Professional Documents
Culture Documents
+ =
.
Cc bn lu l ta lun tnh c gi tr ng cc gi tr lng gic ca cc cung c dng
k
m
+ = = +
=
= + = +
Chuyn d lng gic Nguyn Tt Thu
Nguyn Tt Thu Trng THPT L Hng Phong
Nhn xt: * ph b hai cung m gy kh khn cho chng ta ngoi cch nu trn
ta c th lm theo cch khc nh sau:
3
sin( ) sin ( ) 2 sin( ) cos
2 2 2
x x x x
= + = + =
.
( )
7 1
sin( ) sin 2 ( ) sin( ) sin cos
4 4 4 2
x x x x x
= + = + = +
.
* Ta thy sau khi ph b hai cung
3
2
x
v cung
7
4
x
T y cc bn tm c
2
2 ;
3
x k x k
= + =
Ch :
* Trong SGK khng a ra cng thc nhn ba tuy nhin cc em cng nn bit cng thc
ny nu trong lc kh khn c th mang ra s dng v chng minh n khng my kh
khn
3 3
3 3 4 ; 3 4 3 sin x sinx sin x cos x cos x cosx = =
* Cch gii trn khng phi l cch gii duy nht v cng khng phi l cch gii hay
nht nhng cch gii theo ti n t nhin v cc bn d tm ra li gii nht. Cch gii
ngn gn v p nht i vi phng trnh trn l ta bin i v phng trnh tch nh
sau
PT
2
( 3 ) (1 2 ) 0 2 2 . 2 0 cos x cosx cos x sin x sinx sin x = =
2
2 (2 1) 0 sin x cosx + = gii phng trnh ny ta c nghim nh trn.
V d 3: Gii phng trnh :
6 2
3 4 8 2 3 0 cos x cos x cos x + + = (D b Khi B 2003 ).
Li gii:
Ta chuyn cung 4x v cung x
Ta c:
2 2 2 4 2
4 2 1 2(2 1) 1 8 8 1 cos x cos x cos x cos x cos x = = = +
Nn phng trnh cho
6 4 2
4 12 11 3 0 cos x cos x cos x + =
t
2
, 0 1 t cos x t = s s . Ta c:
3 2
4 12 11 3 0 t t t + =
1
1
2
t
t
=
. T y ta tm c cc nghim
Chuyn d lng gic Nguyn Tt Thu
Nguyn Tt Thu Trng THPT L Hng Phong
;
4 2
x k x k
= + =
Ch : V trong phng trnh ch cha ly tha bc chn ca cos, do ta c th
chuyn v cung 2x nh cng thc h bc v cng thc nhn i .
PT
2 3 2
3(2cos 2 1) (1 cos 2 ) 1 cos 2 3 cos 2 (cos 2 3cos 2 2) 0 x x x x x x + + + + + = .
cos 2 0
4 2
cos 2
1
x x k
x
x k
= = +
V d 4: Gii phng trnh : 2 (1 2 ) 2 1 2 sinx cos x sin x cosx + + = + (H Khi D 2008 ).
Li gii: Trong phng trnh ch cha hai cung 2x v x, nn ta chuyn cung 2x v cung x.
PT
2
4sin cos 2sin cos 1 2cos 2sin cos (2cos 1) 2cos 1 x x x x x x x x x + = + + = +
4
(2cos 1)(sin 2 1) 0
2
2
3
x k
x x
x k
= +
+ =
= +
.
Tuy nhin khng phi phng trnh lng gic no ta cng a v c cng mt cung.
Chng hn ta xt v d sau:
V d 5 : Gii phng trnh : 2 . 3 5 . 6 sin x cos x sin x cos x = .
phng trnh ny vic a v mt cung gp qu nhiu kh khn, v trong phng trnh
xut hin bn cung 2x, 3x, 5x, 6x !
Tuy nhin gia cc cung ny cng c mi quan h nht nh l quan h hiu hai cung
bng nhau 2 3 5 6 x x x x x = = , hn na hai v ca hai phng trnh l tch ca hai
hm s lng gic nn ta ngh n cng thc bin i tch thnh tng. Tht vy :
Phng trnh
| | | |
1 1
sin5 sin sin11 sin
2 2
x x x x =
Chuyn d lng gic Nguyn Tt Thu
Nguyn Tt Thu Trng THPT L Hng Phong
6
sin5 sin11
16 8
x k
x x
x k
= +
V d 6 : Gii phng trnh sin sin 2 sin3 cos cos 2 cos3 x x x x x x + + = + + .
Cng tng t nh trn v hai v ca phng trnh l tng ca cc hm s lng gic,
hn na ta nhn thy mi v ca phng trnh u cha ba cung x, 2x, 3x v ba cung ny
c quan h
3
2
2
x x
x
+
= iu ny gi ta nh n cng thc bin i tng thnh tch.
Phng trnh (sin sin3 ) sin 2 (cos cos3 ) cos 2 x x x x x x + + = + +
2sin 2 cos sin 2 2cos 2 cos cos 2 (2cos 1)(sin 2 cos 2 ) 0 x x x x x x x x x + = + + =
2
1 2
cos
3
2
sin 2 cos 2
8 2
x k
x
x x x k
= +
=
= = +
Qua hai v d trn ti mun a ra nguyn tc th hai m ta thng hay s dng l
Bin i tch thnh tng v ngc li
Trong phng trnh xut hin tch ca cc hm s lng gic sin v cos th ta c th bin
i thnh tng (mc ch l to ra nhng i lng ging nhau thc hin cc php rt
gn). Nu xut hin tng th ta bin i v tch (Mc ch lm xut hin tha s chung ),
c bit l ta s gp nhng cp sao cho tng hoc hiu hai cung bng nhau.
V d 7 : Gii phng trnh
2 2 2 2
sin 3 cos 4 sin 5 cos 6 x x x x = (H Khi B 2002 ).
Vi phng trnh ny ta khng th chuyn v mt cung, cng khng th bin i tng
thnh tch c! Nguyn nh m ta khng ngh ti a v mt cung th qu r, cn v sao
m ta li khng s dng bin i tng thnh tch c l cc hm s xut hin hai v
ca phng trnh u cha ly tha bc hai m cng thc bin i ch p dng cho cc
hm s c ly tha bc nht thi. iu ny d ti ta tm cch a bc hai v bc nht v
thc hin iu ny ta lin tng n cng thc h bc.
Phng trnh
1 cos 6 1 cos8 1 cos10 1 cos12
2 2 2 2
x x x x + +
=
cos6 cos8 cos10 cos12 x x x x + = +
Chuyn d lng gic Nguyn Tt Thu
Nguyn Tt Thu Trng THPT L Hng Phong
cos 0
2
2cos 7 cos 2cos11 cos
cos11 cos 7
;
2 9
x k
x
x x x x
x x
x k x k
= +
=
=
=
= =
.
Khi gii phng trnh lng gic ta phi s dng cc cng thc bin i lng gic. Tuy
nhin nhng cng thc ny ch s dng khi hm s lng gic c s m bng 1, do
nu trong phng trnh c s m ca cc hm s lng gic l chn th ta c th h bc
thun tin cho vic bin i . Vy nguyn tc th ba m ti mun trao i vi cc bn
l nguyn tc h bc
V d 8 : Gii phng trnh
2 2
cos 3 cos 2 cos 0 x x x = ( H Khi A 2005 ).
Phng trnh (1 cos 6 ) cos 2 1 cos 2 0 cos 6 .cos 2 1 0 x x x x x + = =
2
cos8 cos 4 2 0 2cos 4 cos 4 3 0 x x x x + = + =
cos 4 1
2
x x k
= = .
Nhn xt: * (1) ta c th s dng cng thc nhn ba, thay
3
cos6 4cos 2 3cos 2 x x x =
v chuyn v phng trnh trng phng i vi hm s lng gic cos2x .
* Ta cng c th s dng cc cng thc nhn ngay t u, chuyn phng trnh cho v
phng trnh ch cha cosx v t
2
t cos x = . Tuy nhin cch c trnh by trn l p
hn c v chng ta ch s dng cng thc h bc v cng thc bin i tch thnh tng (
V cng thc nhn ba chng ta khng c hc).
V d 9 : Gii phng trnh
2
5sin 2 3(1 ) x sinx tan x = (H Khi B 2004 ).
Trc ht ta t iu kin cho phng trnh k: cos 0
2
x x k
= = + .
Phng trnh
2
2
sin
5sin 2 3(1 sin )
cos
x
x x
x
=
2
2
sin
5sin 2 3(1 sin )
1 sin
x
x x
x
=
2
2
sin
5sin 2 3 (5sin 2)(1 sin ) 3sin
1 sin
x
x x x x
x
= + =
+
2
2sin 3sin 2 0 x x + =
Chuyn d lng gic Nguyn Tt Thu
Nguyn Tt Thu Trng THPT L Hng Phong
2
1
6
sin sin
5 2 6
2
6
x k
x
x k
= +
= =
= +
Ch : Nu trong phng trnh xut hin tan, cot v sin, cos th ta thay tan, cot bi sin
v cos v lc chng ta d dng tm c li gii hn. Ch khi gp phng trnh cha
tan hay cot, ta nh t iu kin cho phng trnh
V d 10 : Gii phng trnh
2 2 2
sin tan cos 0
2 4 2
x x
x
| |
=
|
\ .
(H Khi D 2003 ).
iu kin : cos 0
2
x x k
= = + .
Phng trnh
2
2
sin
1 cos( ) (1 cos ) 0
2 cos
x
x x
x
+ =
2
2
sin
(1 sin ) (1 cos ) 0
1 sin
x
x x
x
+ =
2
2
sin
(1 cos ) 0 (1 cos ) (1 cos )(1 sin ) 0
1 sin
x
x x x x
x
+ = + + =
+
2
cos 1
(1 cos )(cos sin ) 0
tan 1
4
x k
x
x x x
x x k
=
=
=
= = +
.
Trn l mt s nguyn tc chung thng c s dng trong cc php bin i phng
trnh lng gic. Mc ch ca cc php bin i l nhm :
1. a phng trnh ban u v phng trnh lng gic thng gp (Thng l a
v phng trnh a thc i vi mt hm s lng gic).
V d 1: Gii phng trnh : 1 3tan 2sin 2 x x + = (H Cng on 2000).
Gii: iu kin : cos 0
2
x x k
= = +
Phng trnh
2
sin
1 3 4sin cos cos 3sin 4sin cos
cos
x
x x x x x x
x
+ = + = .
Chuyn d lng gic Nguyn Tt Thu
Nguyn Tt Thu Trng THPT L Hng Phong
y l phng trnh ng cp bc ba nn ta chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
3
cos x (do
cos 0 x = ), ta c phng trnh :
2 2
2 2
1 tan
3 4tan 1 tan 3tan (1 tan ) 4tan
cos cos
x
x x x x x
x x
+ = + + + =
3 2
3tan tan tan 1 0 tan 1
4
x x x x x k
+ + = = = + tha iu kin .
Nhn xt: gii phng trnh ny ngay t u ta c th chia hai v ca phng trnh
cho
2
cos x hoc s dng cng thc
2 2 2
2sin cos 2tan
sin 2
sin os 1 tan
x x x
x
x c x x
= =
+ +
v chuyn phng
trnh ban u v phng trnh ch cha hm tan nh trn.
V d 2: Gii phng trnh :
2
cot 4sin 2
sin 2
x tgx x
x
+ = ( H Khi B 2003 ).
Gii: iu kin: sin 2 0
2
x x k
= =
Phng trnh
cos sin 1
4sin 2
sin cos sin cos
x x
x
x x x x
+ =
2 2
cos sin 4sin 2 .sin cos 1 x x x x x + =
2 2
1
cos 2 2sin 2 1 0 2cos 2 cos 2 1 0 os2
2
x x x x c x + = = = (do
sin 2 0 os2 1 x c x = = )
3
x k
= + .
Ch : Ta cn lu n cng thc:
2
sin 2
tanx cotx
x
+ = v 2cot 2 cotx tanx x = .
V d 3: Gii phng trnh :
6 6
2 sin x cos x sin x + = (HVBCVT TPHCM 2001 ).
Gii: Ta c :
6 6 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2
3
( ) 3sin cos (sin cos ) 1 sin 2
4
sin x cos x sin x cos x x x x x x + = + + =
Chuyn d lng gic Nguyn Tt Thu
Nguyn Tt Thu Trng THPT L Hng Phong
Nn phng trnh
2
3
1 sin 2 sin 2
4
x x =
2
2
3sin 2 4sin 2 4 0 sin 2
3
x x x + = =
1 2
arcsin
2 3
1 2
arcsin
2 2 3
x k
x k
= +
= +
.
Ch : Ta cn lu n cng thc
4 4 2
1 3 1
sin cos 1 sin 2 cos 4
2 4 4
x x x x + = = + .
6 6 2
3 5 3
sin cos 1 sin 2 cos 4
4 8 8
x x x x + = = + .
V d 4: Gii phng trnh:
4 4
3
cos sin cos( )sin(3 ) 0
4 4 2
x x x x
+ + = (H Khi D
2005 ).
Gii: Ta c:
4 4 2
1
sin os 1 sin 2
2
x c x x + = .
( )
1 1
sin(3 ) cos( ) sin(4 ) sin 2 cos 4 sin 2
4 4 2 2 2
x x x x x x
= + = +
( )
2
1
2sin 2 sin 2 1
2
x x = +
Nn phng trnh
( )
2 2
1 1 3
1 sin 2 2sin 2 sin 2 1 0
2 2 2
x x x + + =
2
sin 2 sin 2 2 0 x x + = .
sin 2 1
4
x x k
= = + .
2. a phng trnh v phng trnh dng tch :
Chuyn d lng gic Nguyn Tt Thu
Nguyn Tt Thu Trng THPT L Hng Phong
Tc l ta bin i phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = v dng ( ) ( ) 0 h x g x = . Khi vic gii
phng trnh ban u c quy v gii hai phng trnh :
( ) 0
( ) 0
g x
h x
=
.
Trong mc ch ny, ta cn lm xut hin nhn t chung. Mt s lu khi tm nhn t
chung :
* Cc biu thc
2
1 sin 2 ( ) ;cos 2 (cos sin )(cos sin ) x sinx cosx x x x x x + = + = + ;
sin cos sin cos
1 tan ;1 cot
cos sin
x x x x
x x
x x
+ +
+ = + =
nn chng c tha s chung l sinx cosx + .
* Cc biu thc 1 2 ; 2 ;1 ;1 sin x cos x tanx cotx c tha s chung l cosx sinx .
*
2 2
; sin x tan x c tha s chung (1 )(1 ) cosx cosx + . Tng t
2 2
; cos x cot x c tha s
chung (1 )(1 ) sinx sinx + .
V d 1: Gii phng trnh: 1 cos sin 2 cos 2 0 sinx x x x + + + + = (H Khi B 2005 ).
Gii: Phng trnh
2 2
(1 sin 2 ) (sin cos ) cos sin 0 x x x x x + + + + =
2
(sin cos ) (sin cos ) (cos sin )(cos sin ) 0 x x x x x x x x + + + + + = .
sin cos 0
4
(sin cos )(2cos 1) 0
1
2 cos
2
2
3
x x x k
x x x
x
x k
+ = = +
+ + =
=
= +
.
Nhn xt: Ngoi cch bin i trn, ta c th bin i cch khc nh sau Phng trnh
2
2cos cos sin 2sin cos 0 x x x x + + + =
cos (2cos 1) sin (2cos 1) 0 x x x + + + =
(2cos 1)(sin cos ) 0 x x x + + = . Mc d hai cch bin i trn khc nhau nhng chng
u da trn nguyn tc a v mt cung.
V d 2: Gii phng trnh:
2
cos (cos 1)
2(1 sin )
sin cos
x x
x
x x
= +
+
(D b Khi D 2003 ).
Chuyn d lng gic Nguyn Tt Thu
Nguyn Tt Thu Trng THPT L Hng Phong
Gii: k: sin cos 0
4
x x x k
+ = = + .
Phng trnh (1 sin )(1 sin )(cos 1) 2(sin cos )(1 sin ) x x x x x x + = + +
2
(1 sin )(sin cos sin cos 1) 0 (1 sin ) (1 cos ) 0 x x x x x x x + + + + = + + =
sin 1 2
2
cos 1
2
x x k
x
x k
= = +
= +
.
V d 3: Gii phng trnh:
2 2
3cot 2 2 sin (2 3 2) cos x x x + = + .
Gii: k: x k = Phng trnh
2
2
2
3cos
2 2 sin (2 3 2) cos
sin
x
x x
x
+ = +
2 2 4 2
3cos 3 2 sin .cos 2 2 sin 2sin cos 0 x x x x x x + =
2 2
(cos 2 sin )(3cos 2sin ) 0 x x x x =
2
2
2 cos cos 2 0
2cos 3cos 2 0
x x
x x
+ =
+ =
1 3
cos
2
1
cos
2
x
x
+
=
6 2
arccos 2
2
2
3
x k
x k
= +
= +
.
V d 4: Gii phng trnh: 2sin 2 cos 2 7sin 2cos 4 x x x x = + .
Gii: Phng trnh
2
4sin cos 1 2sin 7sin 2cos 4 0 x x x x x + + =
2cos (2sin 1) (2sin 1)(sin 3) 0 (2sin 1)(2cos sin 3) 0 x x x x x x x + = + =
Chuyn d lng gic Nguyn Tt Thu
Nguyn Tt Thu Trng THPT L Hng Phong
1
sin
2
2cos sin 3 0
x
x x
+ =
2
6
5
2
6
x k
x k
= +
= +
( Lu :
2 2
| sin cos | 2cos sin 5 3 a x b x a b x x + s + + s < ).
Nhn xt: Khi s dng cng thc nhn i, ta cn lu l cos2x c ba cng thc
thay nn tuy tng phng trnh m chng ta chn cng thc ph hp.
Bi Tp:
Bi tp:
Bi 1: Phng trnh cha mt hm s lng gic
2 2
5
1)2sin x 5sin x 2 0 2) cos2x 4cosx 0 3)1 5si n x 2cos x 0
2
+ = + = + =
( )
4 4
1
4)2cos2x 2 2 1 cosx 2 2 0 5) sin x cos x sin2x
2
+ + + = + =
4 4 2
2
x x 3 3
6) sin cos 1 2sin x 7)2t g x 3 8) 3cot gx 3
4 4 cosx
sin x
+ = + = = +
Bi 2: Phng trnh bc nht i vi si n x v cosx
( )
2
1
1) 3 sin2x cos2x 2 2) sin2x sin x 3)2 2 sin x cosx cosx 3 cos2x
2
+ = + = + = +
2
4) sin x 2 sin x 1 5)2sin x cos x 1 2 6) cos x 2 sin2x 1 0
4 4
| | | | t t
+ = + = + + + =
| |
\ . \ .
7) cos7x. cos5x 3 sin2x 1 sin 7x sin 5x =
Bi 3: Phng tnh ng cp
2 2 2 2
1)3sin x 3sin x cosx 4cos x 2 2) sin x si n2x 3cos x 3 + = + + =
Chuyn d lng gic Nguyn Tt Thu
Nguyn Tt Thu Trng THPT L Hng Phong
3 3 3
5) sin x cos x sin x cosx 6) 2 2 cos (x ) 3cosx sin x 0
4
t
= + =
Bi 4: Phng trnh lng gic khng mu mc
1)
4 4
sin x cos x 1 1
cot 2x
5sin2x 2 8sin2x
+
= (D b Khi A 2002 )
2)
( ) ( )
2cosx 1 2sin x cosx sin2x si n x + = ( H Khi D 2004 )
3)
6 6
2(sin x cos x) sin x cosx
0
2 2sin x
+
=
( H Khi A 2006 ).
4)
x
cot x sin x(1 t an x t an ) 4
2
+ + = (H Khi B 2006 )
5)
2 2 2
x x
sin t an x cos 0
2 4 2
| | t
=
|
\ .
( H Khi D 2003 )
2 2 2
x x
6) sin ( ) t an x cos 0 7)
2 4 2
cot x t anx sin x cosx
t
= = +
2
4
4
(2 sin x) sin 3x
8) sin x. si n 4x 2cos( x) 3 cosx. sin 4x t an x 1
6
cos x
9)
t
= + =
2
2 2
x
(2 3) cosx 2sin ( )
x 3
2 4
10) 1 11)4sin 3 cos2x 1 2cos (x )
2cosx 1 2 4
t
t
= = +
2
2
2
12)3sin x 2cosx 2 3t an x 13) 2t an x 5t an x 5cot x 4 0
sin x
+ = + + + + + =
2 2 2
3 x 1 3x
14) x sin 3x 3cos 2x 0 15) sin sin
10 2 2 10 2
sin
| | | | t t
+ = = +
| |
\ . \ .
( )
2 2
3) 3 cos x si n2x 3 sin x 1 0 4) t an x cot x 2 sin2x cos2x + = + = +