ca bi ton l c n kho hng, mi kho c nng lc cung cp khc nhau v c m a im cn nhn hng, mi a im li c nhu cu v hng ha khc nhau. Mc tiu ca bi ton l tm cch phn phi hng ha t cc kho n cc a im sao cho tng chi ph l nh nht. Trong mn hc Ton Kinh T hay Ti u Ha, y chnh l bi ton vn ti. Theo Bi Minh Tr (2002), thut ton gii bi ton ny c chia lm 3 bc, c ni dung nh sau ( y chng ti trnh by mt cch s lc, chi tit ca thut ton ny c trnh by trong Bi Minh Tr (2002)) : Bc 1: Tm phng n xut pht. Bn cht ca bc ny l tm ba mt cch phn phi sao cho cc kho cha hng th pht ht lng hng cha trong kho cn cc a im cn nhn hng th c tha mn ht nhu cu. N khng quan tm cch phn phi l ti u hay cha. Cng theo Bi Minh Tr (2002), ngi ta c th xut pht bng 1 trong 3 phng php: phng php gc Ty- Bc, phng php cc tiu chi ph ton bng, hoc phng php tim cn ca Vogel. Bc 2: Kim tra iu kin ti u ca phng n. Khi kim tra iu kin ti u, nu thy cc iu kin ti u c tha mn th dng li v phng n va c kim tra t ti u. Ngc li th chuyn sang bc 3. Bc 3: Chn phng n mi tt hn Ni dung ca bc ny l iu chnh li vic phn phi hng ha. Lc ngi ta s c mt phng n mi tt hn phng n c, tuy nhin c th vn cha t iu kin ti u. V vy sau khi iu chnh li vic phn phi v c phng n mi tt hn phi quay li bc 2 kim tra. C nh th n khi c c phng n ti u th dng li. Chng ta hy xem v d sau y:
Bng 4.1: Bi ton vn ti Kho hng A B C D Nhu cu Ch gii: A, B, C, v D l cc kho hng vi nng lc tng ng l 120, 70, 210, v 150 1, 2, 3, 4, v 5 l cc a im cn nhn hng vi nhu cu tng ng l 180, 120, 50, 130, 70 Cc con s nh trong bng l chi ph vn chuyn 1 tn sn phm t 1 kho n 1 a im, cc chi ph ny c k kiu l cij Chi ph vn chuyn 1 tn sn phm 1 2 3 4 5
2 14 5 8 8 7 10 3 12 18 9 7 7 4 15 10 13 9 6 10
Nng lc 120 70 210 150 550
180
120
50
130
70
Bc 1: Nu xut pht bng phng n cc tiu chi ph ton bng th ta c bng sau. Bng 4.2: Gii bi ton vn ti vi phng n xut pht CTCP Kho hng A B C D Nhu cu Chi ph vn chuyn 1 tn sn phm 1 2 3 4 5 120 70 60 20 60 70 120 30 180 120 50 130 70 Nng lc 120 70 210 150 550
Nh trn bng ta thy cc kho hng pht ht hng cn cc a im nhn hng u c tha mn ht nhu cu. Lc ny tng chi ph vn chuyn l: 2890 Bc 2: Kim tra iu kin ti u ca phng n By gi ta a cc th v ui v vj vo, vi: u1= 0 ui + vj= cij cc c phn phi hng ha
Bng 4.3: a cc th v vo kim tra iu kin ti u u1=0 u2=-8 u3=3 u4=1 v1=2 120 60 120 v2=2 v3=6 20 30 v4=12 70 60 v5=3 70
Sau tin hnh tnh i lng: ui+vj-cij cc khng c phn phi hng ha. no c gi tr m ta ghi du (-), no c gi tr dng ta ghi du (+). Bng 4.4: Kim tra iu kin ti u u1=0 u2=-8 u3=3 u4=1 v1=2 0 0 v2=2 0 v3=6 0 0 v4=12 +5 0 0 +3 v5=3 0 -
Ta thy trong bng c mang du (+), v vy phng n cha ti u. Ti (1,4) c gi tr dng ln nht (+5) ngi ta gi l sao (*). Bc 3: Tm phng n mi tt hn Ngi ta tm cc c phn phi hng ha to vi * thnh mt vng khp kn. Bng 4.5: Ci tin phng n c u1=0 u2=-8 u3=3 u4=1 v1=2 0 0 v2=2 0 v3=6 0 0 v4=12 * 0 0 +3 v5=3 0 -
Trn cc nh ca vng khp kn ngi ta nh du (+) v (-) cho cc xen k nhau, bt u t * mang du (+). Trong cc mang du (-) ngi ta ly lng hng c lng phn phi nh nht lm lng hng iu chnh (qc). By gi cc mang du (+) ngi ta a thm vo mt lng hng bng qc cn cc mang du (-) ngi ta bt i mt lng qc. Lc ny ta c phng n mi nh sau:
Bng 4.6:Phng n phn phi mi u1=0 u2=-8 u3=3 u4=1 v1=2 60 120 120 v2=2 v3=6 20 30 v4=12 60 70 v5=3 70
Phng n ny c chi ph 2590, tt hn phng n c. Tuy nhin mun bit n t ti u hay cha ta phi quay li bc 2. Bc 2.1: Kim tra li iu kin ti u Bng 4.7: Kim tra li iu kin ti u u1=0 u2=-3 u3=3 u4=1 v1=2 60 120 v2=2 120 v3=6 20 30 v4=7 60 70 v5=3 70 -
Nh vy ta thy ti tt c cc khng c phn phi i lng ui+vj-cij u mang du (-). Vy bi ton t iu kin ti u, vi tng chi ph nh nht l 2590. 4.2. Bi ton vn chuyn hng ha.
4.2.1. Ni dung ca bi ton. bi ton phn phi hng ha trong mc 4.1 chng ta gii quyt c vn : Mt kho hng trong h thng cn phn phi cho nhng a im no, vi s lng l bao nhiu (V d: kho C phn phi hng cho cc a im 1, 3, 5 vi khi lng tng ng l 120, 20, v 70). Tuy nhin khi phn phi hng cho cc a im nh vi khi lng c xc nh th phng tin vn ti c cc cch di chuyn khc nhau, mi cch cho mt chi ph c th khc nhau. mc ny chng ta cng xem xt bi ton: cc phng tin vn ti s di chuyn nh th no khi c phn cng chuyn ch hng ha n cc a im nh vi khi lng xc nh. Hy xem v d sau y: Kho hng O phn phi hng ha cho 2 a im A v B
Cch 1
Cch 2
Hnh 4.1: Hai cch chuyn hng t 1 kho n 2 im Nhn trn hnh ta thy ch cn chuyn hng n 2 a im khc nhau c t nht 2 cch khc nhau. y chng ta gi nh rng di qung ng gia 2 a im c tnh theo ng chim bay, tng khi lng vn chuyn ti c 2 a im c xc nh (hng s). V nu nh vy th r rng cch di chuyn th nht bao gi cng tit kim hn cch di chuyn th 2. Mc tit kim c xc nh l: e(A,B)= OA+OB-AB (4.1)
Nh vy nu phi chuyn hng cho 2 a im A v B nh trn th nh vn ti s chn cch th nht vi chi ph t hn. Tuy nhin trong thc t ngi ta phi vn chuyn cho rt nhiu a im cng mt ln (nhiu hn 2), v lc ny bi ton s tr nn phc tp hn rt nhiu. Thut ton gii bi ton ny c chia thnh 5 bc nh sau: Bc 1: Tnh ton mc chnh lch Nh trnh trn, cch di chuyn th nht bao gi cng tit kim hn cch th 2 mt lng l e(A,B) (cng thc 4.1). bc ny ngi ta tin hnh ly 2 a im cn nhn hng bt k trong s cc a im cn nhn hng to thnh mt cp. Nh vy trong trng hp tng qut, nu c n a im cn nhn hng s c
n (n 1) cp. 2
Sau tin hnh tnh ton mc chnh lch e ca tng cp theo cng thc 4.1 Bc 2: Phn loi cc cp chnh lch theo th t gim dn Bc ny ngi ta tin hnh sp xp cc cp e tnh c theo th t gim dn. Trong trng hp c cc cp c gi tr nh nhau th xp cp no trc cng c.
Bc 3: Chn cc cp trong danh sch to c bc 2. Theo th t t trn xung di ngi ta tin hnh chn cc cp trong danh sch bc 2. Ngi ta b qua cc cp to thnh vng hoc cha trnh vic i qua mt a im nhiu hn 1 ln. Ngi ta c chn nh th cho ti khi chn c n-1 cp th dng li. Bc 4: Kt thc Sau khi chn c n-1 cp ngi ta tin hnh ni nh kho vi 2 trm mt c mt vng vn chuyn khp kn. 4.2.2. Mt s im khc bit trn thc t. R rng chng ta thy rng phng tin vn ti ch c th chy c 1 vng khp kn vn chuyn hng ha ti tt c cc a im cn nhn hng trong iu kin: nng lc ca 1 ln chuyn ch p ng c tng nhu cu ca tt c cc a im. Tuy nhin trn thc t iu ny c th khng xy ra do phng tin vn ti b gii hn v nng lc. Lc ny ngi ta c th phi chia ra lm 2 vng kn nh hn v lc s xut hin rt nhiu phng n vn ti vi 2 vng kn, mi phng n li cho mt chi ph khc nhau. Ngoi ra nh ni phn 4.2.1, chng ta gi nh di qung ng gia 2 im l di on thng ni 2 im (hay ni cch khc l khong cch tnh theo ng chim bay), v nh vy mi dn n mc tit kim nh cng thc 4.1. iu ny l khng thc t bi 2 im: di qung ng trn thc t khng phi l di on thng. C th chi ph theo cch 2 nh hn cch 1 rt nhiu nu: on ng AB l on ng rt xu, i li kh khn, mt nhiu thi gian, ngoi ra cha ni ti vic c th trn on AB c cc trm thu ph theo quy nh v nhng trm thu ph ngoi quy nh khc.
Nh vy 2 im hn ch ni trn nh hng n phng php v kt qu ca thut ton. Cu hi t ra l: nu cc tnh hung xy ra th thut ton trong mc 4.2.1 cn thay i nh th no? Cu tr li dnh cho hc vin.
CU HI N TP 1. Kho O c nhim v phn phi hng ha cho cc a im A, B, C, D, E, v F. Khong cch gia cc a im v kho c cho nh sau: TRM A B C D E F Nhu cu 2.0 0.8 1.6 2.5 0.8 1.4 O 16 15 29 18 15 26 A 0 Khong cch n trm (km) B C D 27 43 34 0 48 17 0 16 0 E 24 27 35 19 0 F 18 40 53 41 23 0
Tm con ng vn chuyn ti u nu phng tin vn ti khng b gii hn v nng lc. Lp lch nhn v pht hng ti cc a im, bit rng: t hot ng t 8h sng, di chuyn vi vn tc trung bnh 40 km/h, thi gian bc d hng cc a im l 10 pht/ln Tm con ng vn chuyn ti u nu bit rng ti trng ca t l 5 tn, 3 tn.
2. Gii cc bi ton phn phi hng ha sau y: 100 170 110 150 90 120 150 140 70 100 90 110
5 6 4 11 9 7 7 3 3
120
5 2 5
130
0 6 2
180
4 5 7
85
6 3 4
80
4 4 5
75
8 5 6
80
7 4 7
85
9 7 6
90
8 5 9
70 110 130 150

6 9 6
85
7 8 4
80
4 6 7
90
5 5 9
3. Khi chn ra c n-1 cp chnh lch theo th t gim dn nh trnh by mc 4.2.1 ta s c c con ng vn chuyn ti u. Hy cho bit ngha ca gi tr ca tng n-1 cp chnh lch l g.
CHNG 5: LP K HOCH SN XUT TI U 5.1. Mt s khi nim c bn trong Qun l sn xut.
Chu k sn xut: chu k sn xut l khong thi gian t lc a nguyn vt liu vo sn xut cho ti khi c c thnh phm. Khi lng ti ch phm: khi lng ti ch phm l lng nguyn liu, bn thnh phm ang nm trn dy chuyn sn xut. Mi quan h gia chu k sn xut v khi lng ti ch phm c xc nh nh sau: K.lng ti ch phm = C.k sn xut (thng) nhu cu sn phm/thng (5.1) Thi hn giao hng: thi hn giao hng l khong thi gian t lc nhn c n hng cho ti khi bn giao c sn phm cho khch hng. Ty thuc vo loi hnh sn xut, sn xut d tr hay sn xut theo yu cu, m chu k sn xut c th ln hn hoc nh hn thi hn giao hng. Nu sn xut theo yu cu th thi hn giao hng lun ln hn chu k sn xut, cn nu sn xut d tr th ngc li. Mi quan h ny c m t nh trong hnh sau y:
1 2 3 4
Thi gian Chu k sn xut
Thi hn giao hng
Hnh 5.1: Sn xut theo yu cu

2 1 3 4
Thi gian Chu k sn xut Thi hn giao hng
Hnh 5.2: Sn xut d tr (bn thnh phm)
Thi gian Chu k sn xut Thi hn giao hng
Hnh 5.3: Sn xut d tr (thnh phm) Ch gii:

1
Thi im t hng Thi im a nguyn vt liu vo sn xut Thi im c c thnh phm Thi im giao hng Bi ton quy hoch ng. 1 Alpha 2 3 4 7 5 8 6 Omega
5.2.
Hnh 5.4: Bi ton quy hoch ng Ni dung ca bi ton quy hoch ng nh sau: Mt ngi a th c nhim v di chuyn t thnh ph Alpha n thnh ph Omega. Ngi a th ch c di chuyn theo hng mi tn nh trn hnh 5.4. Hy ch cho ngi a th ny con ng ngn nht t Alpha n Omega, bit rng chi ph i li gia cc a im (cij) c cho nh trong bng di y:
Bng 5.1: Chi ph i li gia cc a im

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a im i j alpha 1 alpha 2 Alpha 3 1 4 1 5 2 4 2 5 2 6 3 5 Cij 7 4 5 4 3 9 5 8 3 STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 a im i 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 j 6 7 8 7 8 7 8 Ome. Ome. Cij 6 3 2 5 4 4 1 2 4
Thut ton gii bi ton ny c trnh by nh sau: Bc 1: u tin ngi ta chia bi ton di chuyn thnh cc giai on, mi giai on l tp hp tt c cc a im m ngi a th c th t chn n ti mt thi im no . Trong trng hp ny nu khng k thi im t chn c n ch (Omega) th bi ton c chia thnh 4 giai on nh sau:
1 Alpha 2 3
4 7 5 8 6 Omega
Giai on 1
Giai on 2
Giai on 3
Giai on 4
Hnh 5.5: Bn giai on trong qu trnh di chuyn Bc 2: Mi mt giai on ngi ta phi lp ra mt bng, cc bng ny c cu trc ging nh nhau.
Bng 5.2: Bng khi qut thut ton quy hoch ng

Giai on n Trng thi ca h thng giai on n i Trng thi ca h thng giai on n+1 j chi ph nh nht i t i qua j n omega fn(i) gn(i) Quyt nh ti u Chi ph min im n
Ch gii: Cu trc ca bng gm 3 phn chnh: (1) Trng thi ca h thng giai on n, (2) Trng thi ca h thng giai on k tip n+1, v (3) Cc quyt nh ti u: chi ph ti u, im di chuyn n ti u. Trng thi ca h thng giai on bt k c th hin bi a im m ngi a th c th t chn ti trong giai on . fn(i): Chi ph nh nht i t thnh ph i thuc giai on n n Omega.
f n (i ) = min{ci , j + f n +1 ( j )}
j
gn(i): a im ca giai on n+1 cho chi ph cc tiu fn(i) khi t giai on n ngi ta phi xut pht t a im i. cij: chi ph i t i n j.
Vy trong bi ton c th ny ta phi lp ra 4 bng c cu trc nh bng 5.2. Mt iu ng lu l trong thut ton quy hoch ng ngi ta tnh ton cc s liu cho bng ca giai on cui cng trc, v ngc li, bng ca giai on u tin s c tnh cui cng. C th nh sau: Giai on 4:
Giai on 4 T thnh ph i Chi ph n j Omega Q ti u
f4(i)
2 4
g4(i)
Omega Omega
7 8
2 4
Giai on 3:
Giai on 3 T thnh ph i 4 5 Chi ph n j 7 3+2 5+2 4+2 8 2+4 4+4 1+4 Q ti u
f3(i)
5 7 5
g3(i)
7 7 8
Giai on 2:
Giai on 2 4 T thnh ph i 1 2 4+5 9+5 Chi ph n j 5 3+7 5+7 3+7 8+5 6+5 6 Q ti u
f2(i)
9 12 10
g2(i)
4 5 5
Giai on 1:
Giai on 1 1 T thnh ph i Alpha 7+9
Chi ph n j 2 4+12 3 5+10
Q ti u
f1(i)
15
g1(i)
3
Bc 3: Nhn vo bng cui cng ta thy ngay chi ph nh nht i t Alpha v Omega l 15, cn ng i phi tm ngc li t bng ca giai on 1 tr v trc s thy: Alpha- 3- 5- 7- Omega. Trit l ca QUY HOCH NG: D quyt nh qu kh a bn n trng thi no hin ti th bn cng lun phi tm c quyt nh ti u t n trng thi tng lai mong mun. 5.3. Bi ton lp k hoch sn xut.
Cng ty X d bo mc nhu cu sn phm trn th trng nh sau: Bng 5.3: Nhu cu v sn phm ca cng ty X
t dt 1
2
2
5
3
4
4
2
5
4
Hy lp k hoch sn xut ti u nht p ng ti a nhu cu trn, bit rng: chi ph iu chnh h thng sn xut: 150 USD /ln, nu trong k khng sn xut th khng tn chi ph ny; chi ph tn kho: 10 USD /sn phm /k; v nng lc sn xut ca cng ty c cho nh sau:
Bng 5.4: Nng lc sn xut ca cng ty X

t P=200 P=250 1
2 3
2
2 3
3
3 3
4
3 3
5
3 3
Bng 5.4 th hin nng lc sn xut ca cng ty X, v d k 1 cng ty c kh nng sn xut ti a 2 sn phm vi mc gi thnh l 200 USD /sn phm, nu mun sn xut sn phm th 3 trong k ny th cng ty phi chu mc gi thnh 250 USD /sn phm, tuy nhin vi mc gi thnh 250 USD/sn phm th cng ty cng ch sn xut c ti a l 3 sn phm. Ni tm li trong k 1 cng ty ch c th sn xut nhiu nht l 5 sn phm (2+3). Gii bi ton ny ngi ta phi p dng thut ton quy hoch ng v trong bi ton ny phi lu my im sau y: Trng thi ca h thng c th hin bi mc tn kho u k Mc tn kho cui k ny s bng mc tn kho u k sau Lng sn xut trong k i= Tn cui k i (tn u k i+1)+ mc tiu th trong k i- tn u k i Mi mt k c coi l mt giai on Chi ph tn kho u k no c tnh cho k , chi ph tn kho cui k c tnh cho k sau Bng khi qut thut ton c cu trc nh sau:
Bng 5.5: Bng khi qut thut ton ca bi ton lp k hoch sn xut
Mc tn kho u k n+1 K n Mc tn kho u k n . Q ti u Chi ph min Lng SX ti u
j
Chi ph nh nht sn xut t k n cho ti k cui cng vi mc tn u k n l i, tn u k n+1 l j
fn(i)
gn(i)
bi ton n gin ta gi nh mc tn kho ti a cui mi k l 2 sn phm. Nh vy bi ton ny c gii nh sau:
Mc tn kho u k 6 (cui k 5) K 5 0 0 1 2 1000 760 570
Q ti u Chi ph min 1000 760 570 Lng SX ti u 4 3 2
Mc tn kho u k 5
Mc tn kho u k 5 (cui k 4) K 4 0 0 1 2 1550 1360 1020 1 1510 1320 1130 2 1570 1330 1140
Mc tn kho u k 4
Mc tn kho u k 4 (cui k 3) K 3 0 0 1 2 2510 2270 2080 1 2570 2330 2090 2 2520 2280 2040
Mc tn kho u k 3
Mc tn kho u k 3 (cui k 2) K 2 0 0 1 2 3810 3570 3330 1 3580 3340 2 3360
Mc tn kho u k 2
Mc tn kho u k 2 (cui k 1) K 1 0 1 2
Q ti u Chi ph min Lng SX ti u
Mc tn kho u k 1 0 4360 4370 4380 4360 2
Cng nh bi ton quy hoch ng, n y ta thy c chi ph sn xut v lu kho ti u l 4360 vi k hoch sn xut tng ng l: Bng 5.6: K hoch sn xut ti u
T dt
KHSX
1
2 2
2
5 5
3
4 4
4
2 3
5
4 3
CU HI N TP 1. Hy cho bit ngha ca Trit l Quy hoch ng 2. Lp k hoch sn xut ti u, bit rng:
t dt P=150 P=200 1
2 2 3
2
5 2 3
3
4 3 3
4
2 3 3
5
4 3 3
Bit rng chi ph iu chnh h thng sn xut l 200 USD /ln, chi ph lu kho l 15 USD /sn phm /k. Gi thit mc tn kho ti a cui mi k l 2 sn phm. 3. Lp k hoch sn xut ti u, bit rng:
t dt P=150 P=200 1
3 2 2
2
3 4 1
3
5 3 3
4
4 6 0
5
2 1 1
Bit rng chi ph iu chnh h thng sn xut l 150 USD /ln, chi ph lu kho l 15 USD /sn phm /k. Gi thit mc tn kho ti a cui mi k l 2 sn phm.
CHNG 6: VN TI V CC LOI HNH VN TI 6.1. Vai tr ca vn ti trong Logistics.
Nt
Kho hng
ng ni
Nt
Nh bn l
Nt
Nh my
ng ni ng ni
Nt
ng ni
ng ni
Nh bn l
Kho hng
Nt
Hnh 6.1: M hnh ng ni v im nt Trong m hnh ng ni v im nt, vn ti l ng ni gia cc im c nh (nt) Khi m cng ty hot ng trn phm vi ton cu th chi ph vn ti thm ch ngy cng tr nn quan trng. S liu ca Coyle (2003) cho thy:
Nm 1999, cc cng ty M chi khong $554 t cho vn chuyn hng ha, hay 9,9% GNP. Trong khi nm 1993 l 397 t hay 6,3% ca GDP. Nm 1999, nu tnh theo % ca doanh thu th chi ph vn ti l 3.24%, chi ph kho hng l 1.84%, chi ph dch v khch hng l 0.48%, qun l 0.38%, v chi ph lu gi l 1.52% ca doanh s bn hng. Vn ti cng to ra gi tr ra tng bng cch cung cp li ch v khng gian v thi gian cho hng ha ca cng ty. Vic chi cho hat ng vn ti cng chnh l chi ph nh i vi hng tn kho. Nu chi ph vn ti cao th chi ph cho hng tn kho thp v ngc li.
Nh cung cp
Nh my Trung gian phn phi Khch hng
Hnh 6.2: Mng li cung cp 6.2. Vn ti l im ni hu hnh gia cc nh cung cp vi khch hng. Cc loi hnh vn ti.
Phn loi theo loi phng tin vn ti, cc loi hnh vn ti c chia thnh 5 loi sau y:
ng b ng st
ng khng
ng thy
ng ng
Hnh 6.3: Cc loi hnh vn ti Vn ti ng b Vn ti ng thy Vn ti ng st

Vn ti ng khng Vn ti ng ng
6.2.1. Vn ti ng b. Vn ti ng b c c im: Mc tip cn cao Thi gian trung chuyn nhanh hn ng st v ng thy tin cy b nh hng ln bi thi tit Kch c ca xe vn ti nh ph hp vi chin lc hng tn kho thp v nhanh chng np li hng vo kho Chi ph vn ti hi cao so vi ng st v thy nhng i li l nhanh hn
6.2.2. Vn ti ng thy Vn ti ng thy ni b c c im: L loi hnh c chi ph tng i thp: khng phi u t cho xy ng i, d dng gia nhp hay ra khi ngnh Thng vn chuyn hng ha c gi tr thp, dng hng khi nh khong sn, sn phm nng nghip, lm nghip vi c ly vn chuyn di Chi ph vn ti thp nhng thi gian trung chuyn di Mc tip cn thp nhng nng lc vn ti th ln
Vn ti ng thy quc t c c im: Tu vn chuyn hng ha thng dng: C sc cha hng ha ln Vn ti thng c thc hin di dng hp ng C nhiu tu c lun cn cu bc xp hng Tu vn chuyn hng khi: Thit k c bit ch khong sn C th dng ch nhiu loi hng ha
6.2.3. Vn ti ng st Vn ti ng st c c im: Kh nng vn chuyn nhiu loi hng khc nhau hn so vi cc loi hnh khc S lng nh cung cp dch v ny l khng nhiu. Vit Nam: 1 nh vn ti M: mt vi nh vn ti
Tu ha l h thng vn ti ng di, vi khi lng ln (chi ph c nh cao) Mc tip cn khng cao Thi gian trung chuyn khng u v thng di
6.2.4. Vn ti ng khng Vn ti ng khng c c im: Bt c hng vn ti hng khng no cng c th ch hng ha, mc d vy c mt vi hng khng ch g khc ngoi hng ha Cu trc gi vi chi ph bin i cao so vi chi ph c nh Thi gian trung chuyn l nhanh nht trong cc loi hnh vn ti, nhng gi cc vn ti th cao nht Thng vn chuyn hng c gi tr cao, khi lng thp Mc tip cn v nng lc l thp tin cy ph thuc vo thi tit nhiu hn so vi cc loi hnh khc
6.2.5. Vn ti ng ng Vn ti ng ng c c im: Thng dng vn chuyn du, kh Khng ph hp cho vn ti thng thng Mc tip cn thp Chi ph c nh cao, chi ph bin i thp Li ch chnh l gi cc vn ti thp
6.2.6. So snh cc loi hnh vn ti Bng 6.1: So snh cc loi hnh vn ti

Ch tiu Chi ph Thi gian trung chuyn tin cy Nng lc Mc tip cn An ton ng St 3 3 2 1 2 3 ng B 4 2 1 2 1 2 ng Thy 2 4 4 4 4 4 Hng khng 5 1 3 3 3 1 ng ng 1 ----5 -----
6.3.
Cc ch tiu nh gi nh vn ti. Bng 6.2: Cc ch tiu nh gi nh vn ti (theo th t quan trng)

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Thnh t quyt nh la chn tin cy ca thi gian trung chuyn Chi ph vn ti Ton b thi gian trung chuyn Mc sn sng ca nh vn ti trong m phn gi Mc n nh v ti chnh Thit b Tn sut dch v Dch v vn chuyn giao nhn Hng ha mt mt hay h hng Tin hnh cht hng, giao nhn Cht lng ca nhn vin vn hnh Theo di vn chuyn Mc sn lng ca nh vn ti m phn mc dch v Linh hot trong thi gian biu Dch v ko moc Qu trnh gii quyt khiu ni Cht lng ca nhn vin tip th cng ty Thit b c bit Xp hng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
CU HI N TP 1. Hy cho bit vai tr ca cng tc vn ti trong Logistics. 2. Hy nu c im ca cc loi hnh vn ti. 3. Hy cho bit cc ch tiu nh gi mt nh vn ti. 4. Theo Grard Chevalier v Nguyn Vn Nghin (1998), phng chm hnh ng ca phng php OPT (Optimized Production TechnologyCng ngh Sn xut Ti u) trong qun l sn xut l: Tng nhng ti u cc b khng bng ti u ton b h thng. Trong khi trong ni dung ca mn hc ny, chng ta thy rng mi chng u ch ni ti vic ti u cng vic ca mnh m khng cp ti cc cng vic khc cng nh ca ton b h thng chui cung cp. Anh, ch hy cho bit iu c i ngc li phng chm hnh ng ca OPT hay khng? Hy gii thch c th!
TI LIU THAM KHO 1 NGUYN VN BA. Phn Tch V Thit K H Thng Thng Tin. Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia H Ni, 2003. 2 BI MINH TR. Ti u Ha. H Bch Khoa H Ni, 2002 3 COYLE, JOHN J.; BARDI, EDWARD J.; LANGLEY, JOHN, JR. The Management of Business Logistics: A Supply Chain Perpective. 2003 4 GRARD CHEVALIER, NGUYN VN NGHIN. Qun L Sn Xut. Nh xut bn Thng K, 1998. 5 VU DINH NGHIEM HUNG, 2002. Evaluation of Projects Based on Economic Criteria: A Fuzzy Logic Approach. Masters Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok Thailand 2002.

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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI KHOA KINH T V QUN L ------------------------------oOo------------------------------

Bng 1.1: Quan im ca cc nh qun l chu u v ni dung ca Logistics n v: % Php Anh 99 92 99 67 92 50 50 25 23 42 17 99 99 81 99 89 62 61 51 50 31 0

STT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

MC TIU: Chn d n u t tt nht

D.A. A D.A. B D.A. C D.A. D D.A. E

D.A. A D.A. B D.A. C D.A. D D.A. E

D.A. A D.A. B D.A. C D.A. D D.A. E

D.A. A D.A. B D.A. C D.A. D D.A. E

D.A. A D.A. B D.A. C D.A. D D.A. E

Gi s sau khi tnh ton ngi ta c c cc trng s v im ca cc d n nh sau:

Cui cng ta thy d n A c im cao nht v s c la chn thc hin.

Hnh 3.1: Tp hp hng vn chuyn Cung cp v trn hng.

Khch hng 1 Mua : A , C, v D

Khch hng 2 Mua : B, C, v E

Khch hng 3 Mua : F, E, v A

Hnh 3.2: Cung cp v trn hng ha

Tip nhn xe theo lch D hng Kim tra hng hc

Ly hng Tm v tr ct gi Ly sn phm Di chuyn sn phm Cp nht thng tin

Chun b vn chuyn ng gi Dn nhn Tin hnh vn chuyn

Ly n hng Kim tra thng tin Ly hng

Chi ph khi thu kho

Lng hng lu kho

Nu s dng kho thu th cn lu cc c im sau y c th nh hng ti chi ph thu:

Bng 3.3: S ng k xe ca cc tnh thnh ti Vit Nam

Hnh 3.8: Kt cu ca h thng kho 3.2. Bi ton phn b h thng kho.

1 n* S lng kho hng

Nng lc 120 70 210 150 550

70 110 130 150

CHNG 5: LP K HOCH SN XUT TI U 5.1. Mt s khi nim c bn trong Qun l sn xut.

Thi gian Chu k sn xut

Thi hn giao hng

Hnh 5.1: Sn xut theo yu cu

Thi gian Chu k sn xut Thi hn giao hng

Hnh 5.2: Sn xut d tr (bn thnh phm)

Thi gian Chu k sn xut Thi hn giao hng

Hnh 5.3: Sn xut d tr (thnh phm) Ch gii:

Bng 5.1: Chi ph i li gia cc a im

Bng 5.2: Bng khi qut thut ton quy hoch ng

Chi ph n j 2 4+12 3 5+10

Bng 5.4: Nng lc sn xut ca cng ty X

bi ton n gin ta gi nh mc tn kho ti a cui mi k l 2 sn phm. Nh vy bi ton ny c gii nh sau:

Mc tn kho u k 6 (cui k 5) K 5 0 0 1 2 1000 760 570

Q ti u Chi ph min 1000 760 570 Lng SX ti u 4 3 2

Q ti u Chi ph min 1510 1320 1020 Lng SX ti u 3 2 0

Q ti u Chi ph min 2510 2270 2040 Lng SX ti u 4 3 4

Mc tn kho u k 3 (cui k 2) K 2 0 0 1 2 3810 3570 3330 1 3580 3340 2 3360

Q ti u Chi ph min 3810 3570 3330 Lng SX ti u 5 4 3

Q ti u Chi ph min Lng SX ti u

Mc tn kho u k 1 0 4360 4370 4380 4360 2

CHNG 6: VN TI V CC LOI HNH VN TI 6.1. Vai tr ca vn ti trong Logistics.

Nh my Trung gian phn phi Khch hng

Hnh 6.3: Cc loi hnh vn ti Vn ti ng b Vn ti ng thy Vn ti ng st

6.2.6. So snh cc loi hnh vn ti Bng 6.1: So snh cc loi hnh vn ti

Cc ch tiu nh gi nh vn ti. Bng 6.2: Cc ch tiu nh gi nh vn ti (theo th t quan trng)

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