Baigiangcoluu Chat 4258

fcm lcl cc| c|cnc Cc |UU chcl fS HUynh ccnc Hcc| H Bcch Khcc lc HCl T
C LU CHAT
Giang vien: Huynh cong Hoai H Bach Khoa Tp HCM
M.E(AIT,Thailand), Ph.D (INPT,Phap)
(http://www.hcmut.edu.vn/~hchoai/baigiang)
1. Gao trnh c lu chat - Bo mon C lu Chat
2. Bi tp c lu cht BMC lu Cht -L song Giang - Nguyn th Phng
3.Thuy lc ai cng Nguyen Tai, Ta ngoc Cau
4.Thuy lc ( Tap I) Nguyen van Tao , Nguyen canh Cam
5.Fundamentals of Fluid mechanics Phillip M. Berhart, Richard J. Gross, John I.
Hochstein. Second edition, Addison wesley Publising Company Inc. 1985
6.Applied Fluid Mechanics- Robert L. Mott , Fourth edition , Macmillian Publishing
Company, 1990
7. Fluid mechanics John Doughlas, Janusz M. Gasiorek , John A. Swaffiield.
Fourth edition, Prentice Hall, 2001
8. E-book : Fundamentals of fluid mechanics by Bruce R. Munson, Donald F.
Young, Theodore H.Okiishi , John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2006
9. E-book : Shaums interactive Fluid mechanics Giles R.V et al.
10. Website: https://ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-bin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=fl
Chean Chin Ngo, Kurt Gramoll
11. Website : http://www.engin.umich.edu
Thi gian giang day: 42 tiet
Hnh thc thi: Trac nghiem
Gia hoc ky (20%) : 8 cau ly thuyet va 4 cau toan (45 phut)
Cuoi hoc ky (80%) : 12 cau ly thuyet va 8 cau toan (90 phut)
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Chng 1: M AU
I.GII THIEU MON HOC C LU CHAT
- oi tng nghien cu : Lu chat : chat long va chat kh
- Pham vi nghien cu : - nghien cu cac qui luat cua chat long va chat kh khi no
ng yen va chuyen ong .
Tai sao phai nghien cu c lu chat ?
Kien thc c ban cua mon CLC ng dung trong nhieu lnh vc :
+ Nghien cu thiet ke cac phng tien van chuyen : xe hi, tau thuy, may bay, hoa tien..
+ ng dung trong lnh vc xay dng nh cap, thoat nc, cong trnh thuy li (cong, e,
ho cha, nha may thuy ien ..), tnh toan thiet ke cau, nha cao tang
+ Tnh toan thiet ke cac thiet b thuy lc : may bm, tua bin, quat gio, may nen..
+ ng dung trong kh tng thuy van : d bao bao, lu lut , ..
+ ng dung trong y khoa: mo phong tuan hoan mau trong c the, tnh toan thiet ke
cac may tr tim nhan tao..
II. CAC TNH CHAT VAT LY C BAN CUA LU CHAT:
2.1 KHOI LNG TRONG LNG
Khoi lng (KL) la mot ai lng khong thay oi theo khong gian
Trong lng (TL) = KL x g (gia toc trong trng ) => thay oi theo g
n v :
Khoi lng Trong lng
Kg
N (kgm/s
2
)
Kgf (9,81 N) (kilogam lc)
Tf (1000 Kgf) (Tan lc)
- Khoi lng rieng ()
Trong lng rieng ()
n v : kg/m
3
N/m
3
V du :
nc
: 1000 kg/m
3
nc
: 9810 N/m
3
khong kh
: 1,228 kg/m
3
khong kh
: 12,07 N/m
3
- T trong : = /
nc
= /
nc
V du :
nc
= 1,
thuy ngan
= 13,6
fcm lcl cc| c|cnc Cc |UU chcl fS HUynh ccnc Hcc| H Bcch Khcc lc HCl 2
2.2 TNH NHT CUA LU CHAT (Viscosity)
Quan sat mot dong chay :
dy
du
=
Newton
Trong o :
: ng suat ma sat (N/m
2
)
: he so nht ong lc
u : van toc, phu thuoc vao y
n v cua :
n v chuan :
ms
kg
2
m
Ns
Pa.S
Ngoai ra :
poise , 1 poise = 0,1
ms
kg
Ngoai he so ong lc, ngi ta con s dung he so nht ong hoc , c nh ngha
=
n v : m
2
/s hay stoke , 1 stoke = 1cm
2
/s = 10
-4
m
2
/s
y
u(y)
u
y
dy
Tnh chat cua he so nht:
He so nht phu thuoc vao nhiet o :
Chat long: khi nhiet o tang he so nht giam
Chat kh: khi nhiet o tang he so nht
tang
He so nht phu thuoc vao ap suat:
Chat long: ap suat tang he so nht tang
Chat kh : he so nht khong thay oi
khi ap suat thay oi
Chat long Newton va phi Newton
Hau het cac loai lu chat thong thng nh nc, xang, dau eu thoa man cong thc
Newton (1) , tuy nhien co mot so chat long (hac n, nha nong chay, dau tho ..) khong
tuan theo cong thc Newton c goi la chat long phi Newton, hoac oi vi chat long
thong thng khi chay trang thai chay roi cung khong tuan theo cong thc Newton.
Lu chat ly tng va lu chat thc
Lu chat ly tng: khong co ma sat
Lu chat ly tng: co ma sat
2.3 TNH NEN CUA LU CHAT :
Moduyn an hoi:
dV
dp
V K =
hay
d
dp
K =
( v M = V => dM= dV +Vd = 0)
K
nc
= 2,2 10
9
N/m
2
oi vi chat kh ly tng : p = RT
Vi :
p : ap suat tuyet oi (N/m
2
)
: khoi lng rieng
R : hang so kh, phu thuoc vao loai kh
T : nhiet o tuyet oi ( nhiet o Kelvin , 0
o
C = 273 o Kelvin)
- Hau het cac loai chat long rat kho nen nen c xem nh la lu chat khong nen
- Mot dong kh chuyen ong vi van toc nho th s thay oi khoi lng rieng khong
ang ke nen van c xem la lu chat khong nen.
- Khi dong kh chuyen ong vi van toc ln hn 0,3 lan van toc am thanh
(khoang 100 m/s) thi mi xem la lu chat nen c
T phng trnh tren pV = const
p : ap suat tuyet oi va V : the
tch
2.4 AP SUAT HI BAO HOA:
Trong mot khong gian kn, khi cac phan t chat long boc hi at en trang
thai bao hoa tao ra mot ap suat trong khoang khong gian kn o c goi la
ap suat hi bao hoa.
Ap suat hi bao hoa tang theo nhiet o
V du 32,2
0
C, p
bao hoa
cua nc la 0,048at
100
0
C, p
bao hoa
cua nc la 1at
Khi ap suat chat long Ap suat hi bao hoa chat long bat au soi (hoa kh).
V du co the cho nc soi 32,2
0
C neu ha ap suat xuong con 0,048at.
Trong mot so ieu kien cu the, hien tng kh thc (cavitation) xay ra khi ap suat
chat long nho hn P
bao hoa
2.5 SC CANG MAT NGOAI VA HIEN TNG MAO DAN
(Xem tai lieu tham khao)
Cau 2 Mot dong chay neu co bieu o phan bo van toc eu nh hnh ve th ng suat
ma sat gia cac phan t tren AB se la:
a) Nho nhat A b) Ln nhat A
c) Nh nhat B d) Ca 3 ieu sai
A
B
a) Ln nhat A b) Ln nhat B
c) eu bang nhau tat ca moi iem tren AB
d) eu bang khong tat ca moi iem tren AB
A
B
Cau 1. Mot dong chay co bieu o phan bo van toc tuyen tnh nh hnh ve th ng suat ma sat
gia cac phan t tren AB se la:
CAU HOI TRAC NGHIEM
Cau 3 . Mot lu chat co moduyn an hoi nho th:
a ) Kho nen b) De nen c) Kha nang an hoi kem d) Ca b) va c) eu ung
Cau 5:. S ma sat gia cac phan t chat long khi chuyen ong phu thuoc vao:
a) S phan bo van toc trong dong chay b) Tnh chat cua chat long
c) Ap suat cua dong chay d) Ca a) va b)
Cau 4 Mot khoi kh ly tng co khoi lng M
o
ap suat p
o
. Neu ap suat tang en p
1
> p
o
trong
ieu kien nhiet o khong oi th khoi lng cua khoi kh (M
1
) trong ieu kien ap suat p
1
se la :
a) M
1
= M
o
b) M
1
> M
o
c) M
1
< M
o
d) Cha the biet v con phu thuoc vao moduyn an hoi ln hay nho
Cau 7 Khi giam nhiet o th s ma sat gia cac phan t lu chat ang chuyen ong:
a) Luon luon giam neu la chat long
b) Luon luon giam neu la chat kh
c) Luon luon giam cho tat ca cac loai lu chat
d) Ca 3 eu sai
Cau 6 : Mot khoi chat long co the tch khong oi, khi at tren mat at va tren mat trang th :
a) Trong lng khong oi b) Trong lng rieng khong oi
c) T trong khong oi d) Ca a) va b) eu ung
fcm lcl cc| c|cnc Cc |UU chcl fS HUynh ccnc Hcc| H Bcch Khcc lc HCl
Cau 8 He so nht ong lc hoc cua mot lu chat th :
a) Mot so co th nguyen b) Phu thuoc vao trang thai chay
c) Phu thuoc vao nhiet o d) Ca a) va c) eu ung
Cau 9 Khoi lng rieng cua mot chat kh th :
a) Thay oi khi gia toc trong trng thay oi b) Se tang khi ap suat tang
c) Se giam khi ap suat tang neu la chat kh ly tng d) Ca a) va b) eu ung
Cau 10 Mot dong chay co bieu o phan bo van toc nh hnh ben.
ng suat ma sat () tai cac iem A,B,C se la:
a)
A
<
B
<
C
b)
C
<
A
<
B
c)
B
=
C
<
A
d)
C
<
B
<
A
C
B
A
V du 1: ng ong co ng knh d, dai l, dan dau vi he so nhn , khoi lng
rieng . Dau chuyen ong theo quy luat sau:
u=ady-ay
2
(a>0; 0<=y<=d/2). Tm lc ma sat cua dau len thanh ong
Giai
) 2 ( ad ay
dy
du
+ = =
Chon truc toa o nh hnh ve, xet lp chat long bat ky co toa o
y (lp chat long nay co dien tch la dien tch mat tru co ng
knh (d-2y)). Ta co:
Tai thanh ong: y=0; suy ra:
y
x
d
l
u
max
) (ad =
Nh vay lc ma sat cua dau len thanh ong la:
2
) ).( ( ald d l ad A F
ms
= = =
V du 2 :Mot khoi co khoi lng 10 kg trt
tren mat nghieng co goc 20oso vi mat
phang nam ngang. Xac nh van toc cua
khoi neu gia khoi va mat nghieng co boi
mot lp dau co o nht ong lc = 0,38
Pa.s, day 0,1 mm. Cho dien tch tiep xuc
gia khoi va tam nghieng la 0,2 m
2
u
20
o
0,1mm
Giai :
W la trong lng cua khoi
W sin 20
o
=
o
A
=
=
t
u
dy
du
y
o

0
A
t
u
W
o
= 20 sin
s m
A
W
u
o o
/ 0442 , 0
) 2 , 0 )( 38 , 0 (
) 20 )(sin 81 , 9 )( 10 )( 0001 , 0 ( 20 sin
= = =
Xy lanh
ngoai
Chat
long

L
R
o
V du 3: o nht cua lu chat co the o bang cach dung
mot xy lanh o o nht nh hnh ve. Dung cu nay bao gom
mot xy lanh ben ngoai co nh va xy lanh ben trong quay
vi van toc quay . Neu biet ngau lc can thiet e quay
vi van toc th o nht cua chat long c nam gia hai
xy lanh c xac nh. Hay thiet lap mot phng trnh lien
he gia , , , L va R
o
va R
l
. Bo qua anh hng ay
va cho s phan bo chat long van toc gia hai xy lanh la
tuyen tnh.
i
R U =
) ( ) (
i o
i
i o
R R
R
R R
U
d
R R
L R
L d R
R R
R
dA dF
i o
i
i
i o
i
) ( ) (
2
= =
Ngau lc d tao ra
d
R R
L R
R d
R R
L R
dFR d
i o
i
i
i o
i
i
) ( ) (
3 2
= =

=
= =

2
0
2
0
3 3
2
0
) ( ) (
d
R R
L R
d
R R
L R
d
i o
i
i o
i
) (
2
3
i o
i
R R
L R
R
i
Giai :
S thay oi he so nht theo nhiet o
CHNG 2 : TNH HOC LU CHAT
I. KHAI NIEM
-Tnh tuyet oi : can bang bi duy nhat la trong lc
- Tnh tng oi: can bang bi nhieu lc (trong lc , lc quan tnh, lc ly tam .)
II AP SUAT THUY TNH
2.1 Ap suat thuy tnh -nh ngha
Ap suat thuy tnh trung bnh:
A
F
p
r
r
=
Ap suat thuy tnh tai mot iem
A
F
lim p
A

r
r
0
=
2.2 Tnh chat
- Ap suat thuy tnh tac dung thang goc vi dien tch chu lc va hng vao dien tch ay
- Tr so ap suat khong phu thuoc vao hng cua dien tch chu lc
2.3 Th nguyen cua ap suat
Th nguyen cua ap suat
p
F
A
FL ML T = = =
2 1 2
n v cua ap suat: N/m
2
( Pa) : n v chuan dung e tnh toan
Kgf / cm2 , at , m nc, mm Hg
1 at = 1Kgf / cm2 = 10m nc = 735 mm Hg = 9,81.10
4
Pa (N/m
2
)
F
r
A
2.4 Ap suat tuyet oi, ap suat d va ap suat chan khong.
0
Ap suat kh tri :
98100 N/m
2
Ap suat
tuyet oi
Ap suat d
(tng oi)
0
-98100 N/m
2
Ap suat
chan khong
0
98200 N/m
2
100 N/m
2
98000 N/m
2
- 100 N/m
2
100 N/m
2
Ap suat tuyet oi la gia tr ap suat that , v du ap suat cua khong kh P
a
= 98100 N/m
2
Ap suat d ( ap suat tng oi) la ap suat c so sanh vi ap suat kh tri
p
d
= p
tuyet oi
- pa
Ap suat chan khong la ap suat con thieu can phai them vao cho bang ap suat kh tri
p
ck
= p
a
- p
tuyet oi
= 98100 N/m
2
- p
tuyet oi
= -p
du
III. PHNG TRNH VI PHAN C BAN CUA CHAT LONG CAN
BANG
dx
x
p
p
+ p
x
z
y
dx
dy
dz
A
B
c D
E
F
G H
Hnh 2.2
3.1 Phng trnh vi phan c ban:
Khoi cht lng vi phan , canh dx, dy, dz,
can bang , khoi lng rieng .
Lc tac dung len khoi hnh hop theo phng
X la :
Lc khoi : dx dy dz F
x
Lc mat :
Tong lc phng X: dx dy dz F
x
+ p dy dz - (p+ dx) dy dz = 0
x
p
x
p
F
x
- = 0 => F
x
- = 0 (2.3)
x
p
1
phng y => F
y
- = 0 (2.4)
y
p
1
phng z => F
z
- = 0 (2.5)
z
p
1
Viet di dang vector (2.6) 0
1
= p grad F
r
F
r
Lc khoi n v (F
x
, F
y
, F
z
)
x
p
p dy dz (p+ dx) dy dz
p
A. TNH TUYET OI (Trang thai tnh di anh hng cua trong lc)
IV. PHNG TRNH THUY TNH:
Di anh hng trong lc lc khoi theo tng phng se la:
x
y
z
g
Hnh 2.3
Fx = Fy = 0 Fz = -g (2.7)
Thay vao
1 p
0 0
x
=

1 p
g 0
z
=

p = - gz + C
--> p + z = const
p
z const
+ =
p
B
p
A
h
A
B
Z
B
Z
A
Mat chuan
Ap dung cho 2 iem A va B :
p gz p gz
A A B B
+ = +
suy ra: h p p
A B
+ =
p + gz = const
Chat long,
khong nen
=constant
0
1
= p grad F
r
p
0
x
p=p(y,z)
1 p
0 0
y
=

p
0
y
p=p(z)
p
g
z

Chat kh la kh ly tng: p RT =
Neu nhiet o thay oi theo o cao theo o cao: T=T
0
az; a>0,
T
0
la nhiet o ng vi o cao z=0 (thong thng la mc nc bien yen lang):
0
g
Lnp Ln(T az) Ln(C)
aR
= +
Goi p
0
la ap suat ng vi z=0:
aR
g
aR
g
T
p
C CT p
0
0
0 0
= =
aR
g
T
az T
p p

=
0
0
0
Phng trnh kh tnh:
dp
g
dz
=
Chat kh,
nen c
constant
p
RT
=
dp p
g
dz RT
=
dp p
g
dz RT
=
dp g
dz
p RT
=
0
dp g
dz
p R(T az)
=
Tch phan
o 0
g
Lnp Ln(T ) Ln(C)
aR
= +
V. NG DUNG PHNG TRNH THUY TNH
5.1 Ap ke
*Ap ke tuyet oi: o ap suat tuyet oi
h g p
Hg a
. . =
h
Hg
P = 0
Hnh 2.4
* Ap ke o chenh.
M M A A
gz p gz p + = +
(a)
N N B B
gz p gz p + = + (b)
T (a) va (b) ta suy ra:
( ) ( ) ( )
N M N M B B A A
z z g p p gz p gz p + = + +
ma p
M
= p
N
* Ap ke o chenh co 2 chat long
Hnh 2.6
A
B
h
1
2
M
N
(a), (b), (c) ta suy ra:
1
1
1 2
h
p
z
p
z h
B
B
A
A
+ =
M M A A
gz p gz p
1 1
+ = + (a)
N N B B
gz p gz p
1 1
+ = + (b)
1 2
gh p p
N M
=
(c)
1
h
p
z
p
z h
B
B
A
A
=
+ =

A
B
M
N
kh
Hnh 2.5
h
1
5.2 nh luat Pascal.
Khi ap suat tai mot iem trong moi trng chat long thay oi, th tat ca moi iem trong moi
trng o cung thay oi mot ga tr tng ng
Ap dung nh luat Pascal: Nguyen ly hoat ong cua con oi
5.3 Bieu o phan bo ap suat
p
a
h
p
A
=
h
A
A
A
p
a
h
p
A
= h
A
A
A
B
p
B
= h
B
h
B
Suy luan :Dung bieu o phan bo ap suat xac nh ap lc khi dien tch chu lc
hnh ch nhat co ay nam ngang:
Hnh 2.8a. Ap lc tren mat ay F = h (Lb) Hnh 2.8b. Ap lc tren mat ben F = h
2
b/2
L
b
h
F
L
b
h
F
D
D
(1623-1662)
p
o
y
o
VI. AP LC THUY TNH
6.1 Ap lc thuy tnh len mot mat phang
Tren dien tch vi phan
Lc tac dung len toan bo dien tch
: : moment tnh cua dien tch A oi vi truc OX
A
ydA
A y ydA
C
A
=
Do o
( )A h p F
c 0
+ =
A p F
c
=
Vay ap lc F tac dung len dien tch A bang ap suat tai trong tam (p
c
) dien tch A
nhan cho dien tch o.
F
c
h
c
h
p
dA
y
x
y
c
c
A
( ) ( )dA y p dA h p pdA dF sin
0 0
+ = + = =
( )

+ = + =
A A
0 0
ydA sin dA p dA sin y p F
+ =
A
0
ydA sin A p
A y sin A p F
c 0
+ =
iem at : D ( y
D
va x
D
) cua F trng hp ap suat tren mat thoang p
0
=0
Xac nh y
D
:
- Moment cua F oi vi truc OX
M
ox
= F. y
D
= h
c
A. y
D
= y
c
sin A. y
D
(2.12)
Ngoai ra: monent cua dF tren dA oi vi truc OX la:
dM
ox
= dF . y = h dA y = y
2
sin dA
Vay moment cua F oi vi truc OX la :
=
A
2
ox
dA sin y M
at : moment quan tnh cua A oi vi OX
=
A
xx
dA y I
2
(2.13)
ox ox
I M sin =
(2.12) va (2.13) : y
c
sin A. y
D
= sin I
OX
Suy ra : (2.14)
A y
I
y
c
ox
D
=
Moment quan tnh /v truc ox co the tnh t moment quan tnh /v truc i ngang qua trong
tam C theo cong thc
A y
A y I
y
c
2
c c
D
+
=
A y
I
y y
c
c
C D
+ =
A y
I
y y
c
c
C D
=
(2.15)
I
c
luon luon dng, do o . Ngha la v tr D thap hn C
y y
D C
>
Toa o x
D
: khong can xac nh neu dien tch A co mot truc oi xng song song vi oy th D se
nam tren truc oi xng o
Suy luan : Hay tm cach xac nh iem at ap lc trong trng hp tren mat thoang co ap suat p
o
0
p
o
h
c
h
y
y
c
y
o
A
dA
c
p
c
y
D
D
D
F
=
A
2
dA y sin
A y I I
2
c c ox
+ =
a
b
c
6.2 Ap lc chat long len mat cong:
Xet mot mat cong abc co canh ab song song vi truc oy
dAx
dA
b
a
x
z
y
o
dF
x
dAx
dF
dA
Lc tac dung len mat cong tong quat:
2 2 2
z y x
F F F F + + =
Trng hp ab // oy nen F
y
= 0, tm F
x
va F
z
Ap lc dF tren dien tch vi phan dA :
dF = p. dA
Chieu dF tren phng ox
dF
x
= p. dA sin = p. dA
x
Do o F
x
=

x
A
x
pdA
Fx : chnh la lc tac dung len hnh chieu cua abc tren phng thang goc vi truc ox (
phng thang ng) hay noi cach khac la lc tren mat phang abc
Tng t , chieu dF len phng oz:
do o F
z
=
z
A
z
pdA
Trng hp ap suat tren mat thoang bang khong va goi h la khoang cach thang ng
t dien tch vi phan dA en mat thoang th :
F
z
= . W
W: c goi la the tch vat ap lc ( the tch abbc)
nh ngha VAL: The tch vat ap lc la the tch gii han bi mat cong va cac mat
ben thang ng ta vao mep mat cong roi keo dai len cho en khi gap mat thoang
hay phan noi dai cua mat thoang.
dF
z
= p. dA cos = p. dA
z
x
z
y
o
a
b
c
dAz
dA
b
a
dF
x
dAx
dF
dA

=
z z
A
z
A
z
hdA hdA
F
z
=
dAz
dFz
h
Po=0
A
B
D
C
2R
2R
A
B
D
C
2R
2R
P
o
2
Th d 2
(?) Xem xet trng hp co nhieu loai chat long va tren mat thoang
khong phai ap suat kh tri .
(?) Xem xet trng hp mot phan tam qua cau trong chat
long, xac nh F
x
va F
z
Th nghim : Ottovon Guericke (8.5.1654) ti Maydeburg, c
Dng 2 bn cu D = 37 cm, bt kn v ht kh p sut tuyt i trong qa cu bng
khng .
Cho 2 n nga ko vn khng tch bn cu ra c. Vy phi cn 1 lc bng bao
nhiu tch hai bn cu ra (xem lc dnh gia 2 bn cu khng ng k)
D
F =?
F =?
Chn khng p(tuyt i) = 0
Suy lun
6.3 Lc ay Archimede:
V
1
V
2
V
A B
m
n
+
Mot vat nam trong moi trng chat long se b mot lc ay thang ung t di
len tren va bang trong lng cua chat long ma vat o chiem cho.
(287-212 BC)
C
D
C
D
VII. S CAN BANG MOT VAT TRONG CHAT LONG:
Can bang on nh
7.1 Vat ngap hoan toan trong chat long :
D di C
F
A
G
C
D
F
A
G
C
D
F
A
G
D tren C
Can bang khong on nh
C : im t trng lng, D : im t lc y archimede
F
A
G
7.2 Vat ngap mot phan trong chat long :
C
D
Tam nh khuynh M nm trong CD
MD c xac nh :
W
I
MD
yy
=
Iyy: moment quan tnh cua mat noi oi vi truc quay yy
W : The tch vat chm trong chat long
M
D
C
D
M
D di C
Tam nh khuynh M nam ngoai CD
D di C
G
D
C
D
F
A
G
C
D
F
A
G
F
A
D
G
D
F
A
Can bang on nh
Can bang khong on nh
D : iem at lc ay Archimede C : iem at trong tam vat
VIII. TNH HOC TNG OI :
8.1- Chat long trong bnh chuyen ong thang ngang vi gia toc khong oi
Xet chat long chuyen ong thang vi gia toc a, ap dung phng trnh vi phan
c ban cua chat long can bang:
a
x
p
x
p
a
0
1
=>
p = -ax + f(y,z)
0 0
1
0 =
=> =
y
p
y
p
=> p = -ax + f(z)

g
z
p
z
p
g
=> =
0
1
va t tren
z
f
z
p
g
z
f
=
=> f = -gz +C
1
thay f vao
p = -ax - gz + C
1
Phng trnh mat ang ap: dp = 0 =>
0 =
dz
z
p
dy
y
p
dx
x
p
Thay cac ga tr vao rut ra c
z p y p x p / , / , /
z
C x
g
a
z + =
Mat ang ap la nhng mat phang nghieng song song vi mat thoang.
Khi xe chuyen ong va chat long khong b tran ra ngoai th mat thoang lc ny s i ngang qua
trung iem M ca mt thong khi xe ng yn
a>0
x>0
z
M
0
1
= p grad F
r
8.2 Chat long trong bnh chuyen ong quay eu quanh truc thang ng
Xet chat long trong bnh chuyen ong quay vi goc khong oi.
h/2
h/2
h
z
r
Chat long can bang vi lc khoi tren cac phng
nh sau:
Phng trnh phan bo ap suat
1
2 2
2
1
C gz r p + =
Phng trnh mat ang ap 2
2 2
2
1
C r
g
z + =
Mat ang ap la nhng mat paraboloid tron xoay
Chu y : Do the tch chat long trong bnh trc va sau khi quay bang nhau, nen khoang
cach t mat thoang chat long khi bnh ng yen en nh va chan cua paraboloid
bang nhau.
x F
x
2
= y F
y
2
= g F
z
=
Thay vao phng trnh c ban va viet lai tren
toa o tru co:

T
Hnh 1.2
1 2
1
2
2
3 4 5 7 8 9 10
11
12
2
3
6
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Cau 1: Hay cho biet cac ap suat nao bang nhau trong th nghiem sau ay va mc
chat long nao ngang nhau neu tat ca cac ong eu co ng knh giong nhau
(1 )
(2 ) (4 )
Cau 2 Hay cho biet bieu o phan bo ap suat tuyet oi nao sau ay la ung:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
(3)
(2 )
(3 ) (4 )
(1 )
Hay cho biet bieu o phan bo ap suat d nao sau ay la ung:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
fcm lcl cc| c|cnc Cc |UU chcl fS HUynh ccnc Hcc| H Bcch Khcc lc HCl TT
p
a
Cau 3 Cac v du ve vat ap lc V
val
:
P
du
w
F
z
P
a
P
ck
w
F
z
P
a
P
ck
P
a
w
F
z
w
p
a
w
p
d
p
d
/
F
z
w
p
ck
p
a
p
ck
/
F
z
p
a
w
F
z
p
ck
p
a
p
ck
/
w
F
z
p
ck
p
a
p
ck
/
w
1
w
2
F
z1
F
z2
Cau 4: Cac thung tren hnh ve eu co ay tron va cung ng knh, cha nc va
dau. Goi F
1
, F
2
va F
3
la lc tac dung tren ay thung. Ta co :
nc
dau
F
1
nc
dau
F
2
nc
dau
F
3
a) F
1
> F
2
> F
3
b) F
1
< F
2
< F
3
c) F
1
= F
2
= F
3
d) F
1
> F
1
= F
2
Cau 5. Trong th nghiem cua Toricelli ong dung mot ong nghiem up tren mot chau thuy
ngan va hut het khong kh trong ong ra th thay mc thuy ngan dang len trong ong
nghiem 76 cm. Neu thay thuy ngan bang nc th mc nc trong ong nghiem se la :
a) Thap hn mc thuy ngan
b) Cao hn mc thuy ngan
c) Bang mc thuy ngan
d) Co the cao hn hoac thap tuy thuoc vao ng knh cua ong nghiem ln hay nho.
fcm lcl cc| c|cnc Cc |UU chcl fS HUynh ccnc Hcc| H Bcch Khcc lc HCl T2
Cau 6. Mot thung nc co trong lng Wn va mot qua cau co
trong lng Wc . Neu goi W la tr so oc tren can khi bo qua
cau vao trong nc th
a) W < Wn + Wc khi qua cau noi tren mat thoang
b) W < Wn + Wc khi qua cau noi chm l lng nh hnh ve
c) W = Wn + Wc khi qua cau chm xuong ay bnh
d) Ca 3 eu ung
W
Qua cau
Cau 7: Mot ong hnh ch U, mot au bt kn va mot au e

h tiep xuc vi kh tri. Khi ng yen mc nc trong bnh
nam ngang nh hnh ve. Neu bnh quay tron qua truc thang
ng oi xng vi van toc quay th ap suat tai A so vi
luc ng yen se la :
a)Nho hn
b) Ln hn
c) Khong oi
d) Cha xac nh con phu thuoc vao van toc quay
Archimede 287-212 BC
Pascal 1623-1662 , Phap
(1 )
(2 ) (4 )
Hay cho biet bieu o phan bo ap suat tuyet oi nao sau ay la ung:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
(3)
(2 )
(3 ) (4 )
(1 )
Hay cho biet bieu o phan bo ap suat d nao sau ay la ung:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
p
a
Cac v du ve vat ap lc V
val
:
P
du
w
F
z
P
a
P
ck
w
F
z
P
a
P
ck
P
a
w
F
z
w
p
a
w
p
d
p
d
/
F
z
w
p
ck
p
a
p
ck
/
F
z
p
a
w
F
z
p
ck
p
a
p
ck
/
w
F
z
p
ck
p
a
p
ck
/
w
1
w
2
F
z1
F
z2
Chng 3 ONG HOC LU CHAT
I HAI PHNG PHAP NGHIEN CU
1.1 Phng phap Lagrange.
(J.L de Lagrange, nha toan hoc ngi Phap,1736-1883)
Theo doi qua trnh chuyen ong cua cac phan
t chat long va nhng dien bien trong qua
trnh di chuyen cua no.
x
y
z
z
o
x
o
y
o
t
o
t
( ) t , r f r
o
r r
=
(3.1)
hay ( ) t , z , y , x x x
o o o
= ( ) t , z , y , x y y
o o o
= ( ) t , z , y , x z z
o o o
=
Van toc c xac nh:
dt
r d
u =
r
2
2
dt
r d
dt
u d
a
r r
r
= =
dt
dz
u ;
dt
dy
u ;
dt
dx
u
z y x
= = =
2
2
z
2
2
y
y
2
2
x
x
d d
= a ;
d
d
= a ;
d d
= a
dt
z
dt
u
dt
y
dt
u
dt
x
dt
u
z
= = =
Trong phng phap Lagrange , cac yeu to chuyen ong la mot ham co bien so la thi gian
V du : u = at
2
+ b (a, b la hang so)
x
z
y
r
o
r
1.2 Phng phap Euler. ( L. Euler, nha toan hoc ngi Thuy S, 1707-1783)
Mo ta cac yeu to dong chay tai tng iem trong khong gian, do o cac thong so dong chay
la mot ham theo vi tr va thi gian
( ) t , z , y , x u = u
r r
va cac thanh phan
( ) t z y x u u
x x
, , , =
( ) t z y x u u
y y
, , , = ( ) t z y x u u
z z
, , , =
Th du : u
x
= 5x(1+t) , u
y
= 5y(-1+t)
Gia toc cua chuyen ong :
du
a
dt
=
r
r
tren phng x:
x x x x
x x y z
u u u u
a u u u
x y z t

= + + +

tren phng y:
y y y y
y x y z
u u u u
a u u u
x y z t

= + + +

tren phng z:
Gia toc oi lu
Gia toc
cuc bo
z z z z
z z y z
u u u u
a u u u
x y z t

= + + +

II. MOT SO KHAI NIEM
2.1 ng dong : ng cong i qua cac phan t chat long co cac vector van toc
la tiep tuyen vi ng cong o.
Phng trnh vi phan cua ng dong
dx
u
dy
u
dz
u
x y z
= =
+ Hai ng dong khong cat nhau
+ Trong chuyen ong on nh , ng dong trung vi qui ao
Tnh cht:
2.2 Dong nguyen to :
dA
Dong nguyen to
Xet dien tch dA, cac ng dong bao quanh chu vi
dien tch dA tao thanh mot ong dong, chat long di
chuyen trong ong dong c goi la dong nguyen to
Lu chat di chuyen trong dong nguyen to th khong
i ra khoi va lu chat ben ngoai cung khong i vao
dong nguyen to
ng dong
a
b
2.3 Dien tch t - Chu vi ut Ban knh thuy lc
Dien tch t la dien tch thang goc vi cac ng dong va cha chat long
Chu vi t phan tiep xuc vi chat long va thanh ran
Ban knh thuy lc : t so gia dien tch t va chu vi t
D p =
b a a b a p + = + + = 2
4
4 /
2
D
D
D
P
A
R = = =
2.4 Lu lng
The tch chat long i qua mat cat t trong mot n v thi gian (m
3
/s)
Khi lu lng tnh theo khoi lng(kg/s)
=
A
m
udA Q
Nhn xet: T (3.5) cho thay lu lng chnh la the tch cua bieu o phan bo van toc
=
A
udA Q (3.5)
2.5 Van toc trung bnh:.
V
Q
A
=
Bieu o phan bo
van toc
b a
ab
P
A
R
+
= =
2
a
b
D
III. PHAN LOAI CHUYEN ONG
3.1 Phan loai theo ma sat:
Chuyen ong chat long ly tng, : khong co ma sat
3.2 Phan loai theo thi gian:
* Chuyen ong on nh:
u = u(x,y,z) a = a(x,y,z)
u
t
a
t
= = 0 0
* Chuyen ong khong on nh
u = u(x,y,z,t) a = a(x,y,z,t)
3.3 Phan loai theo khong gian
Dong chay 1 D, 2D va 3D (Dimension)
Chuyen ong chat long thc: co ma sat
Chuyen ong tang
Chuyen ong roi
He so Reynolds
VD 4VR
Re = =

: He so nht
ong hoc
IV. PHNG PHAP THE TCH KIEM SOAT VA AO HAM CUA MOT TCH
PHAN KHOI
4.1.Phng phap the tch kiemsoat:
=
W
dW X
W: the tch kiem soat
X : ai lng can nghien cu
K : ai lng n v ( ai lng X tren 1 n v khoi lng)
Th du : ai lng n v cua khoi lng K =1
ai lng n v cua ong lng u
r
=
4.2. ao hamcua mot tch phan khoi
=
W
dW X
(Tch phan khi)
( )
=
W
dW
dt
d
dt
dX
(ao ham cua mot tch phan khi)

?
S
W
u
dw
CV
( ) ( )
2 2 1 1 2 2
At Ct Bt At At Bt
X X X X X X X + + + =
Tai thi iem t
1 1 1 1
Bt At t
X X X + =
Thi iem t
2
X X X
t Bt Ct
2 2 2
= +
Trong thi gian t, co s bien oi
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
Bt At Ct Bt
X X X X X + + =
( ) ( )
2 2 1 2
At Ct t B A t B A
X X X X + =
+ +
( ) ( )
t
X X
t
X X
t
X At Ct t B A t B A
+ +
2 2 1 2
ao ham theo t
Trong o (1)
=
2
2
S
Ct
dA n . u t X
r r

=
1
2
S
At
dA n . u t X
r r

va
t
dA n . u t dA n . u t
lim
t
X X
lim
S S
t
At Ct
t

+
=

1 2 2 2
0 0
r r r r
+ =
S
CV CV
dA n u
t
X
dt
dX r r
.
( ) ( )
t
X
t
X X
t B A t B A
t
+ +

1 2
0
lim
(3.8)

= =
+ S S S
dA n . u dA n . u
r r r r

2 1
(3.9)
(3.10)
Thay (3.8), (3.9) vao (3.7)
Do o (2)
4 4 3 4 4 2 1 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 2 1
) 2 (
0
) 1 (
) ( ) (
0 0
2 2 1 2
lim lim lim
t
X X
t
X X
t
X
dt
dX At Ct
t
t B A t B A
t t
=

+ +
(3.7)
CV: the tch kiem soat ( Control Volume) S: dien tch bao quanh the tch kiem soat
t
2
S
2
S
1
C
A
B
W
t
1

+ =
1 2
. .
S S
dA n u dA n u
r r r r

3.5. PHNG TRNH LIEN TUC
Bao toan khoi lng
dm
dt
= 0
Ap dung phng phap the tch kiem soat
=
W
dW X
0 = + =

S
CV HT
dA n . u
t
m
dt
dm r r
0 = +

S W
dA n . u dW
t
r r
( ) 0 = +

W W
dW u div dW
t
r
( ) 0 =
W
dW u div
t
r
( ) 0 = + u div
t
r
K=1
(PT lien tuc)
Bien oi Gauss
CV
=
W
dW m
0 = +

S W
dA n . u dW
t
r r
CV
* Chat long khong nen c:
0 = u div
r
Hay
u
x
u
y
u
z
x
y
z
+ + = 0
Trong toa o cc
( ) 0
1 1
= + +
z
u u
r
ru
r r
z
r

*Trng hp lu chat chuyen ong on nh , chon the tch kiem soat bao quanh dong chay
0
2 1

= + + =
A S A S
b
dA n . u dA n . u dA n . u dA n . u
r r r r r r r r

0 = +

S W
dA n . u dW
t
r r
u
2
n
u
1
A
1
A
2
n
S
b
0
2 1
2 2 2 1 1 1

= +
A A
dA n . u dA n . u
r r r r

Q Q
m m 1 2
=
o
Const A V A V = =
2 2 2 1 1 1

1 2
= = Const Q Q
1 2
= Chat long khong nen c: VA V A Const
1 1 2 2
= =
( = const)
Const Q Q = =
2 2 1 1

( ) 0 = + u div
t
r
0
2 1
= +
m m
Q Q
3.6 PHAN TCH CHUYEN ONG CUA LU CHAT:
Van toc quay: u Rot
r r
2
1
=
z y x
u u u
z y x
k j i
r r r
2
1
=
=
z
u
y
u
y
z
x
2
1
=
x
u
z
u
z x
y
2
1
=
y
u
x
u
x y
z
2
1
Chuyen
ong
1. Tnh tien
2. Quay
3. Bien dang
Mot chuyen ong khong quay th :
x
=
y
=
y
= 0
Thu du: Xac nh ng dong cua mot dong chay co : u
x
= 2y va u
y
= 4x
y x
u
dy
u
dx
=
x
dy
y
dx
4 2
=
ydy xdx 2 4 =
ydy xdx = 2
C
y x
+ =
2 2
2
2 2
C y x =
2 2
2
z
o
x
y
dx
dy
dz
Chng 4 ONG LC HOC LU CHAT
I. PHNG TRNH VI PHAN CHO CHAT LONG LY TNG CHUYEN
ONG (P.Tr EULER)
Xet mot khoi hnh hop vi phan dxdydz trong khoi chat long ly tng chuyen ong.
Tong lc tac ong tren khoi hnh hop vi phan =>
p
p dx
x
p
Vi : lc khoi n v
p(x,y,z,t) : ap suat
u (x,y,z,t) : van toc
F
r
dt
u d
p grad
1
F
v
r
=
Neu viet tren phng x th :

dt
du
x
p
F
x
x
=
1
dt
dt
t
u
dt
dz
z
u
dt
dy
y
u
dt
dx
x
u
x
p
F
x x x x
x
1
them vao ve phai
t
u
z
u
u
y
u
u
x
u
u
x
p
F
x x
z
x
y
x
x x
1
x
u
u
x
u
u
x
u
u
x
u
u
z
z
y
y
z
z
y
y
dt
u d
p grad F
r
r
=
1
sau khi bien oi, ta co:
t
u
y
u
x
u
u
x
u
z
u
u
u u u
x x
p
F
x x
y
y
z x
z
z y x
x
+ +
2
1
2 2 2
[ ]
t
u
u u
u
x x
p
F
x
z y y z x
+ +
2 2
2
1
2
va viet di dang vector
2
1 u u
F gradp grad 2 u
t 2
= + +

r
uuuuur uuuur r
r r
pt Euler dang Lam-Gromeko
Tng t tren phng y
[ ]
2
y
y x z z x
u
1 p u
F u 2 u 2
y y 2 t

= + +

tren phng z
2
z
z y x x y
1 p u u
F u 2 u 2
z z 2 t

= + +

u x
u
grad
t
u
gradp F
r r
r
r
2
2
1
2
+ +
=
II.TCH PHAN PHNG TRNH CHUYEN ONG
Lc co the: Lc khoi n v F la lc co the khi co the tm c mot ham (x,y,z) sao cho
F grad =
uuuur r
ngha la :
x
F
x
=

y
F
y
=

z
F
z
=

va (x,y,z) c goi la ham the
Th du : Lc khoi n v la trong lc la mot lc co the vi : (x,y,z) = gz
Ham ap suat: (x,y,z) goi la ham ap suat
khi
p grad grad
1
=
C
dp
+ =

Neu chat long khong nen c: = const th :
C
p
+ =
Thay vao phng trnh Lamb Gromeko :

2
u u
grad 2 xu
2 t

+ + = +

r
uuuur
r r
1. Trng hp chuyen ong khong quay (chuyen ong the):
Mot chuyen ong khong quay luon luon tm c mot ham the van toc (x,y,z,t) sao cho:
grad u =
r
chuyen ong khong quay
0 =
r
2
u
grad 0
t 2

+ + + =

uuuur
C
u
t
= + + +
2
2
chuyen ong on nh, khong nen c va ch chu anh hng duy nhat la trong lc
C
u p
gz = + +
2
2
2
u u
grad 2 xu
2 t

+ + = +

r
uuuur
r r
( )
2
u
grad grad
2 t

+ + =

uuuur uuuur
2
u
grad grad
2 t

+ + =

uuuur uuuur
2. Chuyen ong on nh, tch phan doc theo ung dong:
Chuyen ong on nh : 0 =
t
u
r
2
u
grad 2 xu
2

+ + =

uuuur
r r
Nhan (4.11) hai ve cho ds
2
u
grad .ds 2 xu.ds
2

+ + =

uuuur uur uur
r r
ma tren ng dong
u x
r r
ds
2
u
grad .ds 0
2

+ + =

uuuur uur
0
2
2
=
+ +
ds
u
d
C
u
= + +
2
2
Neu chat long chuyen ong on nh, khong nen c va ch chu anh hng duy nhat la trong
lc th thay (4.12) cho tren mot ng dong la
C
u p
gz = + +
2
2
u x
r r
u
r
dS
v
3. Chuyen ong on nh tch phan doc theo ng xoay:
ng xoay la cong i qua cac iem co vector van toc xoay la tiep tuyen.
Tng t nh tren ng dong, nhan 2 ve , la mot vector vi phan tren ng xoay ds ds
2
u
grad .ds 2 xu.ds
2

+ + =

uuuur uur uur
r r
ma tren ng xoay
u x
r r
ds
2
u
grad .ds 0
2

+ + =

uuuur uur
0
2
2
=
+ +
ds
u
d
C
u
= + +
2
2
lc th thay (4.12) cho tren mot ng xoay la
C
u p
gz = + +
2
2

4. Chuyen ong on nh, tch phan theo phng phap tuyen vi ung dong
Ta co :
r r
. u u =
dt
d
u
dt
du
dt
u d
r
r
r
+ = .
n
R
u
u
s
u
u
t
u
dt
u d r r
r
+
= .
Thay vao pt Euler: ( ) n
R
u
u
s
u
u
t
u
grad
r r
+
= + .
Nhan 2 ve cho dn
( ) [ ] dn n
R
u
u
s
u
u
t
u
dn grad . . .
= +
r r

( ) [ ] dn
R
u
dn grad
2
. = +
lc th cho tren phng phap tuyen cua ng dong la
R
u p
gz
n
2
=
( )
R
u
n
2
= +

khi nhng ng dong thang song song th R hay
0 =
p
gz
n
C
p
gz = +
ap suat phan bo theo qui luat thuy tnh tren phng thang goc vi ng dong
R
s ,
o
n
u
r
Vector n v tren phng s va n
n
v r
,
W
CV
III. PHNG TRNH NANG LNG
Xet the tch kiem soat W, bao quanh
dien tch A.
u
n
dA
ai lng nghien cu la nang lng
X = E
Nang lng n v
K = u
2
/2 + gz (ong nang + the nang)

+ =
W
dW gz
u
E
2
2
dA n u gz
u
dW gz
u
t dt
dE
A W

+ +
=
r r
2 2
2 2
Theo nh luat I nhiet ong lc hoc, s bien thien nang lng trong mot he thong cua cac
phan t chat long trong mot n v thi gian (dE/dt) , bang cong suat cung cap cho he thong
cong vi nhiet lng them vao he thong trong mot n v thi gian
dt
Q d
P
dt
dE
~
+ =
=
W
dW X
Khong co s
trao oi nhiet
dt
Q d
P
dt
dE
~
+ =
Khong co s trao oi nhiet
P
dt
dE
=
P do lc tac dung tren
dien tch A bao quanh
the tch kiem soat gom
n
r
ap suat -p
r
ng suat do ma sat
( ) ( ) dA u u dA n p P
A A

+ =
r r r v
( ) ( )

+ =
+ +
A A A W
dA u u dA n p dA n u gz
u
dW gz
u
t
r r r v r r

2 2
2 2
Thay vao:
sap xep lai :
( ) dA u dA n u gz
p u
dW gz
u
t
A A W

=
+ + +
r r r r

2 2
2 2
Chuyen ong on nh:
( ) dA u dA n u gz
p u
A A

=
+ +
r r r r

2
2
W
C
V
u
n
dA
dA n u gz
u
gz
u
t dt
dE
A W

+ +
=
r r
2 2
2 2

+ + =
+ + =
+ + dA n u gz
p
dA n u
u
dA n u gz
p
dA n u
u
dA n u gz
p
u
r r r r r r r r r r

2 2 2
2 2 2
Trng hp chon the tch kiem soat la mot oan dong chay tai mat cat A
1
va A
2
co ng
dong song song :
( ) dA u dA n u gz
p u
dA n u gz
p u
dA n u gz
p u
A Sb A A

=
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
r r r r r r r r

2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
V
1
p
2
V
2
p
1
Mat chuan
z
1
z
2
A
1
A
2
( ) dA u dA n u gz
p u
A A

=
+ +
r r r r

2
2
Hang so
ng thang
song song
Q gz
p V
dA n u gz
p
u
+ + =
+ +
2 2
2
2
r r

+ + =
+ + dA n u gz
p
dA n u
V
dA n u gz
p
u
r r r r r r

2 2
2 2
Trong o c goi la
he so sa cha (hieu
chnh) ong nang :
= dA
V
u
A
3
3
1
oi vi dong chay roi : 1
+ + +
+ + dA u Q gz
p V
Q gz
p V r r

2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
2 2
Q
dA u
z
p
g
V
z
p
g
V

+ + = + +
r r
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
2 2
Thay vao :
at :
Q
dA u
h
A
f
r r
2 1
Goi h
f1-2
la ton that nang lng cho trong dong chay
2 1 2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
2 2

+ + + = + +
f
h z
p
g
V
z
p
g
V
+ + =
+ + dA n u gz
p
dA n u
u
dA n u gz
p
u
r r r r r r

2 2
2 2

= dA n u
V
dA n u
u
r r r r

2 2
2 2
V nang cua mot n v trong lng chat long
g
V
2
2
1
p
Y ngha cac so hang:
ong nang cua mot n v trong lng chat long.
Ap nang cua mot n v trong lng chat long.
Z
The nang ( cot nc o ap )
z
p
+
Nang lng cua dong chay tnh tren mot n v trong lng chat long
z
g
p
g
V
E + + =
2
2
( Cot nc nang lng , m)
Nang lng toan dong tai mot mat cat trong mot n v thi gian
(Cong suat cua dong chay, Watt)
QE P =
Phng trnh nang lng khi co may bm hoac tua bin:
1
1
2
1
1
2
z
g
p
g
V
+
+
2 1 2
2
2
2
2
2

+ +
+ =
f
h z
g
p
g
V
+H
B
-H
T
H
B
Nang lng may bm cung cap cho mot n v trong lng chat long (m)
H
T
Nang lng tua bin lay t mot n v trong lng chat long (m)
P = QH
B
(watt)
P = QH
T
(watt)
2 1 2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
2 2

+ + + = + +
f
h z
p
g
V
z
p
g
V

ng nang va ng cot nc o ap ( chat long ly tng)
ng cot
nc o ap
ng nang
Mat chuan
iem dng
ng nang
ng cot
nc o ap
z
p
g
V
H + + =
2
2
z
p
H
p
+ =
IV. NG DUNG PHNG TRNH NANG LNG

1. o lu lng ( ong Ventury )
Th nghiem ong Ventury
trong phong th nghiem
Ong Ventury trong
ng dung thc te
(C<1 : he so ong Ventury)
( )
gh
D D
A
C Q 2
/ 1
4
1 2
2
=
S o th nghiem xac nh he so ong ventury
(C) trong phong th nghiem c lu chat
Ap dung phng trnh nang lng gia 2 mat cat 1-1 va 2-2
Bm
Hop ien
Van V
2
Bnh o the tch
Van ay bnh
van
V
1
Ong Ventury
Ly ng nc
Ong cao su
1
3
3
2
2 1
h
D
1
D
2
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2 f
V p V p
z z h
2g 2g
+ + = + + +

hf z
p
gA
Q
z
p
gA
Q
+ +
+ = +
+
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2 2
f
h z
p
z
p
gA
Q
gA
Q
= +
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2 2
f
h h
A A g
Q
=
2
1
2
2
2
1 1
2
( )
) h h ( g
D D
A
Q
f

= 2
1
4
1 2
2
2. Xac nh lu lng qua mot lo
3. Xac nh cong suat cua mot may bm
Van toc qua lo tai mat cat co hep :
gH C V
v
2 =
Lu lng qua lo :
gH A C Q
D
2 =
Vi C
v
he so lu toc
C
D
= . C
v
he so lu lng ( : he so co hep)
Cong suat cung cap cho dong chay P = QH
b
Cong suat cua may bm P
b
= QH
b
/
: hieu suat may bm (%)
V. PHNG TRNH ONG LNG :
ai lng nghien cu trong the tch kiem soat la ong lng.
W
C
V
ong lng n v :
u
r
=

= =
W W
dW u dW K
r v

ong lng trong the tch kiem soat la
Ap dung nh luat ve ong lng:
= F
dt
K d
r
r
= F dW u
dt
d
w
r
r
hay

= +
F dA n u u dW u
t
A
w
r
v r r r
) (
Phng trnh ong lng

= +
F dA n u u dW
t
u
A
w
r
v r r
r
) (
) (
V
1
V
2
C.V
A
1
A
2
S
b
- Chuyen ong on nh

= +
F dA n u u dW
t
u
A
w
r
v r r
r
) (
) (

= + + F dA n u u dA n u u dA n u u
Sb A A
r
v r r v r r v r r
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1

= + F dA n u u dA n u u
A A
r
v r r v r r
2 1
) ( ) (

= + F dA n u V dA n u V
A
o
A
o
r
v r
r
v r
r
2
2 2
1
1 1
) ( ) (
o1
,
o2
la he so sa cha ong lng
A V
dA u
A V
dA u
A A
o 2
2
2
2

= =
Vi chuyen ong tang trong ong :

o
=
4/3
va roi th
o
= 1,02 -1,05
= + F Q V Q V
o o
r r r
) ( ) (
2 2 2 1 1 1

= F V Q V Q
o o
r r r
1 1 1 2 2 2

L ra L vao Tong lc
m
F
r
(Lc khoi :Trong lng, )
S
F
r
(Lc mat :Ap lc, lc ma sat, ..)
Xet mot chuyen ong
- The tch kiem soat la mot oan dong chay:
- Khong nen c
Neu Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
= F V V Q
o o
r r r
) (
1 1 2 2

= F V Q V Q
o o
r r r
1 1 1 2 2 2

VI.NG DUNG PHNG TRNH ONG LNG
1. Lc cua tia nc tac dung tren mot tam phang nghieng
2 Lc cua dong nc tac dung tren mot tam chan
V
1
Q
1
F =?
F V
1
V
2
May bm ly tam
fcm lcl cc| c|cnc Cc |UU chcl fS HUynh ccnc Hcc| H Bcch Khcc lc HCl TT
I.Cau tao bo phan cai tien
Source: HT Hung-NHD Kha-NT Hai-LH Dng
2
Q
1
Q
Q
2 2
1
1
bom
h
1
Q
2
Q
Q
Chng 5 DONG CHAY EU TRONG ONG
I. HAI TRANG THAI CHAY
Th nghiem Reynolds:
1. Chay tang : Khi van toc nho , Re = VD/ < Re
gh
Qua o:
2. Chay roi : Khi van toc ln , Re = VD/ > Re
gh
Trong th nghiem nhan thay:
Tang
Roi
Re
gh(tren)
Tang
Roi
Re
gh(di)
=2300
II. PHNG TRNH C BAN CHO DONG EU TRONG ONG
Trong ong xet oan vi phan dong chay eu hnh tru co dien tch dA nh hnh ve:
F
2
=p
2
dA
F
1
=p
1
dA
G
Gsin
s
=
max
=0
1
1
2
2
Mat chuan
z
1
z
2
L
Lc tac dung tren phng dong chay ( phng s) : 0 sin
2 1
= +
ms
F F F G
0
) (
2 1
2 1
= +
PL dA p dA p
L
z z
LdA
at J = h
d
/ L
ng suat tiep ty le bac nhat theo r
T pt c ban co the viet
0
max
0
max
2 r
r
hay
r
J = =
Phng trnh c ban cua dong eu (5.1)
R
L p
z
p
z

= + + ) ( ) (
2
2
1
1
JR =
2 / Jr =
0 ) ( ) (
2
2
1
1
= + +
R
L p
z
p
z

0 ) (
2 1
2 1
= +
dA
P L p p
z z

II.PHAN BO VAN TOC TRONG DONG CHAY TANG
Tai r=r
0
ta co u=0, suy ra
Tai r=0 ta co u=u
max

= =

2 2
2 0
max 0 max 2
0
J r r
u r u u
4 r
hay
=
2
2
max
1
o
r
r
u u
Phan bo van toc trong chay tang co dang Parabol
o
u
r
dr
r
parabol
r
r
0
dr
du
=
2
r
J =
2
r
J
dr
du
=
dr
r
J du
2
=

= dr
r
J u
2
C
4
r
J u
2
+
4
2
0
r
J C =
( )
2 2
4
r r
J
u
o
=
Newton
PTCB
r
o
Lu lng va van toc trung bnh:
Ton that doc ng
Thay J = h
d
/L
g
V
D
L
h
d
2 Re
64
2
=
Vi Re = VD/ ( He so Reynolds)
L
h r
V
d o
8
2
=
T
Suy ra h
d
udA dQ =
r
dA
rdr u 2 = ( ) rdr r r
J
dQ
o

2
4
2 2
=
( )
=
o
r
o
rdr r r
J
Q
0
2 2
4
2
4
8
o
Jr Q
=
( )
2 2
4
r r
J
u
o
=
2
4
8
o
o
r
Jr
A
Q
V

= =
8
2
o
Jr
V =
2
max
u
V =
8
2
o
Jr
V =
sap xep lai
2
8
o
d
r
VL
h
=
TS. Hunh cng Hoi BM C lu Cht - HBK tp HCM
oi vi dong chay roi, ng suat tiep phu thuoc chu yeu vao o chuyen ong hon loan cua cac
phan t lu chat.
Theo gia thiet cua Prandtl:
dy
du
=
vi c goi la ng suat nht roi
dy
du
l
2
=
y
u
r
o
o
o
y : khoang cach t thanh en lp chat long ang xet
l :chieu dai xao tron
Prandtl: ng suat nht roi khong phu thuoc vao tnh nht cua lu chat.
Theo th nghiem cua Nikudrase, chieu dai xao tron l trong ong
2 / 1
o
r
y
1 ky l

=
Vi k : hang so Karman ( k = 0,4)
Neu xem t le tuyen tnh vi ban knh r :
=
o
o
r
y
1 Th

=
o o
1
r
y
Thay vao :
2 / 1
o
ky l

=
(1)
(2)
(3)
Thay vao (1) :
2
2 2
o
dy
du
y k

=
dy
du
y k
0
2 2
=
(5.8)
ky
1
dy
du
o
=
III. PHAN BO VAN TOC TRONG DONG CHAY ROI TRONG ONG
T (2)
ky
1
dy
du
o
=
at
=
o *
u
( van toc ma sat)
ky
u
dy
du
*
=
y
dy
k
u
du
*
=
y Ln
k
u
u
*
=
+ C
Tai tam ong r = r
o
u = u
max
thay vao cho
o
*
max
r Ln
k
u
u C =
y
r
Ln
k
u
u u
o
*
max
=
Phan bo lu toc trong trng hp chay roi co dang ng logarit
y
u
r
o
o
o
U
max
ng cong
logarit
Do o ta nhan thay s phan bo van toc trong trng hp chay roi tng oi ong eu gan vi van
toc trung bnh hn so vi trng hp chay tang. o cung la ly do tai sao cac he so sa cha ong
nang () hay he so sa cha ong lng (
o
) co the lay bang 1
III. TNH TOAN TON THAT CUA DONG CHAY TRONG ONG
1.Ton that ng dai: Dung phng phap phan tch th nguyen chng to ton that doc ung co
dang
(Darcy)
=
2
d
L V
h
D 2g
= f(Re, /D) : he so ton that
: He so nham tuyet oi (chieu cao cac mo nham )
thay D = 4R
L
h
R
g
V
d
8
=
vi J = h
d
/L
RJ
g
V
8
=
va at
g
C
8
=
( he so Chezy)
RJ C V =
( Cong thc Chezy)
lu lng
J K RJ AC Q = = Vi module lu lng R AC K =
He so Chezy C co the tnh theo cong thc Manning :
6 / 1
1
R
n
C = ( n la o nham)
Cong thc Manning ch dung khi dong chay roi thanh hoan toan nham
L
K
Q
h
2
2
d
=
T cong th tnh lu lng
2. Xac nh he so ton that :
Dong chay tang:
=
1
d
64
h V
Re
Dong chay roi:
Roi thanh trn thuy lc: (2300 < Re < 10
5
)
= f(Re).
Blasius:
=
1
4
tr
0,316
Re
Prandtl-Nicuradse:
=
tr
1
2lg(Re ) 0,8
Roi thanh nham thuy lc: ( Re > 10
5
) = f(Re, /D).
Antersun:

= +

0,25
100
0,1 1, 46
D Re
Colebrook:

= +

1 2,51
2lg
3,71.D Re
Chay roi thanh hoan toan nham (khu sc can bnh phng)
(Re rat ln >4.10
6
)
= f( /D).
Prandtl-Nicuradse:
D
17 , 3 lg( 2 14 , 1
D
lg 2
1

0,000 01
1 2 3 4 5 7
x10
3
1 2 3 4 5 7
x10
4
1 2 3 4 5 7
x10
5
1 2 3 4 5 7
x10
6
1 2 3 4 5 7
x10
7
1
x10
8
0,000 005
0,000 007
0,000 05
0,000 1
0,000 2
0,000 4
0,000 6
0,001
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,01
0,015
0,02
0.03
0,04
0,05
0,008
0,009
0,01
0,015
0,02
0,025
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
0,09
0,1
Khu chay roi thanh nham hoan toan (Khu sc can bnh phng)
Khu
Chay tang
Khu chay roi
thanh nham
Khu chay roi
thanh trn
Khu chuyen tiep
Re = vD/
=/
D
_
O TH MOODY
3.Ton that cuc bo: Tnh theo cong thc thc nghiem Weisbach:
g
V
h
c c
2
2
=
la he so ton that cuc bo (phu thuoc vao tng dang ton that)
V la van toc dong chay tai v tr sau khi xay ra ton that
M rong ot ngot
1
1
2
2
V
1
V
2
2
2
1
1

=
A
A
2
1
2
1
=
A
A
vi V
1
vi V
2
mieng ra cua ong:
c
=1
mieng vao cua ong:
c
=0,5
IV. CAC BAI TOAN TRONG NG ONG
1. Phan biet ng ong dai, ngan h
c
<5%h
d
: ong dai
h
c
>5%h
d
: ong ngan
h
f
= h
d
+ h
c
h
f
= h
d
2. ng ong mac noi tiep
l
1;
d
1
;
1
l
2;
d
2
;
2
l
3;
d
3
;
3
H
A A
B
B
Mat chuan
B fA B
B B
A
A A
h z
p
g
V
z
p
g
V
+ + + = + +
2 2
2 2
+ + + +
+ + =
g 2
V
g 2
V
g 2
V
g 2
V
g 2
V
3 d
3 l
g 2
V
2 d
l
g 2
V
d
l
H
2
3
ra
2
2
th
2
1
mr
2
1
vao
2
3
3
2
2 2
2
2
1
1
1
1
+ + + + + + =
2
3
ra
2
2
th
2
1
mr
2
1
vao
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
A
1
A
1
A
1
A
1
A
1
3 d
3 l
A
1
2 d
l
A
1
d
l
g 2
Q
H
Trong o A
1
, A
2
, A
3
la tiet dien ong 1, 2, va 3. Q chay trong ong neu biet
cac thong so con lai
3. ng ong mac song song (bo qua ton that cuc bo).
A B
l
1,
d
1
, n
1
l
2,
d
2
, n
2
L
3,
d
3
, n
3
Goi E
A
va E
B
la nang lng tai A va B.
Neu xet dong chay i t A en B tren ong 1 , ta co ton that tren ong so 1 la :
h
f1
= E
A
E
B
Tng t, xet dong chay t A en B tren ong 2 va 3 ton that ong 2 va 3 la :
h
f2
= E
A
E
B
h
f3
= E
A
E
B
Nh vay
h
f1
= h
f2
= h
f3
Neu bo qua ton that cuc bo :
3 d 2 d 1 d
h h h = =
hay
va
T 3 phng trnh (i), (ii), (iii) Q
1
, Q
2
va Q
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
l
K
Q
l
K
Q
=
(i)
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
l
K
Q
l
K
Q
=
(ii)
Q=Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3
(iii)
4. ng ong noi 3 ho cha (bo qua ton that cuc bo).
l
1;
d
1
; n
1
l
2;
d
2
; n
2
l
3;
d
3
; n
3
J
1
2
3
Z
1
Z
2
Mat
chuan
E
j
E
j
ng nang ga s
ng nang
E
j
ng nang
Chay t J ve 2
Chay t 2 ve J
Khong chay tren ong 2
ng nang ga
s
l
1;
d
1
; n
1
l
2;
d
2
; n
2
l
3;
d
3
; n
3
J
1
2
3
Z
1
Z
2
Mat
chuan
E
j
Gia s cao trnh nang lng tai J ,
E
j
ngang vi mc nc trong bon 2
Ton that tren ong 1 1
2
1
2
1
1 d
l
K
Q
h =
=>
1
2
1
2
1
2 1
l
K
Q
z z =
1
2 1
1 1
l
z z
K Q

=
Ton that tren ong 2 2
2
2
2
2
2 d
l
K
Q
h =
=>
2 2
2
2
2
0 l
K
Q
=
Q
2
= 0
Ton that tren ong 3
3
2
3
2
3
3 d
l
K
Q
h =
=> 3 2
3
2
3
2
l
K
Q
z =
3 l
z
K Q
2
3 3
=
Q
1
> Q
3
=> trong ong 2 dong chay i t J ve bon 2
Q
1
< Q
3
=> trong ong 2 dong chay i t bon 2 ve J
Q
1
= Q
3
=> trong ong 2 khong co dong chay
Cach xac nh chieu dong chay tren ong 2
l
1;
d
1
; n
1
l
2;
d
2
; n
2
l
3;
d
3
; n
3
J
1
2
3
Z
1
Z
2
Mat
chuan
E
j
Th du trng hp 1 xay ra, Q
1
> Q
3
Ton that tren ong 1 :
1
2
1
2
1
j 1
l
K
Q
E z = =>
1
j 1
1 1
l
E z
K Q

=
Ton that tren ong 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 j
l
K
Q
z E =
=>
2
2 j
2 2
l
z E
K Q

=
Ton that tren ong 3
3
2
3
2
3
j
l
K
Q
E =
=>
3
j
3 3
l
E
K Q =
Q
1
= Q
2
+ Q
3
E
j
, Q
1
, Q
2
, Q
3
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
5. Mang ng ong kn:
Q
Q
L
Q
D
Q
B
A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
i
ii iii
vii vi
iv
Lu lng trong tng ong c xac nh da vao 2 ieu kien cua dong chay trong mang kn nh sau
1. Tai mot nut lu lng en phai bang lu lng i
2. Trong mot vong kn, tong ton that phai bang khong
Qui c dong chay theo chieu tnh toan ton that lay dau dng (+)
va dong chay ngc chieu tnh toan ton that lay dau am (-)
Bc 1: T phan phoi lu lng tren tng ong sao cho thoa man ieu kien 1
Bc tnh toan
Bc 2: ieu chnh lai lu lng tng ong sao cho thoa man ieu kien 2
Ap dung phng phap Hardy Cross
Phng phap Hardy Cross
Ap dung cho nhng cong thc tnh ton that doc dng co dang
h
d
= m Q
x
.
Th du
l
K
Q
h
2
2
d
=
m = x = l/K
2
2
Goi Qi la lu lng t phan phoi c tren ong i ( cha thoa man ieu kien 2)
Q la lu lng can ieu chnh trong mot vong e thoa man ieu kien 2
Ton that nang lng tren ong i khi a ieu chnh la
h
di
= m
i
(Q
i
+Q)
x
h
di
= m
i
(Q
i
x
+xQ Q
x-1
+ .)
Gan ung h
di
= m
i
(Q
i
x
+xQ Q
x-1
)
Trong mot vong kn, tong ton that phai bang khong
( ) 0 Q Q x Q m
k
1 i
1 x
i
x
i
i
= +
=

vi k la so ong trong mot vong
0
1
1
1
= +

=
=
k
i
x
i i
k
i
x
i i
Q m Q x Q m
=
=
k
i
x
i i
k
i
x
i i
Q m x
Q m
Q
1
1
1

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fcm lcl cc| c|cnc Cc |UU chcl fS HUynh ccnc Hcc| H Bcch Khcc lc HCl T

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=> p = -ax + f(z)

Cau 7: Mot ong hnh ch U, mot au bt kn va mot au e

(ao ham cua mot tch phan khi)

Neu viet tren phng x th :

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IV. NG DUNG PHNG TRNH NANG LNG

Vi chuyen ong tang trong ong :

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