Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin MC LC CHNG I - M U...... 3 I.1. Gii thiu.. 3 I.2. M hnh truyn thng... 3 I.3.

Cc tc v truyn thng.... 4 I.4. Truyn d liu.. 6 I.5. Mng truyn d liu..... 7 I.5.1. Mng din rng.. 8 I.5.2. Mng ni b..... 11 I.6. S chuNn ha....... 12 I.7. M hnh OSI.... 12 CHNG II TRUYN D LIU. 17 II.1. Mt s khi nim v thut ng. 17 II.1.1. Mt s thut ng truyn thng 17 II.1.2.Tn s, ph v di thng.. 18 2.1.Biu din tn hiu theo min thi gian. 18 2.2.Biu din tn hiu theo min tn s.. 19 II.2. Truyn d liu tng t v d liu s ..... 27 II.2.1. D liu.... 27 II.2.2. Tn hiu... 30 II.2.3. Mi quan h gia d liu v tn hiu.. 32 II.2.4. Cng ngh truyn.... 33 II.3. Cc yu t nh hng n tn hiu... 36 II.3.1. S suy gim cng tn hiu... 37 II.3.2. Mo do tr... 38 II.3.3. Nhiu... 38 II.3.4. Kh nng truyn ti ca knh truyn. 42 CHNG III - CC MI TRNG TRUYN DN.. 47 III.1. Tng quan... 47 III.2. Mi trng truyn....... 48 III.2.1.Mi trng truyn nh hng.. 49 1.1. i dy xon... 49 1.2. Cp UTP 49 1.3.Cp STP... 50 1.4. Cch u ni 50 1.5. Cp ng trc. 51 1.6. Cp quang.. 51 III.2.2. Mi trng truyn khng nh hng.. 54 CHNG IV - M HA V IU CH D LIU.. 56 IV.1 D liu s, tn hiu s..... 57 IV.1.1 M NRZ .. 59 IV.1.2. M nh phn a mc 60 IV.1.3. M o pha (biphase)... 62 IV.1.4. Tc iu ch 64 IV.2. D liu s, tn hiu tng t 65 CHNG V - GIAO DIN GIAO TIP D LIU. 69 V.1. Cc phng php truyn s liu ..... 69 -1-

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin V.2. Giao din ghp ni.. 69 V.2.1.Giao tip RS 232D/V24. 69 V.2.2.Giao tip RS-232C. 74 CHNG VI - IU KHIN LIN KT D LIU.. 76 VI.1. Kim sot li. 76 VI.2. iu chnh thng lng 76 VI.2.1. C ch ca s. 76 VI.2.2. Qu trnh trao i s liu gia hai my A v B 77 VI.2.3. Vn chuyn lin tc . 77 VI.3. Giao thc BSC v HDLC... 78 VI.3.1. Giao thc BSC .... 78 1.1. Tp k t iu khin . 79 1.2. Dng bn tin... 79 1.3. Trao i bn tin.. 79 VI.3.2. Giao thc HDLC (High level data link control).. 80 2.1. Dng bn tin... 80 2.2. T iu khin.. 80 2.3. Trao i bn tin.. 81 VI.4. c t giao thc .... 82 VI.5. Cc giao thc iu khin truy nhp phng tin truyn 82 VI.5.1. Truy nhp CSMA /CD .... 82 VI.5.2. Token bus. 83 VI.5.3. Token Ring.. 83 VI.5.4. DQDB.. 84 VI.5.5. Wireless (802.11). 85 5.5.1 Vn trnh xung t trong mng khng dy 86 5.5.2. ChuN 802.11 . 86 n 5.5.3. H thng phn tn .. 86 CHNG VII - TNG QUAN V GHP KNH... 88 VII.1. B tp trung . 88 VII.2. B phn ng . 88 VII.3. Dn knh theo tn s 89 VII.4. Dn knh theo thi gian ... 90 VII.5. Phn ng thi gian theo thng k. 90

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

CHNG I - M U
I.1. Gii thiu S kt hp gia ngnh khoa hc my tnh (computer science) v k thut truyn s liu (data communication) t nhng nm 70 v 80 ca th k 20 lm thay i mt cch ton din cng ngh, sn phN ca cc cng ty trong cng nghip cng ngh m thng tin v truyn thng. Mc d cuc cch mng ny vn tip tc nhng c th khng nh rng cuc cch mng ny xy ra v bt k mt nghin cu hoc iu tra no v lnh vc truyn s liu u nm trong ng cnh ny. Cuc cch mng my tnh - truyn thng lm xut hin mt s thc t sau: Khng cn s phn bit c bn gia vic x l d liu (my tnh) v vic truyn s liu (cng ngh truyn v thit b chuyn mch). Khng cn s phn bit gia truyn thng d liu, ting ni hay video. Ranh gii gia my tnh n b vi x l (single-processor computer), my tnh a b vi x l (multi-processor computer), mng ni b (local network), mng th (metropolitan network) v mng din rng (long-haul network) ngy cng b m i.

Mt hiu ng ca nhng xu hng pht trin ny l s pht trin giao thoa gia cng nghip my tnh v cng nghip truyn thng, t vic sn xut cc thnh phn ring r n cc h thng tch hp (system integration). Mt kt qu khc l s pht trin ca cc h thng tch hp c th truyn v x l tt c cc loi d liu v thng tin khc nhau. Ngy nay, c cc t chc chuN ho k thut (technical-standards n organizations) ln cng ngh u ang hng v hnh thnh mt h thng cng cng n gin tch hp mi kiu truyn thng v to ra kh nng truy xut v x l mi ngun d liu t khp ni trn th gii mt cch d dng v ng nht. I.2. M hnh truyn thng Chng ta s bt u bng mt m hnh truyn thng n gin, c minh ho bng s khi trn hnh v 1.a.
Source System Destination System

Source

Transmiter

Transmission system

Receiver

Destination

Hnh 1a

Worckstation

Modem

Public Telephone Network

Modem

Server

Hnh 1b Mc ch c bn ca mt h thng truyn thng l trao i d liu gia 2 thc th. Hnh v 1.b biu din mt v d c bit. y l m hnh truyn thng gia mt -3-

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin my trm v mt my ch qua h thng mng in thoi cng cng (public telephone network). Mt v d khc l s trao i tn hiu ting ni (voice signals) gia 2 my in thoi qua cng h thng mng ny. Cc thnh phn c bn ca m hnh ny bao gm: - Thit b ngun (Source): Thit b ny s sinh ra d liu truyn; v d nh l cc my in thoi hay cc my tnh c nhn. - Thit b truyn (Transmitter): Thng thng, d liu do h thng thit b ngun sinh ra s khng c truyn trc tip theo dng m n sinh ra. Thay vo , thit b truyn s chuyn i v m ho thng tin ny bng cch sinh ra cc tn hiu in t (electro-magnetic signals) c th truyn i c qua nhiu loi h thng truyn. V d, mt modem s ly cc bit tn hiu s t thit b kt ni vi n, chng hn nh my tnh c nhn, sau chuyn chui bit ny vo trong mt tn hiu tn hiu tng t (analog signal) c s dng truyn i trong h thng mng in thoi. - H thng truyn (Transmission System): C th l mt ng truyn n gin hoc mt h thng mng phc tp kt ni thit b ngun v thit b ch. - Thit b thu (Receiver): Thit b thu s nhn tn hiu t h thng truyn v chuyn i n thnh dng m cc thit b ch c th qun l c. V d, mt modem s nhn mt tn hiu tng t n t mt mng hoc mt ng truyn n, sau chuyn i n thnh chui bit s. - Thit b ch (Destination): Nhn d liu t thit b thu. I.3. Cc tc v truyn thng Cc m t v m hnh truyn thng trong mc 2 thc cht che giu i s phc tp rt ln v mt k thut. Bng 1.1 s cho thy c phm vi thc t ca s phc tp ny bng cch lit k cc tc v chnh phi thc hin trong mt h thng truyn thng. Cc tc v ny i khi c th thm vo hoc kt hp li tuy nhin n th hin nhng ni dung chnh m mn hc ny s i qua. S dng h thng truyn Ghp ni (Interfacing) (Transmission system utilization) ng b (Synchronization) Pht sinh tn hiu (Signal generation)

ho Qun l trao i Pht hin v sa cha li (Exchange Management) (Error detection and correction) ch nh tuyn (Routing)

iu khin lung (Flow nh a control) (Addressing) Phc hi (Recovery)

nh dng thng ip Bo mt (Security) (Message formatting)

Qun tr mng (Network Management) Bng 1.1 Cc tc v truyn thng

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin - S dng h thng truyn: Thng c xem nh vic s dng mt cch hiu qu cc phng tin truyn thng (transmission facilities) m thng thng c chia s cho mt s lng cc thit b truyn thng. Nhiu k thut dn knh (multiplexing) c s dng phn b kh nng truyn tng cng (total capacity) ca mt mi trng truyn cho nhiu ngi s dng. ng thi, cng phi c cc k thut iu khin tc nghn m bo rng h thng khng b li bi c qu nhiu cc yu cu dch v truyn thng xy ra ng thi. - Ghp ni: truyn thng c, mt thit b phi c ghp ni vo mt h thng truyn. - Pht sinh tn hiu: Tt c cc dng truyn thng c cp n mn hc ny cui cng u ph thuc vo vic s dng cc tn hiu in t c truyn qua mt mi trng truyn. Do , khi ghp ni c thnh lp, qu trnh truyn thng yu cu phi c tn hiu c pht ra. Cc tnh cht ca tn hiu, chng hn nh dng (form) v cng (intensity) phi tho mn 2 iu kin + (1): Chng c kh nng truyn c qua h thng truyn. + (2): Thit b thu (receiver) phi c kh nng hiu c (interpretable) d liu. - ng b ho: Khng ch c vic pht sinh tn hiu phi ph hp vi yu cu ca h thng truyn v thit b thu m tn hiu phi c ng b ho (synchronization) gia thit b truyn v thit b thu. Thit b thu phi c kh nng xc nh c khi no tn hiu bt u n v kt thc. ng thi thit b thu cng phi bit c khong thi gian (duration) ca mi thnh phn tn hiu din ra bao lu. - Qun l trao i: Ngoi vn chnh l quyt nh c tnh t nhin v thi gian ca tn hiu, cn c mt lot cc yu cu truyn thng gia hai thc th c tp hp li di thut ng qun l trao i (exchange management). Nu d liu c trao i theo c 2 chiu trong mt khong thi gian th c 2 thc th phi hp tc hot ng. V d, khi 2 ngi tham gia vo mt cuc hi thoi qua in thoi, mt ngi phi quay s (dial number) ca ngi kia sinh ra tn hiu vi kt qu l chung ca ngi c gi s ku. Ngi c gi hon tt mt kt ni bng cch nhc my. Vi cc thit b x l d liu, ngoi vic thit lp kt ni, cn yu cu phi c cc quy c i vi c hai bn tham gia vo qu trnh truyn thng. Cc quy c ny c th l c cho php c hai bn c th truyn ng thi hay khng, lng d liu c php gi i ti mt thi im l bao nhiu, nh dng ca d liu ra sao hoc phi lm g khi c tc ng ca cc s kin ngu nhin chng hn nh li sinh ra. - Pht hin v sa li: Hai tc v ny c th c ghp vo tc v qun l trao i nhng tm quan trng ca chng tch thnh cc tc v ring. Trong mi h thng truyn thng u c kh nng tim N ca li; cc tn hiu c truyn i s b n mo qua khong cch truyn trc khi n ch. Vn pht hin v sa li c yu cu i trong cc ng dng m khng chp nhn li v thng l cc h thng x l d liu. V d, trong qu trnh truyn mt file t mt my tnh ny n mt my tnh khc, vic ni dung file b thay i mt cch ngu nhin l khng th chp nhn c. - iu khin lung: L k thut m bo sao cho tc gi tin ca thit b truyn khng nhanh hn tc nhn tin ca thit b thu. Hay ni cch khc l diu khin lung m bo my thu khng b qua bt k phn d liu no t my pht gi n do khng c d ti nguyn lu gi. Nu hai thit b hot ng vi tc khc nhau, -5-

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin chng ta thng phi iu khin ng ra ca thit b tc cao hn ngn chn trng hp tc ngn trn mng. - nh a ch v nh tuyn: Khi phng tin truyn thng c nhiu thit b chia s, mt h thng ngun phi xc nh c mt cch chnh xc h thng ch l h thng no v ch c h thng ch mi c th nhn d liu. Hn na, mt h thng truyn thng thng l mt mng vi rt nhiu con ng truyn khc nhau. Vn nh tuyn cho php la chn mt con ng i thch hp trong h thng mng truyn thng. - Phc hi: Phc hi l mt khi nim khc vi khi nim sa li (error correction). Cc k thut phc hi cn thit trong nhng tnh hung ang trao i thng tin (information exchange), chng hn nh giao dch c s (base transaction) hoc truyn file th b ngt gia chng do li mt ni no trong h thng. K thut phc hi phi khi phc li c hnh ng ti trc thi im xy ra li hoc t ra cng phi phc hi li trng thi ca cc h thng ti thi im trc khi bt u tin trnh truyn thng. - nh dng thng ip: L s tho thun trc v mu ca d liu s c trao i hoc truyn gia hai thc th tham gia vo qu trnh truyn thng. V d nh c hai bn u s dng cng mt loi m nh phn cho cc k t. - Bo mt: Bo mt l mt yu t rt quan trng trong cc h thng truyn thng. Ngi gi d liu phi c m bo rng ch c ngi nhn hp l mi nhn c d liu thc s v ngi nhn phi c m bo rng d liu nhn c khng b sa i bi bt c mt thnh phn no khc ngi gi. - Qun tr mng: Mt h thng truyn thng l mt h thng phc tp m n khng th t mnh to ra v vn hnh c. Cc cng vic qun tr mng cn thit cu hnh h thng, theo di cc trng thi ca h thng, tm cc im li v qu ti hoc tc nghn, v lp k hoch mt cch thng minh cho vic pht trin h thng trong tng lai. I.4. Truyn d liu xem xt vn truyn d liu mt cch c th, ta hy xt v d v h thng th in t (electronic mail).
Digital bit stream Text
Analog signal Analog signal

Digital bit stream Text

Source

Transmiter

Transmission system 3 Transmitted signal s(t) 4 Received signal r(t)

Receiver

Destination

1 Input information m

2 Input data g(t)

5 Output data g(t)

6 Output information m

Hnh 1.2 M hnh truyn d liu n gin

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin Gi s rng thit b vo (input devide) v thit b truyn (transmitter) l cc thnh phn ca mt my tnh c nhn. Mt ngi s dng ca PC ny mun gi mt thng ip ti mt ngi s dng khc, chng hn nh K hoch hp ngy 25 thng 3 b hu b (m). Ngi s dng s kch hot ng dng th in t trn PC v nhp thng bo ny vo qua bn phm (thit b vo). Chui k t ny c lu tr trn b nh chnh. Ta c th xem n nh l mt trnh t cc bit (g) trong b nh. My tnh c nhn c kt ni vo mi trng truyn, chng hn nh mng ni b hoc ng in thoi bng mt thit b vo ra (I/O devide) hay thit b truyn (transmitter) chng hn nh card mng hay modem. D liu vo c truyn ti thit b truyn bng mt trnh t bin i hiu in th (voltage shift) [g(t)] trn cp ni gia my tnh v thit b truyn. Thit b truyn c kt ni trc tip vo mi trng truyn v chuyn i dng tn hiu vo [g(t)] thnh tn hiu [s(t)] ph hp truyn c trong mi trng truyn. Qu trnh ny c m t mt cch chi tit trong Chng 4. Tn hiu c truyn s(t) trn mi trng truyn s chu tc ng nh hng n cht lng bi mt s yu t trc khi n c ch. Qu trnh ny s c tho lun trong Chng 2. Do , tn hiu thu c r(t) c th khc so vi tn hiu truyn s(t). Thit b thu s c gng c lng tn hiu gc s(t) trn c s r(t) v cc kin thc ca n v mi trng truyn v sinh ra mt trnh t cc bit g(t). Cc bit ny s c gi n my tnh c nhn ca ngi nhn, ti chng c lu tr tm trong b nh nh l mt khi cc bit (g). Trong nhiu trng hp, h thng ch s c gng xc nh nu c li xy ra v nu c th, n s cng tc vi h thng ngun loi b li i vi d liu. D liu sau s c biu din cho ngi nhn thy qua thit b ra (output device) chng hn nh mn hnh hoc my in. Thng ip (m) m ngi nhn nhn thy thng l bn copy chnh xc ca thng ip gc (m). By gi, ta hy xt n mt cuc hi thoi qua in thoi. Trong trng hp ny, u vo ca in thoi l mt thng ip (m) dng sng m thanh. Sng m thanh c my in thoi chuyn i thnh tn hiu in t c cng tn s. Tn hiu ny s c truyn m khng c thm s thay i no qua ng truyn in thoi. Do , tn hiu vo s(t) v tn hiu truyn g(t) l ng nht. Tn hiu s(t) s b suy gim cht lng (mo) trong qu trnh truyn qua mi trng truyn, v vy r(t) s c th khc so vi s(t). Sau , r(t) c chuyn i ngc li thnh dng sng m m khng c bt c mt qu trnh sa li hoc tng cng cht lng ca tn hiu. Do thng ip m khng l bn copy chnh xc ca thng ip gc m. Tuy nhin, thng ip m thanh nhn c thng vn c th hiu c i vi ngi nghe. Vn cn quan y chnh l cc yu t lin quan ti phN cht ca 1 h thng m truyn: truyn d liu hiu qu cc ch th phi hiu c thng ip. Ni thu nhn phi bin dch thng ip 1 cch chnh xc. Tnh chnh xc 1 h thng b xc nh v gii hn bi ngun tin, mi trng truyn v ch thu. Hin tng nhiu c th xy ra trong qu trnh truyn d liu. Khi thng ip s b t on trong qu trnh truyn. Mt s k thut khc c lin quan n truyn thng d liu bao gm cc k thut iu khin lin kt d liu (data-link control techniques) iu khin lung d liu, pht hin v sa li v cc k thut dn knh lm tng hiu qu truyn thng cng c tho lun trong cc chng tip theo ca mn hc ny. -7-

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin I.5. Mng truyn d liu Mt mng truyn s liu l mt mng bao gm cc my tnh hay cc h thng my tnh c s trao i thng tin vi nhau thng qua cc phng tin truyn s liu khc nhau. Cc phng tin truyn ny l khc nhau bi v bn cht t nhin ca ng dng, bi s lng cc my tnh, bi khong cch vt l. N l mng s dng mt trong s cc mi trng truyn kt ni kiu im - im (point to point). Dng mng ny c th l mt (hoc c hai) trong s cc trng hp sau: Cc thit b c khong cch rt xa nhau. Chi ph gi thnh cho mt kt ni chuyn dng (dedicated link) gia cc thit b ny l cc t. C mt tp cc thit b, mi mt thit b c th yu cu mt lin kt ti nhiu thit b khc ti cc thi im khc nhau. Ngoi tr trng hp c qu t thit b, trn thc t khng th xy dng c tt c cc kt ni chuyn dng cho mi mt thit b trong mt mng kiu nh th ny.
Switching Node

Source System

Destination System

Source

Transmiter

Transmission system

Receiver

Destination

Local area Network

Hnh 1.3 Li gii cho bi ton ny l gn mi mt thit b vo mt mng truyn thng. Hnh 3 c quan h vi m hnh truyn thng Hnh 1 v m t hai nhm mng truyn thng chnh c phn loi bng phng php truyn thng l: Mng din rng (WAN-Wide Area Network) v mng ni b (LAN Local Area Network). S khc bit ca hai loi mng ny nm kha cnh cng ngh v ng dng ngy cng b m i trong nhng nm gn y. Tuy nhin vic phn loi theo kiu ny vn c ch khi t chc tho lun. I.5.1. Mng din rng Theo phng php phn loi truyn thng, mng din rng l loi mng c phm vi tri rng theo khong cch a l thng c pht trin da trn cc h thng -8-

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin chuyn mch cng cng. Thng thng, mt mng WAN bao gm mt s lng cc nt chuyn mch c kt ni vi nhau trong. Mt cuc truyn thng t bt k mt thit b ngun no s c nh tuyn thng qua cc nt pha trong i n thit b ch. Cc nt ny (bao gm c cc nt bin) khng quan tm n ni dung ca d liu m thay vo , mc ch chnh ca chng l cung cp mt c ch chuyn mch (swiching) chuyn d liu t nt ny n nt khc trc khi d liu n c ch cui cng ca chng. Theo truyn thng, mng WAN c thc hin bng cch da vo mt trong hai cng ngh l chuyn mch knh (circuit switching) v chuyn mch gi (packet swiching). Gn y, cc mng Frame Relay v ATM pht trin v ng gp nhng vai tr quan trng trong cng ngh mng din rng. Chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switching) Trong mt mng chuyn mch knh, mt ng truyn thng xc nh c thit lp gia hai trm thng qua cc nt trong mng. Con ng ny mt th t kt ni cc lin kt vt l gia cc nt. Trn mi mt lin kt, mt knh logic c xc nh cho kt ni ny. D liu do trm ngun sinh ra c truyn dc theo con ng xc nh mt cch nhanh nht c th. Ti mi mt nt, d liu vo c nh tuyn hay chuyn mch vo knh ra thch hp m khng c thi gian tr. V d d thy nht v mng chuyn mch knh l mng in thoi. Chuyn mch gi (Packet Switching) C mt cch tip cn khc c s dng l mng chuyn mch gi. Trong trng hp ny, khng cn thit phi ra trc mt dung lng ca ng truyn xc nh dc theo mt con ng qua mng. Thay vo , d liu oc gi i theo mt trnh t cc gi mN nh (small chunk) gi l cc gi. Mi mt gi c truyn qua mng t u nt ny n nt khc theo nhiu con ng dn t trm ngun n trm ch. Ti mi mt nt, khi nhn c ton b gi, sau mt khong thi gian lu li ngn, gi ny s c tip tc truyn ti nt tip theo. Cc mng chuyn mch gi thng thng c s dng trong truyn thng t my tnh n my tnh. Frame Relay Chuyn mch gi c pht trin ti thi im khi m cng ngh truyn s trn khong cch rt xa thng c t sut gp li ln. Kt qu l, ti mi mt gi tin phi c mt phn thng tin nht nh dnh cho vic kim sot v iu khin li. Phn thng tin thm vo ny lm ny sinh vn d tha so vi d liu gc v yu cu thm thi gian x l ti mi nt pht hin v sa li cng nh ti trm u cui khi nhn c gi tin. Vi cc h thng truyn thng tc cao hin i ngy nay, phn thng tin thm vo kim sot li ny tr thnh khng cn thit v tr thnh phn tc dng (counter productive). N l khng cn thit bi v t sut li ca h thng s rt nh v cc li nu c s c pht hin v x l tng logic hot ng pha trn tng chuyn mch gi ti cc trm cui. N l phn tc dng bi v n chim gi mt phn ng k dung lng ng truyn trong khi khng c ngha v mt d liu thc. Cng ngh Frame Relay c pht trin tn dng cc u im ca cc mi trng truyn tc cao v t sut li nh. Trong khi cc mng chuyn mch gi nguyn thu c thit k vi tc truyn d liu pha ngi s dng u cui l 64 Kbps th cc mng Frame Relay c thit k hot ng mt cch hiu qu vi -9-

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin tc truyn d liu pha ngi s dng u cui l 2 Mbps. Nhn t chnh gip nng cao tc truyn d liu ca Frame Relay l loi b c phn thng tin thm vo kim sot li ca cng ngh chuyn mch gi. Cu trc khung ca Frame relay:

Hnh 1.4 Cu trc khung ca Frame Relay Cu trc khung ca Frame Relay (Hnh v 1.4) hon ton tng t nh X25 ch khc l khung ny c trng a ch A di hn (2byte) v khng c trng lnh C v Frame relay khng c th tc hi p. Tuy nhin trn thc t khng c mt cuc ni no hon ho ti mc tuyt i, thu pht khng c mt li nh, v vy vn phi cn ti trng FCS phn tch c cc Frame c li cng nh theo di c s th t ca chng. Cu trc ca mt khung c cc phn sau:

(1) 1 byte dnh cho c F (flag) dn u. (2) 2 byte a ch A (adress) bit khung chuyn ti u . (3) Trng I (Information)dnh cho d liu thng tin c nhiu byte . (4) 2 byte cho vic kim tra khung - FCS (Frame Check Sequence) phn tch v bit c cc gi thiu, , ng, sai trn c s tr li cho pha pht bit. (5) V cui cng l 1 byte c F kt thc.

Frame relay c th chuyn nhn cc khung ln ti 4096 byte ATM Cng ngh phng thc truyn bt ng b (Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM) i khi cn c gi l chuyn tip t bo (cell relay) hin ti ang l nh cao ca cuc pht trin cng ngh t cng ngh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi trong vng 25 nm qua. ATM c th c xem nh l mt cng ngh tin ho t cng ngh Frame Relay. im khc bit r rng nht gia Frame Relay v ATM l Frame Relay s dng cc gi tin c kch thc khng c nh (variable-length packet) gi l cc frame trong khi ATM s dng cc gi tin c kch thc c nh 53 bytes (fixed-length packet) c gi l cc t bo (cell). Bng cch s dng cc gi tin c kch thc c nh, ATM cn ct gim nhiu hn na phn thng tin thm vo kim sot v iu khin li so vi Frame Relay. Kt qu l ATM c thit k lm vic tc tri t 10 Mbps n 100 Mbps trong khi Frame Relay lm vic tc 2 Mbps. ATM c th c xem nh l mt cng ngh tin ho t cng ngh chuyn mch knh. Vi cng ngh chuyn mch knh, ch c duy nht cc knh truyn vi tc truyn c nh i vi h thng u cui. Cng ngh ATM cho php nh ngha nhiu knh o (multiple virtual channels) c tc truyn d liu c xc nh mt cch linh ng ti thi im knh c to ra. Bng cch s dng tt c cc knh ny, tnh hiu qu ca ATM c N cao n mc cho php cung cp mt knh truyn c tc y truyn d liu c nh mc d n s dng k thut chuyn mch gi. Do , ATM - 10 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin m rng k thut chuyn mch knh cho php thit lp ng tc truyn d liu trn nhiu knh truyn trn c s nhu cu truyn thng. Cu trc t bo ATM:

5 byte u dng nhn dng cc t bo thuc v cng mt knh o

Hnh 1.5 Cu trc t bo ATM ISDN v Broadband ISDN Xu hng kt hp cc cng ngh tnh ton v cng ngh truyn thng, i cng vi cc nhu cu v tnh hiu qu v thi gian tng hp, x l v phn tn thng tin ngy cng tng ang l mt xu hng ln nht hin nay trong vic pht trin cc h thng tch hp c th truyn v x l mi loi d liu. H thng mng tch hp cc dch v s ISDN (integrated services digital network) ang l biu hin thc t ca xu hng ny. ISDN c d on s h thng mng cng cng ton cu thay th cho cc h thng mng in thoi vin thng cng cng c pht trin v n s cung cp mt s lng cc dch v rt a dng. ISDN c nh ngha bi cc tiu chuN ca giao n tip ngi dng v c thc hin bng mt tp cc thit b chuyn mch s v cc ng truyn h tr nhiu loi truyn thng ng thi cung cp cc dch v x l gi tr gia tng (value-added processing services). Trn thc t, c nhiu mng c thc hin trong phm vi bin gii quc gia nhng t cch nhn ca ngi s dng, ch c mt mng duy nht c th truy cp ng nht v c phm vi trn ton cu. K nguyn th nht ca ISDN, i khi cn c gi l ISDN bng hp (narrowband ISDN) c xy dng trn c s s dng mt knh 64 Kbps nh l mt n v c bn chuyn mch vi nh hng theo cng ngh chuyn mch knh. Cng ngh c s dng trong ISDN bng hp l Frame Relay. K nguyn th hai ca ISDN cn c gi l ISDN bng rng (broadband ISDN), h tr tc truyn d liu rt cao (100 Mbps) pht trin theo nh hng cng ngh chuyn mch gi. Cng ngh c s dng trong ISDN bng rng l ATM. I.5.2. Mng ni b Cng nh mng din rng, mng ni b l mt mng truyn thng kt ni nhiu thit b vi nhau v cung cp mt c ch trao i thng tin gia cc thit b. C mt vi im khc bit chnh gia mng LAN v mng WAN: - Phm vi a l ca mng LAN l nh, thng thng trong phm vi mt to nh hoc mt nhm cc to nh gn nhau. S khc nhau v phm vi khong cch a l dn n s khc nhau v gii php cng ngh gia mng LAN v mng WAN. - 11 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin Thng thng mng cc trang thit b trong mng LAN do cng mt t chc no s hu. Vi mng WAN, trng hp ny rt him khi xy ra bi cc ti sn quan trng ca mng WAN khng ch do mt t chc duy nht no s hu. - Tc truyn d liu trong mng LAN thng cao hn nhiu so vi tc truyn d liu trn mng WAN. Theo truyn thng, mng ni b thng s dng cch tip cn kiu mng qung b (broadcast network) hn l cch tip cn kiu mng chuyn mch (swiching network). Vi mt mng truyn thng kiu qung b, khng c cc nt chuyn mch trung gian. Ti mi mt trm, c mt thit b truyn/nhn (transmitter/receiver) s m nhn nhim v truyn thng qua mt mi trng truyn c chia s chung vi cc trm khc. Mt bn tin truyn t mt trm bt k s c qung b ti tt c cc trm cn li. Ta s quan tm n cc mng c s dng kt ni cc my tnh, cc trm lm vic (workstations) v cc thit b s khc. Trong trng hp ny, d liu thng c truyn theo cc gi (packets). Bi v mi trng truyn c chia s chung cho nn ti mi mt thi im, ch c mt trm c php truyn d liu. Thi gian gn y, cc mng LAN chuyn mch bt u xut hin. Hai v d ni bt v mng LAN chuyn mch l ATM LAN v Fibre Channel. I.6. S chun ha H thng ng: L cc h thng phn cng v phn mm truyn s liu ch chy c trn cc my tnh ca chnh cc nh sn xut ra cc sn phN phn cng v m phn mm ny. =>Cc h thng my tnh c sn xut khc nhau ko th giao tip hay lin lc oc vi nhau. H thng m: Mc ch: cc h thng my tnh ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau giao tip c vi nhau. thc hin c vic ny cc nh sn xut my tnh phi tun th cc chuN n giao tip c xy dng bi cc t chc quc t c nhiu nm lm vic vi mng truyn dn cng cng. ISO (International standard organization - t chc tiu chuN quc t ) : a ra n tiu chuN u tin v kin trc tng th ca mt h thng thng tin hon chnh v gi n l m hnh tham chiu OSI cho lin kt cc h thng m OSI(Open system interconnection) . Mc ch ISO l cung cp khun mu cho s phi hp pht trin cc chuN hin c ph hp vi khun mu ny. n I.7. M hnh OSI 4 tng thp: Vt l(1), lin kt d liu(2), mng(3), giao vn(4). Quan tm n vic truyn d liu gia cc h thng cui( end system) qua phng tin truyn thng. 3 tng cao: Phin(5), trnh din(6), ng dng(7). p ng cc yu cu v cc ng dng ca ngi s dng. -

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

Hnh 1.6 Mi trng mng: Lin quan n giao thc v cc tiu chuN thuc v cc dng n khc nhau ca h tng c s mng truyn s liu. Mi trng OSI: Bao gm mi trng mng, cc giao thc v cc tiu chN hng n ng dng cho php cc h thng u cui lin lc vi u cui khc theo phng thc m. Mi trng h thng thc: Xy dng ln mi trng OSI, lin quan n cc dch v v phn mm c trng ca cc nh ch to. M hnh OSI gm 7 tng: 7.1 Tng ng dng Application Layer V d chng ta dng ng dng internet explorer my vi tnh A, nhp vo 1 URL(Universal Resource Locator) v d nh http://www.CNTT-TNUFIT.com vo hp ch Address theo hc kho CCNA ca CNTT-TNUFIT. Internet Explorer chy trong my A mun i thoi trc tip vi Web server ca CNTT-TNUFIT(my vi tnh B) yu cu gi v trang ch v hin th trang ny trn my A ca ta. Tuy nhin l tng 7(Application) ch chu trnh nhim v ng dng v giao din ca ngi s dng ch khng ni trc tip vi ng dng ca Web server trn my tnh B nn my A ln n s ng gi chuyn xung tng k, tng th 6(Presentation Layer). l l do v sao m ta biu hin mt ng ni m khng c lin lc gia hai tng Application. Khi ng gi gi i nh vy, Application cN thn ghi r chi tit thng tin ca n tng mnh vo mt ch gi l Header. Trong v d ny th Layer 7 Header bao gm mi thng tin v ng dng IE Web server ca my B hiu phi lm g tho mn

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin nhu cu ca my B. 7.2.Tng trnh din Presentation Layer Tng ny chu trch nhim phin dch hay chuyn m ngun t dng ny qua dng khc, mc ch cho ngi gi (my A) v ngi nhn (my B) hiu nhau. V d nh my A c th dng ASCII nhng my B li dng UNICODE. Cng ging nh tng Application, tng Presentation ca my A khng i thoi trc tip vi tng Presentation ca my B(Web server) nn li ng gi gi xung tng k, tng 5: tng Sesion. Khi ng gi gi i, Presentation ca my B cN thn ghi r n chi tit thng tin ca tng mnh vo Layer 6 Header. Trong trng hp ny, user data ca tng 6 bao gm header ca tng 7 v user data ca tng 7.

7.3. Tng phin Sesion Layer Tng ny chu trch nhim thnh lp, qun l v kim tra cc kt ni gia my A v my B, ng thi cng chu trch nhim trao i, qun l cc i thoi hay trao i qun l cc d kin gia cc tng presentation ca my A v my B. Ngoi ra, cn cung cp cc d tnh sao cho vic qun l d kin hiu qu, cht lng(COS Class of Service) v qun l, bo co cc ngoi l nu c. Tng Sesion ca my A khng i thoi trc tip vi tng Sesion ca my B, nn n li ng gi gi xung tng k, tng 4: tng giao vn. Khi ng gi gi i tng Sesion cN thn ghi r chi tit thng tin ca tng mnh vo Layer 5 Header. n

7.4.Tng giao vn Transport Layer Tng Transport chu trch nhim qun l v chuyn vn d kin gia hai my A v B. S vn chuyn d liu c tin cy hay khng thc hin tng ny. D kin y l (User data) c chia thnh cc n v d kin nh hn gi l segment khi chuyn qua phng thc Packet switching(ct cc chui d kin data stream thnh cc n v nh hn v chuyn vn tng n v mt cch c lp thng xuyn). Cc n v nh ny s c ti hp tr li thnh user data my B. Tng Transport dng 2 quy c: TCP(Transport Control Protocol): cho s vn chuyn tin cy UDP(User Datagram Protocol):cho s vn chuyn c gng, hiu qu ti u hay ti v khng cn bit d kin i ti ni an ton hay khng. Tng Transport ca my A khng i thoi trc tip vi tng Transport ca my B, nn n li ng gi gi xung tng k, tng 3: tng giao mng. Khi ng gi gi i tng Transport cN thn ghi r chi tit thng tin ca tng mnh vo Layer 4 Header. n

7.5.Tng mng Network Layer - 14 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin Tng Network chu trch nhim qun l cc tuyn ng chuyn vn d kin gia 2 my A v B. y chnh l ch hot ng ca thit b Router hay Gateway. Cc n v d kin tng ny gi l packets c chuyn vn theo kiu in tn (datagram) khng tin cy. S vn chuyn d kin tin cy hay khng c ph thc cho tng Transport vi quy c TCP. y tng Network ch chuyn cc n v d kin theo phn on ca mnh, v d nh: in tn i H Ni qua cng A, in tn qua Thi Nguyn i cng BNu in tn qu di tng ny c nhim v ct thnh cc n v d kin nh hn, c nh s cho d phn bit. S ct nh ny gi l fragmentation. Cc n v nh ny s c ti hp tr li (de-fragmentation) tng mng ca my B. Tng Network ca my A khng i thoi trc tip vi tng Network ca my B, nn n li ng gi gi xung tng k, tng 2: tng lin kt d liu. Khi ng gi gi i tng Network cN thn ghi r chi tit thng tin ca tng mnh vo Layer 3 Header. n Mt trong nhng thng tin quan trng header tng ny c th k l a ch IP(Internet Protocol Address) cuar ngun gi(source address) v ngun nhn(destination address). Cc IP ny phi l duy nht, khng oc trng hp.

7.6.Tng lin kt d liu Data Link Layer Tng Data Link chu trch nhim son tho khun dng cho vic chuyn vn d kin v kim tra s xut nhp cc frames vo tng di(Physical). Hay l ng khung chui d kin trc khi chuyn xung tng k di. Tng ny cng chu trch nhim r tm v iu chnh li m bo vic chuyn vn tin cy. Tng Data Link kt hp cht ch vi tng Physical qua a ch MAC(Media Access Control Address) ca NIC(Network Interface Card) gn trong my vi tnh. MAC address gm 48 bit nh sau:
Broadcast bit Local bit 22 OUI bits 24 bits VA

Broadcast bit=1: bo cho ni nhn l frame broadcast(truyn cho tt c) hay multicast(ring mt nhm). Local bit=1:cho mng cc b 22 bits OUI(Organizational Unique Identifier): dnh ring cho mi cng ty ch to NIC. Mi cng ty c mt s OUI khc nhau do IEEE(Hip hi k s i, in t) quy nh. 24 bit VA: do mi cng ty quy nh(Vendor Asigned) cho mi nic Tng Data Link ca my A khng i thoi trc tip vi tng Data Link ca my B, nn n li ng gi gi xung tng k, tng cui cng: tng lin vt l. Khi ng gi gi i tng Network cN thn ghi r chi tit thng tin ca tng mnh vo Layer 2 n Header. Mt trong nhng thng tin quan trng trong header ca tng ny c th ni l a ch MAC ca ngun gi(source address) v ngun nhn(destination address). 7.7.Tng vt l Physical Layer

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin Tng ny nh r cc chi tit k thut, v d nh: dng in th, chu k, tn s, khong cch truyn, cc u ni, dng in t, phng thc, th tc v chc nng, . . . khi ng, qun l, bo tr hay ng m cc ni nhm ym tr s vn chuyn d kin gia 2 my A, B. T my vi tnh ni lin vo mng in ton(Computer Network) chng cht qua d loi thit b nh: internal hay external analog modem vi PSTN, X25, ISDN, ADSL, Cable, Optical Fibre, leased line, Frame relay, ATM, v qua cc cng ty vin thng v cung cp dch v ISP(Internet Service Provider). B trong trng hp mng cc b LAN ph bin nht l Category 5, cn gi l UTP(UnShielded Twist Pair). Nh vy mt cch tng quan, tng Physical chu trch nhin vn chuyn cc chui (streams) nhng s 0(ng OFF hay False) v 1( m ON hay True) trong h thng nh phn. Cc chui 0, 1 ny c gi l bit. Cc chui ny bao gm cc thng tin t tng 2 n tng 7. Cc chui ny khi c vn chuyn t my A ti my B s c x l t tng 1(tng physical) ni vi my B i ngc tr ln tng 7(Application). My B c th c kt ni vi my A qua mng cc b hoc mng ton cu. C mi khi d liu c vn chuyn n tng no th tng s tam kho trong Header ca tng mnh, x l thch ng v sau tho b header(deencapsulation) ca mnh chuyn ln tng k. Cui cng, d kin(user data) ca my A c n my B, trong trng hp ny l my cung cp dch v v mng(web server) ca CNTT-TNUFIT. My B(CNTT-TNUFIT web server) hiu r yu cu my A v gi v trang ch (Home Page) ca CNTT-TNUFIT.
Streams of BITS

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

CHNG II TRUYN D LIU

Vic truyn d liu ph thuc vo hai yu t chnh: cht lng ca tn hiu c truyn v cc c tnh ca mi trng truyn. Mc tiu ca chng ny v chng tip theo l cung cp cho bn c nhng kin thc c bn v hai nhn t ny. Mc u tin ca chng s a ra mt s khi nim v thut ng trong lnh vc truyn thng; cc khi nim v thut ng ny nhm gip cho bn c i qua ton b cc phn cn li ca chng. Mc 2.2 a ra cch s dng cc thut ng tng t (analog) v s (digital) trong truyn thng. D liu tng t (analog data) hoc d liu s (digital data) c th c truyn bng cch s dng tn hiu tng t (analog signal) hoc tn hiu s (digital signal). Hn na cc cng ngh x l tn hiu trung gian trn gia im ngun v im ch li c th cng ngh tng t hoc cng ngh s. Mc 2.3 xem xt v mt loi cc loi nhn t gy suy gim cht lng tn hiu. Cc nhn t ny c th gy ra li trn d liu trong qu trnh truyn. Cc nhn t gy suy gim cht lng tn hiu chnh bao gm: s suy gim tn hiu, mo tr thi gian v cc dng nhiu. II.1. Mt s khi nim v thut ng II.1.1. Mt s thut ng truyn thng - Mi trng truyn c th phn thnh 2 loi l hu tuyn (guided media) v v tuyn (unguided media). Mi trng truyn hu tuyn: Tn hiu truyn c truyn theo mt hng dc theo mt con ng vt l no . V d nh cp i xon (twisted pair cable), cp ng trc (coaxial cable) v cp quang (fiber optic cable). Mi trng truyn v tuyn: Khng c s dn hng tn hiu truyn. V d nh vic truyn trong khng kh, chn khng hoc nc bin. - Lin kt trc tip (direct link): L ng truyn kt ni gia 2 thit b truyn v nhn, khng qua cc thit b trung gian (c th qua cc b lp (repeater) hoc tng cng tn hiu (amplifier)) - Cu hnh ca cc mi trng truyn hu tuyn c th dng im - im (point to point) hoc a im (multipoint). Dng im-im: Ch c 2 thit b chia s mi trng truyn. Dng a im: C nhiu hn 2 thit b cng chia s mi trng truyn. - Vic truyn tin c th theo dng n cng (simplex), bn song cng (half-duplex) hoc song cng (duplex). Kiu n cng: Ti mi thi im, tn hiu ch truyn theo mt chiu. Kiu bn song cng: Tn hiu c th truyn theo 2 chiu nhng ti mt thi im ch c th truyn theo mt chiu. Kiu song cng: C 2 trm u c th truyn tn hiu ng thi.

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin (a) M hnh im - im Transmitte r/receiver Medium Amplifier or repeater Medium Transmitte r/receiver

0 hoc nhiu (b) M hnh a im Transmitte r/receiver Transmitte r/receiver Amplifier or repeater Transmitte r/receiver Transmitte r/receiver

Medium

Medium

0 hoc nhiu Hnh 2.1 Cc cu hnh mi trng truyn hu tuyn II.1.2.Tn s, ph v di thng (Frequency, Spectrum and Bandwidth). Trong cun sch ny, chng ta s tp trung vo cc tn hiu in t, tn hiu m c s dng truyn d liu. Tn hiu c thit b truyn sinh v c truyn n thit b nhn. Tn hiu ny l mt hm ca thi gian nhng n cng c th c biu din bng mt hm ca tn s (frequency); l, tn hiu bao gm nhiu thnh phn tn s khc nhau. Vic xem xt v nghin cu v tn hiu theo min tn s (frequencydomain view) l quan trng hn vic tm hiu tn hiu theo min thi gian (timedomain-view). 2.1.Biu din tn hiu theo min thi gian - Khi biu din theo min thi gian, tn hiu c chia thnh 2 loi l tn hiu lin tc (continuous) hoc tn hiu ri rc (discrete). Tn hiu lin tc l mt dng tn hiu m cng (intensity) ca tn hiu bin i dng mt ng trn (smooth fashion) theo thi gian. Ni cch khc, khng c im gy hoc khng lin tc trn ng biu din tn hiu. Tn hiu ri rc l tn hiu c cng duy tr bng mt gi tr hng ca ca n trong mt s khong thi gian v sau li thay i n mt mc hng s khc. Tn hiu lin tc c th biu din ting ni cn tn hiu ri rc c th dng biu din cc gi tr bit 1 hoc 0.
Bin Bin

(a) Tn hiu lin

thi gian

(a) Tn hiu ri rc

thi gian

Hnh 2.2 Tn hiu lin tc v tn hiu ri rc - 18 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin - Tn hiu tun hon (periodic signal) l loi tn hiu c dng lp li qua thi gian. Nu x(t) l hm biu din tn hiu v tho mn x(t + T) = x(t) vi - < t < + vi T l mt gi tr hng gi l chu k (period) ca tn hiu tn hiu c biu din bi hm x(t) l tn hiu tun hon - Sng hnh sin l mt loi tn hiu lin tc c bn (fundamental continuous signal) vi hm biu din x(t) = A.sin(2ft+). - A gi l bin (amplitude), l gi tr ln nht m cng tn hiu t c theo thi gian v thng c o bng n v l Volts hay Watts. - f gi l tn s (frequency), l s chu k lp li ca tn hiu trong thi gian 1 giy v c n v l Hertz (Hz). Nu T l chu k ca tn hiu th f = 1/T. - l o v tr quan h theo thi gian trong mt chu k ca tn hiu. - Bc sng (wavelength) ca tn hiu l di di chuyn c trong mt chu k ca tn hiu. Nu v l vn tc (velocity) ca tn hiu th = v.T hay v = .f 2.2.Biu din tn hiu theo min tn s. Phn tch Fourier ca tn hiu: Mt tn hiu tun hon bt k biu din bi hm x(t) c th c phn tch thnh tng ca cc thnh phn tn hiu dng sin v cos.
x (t ) = a n cos( 2nf 0t ) + bn sin( 2nf 0t ) (1)
n =0 n =1

Vi:
a0 = x (t ) dt
0 T

an = x (t )cos ( 2f 0t ) dt
0

bn = x (t ) sin( 2f 0t ) dt
0

C th chuyn i cng thc (1) thnh cng thc ch c dng cos nh sau: Vi
n = tan 1
bn an

c0=a0,

x (t ) = c0 + cn cos( 2nf 0t + n )
n =1

2 2 c n = a n + bn ,

V d: Xt tn hiu c biu din bi hm x(t) sau:

1 x(t ) = sin(2f1t ) + sin(2 (3 f1t )) 3

Cc thnh phn ca tn hiu ny u l cc tn hiu hnh sin vi tn s l f1 v 3f1; phn a v b ca hnh ny biu din cc tn hiu thnh phn ring r. C mt vi im th v c th nhn thy t cc phn ca hnh v 2.3 l: Tn s th hai l bi s nguyn ln ca tn s th nht. Khi mi thnh phn tn s ca mt tn hiu u l bi s nguyn ln ca mt tn s th tn s nh nht c gi l tn s c bn (fundamental frequency). - 19 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin Chu k ca mt tn hiu tng hp c gi tr bng vi chu k ca thnh phn tn hiu c tn s bng vi tn s c bn. Tn s ca thnh phn sin(2f1t) l T=1/f1 v chu k ca tn hiu s(t) cng l T, nh ta thy trn hnh 2.3c.

1.0 0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 1.0 0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0T 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0T

(a)sin(2f1t)

(b)sin(2(3f1)t)
1.0 0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0T

0.0

(c)sin(2f1t)+sin(2(3f1)t) Hnh 2.3 Cc thnh phn ca tn s C th thy rng, bng cch s dng php phn tch Fourier, bt k mt tn hiu no cng c th c to thnh bi nhiu thnh phn tn hiu dng sin vi nhiu tn s khc nhau. Kt qu ny c ngha cc k quan trng bi v cc loi tn hiu u c th c biu din di dng cc tn s ca mt loi tn hiu c bn.

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

Hnh 2.4 Biu din cc min tn s Do , chng ta c th ni rng vi mi mt tn hiu, c mt hm theo min thi gian s(t) dng xc nh gi tr tn hiu ti mi mt thi im. Tng t nh vy, c mt hm theo min tn s s(f) dng xc nh cc tn s thnh phn ca tn hiu. Hnh v 2.4a biu din hm theo min tn s ca tn hiu c trong hnh v 2.3c. Ch rng trong trng hp ny, hm S(f) l ri rc. Hnh v 2.4b biu din hm theo min tn s ca tn s ca mt xung vung c gi tr bng 1 trong khong thi gian X/2 n X/2, v bng 0 trong cc thi im khc. Ch rng trong trng hp ny S(f) l lin tc, v n lun c gi tr khc 0 cho d cng ca cc thnh phn tn s tr nn nh hn khi m gi tr tn s tr nn ln hn. c tnh ny l ph bin i vi cc tn hiu trong thc t. Ph (spectrum) ca mt tn hiu l min cc tn s m tn hiu c. Vi tn hiu trong Hnh 2.3c, ph ca tn hiu bao trm t f1 n 3f1. Di thng tuyt i (absolute bandwidth) ca mt tn hiu l rng ca ph. Trong trng hp Hnh 2.3c, di thng tuyt i ca tn hiu l 2f1. Rt nhiu tn hiu, chng hn nh tn hiu c biu din bng Hnh 2.4b, c mt di thng bng v cng. Tuy nhin, hu ht nng lng ca tn hiu c tp trung vo mt di hp cc thnh phn tn s. Di tn - 21 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin s m nng lng tn hiu tp trung vo c gi l di thng thc (effective bandwidth) hay cn gi l di thng (bandwidth).

Hnh 2.5 Thnh phn tn hiu mt chiu ca tn hiu Mt thut ng cui cng c nh ngha l thnh phn mt chiu (dc component). Nu mt tn hiu c mt thnh phn c gi tr hng khi tn s bng khng th y l thnh phn mt chiu ca tn hiu. V d, Hnh 2.5 l kt qu ca vic thm thnh phn mt chiu vo Hnh 2.4. Khi khng c thnh phn mt chiu, tn hiu s c gi tr bin trung bnh bng khng, nh nhn thy trong min thi gian. Vi tn hiu c thnh phn mt chiu, gi tr bin trung bnh ca tn hiu s khc khng. Mi quan h gia tc truyn (data rate) d liu v di thng (bandwidth) Khi nim v di thng thc i khi cn l khi nim hi m h. Chng ta ni rng di thng thc l di tn s m hu ht nng lng tn hiu tp trung vo . T hu ht y vn cn l chung chung. iu quan trng a ra y l, mc d mt dng tn hiu cho trc c th cha nhiu thnh phn tn s trong mt di tn rt rng nhng trn thc t bt k mt mi trng truyn no cng ch p ng c vic

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin truyn mt di hu hn cc tn s ca tn hiu. iu ny lm gii hn tc truyn d liu c tn hiu mang i trn mi trng truyn. c gng gii thch cc mi quan h ny, hy xem xet sng vung ca Hnh sau:

Gi s rng xung m biu din gi tr 0 v xung dng biu din gi tr 1 th dng sng vung ny s biu din mt chui nh phn 1010.. Khong thi gian ca mi xung l 1/2f1; do , tc truyn d liu l 2f1 bit trn giy (bits per second bps). Vy u l cc thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu ny? tr li cu hi ny, ta hy xt li tn hiu trong Hnh 2.3. Bng cch cng thm cc sng hnh sin vi tn s f1 v 3f1, ta c mt tn hiu c dng sng gn ging vi sng vung. Ta tip tc tin trnh ny bng cch thm vo mt sng hnh sin c tn s 5f1, c minh ha trong hnh 2.6a, v sau thm tip vo sng hnh sin c tn s 7f1, c minh ha trong hnh 2.6b. Khi chng ta thm cng nhiu cc thnh phn sng hnh sin c tn s l vo th sng tng hp c dng cng gn vi dng ca sng vung. C th thy rng cc thnh phn tn s ca mt sng vung c th c biu din nh sau: - 23 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

s (t ) = A 1 sin ( 2kf1t) k odd, k =1 k

Do , dng sng ny c mt s lng cc thnh phn tn s v hn v v vy di thng ca n bng v cng. Tuy nhin, bin ca thnh phn th k l 1/k, do , hu ht nng lng ca tn hiu c dng sng ny tp trung vo mt vi thnh phn tn s u. iu g s xy ra nu ta gii hn di thng thc ca tn hiu ch c 3 thnh phn tn s u? Ta c th nhn thy ngay cu tr li trong Hnh 2.6a. Nh ta thy, dng ca tn hiu kt qu tng i ging vi tn hiu sng vung nguyn thy.

Hnh 2.6 Cc thnh phn tn s ca mt sng vung Ta c th s dng Hnh 2.3 v Hnh 2.6 minh ha mi quan h gia tc truyn d liu v di thng. Gi s rng ta ang s dng mt h thng truyn s c - 24 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin kh nng truyn tn hiu vi di thng l 4 MHz. Chng ta s th truyn mt chui cc bit 1 v 0 an xen nhau nh l dng sng vung c biu din trong Hnh 2.6c. Tc truyn d liu t c s l bao nhiu? Chng ta s th xp x sng vung nguyn thy bng dng sng trong Hnh 2.6a. Mc d dng sng ny l sng vung mo nhng n cng gn ging vi sng vung nguyn thy cc thit b nhn c th phn bit c cc gi tr bit 1 v 0 m tn hiu biu din. By gi, cho f1=106 MHz th di thng ca tn hiu
1 1 s (t ) = sin((2 10 6 )t ) + sin((2 3 10 6 )t ) + sin((2 5 10 6 )t ) 3 5

l (5 x 106) 106 = 4 MHz. Ch rng f1=1 MHz, do , chu k ca tn s c bn l T = 1/106 = 10-6 = 1s. Do , nu ta coi dng sng ny nh l mt chui cc bit 1 v bit 0, th mi bit chim mt khong thi gian l 0,5s. V vy, tc truyn d liu l 1/(0,5x10-6) = 2 Mbps. Vy, vi di thng l 4 MHz th tc truyn d liu ca dng sng ny l 2 Mpbs. Gi y, gi s rng ta c mt di thng l 8 MHz. Ta hxy xem li Hnh 2.8a nhng gi y f1 = 2 MHz. S dng suy lun tng t nh trn, ta tnh c tc truyn d liu ca sng trong trng hp ny l 4 Mbps. V vy ta c th suy ra rng khi ta nhn i rng di thng, ta c th t c tc truyn d liu gp i. By gi gi s rng dng sng trong Hnh 2.3c l xp x vi dng sng vung nguyn thy. l s khc nhau gia xung dng v xung m trong Hnh 2.5c phn bit gia bit 1 v bit 0 m chng biu din. Cho f1 = 2 MHz. S dng suy lun ging nh trn ta c di thng ca tn hiu trong Hnh 2.5c l (3 x 2 x 106) (2 x 106) = 4 MHz. Nhng trong trng hp ny, T=1/f1=0,5s, kt qu l mi bit chim mt khong thi gian l 0,25s v tc truyn bit s l 4 Mbps. Nh vy ta thy rng cng mt di thng c th h tr nhiu loi tc truyn d liu khc nhau ph thuc vo cc yu cu ca thit b nhn. Ta c th a ra cc kt lun cui cng sau y da trn cc quan st trn. Ni chung, bt k mt dng sng tn hiu s no cng u c mt di thng v hn. Nu ta c gng truyn dng sng ny nh l mt tn hiu qua mt mi trng truyn bt k, bn cht t nhin ca mi trng truyn s gii hn di thng c th truyn c. Hn na, vi mt mi trng truyn cho trc no , nu di thng cn truyn cng ln th gi thnh truyn s cng t. Do , mt mt, cc l do kinh t v gii hn di thng ca tn hiu truyn thng tin s. Mt khc, vic gii hn di thng ca tn hiu s dng truyn d liu s to ra cc hiu ng mo lm cho vic thng dch thng tin m tn hiu mang tr nn kh khn hn. Tn hiu cng c di thng hn ch th mo cng ln v kh nng li xy ra khi thit b thu nhn tn hiu cng nhiu.

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

Xung nhp trc khi truyn Xung sau khi truyn

Hnh 2.7 Di thng thc trn mt tn hiu s. Nhiu minh ha trong Hnh 2.7 c a ra nhm phc v cho vic khng nh li cc ni dung va ni n trn. Hnh 2.7 a ra mt chui bit s vi tc truyn d liu l 2000 bps. Vi mt di thng t 1700 n 2500 Hz, vic biu din cc bit ny l rt tt. Hn na, ta c th tng qut ha t iu ny rng: Nu mt tn hiu s cn truyn d liu vi tc W bps th cho tn hiu ny c th biu din c rt tt d liu, di thng phi t c l 2W Hz; Tuy nhin, ngoi tr trng hp nhiu xut hin rt t, di thng dnh cho mu bit bao gi cng nh hn di thng ca tn hiu. Do , mi quan h trc tip gia di thng v tc truyn d liu l: tc truyn d liu cng cao th di thng thc i hi cng ln. Ni cch khc, mt h thng truyn c di thng cng ln th tc truyn d liu m h thng p ng c cng cao. Mt kt lun khc l: Nu ta ngh rng di thng ca mt tn hiu bao quanh mt tn s c gi l tn s trung tm (center frequency) th vi tn s trung tm cng ln, di thng tim nng v tc truyn d liu tng ng s cng cao. - 26 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin II.2. Truyn d liu tng t v d liu s (Analog and digital data transmission) Trong vic truyn d liu t ngun n ch, nhng vn lin quan l bn cht t nhin ca d liu, iu kin vt l thc t truyn d liu v phng php x l hay hiu chnh no c th c p dng trn ng truyn m bo rng thit b thu c kh nng thng dch d liu khi n nhn c. Vi c ba vn trn, ta phi gii quyt vi c hai khi nim l tng t (analog) v s (digital). Cc thut ng tng t v s cng ging nh cc thut ng lin tc (continuous) v ri rc (discrete). Hai thut ng ny c s dng thng xuyn trong truyn thng d liu vi t nht l ba ng cnh sau: D liu (Data). Tn hiu (Signal) Cng ngh truyn (Transmission).

Chng ta tho lun trong chng 1 v s khc nhau gia d liu v thng tin. Xt trn mc ch hin ti, d liu l cc thc th mng thng tin. Tn hiu c dng in hoc in t l dng m ha ca d liu. Cui cng, cng ngh truyn l phng php truyn d liu bng cch truyn v x l tn hiu. Ta s c gng lm r hn cc khi nim tru tng ny bng cch tho lun v cc khi nim tng t v s trong c ba ng cnh ny. II.2.1. D liu C hai dng d liu l d liu tng t (analog data) v d liu s (digital data). D liu tng t c cc gi tr lin tc theo thi gian. Chng hn, ting ni (voice) hay video l cc dng d liu tng t v cng ca chng lin tc bin i theo thi gian. Hu ht cc d liu c thu nhn bi cc b cm ng (sensor) nh nhit v khng kh cng c gi tr lin tc. D liu s l nhng d liu c cc gi tr ri rc theo thi gian; v d nh vn bn (text) hoc s nguyn (integer). Mt v d tiu biu ca d liu tng t chnh l d liu m thanh di dng sng m m tai ca con ngi c th thu nhn. Hnh 2.8 biu din ph m thanh ca ging ni con ngi. Cc thnh phn tn s c th bin i t 20 Hz n 20 KHz. Mc d hu ht nng lng ca tn hiu c tp trung ti cc thnh phn tn s thp nhng cc kim nghim thc t cho thy rng cc thnh phn tn s khong t 600 n 700 Hz c rt t ngha i vi vic thu nhn v hiu m thanh ca tai con ngi. ng nt t phn nh mt cch chnh xc hn kh nng thu nhn v hiu m thanh.

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

Hnh 2.8 S tng gim ca ph m thanh Mt v d tiu biu khc v d liu tng t l d liu video. Vic phn tch d liu video l d liu tng t trn thit b hin th (TV) l d dng hn vi vic phn tch trn thit b thu nhn d liu (Camera). to ra hnh nh trn mn hnh, mt tia electron s qut qua b mt ca mn hnh t tri sang phi v t trn xung di. Vi mn hnh TV en trng, sng ca mt im bt k trn mn hnh ph thuc vo cng ca tia electron qut qua n. Do , ti mt thi im bt k no, tia electron cng phi c c mt gi tr tng t ca cng to ra c sng thch hp ti im m n qut qua trn mn hnh. Hn na, khi tin trnh qut ca tia electron din ra, gi tr tng t s thay i lin tc. V vy, hnh n video mi c th c hin th nh l mt tn hiu tng t bin i lin tc theo thi gian. Hnh 2.9a minh ha mt tin trnh qut. Ti im cui ca mi mt dng qut, tia ny s quay li mt cch nhanh chng v bn tri (tr v theo phng ngang horizontal retrace). Khi tia ny chm ti y ca mn hnh, n s nhanh chng quay li v pha nh ca mn hnh (tr v theo phng dc vertical retrace). Tia electron s tt i trong qu trnh tr v. t c phn gii thch hp, tia electron ny phi sinh ra tng cng l 483 dng qut ngang vi tc qut l 30 ln qut hon thnh mn hnh trong mt giy. Cc kim nghim thc t cho thy rng, tc ny vn sinh ra cm gic nhy ca mt ngi khi xem hnh nh trn mn hnh. Tuy nhin, hin tng nhy ny c gii quyt bng mt tin trnh qut an xen nh l c minh ha trong hnh 2.11b. Trong tin trnh qut an xen, tia electron s qut qua mn hnh bt u t im xa nht bn tri v rt gn vi nh. Tia ny s qut cho n khi gp im gia y mn hnh sau 241 dng qut. Ti im ny, tia ny s di chuyn rt nhanh v im gia v trn nh ca mn hnh v qut qua 241 dng cn li an xen vi cc dng va qut. Do , mn hnh c lm ti 60 ln trong mt giy thay v 30 ln trn giy v hin tng nhy c hn ch rt nhiu. Ch rng tng cng s dng qut phi l 525. Trong s ny, c 42 dng qut trng khi qu trnh tr v theo phng dc ca tia electron din ra. Nh vy s cn li 483 dng qut thc s trn mn hnh. - 28 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

Kt cu ca mt phm vi hin th

Hnh 2.9 Hnh nh hin th c to ra Mt v d tiu biu ca d liu s l vn bn (text) hay chui k t. Trong khi d liu dng vn bn rt tin li i vi con ngi th vic lu tr hay truyn chng dng nguyn thy i vi cc h thng truyn khng li khng h d dng. Nhng h thng ny c thit k lm vic i vi d liu nh phn. Do , ngi ta s dng mt loi m nhm m ha k t bng mt chui cc bit. M xut hin sm nht theo dng ny l m Morse. Ngy nay, loi m c s dng rng ri v ph bin nht trn th gii l m ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) c t chc ANSI cng b chnh thc. Vi m ASCII, mi mt k t uwocj biu din bng 7 bit duy nht; do m ny c th biu din c ti a l 128 k t khc nhau. S lng k t ln nh vy m m ny biu din l rt cn thit bi v c cc dng k t l k t iu khin. Mt s k t iu khin c s dng iu khin qu trnh in cc k t trn mt trang. Mt s k t iu khin khc lin quan n cc th tc truyn thng v s c tip tc cp n cc phn sau. Cc k t c m ha bng m ASCII lun lun c lu tr hoc truyn dng 8 bit cho 1 k t (mt khi 8 bit c gi l 1 octet hay 1 byte). Bit th 8 c gi l bit parity c s dng cho vic pht hin li. Bit ny c thit lp gi tr da trn vic m tng s bit 1 trong 7 bit l chn (parity chn) hay l l (parity l). Do , khi cc li khi truyn lm thay i mt bit n th dng bit parity hon ton c th pht hin c li. - 29 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin II.2.2. Tn hiu Trong mt h thng truyn thng, d liu c truyn t mt im ny n mt im khc bng ngha ca cc tn hiu. Mt tn hiu tng t l mt dng sng in t bin i mt cch lin tc c truyn qua nhiu mi trng truyn khc nhau ph thuc vo ph ca chng. Mt tn hiu s l mt chui cc xung hiu in th (voltage pulses) c th c truyn qua mt mi trng truyn dn c dy; v d, mt hng s hiu in th dng c th biu din s 1 nh phn v mt hng s hiu in th m c th biu din s 0 nh phn. Cc v d: Ta s tip tc xt n 3 v d a ra phn trc. Vi mi mt v d, ta s m t v tn hiu v tm cch c lng bng thng ca chng. Trong trng hp d liu m thanh, d liu c th c biu din trc tip bng mt tn hiu in t c cng tri ph. Mc d, cn phi c mt s tnh ton gia chnh xc ca m thanh v gi thnh truyn thng (gi thnh tng khi di thng tng). Mc d ph ca ting ni xp x trong khong t 20 Hz n 20 kHz nhng c th s dng mt ph hp hn biu din v pht sinh li ting ni trong kh nng chp nhn c. Ph chuN ca mt tn hiu ting ni l t 300 n 3400 Hz pht sinh li n ting ni. Ph chuN ny lm gim c yu cu v kh nng truyn ti ca mi n trng truyn v n cho php ngi s dng c th s dng h thng in thoi vi gi thnh r. Do , h thng truyn ca in thoi s chuyn i tn hiu m thanh u vo thnh mt tn hiu in t c tn s t 300 n 2400 Hz. Tn hiu ny sau s c truyn qua h thng in thoi n h thng thu ca in thoi nhn v h thng ny s lm nhim v ti sinh li tn hiu m thanh da trn tn hiu in t m n nhn c. By gi, chng ta s xem xt tn hiu video. Tn hiu ny c mt iu rt th v l n bao gm c thnh phn tng t v thnh phn s. sinh ra tn hiu video, Camera thc hin chc nng tng t nh TV. Mt b phn ca camera l a cm nhn hnh nh da trn cnh no ang c quay. Mt tia electron s qut qua a ny t tri sang phi v t trn xung di tng t nh i vi TV c minh ha trong hnh 2.9. Trong khi tia ny di chuyn, mt tn hiu in tng t s c sinh ra v cng ca n ph thuc vo sng ca im tng ng trong cnh ang quay. Hnh 2.10a minh ha 3 dng ca tn hiu video. Trong hnh v ny, mu trng c biu din bng hiu in th dng nh hn v mu en c biu din bng hiu in th dng ln hn. V d, dng 3 l dng biu din cp sng trung bnh ti hu ht cc im v biu din sng trng ti vi im gia. Khi tia electron ny hon thnh mt dng qut t tri sang phi, n s quay li theo chiu ngang v bin tri tip tc tin trnh qut dng tip theo. Trong thi gian tia ny quay li, hnh nh l mu en i vi c camera v TV. Thnh phn tn hiu biu din qu trnh - 30 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin quay li ca tia electron l mt xung in dng tn hiu s v n c gi l xung trng ngang (horizontal blanking pulse). duy tr s ng b gia thit b pht (camera) v thit b thu (TV), mt xung ng b (synchronization pulse) s c gi vo gia mi dng qut ca tn hiu video. Xung ng b ny nm trn nh ca xung trng to ra mt tn hiu s dng bc thang gia cc tnh hiu video tng t lin tip nhau. Cui cng, khi tia electron ny di chuyn n y ca mn hnh, n phi quay tr li nh v iu ny yu cu cc xung trng vi thi gian din ra ln hn. iu ny c minh ha trn hnh 2.10b. Xung trng dc thc t l mt chui cc xung ng b v cc xung trng. Chi tit v xung trng dc khng cn phi tho lun y. Tip theo, ta hy xt n thi gian ca h thng. phn trc ta bit rng c tng cng 483 dng c qut vi tc 30 ln qut hon thnh trong 1 giy. y l khong thi gian xp x vi khong thi gian quay tr li theo chiu dc. ChuN thc n t ca M l 525 dng, nhng trong s ny, c 42 dng b mt trong qu trnh quay tr li theo chiu dc. Do , tn s qut ngang l
512 dng 1 30 giy / 1 scan = 15750 dng / giy hoc

63,5s. Trong 63,5s ny, c 11s l thi gian quay tr li theo chiu ngang. Nh vy, cn li tng cng l 52,5s trn mt dng qut.

Hnh 2.10 Tn hiu video Cui cng, ta s tnh ton di thng cho tn hiu video. lm c iu ny, ta phi tnh ton tn s ln nht v tn s nh nht ca tn hiu. Ta s s dng suy lun - 31 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin sau y tnh ton tn s ln nht: Tn s ln nht s xy ra khi cnh quay l cnh an xen lin tip gia mu en v mu trng. Ta c th tnh ton gi tr tn s ln nht bng cch xem phn gii ca hnh nh video l bao nhiu. Theo chiu dc, c 483 dng, v vy, phn gii ti a theo chiu dc l 483. Kim nghim thc t cho thy phn gii ti a ch bng 70% phn gii ny cho nn phn gii ti a thc t theo chiu dc s l 338 dng. V t l chiu rng: chiu cao ca mn hnh TV l 4:3 cho nn phn gii ti a theo chiu ngang s l 4 x 338/3 = 450 dng. Trong trng hp ti nht, mt dng qut s bao gm 450 thnh phn an xen gia en v trng. Qu trnh qut s c kt qu l mt dng sng vi mt chu k ca sng s bao gm mt mc hiu in th cao (en) v mt mc hiu in th thp (trng). Do , c 450/2=225 chu k sng trong 52,5s. V vy tn s ln nht ca tn hiu ny s vo khong 4 MHz. Tn s nh nht ca tn hiu s l khi tn hiu ch c thnh phn 1 chiu (dc) hoc c gi tr bng 0. Nh vy, tn s nh nht ca tn hiu l bng 0. Do , di thng ca tn hiu video s l 4 MHz 0 MHz = 4 MHz. Phn chng ta va tho lun khng xt n cc thnh phn mu sc v m thanh ca tn hiu. Nu tnh n c cc thnh phn ny th tn hiu video cng vn ch c di thng c khong 4 MHz. Cui cng, v d th ba c a ra trn l mt trng hp chung ca d liu s. Thng thng, tn hiu c s dng biu din loi d liu ny bao gm 2 mc gi tr hiu in th hng, mt mc gi tr cho bit 1 v mc cn li cho bit 0. (Trong Chng 4, ta s thy chnh l m NRZ). iu ny, vi tng trng hp c th s ph thuc vo dng sng v trnh t cc bit 1 v 0. II.2.3. Mi quan h gia d liu v tn hiu Trong phn trc, ta thy cc tn hiu tng t c s dng biu din d liu tng t v cc tn hiu s c s dng biu din d liu s. Thng thng, d liu tng t l mt hm ca thi gian v n chim gi mt tri ph tn s gii hn; nhng d liu loi ny c th c biu din bng mt loi tn hiu in t c cng tri ph. D liu s c th c biu din bng cc tn hiu s, vi cc mc hiu in th khc nhau tng ng cho mi mt s nh phn. Hnh v 2.11 cho thy rng, khng ch c hai trng hp trn trong mi quan h gia d liu v tn hiu. D liu s c th c biu din bng cc tn hiu tng t bng cch s dng mt b iu ch/gii iu ch (modem -modulator/demodulator). Modem s chuyn i mt chui cc xung in nh phn (2 mc hiu in th) thnh tn hiu tng t bng cch iu ch d liu s theo tn s ca sng mang. Tn hiu kt qu s c mt tri ph nht nh no tp trung xung quanh tn s ca sng mang ph hp vi vic truyn sng mang ny qua mi trng truyn. Hu ht cc modem hin nay u biu din d liu s trong tri ph ca ting ni v do chng cho php s dng cc ng in thoi thng thng truyn d liu. Ti im cui - 32 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin ca ng in thoi, mt modem th hai c s dng gii iu ch tn hiu nhn c thnh d liu ban u.

D liu c biu din bng sng in t bin i lin tc

D liu c biu din bng xung in th theo tn s

Hnh 2.11 Chuyn tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s sang d liu tng t v d liu s chuyn i d liu tng t thnh cc tn hiu s, cc b m ha/gii m (codec coder/decoder) s c s dng. B m ha s ly tn hiu tng t u vo v tm cch xp x tn hiu ny bng mt chui cc bit nh phn. Ti u thu, chui bit ny s c s dng xy dng li d liu tng t. Cui cng, Hnh v 2.11 ni ln rng c th m ha d liu thnh tn hiu bng nhiu phng php khc nhau. Ta s tr li ch ny trong Chng 4. II.2.4. Cng ngh truyn. Ta xem xt s khc nhau v mi quan h gia d liu v tn hiu phn trc. Trong phn ny, ta s thy c s khc nhau cng nh mi quan h gia cng ngh truyn v tn hiu. C tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s u c th truyn c qua cc mi trng truyn dn thch hp. Bng 2.1 tng kt cc cng ngh truyn. Vi cng ngh truyn tng t l cng ngh ch c s dng truyn d liu tng t bng cch ch thc hin vic truyn d liu tng t n thun m khng quan tm n ni dung ca d liu m tn hiu biu din. Tn hiu tng t c th s dng biu din cho c d liu tng t v d liu s. Trong c hai trng hp ny, cng ca tn hiu tng t s yu dn i theo di ca ng truyn. t c khong cch truyn ln hn khong cch gii hn do s suy gim cng tn hiu, ngi ta s dng cc b - 33 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin khuych i (amplifier) khuych i cng ca tn hiu. Tuy nhin khi khuych i cng ca tn hiu th ng thi cng ca nhiu i km tn hiu cng b khuych i. V vy, khi s dng nhiu b khuych i trn ng truyn, tn hiu s ngy cng b mo i. Vi d liu tng t, tc ng ca hin tng mo i cht vn cn c th chp nhn c nhng i vi d liu s th mo s tc ng gy ra li i vi d liu cn truyn. Tn hiu tng t Tn hiu s C 2 phng php: (1): tn hiu c cng tri ph vi d liu tng t; (2): d liu tng t c m ha sang mt tri ph khc cho tn hiu. D liu s c iu ch bng cch s dng mt modem sinh ra tn hiu tng t D liu tng t c m ha bng cch s dng mt b codec sinh ra chui cc bit s nh phn. C 2 phng php: (1): tn hiu c 2 mc hiu in th biu din 2 gi tr nh phn; (2): d liu s c m ha sinh ra mt tn hiu s vi cc tnh cht thch hp.

D liu tng t

D liu s

Bng 2.1a Mi quan h gia d liu v tn hiu Cng ngh truyn tng Tn hiu tng t c truyn qua cc b khuych i; tn hiu tng t biu din d liu tng t hay tn hiu s u c x l nh nhau. Cng ngh truyn Coi nh tn hiu tng t biu din d liu s. Tn hiu c truyn qua cc b lp. Ti mi mt b lp, d liu s c khi phc v s dng ti sinh tn hiu tng t mi truyn i. Tn hiu s biu din mt chui cc bit 0 v 1. Tn hiu ny c truyn qua cc b lp. Ti mi mt b lp, chui bit ny c khi phc t u vo v c s dng ti sinh tn hiu s mi u ra.

Tn hiu tng t

Tn hiu s Khng s dng

Bng 2.1b Mi quan h gia tn hiu v cng ngh Ngc li, cng ngh truyn s li quan tm n ni dung ca d liu m tn hiu truyn biu din. Ta ch c th truyn tn hiu s trong mt phm vi gii hn v khong cch trc khi suy gim cng tn hiu lm cho thit b thu khng th nhn ra c ngha ca tn hiu. t c khong cch truyn ln hn khong - 34 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin cch ti hn ny, ngi ta s dng cc b lp (repeater). Mt b lp s nhn tn hiu s u vo, lp li dng cc bit 1 v 0, sau pht sinh tn hiu mi u ra. K thut tng t nh trn cng c s dng i vi tn hiu tng t nu coi rng tn hiu ny biu din d liu s. Mi mt b lp khi nhn c tn hiu tng t u vo s phn tch tn hiu ny nhn bit c d liu s m n biu din. Sau , n s s dng d liu s m n phn tch c ti sinh tn hiu tng t u ra. Bng cch lm ny, vn nhiu tc ng vo tn hiu khng cn b tng cng cng ln dn qua cc thit b chuyn tip nh i vi cng ngh truyn tng t s dng cc b khuych i. Mt cu hi t nhin s pht sinh y l u l cng ngh thch hp cho vic truyn d liu; cu tr li i vi ngnh cng nghip truyn thng hin ti v cc khch hng l cng ngh truyn s, mc d s u t cho c s h tng truyn thng tng t l rt ln thi gian trc. Ngy nay, k c cc h thng truyn thng khong cch ln cng nh cc dch v truyn thng khong cch gn u ang chuyn dn sang cng ngh truyn s v nu c th l cc k thut tn hiu s. Cc l do quan trng ca vic chuyn i ny l: Cng ngh s (Digital Technology): S pht trin ca cng ngh tch hp cao (LSI Large Scale Integration) v cng ngh tch hp cc cao (VLSI Very Large Scale Integration) lm cho gi thnh ca cc mch s gim rt mnh. Cc thit b tng t khng c c li th trong cuc gim gi ny. ton vn d liu (Data Integrity): Bng vic s dng cc b lp thay cho cc b khuych i, hiu ng ca nhiu v cc nhn t khc tc ng xu n tn hiu v d liu c gim rt nhiu. iu ny cho php truyn d liu vi khong cch truyn rt xa trn cc mi trng truyn c cht lng khng cao bng cng ngh s trong khi vn m bo tnh ton vn ca d liu. Chi tit ny s c lm r trong phn 2.3. Kh nng s dng bng thng (Capacity utilization): Bi ton xy dng cc lin kt c bng thng rt ln, bao gm cc knh v tinh v cc kt ni cp quang l mt bi ton kinh t. Vi cc h thng ny, vic p dng cc k thut dn knh mc cao l rt cn thit m bo vic tn dng bng thng ln ca n. iu ny c th c thc hin i vi cng ngh s mt cch d dng hn v r hn so vi cng ngh tng t. K thut ny c trnh by chi tit trong chng 7. Kh nng bo mt (Security and privacy): Cc k thut m ha (encryption) c th d dng p dng i vi d liu s v d liu tng t c s ha. Kh nng tch hp (Integration): Bng cch xem nh c d liu tng t v d liu s u l d liu s, mi tn hiu s u c chung dng v c th truyn - 35 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin tng t nh nhau. Do , kh nng tch hp d liu m thanh, video v d liu s em li tnh kinh t v s tin li rt ln cho ngi s dng. II.3. Cc yu t nh hng n tn hiu (Transmission impairments). Vi bt k mt h thng truyn thng no, mt iu d nhn thy l tn hiu cc thit b thu nhn c s khc do vi tn hiu ban u c truyn i do cc yu t nh hng n tn hiu. Vi cc tn hiu tng t, cc yu t ny s gy ra mt loi cc thay i ngu nhin lm gim cht lng ca tn hiu. Vi tn hiu s, cc li bit (bit error) s sinh ra (bit 1 chuyn thnh bit 0 v ngc li). Trong phn ny, ta s cp n mt lot cc yu t lm nh hng n tn hiu v bnh lun v hiu ng ca chng trn bng thng mang thng tin ca mt knh truyn tin. C 3 yu t chnh lm nh hng n tn hiu: Suy gim cng tn hiu v mo do suy gim cng (Attenuation and attenuation distortion). Mo do tr (Delay distortion) Nhiu (Noise) II.3.1. S suy gim cng tn hiu Cng ca tn hiu s gim dn theo di khi tn hiu di chuyn qua bt c mt mi trng truyn no. Vi cc mi trng truyn hu tuyn (guided medium), suy gim cng tn hiu ny c biu din bng mt hng s ca decibel trn mt n v khong cch. Vi cc mi trng truyn v tuyn (unguided medium), suy gim ny l mt hm phc tp ca khong cch v p sut. i vi cc k s truyn thng, c 3 vn cn quan tm i vi s suy gim cng tn hiu. Th nht, mt tn hiu khi thu c phi c cng mnh mch in t trong thit b thu c th pht hin v thng dch ngha ca tn hiu. Th hai, t l cng tn hiu trn nhiu phi ln loi tr li khi thu tn hiu. Th ba, suy gim cng tn hiu l mt hm tng theo tn s tn hiu. Vn th nht v th hai c gii quyt bng cch s dng cc b khuych i hoc cc b lp. i vi mt lin kt im-im, cng tn hiu ca thit b pht phi mnh thit b thu c th nhn v thng dch c tn hiu nhng khng c qu mnh lm cho cc mch pht b qu ti (overload). Nu cc mch pht b qu ti th s gy ra hin tng mo cho tn hiu sinh ra. Theo di ca khong cch truyn, cng ca tn hiu s b gim dn n gii hn c th chp nhn c. Ti y, cc b khuych i hoc b lp s c s dng tng cng cng ca tn hiu t im ny n im k tip. Cc vn ny s tr nn phc tp hn i vi cc ng truyn a im ni m khong cch t thit b pht n thit b thu khng c nh.

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin Vn th ba phi c c bit ch n i vi cc tn hiu tng t. Bi v suy gim cng tn hiu bin i theo hm ca tn s nn tn hiu s b mo lm cho kh nng thng dch tn hiu gim xung. gii quyt vn ny, cc k thut hin ti thc hin k thut cn bng suy gim cng tn hiu qua di tn truyn. iu ny c thc hin trong cc ng in thoi bng cch s dng cc cun np xon thay i tnh cht in ca ng truyn. Mt cch tip cn khc l s dng cc b khuych i c tnh cht ch khuych i cc tn s cao nhiu hn l khuych i cc tn s thp. Mt v d c a ra trong Hnh 2.12a. Hnh v ny cho thy suy gim cng tn hiu l mt hm ca tn s i vi cc ng truyn leased line. Trong hnh v ny, suy gim cng tn hiu c o theo quan h vi suy gim cng ti tn s 1000 Hz. Cc gi tr dng trn trc y biu din suy gim ln hn suy gim ti tn s 1000 Hz. Ti mt tn s f bt k, cng thc tnh suy gim ca tn hiu l:
N f = 10 log10 Pf P1000

Hnh 2.12a S suy gim ng lin nt trong Hnh 2.12a biu din suy gim cng tn hiu khi khng c s cn bng. Nh ta thy trong hnh v, cc thnh phn tn s ti cc im cui c suy gim cng tn hiu cao hn cc thnh phn tn s thp hn trong di thng ting ni. iu ny r rng s gy ra mo i vi tn hiu khi nhn c. ng nt t biu din hiu ng ca k thut cn bng cng suy gim tn hiu. ng nt t ny c hnh dng phng hn so vi ng lin nt. V vy, cht lng - 37 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin ca tn hiu s tt hn v ng thi n cng cho php t c tc truyn d liu cao hn i vi d liu s truyn qua modem.

Hnh 2.12b Mo do tr i vi tn hiu s, hin tng mo do suy gim cng tn hiu gy tc ng t hn. Nh ta thy trn hnh 2.12b, cng tn hiu suy gim mt cch nhanh chng khi tn s tn hiu tng ln; hu ht ni dung ca tn hiu tp trung xung quanh tn s c bn ca tn hiu. II.3.2. Mo do tr Mo do tr l mt hin tng c bit i vi mi trng truyn hu tuyn. Hin tng mo ny sinh ra bi v vn tc truyn tn hiu qua mi trng truyn hu tuyn bin i khi tn s ca tn hiu thay i. i vi mt tn hiu c di thng gii hn, vn tc ny c khuynh hng t c gi tr ln nht ti cc tn s gn vi tn s c bn v gim dn i vi cc tn s nm v hai pha bin ca di thng. Do , khi tn hiu bao gm nhiu thnh phn tn s khc nhau th cc thnh phn ny ca tn hiu s di chuyn n thit b thu ti cc thi im khc nhau. Hin tng mo do tr l mt hin tng rt quan trng cn tnh n i vi d liu s. Ta hy xt mt chui bit ang c truyn bng tn hiu tng t hoc s. V hin tng mo do tr, mt vi thnh phn ca tn hiu ca mt bit s rt li vo cc bit pha sau gy ra hin tng lm gii hn tc truyn bit ti a. II.3.3. Nhiu. - 38 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin i vi bt k mt s kin truyn d liu no, tn hiu nhn c s gm c tn hiu c truyn i v b sa i bi nhiu loi mo gy ra bi h thng truyn, cng thm vi cc tn hiu khng mong mun t bn ngoi tc ng vo trong qu trnh truyn. Tm li, cc tn hiu khng mong mun c coi l cc loi nhiu mt nguyn nhn chnh lm gim hiu nng ca cc h thng truyn thng. Nhiu c chia thnh 4 loi chnh: Nhiu nhit (thermal noise) Nhiu iu ch (intermodulation noise) Nhiu xuyn m (crostalk). Nhiu xung lc (impulse noise)

Nhiu nhit l loi nhiu gy ra bi hin tng chuyn ng ca cc electron do nhit trong vt dn. Loi nhiu ny c trong mi thit b in t v cc mi trng truyn dn. N l mt hm ca nhit . Nhiu nhit c phn b mt cch ng u trn ton b tri ph tn s v do ngi ta gi n l nhiu trng (white noise). Khng th no loi tr hay hn ch c loi nhiu ny v do n nm pha ngoi bin ca hiu nng ca cc h thng truyn thng. Lng nhiu nhit c trong 1 Hz di thng ca bt k mt vt dn no u c tnh theo cng thc: N0 = kT Trong : N0 l o cng nhiu, n v: watts/hertz. k l hng s Boltzmann = 1.3803 x 10-23 J/0K T l nhit , tnh bng o Kelvin. Theo cng thc trn, ta thy nhiu nhit ph thuc vo tn s. Do , i vi mt tn hiu c di thng l W (Hz) th cng nhiu nhit tc ng vo tn hiu s l: N=k T W (watts/Hz) Nu tnh theo n v decibel-watts th:
N = 10 log k + 10 log T + 10 log W = 228.6 dBW + 10 log T + 10 log W

Khi cc tn hiu c tn s khc nhau chia s chung mt mi trng truyn th kt qu l s sinh ra nhiu iu ch. Hiu ng ca loi nhiu iu ch ny lm sinh ra mt tn hiu c tn s bng tng hoc tch cc tn s ca 2 tn hiu gc. V d, vic truyn ng thi hai tn hiu f1 v f2 s sinh ra mt tn hiu nhiu c tn s l f1 + f2. Nhiu iu ch sinh ra khi c cc hin tng khng tuyn tnh (nonlinear) trong cc thit b pht, thit b thu hoc h thng truyn. Thng thng, cc thnh phn ny hot ng nh l cc h thng tuyn tnh; l gi tr u ra bng vi gi tr u vo nhn vi hng s. Trong mt h thng khng tuyn tnh, gi tr u ra l mt hm phc tp ca gi tr u vo. Hin tng khng tuyn tnh ny xy ra do cc thnh - 39 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin phn hot ng khng ng chc nng (malfunction) hoc do vic s dng cc tn hiu c cng qu ln. Nhiu xuyn m l hin tng ging nh khi mt ngi ang gi in thoi li nghe c mt cuc hi thoi khc trong cuc hi thoi ca mnh. l hiu ng xy ra gia cc cp dy i xon t cnh nhau hoc do tc ng ca sng vi ba (microwave) ln cc vt dn v tnh ng vai tr l cc ngten thu sng. C 3 loi nhiu xuyn m i vi cc trng hp cc cp dy i xon t cnh nhau l nhiu xuyn m dng u gn (NEXT - Near-End Crosstalk), nhiu xuyn m dng u xa (FEXT - Far-End Crosstalk) v nhiu xuyn m tng u gn (PSNEXT Power Sum NEXT)

Hnh 2.13a Nhiu xuyn m dng u gn

Hnh 2.13b Nhiu xuyn m dng u xa

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

Hnh 2.13c Nhiu xuyn m dng tng u gn Tt c cc loi nhiu c cp trn u c th d on c v dng v cng tc ng ca chng. iu ny cho php cc k s ca cc h thng truyn thng c th i ph c vi chng. Tuy nhin, nhiu xung lc l mt loi nhiu khng lin tc (noncontinuous), gm cc xung bt thng xy ra trong mt khong thi gian ngn v c bin rt cao. Loi nhiu ny c sinh ra do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau v nhiu in t chng hn nh sng nh sng hoc cc im r r in nng trong cc h thng truyn thng. Nhiu xung lc thng ch l mt loi nhiu gy tc ng xu khng nhiu i vi d liu tng t. V d, vic truyn m thanh c th b ngt qung mt thi gian rt ngn nhng khng lm nh hng n kh nng hiu m thanh ca ngi nghe. Tuy nhin, nhiu xung lc li l mt ngun gy li chnh i vi cc h thng truyn thng s. V d, mt nng lng mnh tc ng ngn trong khong thi gian 0.01 giy khng lm ph hy ton b d liu m thanh nhng cng xa i 50 bit d liu ang c truyn vi tc 4800 pbs. Hnh 2.14 l mt v d v hiu ng ca n ln mt tn hiu s. u nhiu bao gm c nhiu nhit cng vi nhiu xung lc. D liu s c khi phc t tn hiu bng cch ly mu (sampling) tn hiu nhn c ti thit b thu theo chu k mt ln ly mu trn mt khong thi gian nh thi bit (bit time). Nh ta thy trn hnh v, nhiu ny lm thay i cc bit 1 thnh 0 v ngc li vi tn sut tng i ln.

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

Hnh 2.14 nh hng ca tp nhiu ln mt tn hiu s II.3.4. Kh nng truyn ti ca knh truyn (Channel Capacity). Nh ta thy, c mt lot cc yu t lm nh hng n tn hiu lm mo hoc ph hy tn hiu. Vi tn hiu s, cu hi t ra y l cc yu t ny tc ng vo tc truyn d liu ra sao i vi cc mi trng truyn? Tc truyn d liu qua mt con ng truyn thng (communication path) hay mt knh truyn (channel) vi cc iu kin cho trc c gi l kh nng truyn ti ca knh truyn. C 4 khi nim m y chng ta s tm mi quan h vi nhau: Tc truyn d liu: y l tc c tnh bng n v bits trn giy (bps) m d liu c th truyn i c. Di thng: y l di thng ca tn hiu c truyn c rng buc vi thit b truyn v bn cht t nhin ca mi trng truyn, c tnh bng s chu k trn giy (cycles per second) hoc hertz. Nhiu: Mc trung bnh ca nhiu qua con ng truyn thng. T l li: T l xy ra li, trong 1 ln li xy ra l khi truyn bit 1 m li nhn c bit 0 hoc ngc li.

Vn m chng ta gp phi l: Cc thit b truuyn thng thng c gi thnh t l thun vi di thng m chng h tr. Hn na, mi knh truyn trn thc t u - 42 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin c gii hn v di thng. Nhng s gii hn ny do cc tnh cht vt l ca knh truyn sinh ra hoc do gii hn c tnh ton trc ti cc thit b truyn trnh khi cc ngun gy nhiu khc. V nhng l do trn, chng ta mun s dng mt cch c hiu qu mt knh truyn vi di thng cho trc. i vi d liu s, iu ny c ngha l ta mong mun t c tc truyn d liu cao nht c th ti mt gii hn xc nh v t l li i vi mt di thng cho trc. S rng buc chnh t c hiu qu ny chnh l nhiu. bt u chng ta hy xt mt knh truyn khng c nhiu. Trong mi trng ny, s gii hn v tc truyn d liu n gin l do di thng ca tn hiu. Pht biu ton hc Nyquist v mi quan h gia tc truyn d liu v di thng ca tn hiu l: Nu tc truyn d liu ca tn hiu l 2W th tn hiu ch cn c di thng l W l mang tn hiu qua mi trng truyn. Pht biu ngc li cng ng trong trng hp ny: Nu di thng ca tn hiu l W th tc truyn d liu ti a ca tn hiu l 2W. Kt qu ny rt quan trng i vi vic pht trin cc m hnh m ha d liu t s sang tng t v c trnh by chi tit trong ph lc 4A. on trn, ta ni n mi quan h gia tc truyn d liu v di thng ca tn hiu. Nu cc tn hiu c truyn dng nh phn (hai mc hiu in th) th tc truyn d liu ca tn hiu c di thng W Hz l 2W bps. V d, xt mt knh truyn thoi qua modem truyn d liu s. Gi s di thng l 3100 Hz th di thng C ca knh truyn l 2W=6200 bps. Tuy nhin, nu ta xem trong chng 4, ta s thy rng c cc loi tn hiu c nhiu hn 2 mc hiu in th c s dng; l mi thnh phn tn hiu c th biu din c nhiu hn 1 bit. V d, nu 4 mc hiu in th c th thc hin c trong tn hiu th mi mt thnh phn tn hiu c th biu din c 2 bit. Pht biu Nyquist trong trng hp ny s l:
C = 2W log 2 M

trong M l s mc hiu in th c th c trong tn hiu. Do , trong mt s modem s dng h s M=8, gi tr C=18600 bps. Theo nguyn tc trn, vi mt di thng cho trc, tc truyn d liu ca tn hiu c th tng ln bng cch tng s lng thnh phn tn hiu (s mc hiu in th). Tuy nhin iu ny lm tng gnh nng i vi cc thit b thu: Thay v vic ch cn phn bit hai mc gi tr khc nhau ca tn hiu, thit b thu phi phn bit 1 trong M mc khc nhau ca tn hiu. Nhiu v cc yu t nh hng n tn hiu s gii hn gi tr M. By gi ta s xt n mi quan h gia tc truyn d liu vi nhiu v t l li. Mi quan h ny c th nhn bit bng trc gic bng cch quay li theo di Hnh 2.15. S c mt ca nhiu c th ph hng 1 hay nhiu bit theo mt mu xc nh ca nhiu. Nu tc truyn d liu tng ln th cc bit tr thnh ngn hn, v vy nhiu

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin bit c th b tc ng trong mt mu xc nh ca nhiu. Do , vi mt dng mc nhiu xc nh, nu tc truyn d liu cng cao th t l li xy ra s cng ln. Tt c cc khi nim ny u c tnh ton theo cng thc ton hc Shannon. Nh chng ta thy, nu tc truyn d liu cng cao th nh hng ca nhiu n tn hiu cng ln. Vi mt cp nhiu cho trc, ta hy vng rng vi cng tn hiu ln hn, c th tng cng kh nng c chnh xc d liu nhn c vi s c mt ca nhiu ti cc thit b thu. Tham s chnh a ra trong suy lun ny l t l tn hiu/nhiu (signal-to-noise ratio) S/N. Gi tr S/N l t l ca cng tn hiu trn gi tr cng nhiu ti mt im xc nh trn ng truyn. Thng thng, t l ny c o ti thit b thu. d biu din v mt gi tr, t l ny thng c tnh theo n b decibel: Cng tn Cng nhiu Nu gi tr S/N cng ln th c ngha l cht lng tn hiu cng cao v s lng cc b lp trung gian cn thit s cng t.
( S / N ) dB = 10 log

T l tn hiu/nhiu l rt quan trng trong cc h thng truyn d liu s bi v n thit lp gii hn bin trn ca tc truyn d liu c th t c. Cng thc Shannon c s dng tnh ton kh nng truyn ln nht ca knh truyn theo n v bit trn giy:
C = W log 2 (1 + S ) N

Trong cng thc ny, C l kh nng truyn ca knh truyn tn theo n v bit trn giy v W l di thng ca knh truyn tnh theo n v hertz. V d, xt mt knh thoi ang c s dng qua modem truyn d liu s. Gi s di thng ca knh l 3100 Hz. Gi tr S/N l 30 dB hay t l tn hiu trn nhiu l 1000:1. Ta c:
C = 3100 log 2 (1 + 1000) = 30894 bps

Trn thc t, tc truyn d liu bao gi cng nh hn tc truyn c tnh theo cng thc ca nh lut Shannon bi v cng thc ny khng tnh n cc yu t khc lm nh hng n tn hiu nh nhiu nhit, nhiu xung lc, s suy gim cng tn hiu v mo do tr. Kh nng truyn ca knh c tnh theo cng thc trn cn c gi l kh nng truyn khng li (error-free capacity). Shannon chng minh c rng nu tc truyn d liu thc t ca knh nh hn kh nng truyn khng li th v mt nguyn tc c th s dng mt loi m tn hiu thch hp t c kh nng truyn khng li ca knh. Tht khng may l nh l Shannon li khng ch ra cch tm loi n cc m nh vy m n ch cung cp mt tiu chuN so snh o hiu nng truyn thng thc t. - 44 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin o tnh hiu qu ca mt knh truyn s l t l C/W, c tnh theo n v bps trn hertz. Hnh v 2.15 minh ha nh lut v tnh hiu qu ca mt knh truyn. N cng cho ta thy cc kt qu thc t t c i vi cc knh thoi thng thng.

Hiu qu theo l thuyt Hiu qu truyn

Hiu qu truyn t c da trn thc

Hnh 2.15 Hiu qu truyn theo l thuyt v thc t C th rt ra nhu nhn xt lin quan n cng thc trn. Vi mt mc nhiu cho trc, tng tc truyn d liu ngi ta s tng cng tn hiu hoc tng di thng. Tuy nhin, khi cng ca tn hiu tng ln dn n hin tng khng tuyn tnh xut hin trong h thng lm cho kh nng tc ng ca nhiu iu ch tng ln. Cng cn ch l, v nhiu c gi nh l nhiu trng cho nn khi di thng cng rng th cng nhiu nhiu xut hin trong h thng. V vy, khi gi tr W tng ln, t l S/N s gim i. Cui cng, ta cp n mt tham s c lin quan ti t l S/N thun li hn trong vic xc nh tc truyn d liu s v t l li. Tham s ny l t l ca nng lng tn hiu trn mt bit i vi gi tr cng nhiu trn mt hertz c k hiu l Eb/N0. Xt mt tn hiu s hoc tng t cha d liu s nh phn c truyn ti tc truyn bit xc nh R. Cn nhc li l 1W = 1 J/s, nng lng tn hiu trn bit c cho bi cng thc Eb=S.Tb, trong S l cng tn hiu v Tb l thi gian cn thit truyn mt bit. Tc truyn bit R c tnh bng cng thc R=1/Tb. Do :
Eb S / R S = = N0 N0 kTR

Nu tnh theo decibel th cng thc trn s tr thnh:

Eb = S 10 log R + 228,6 dBW 10 log T N0

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin T l Eb/N0 l rt quan trng bi v t l li bit i vi d liu s l mt hm ca t l ny. Vi mt gi tr Eb/N0 cho trc, nu cn tnh t l li thch hp th cc tham s trong cng thc trn c th c la chn. Ch rng khi t l R tng ln th cng tn hiu truyn, c quan h vi nhiu, cng phi tng ln duy tr t l Eb/N0 thch hp. hiu su hn v kt qu ny, chng ta hy cng quay li Hnh 2.15. Tn hiu y l tn hiu s nhng suy lun c th ging vi tn hiu tng t. Trong mt vi trng hp, nhiu c th thay i gi tr ca mt bit. By gi, nu tc truyn d liu tng ln gp i, thi gian ca tt c cc bit u b co li v vi cng mt mu nhiu cho trc no , c th ph hy ng thi 2 bit ch khng phi l 1 bit nh trng hp trc khi tng tc truyn. Do , vi rng buc gia cng tn hiu v cng nhiu, khi ta tng tc truyn d liu th cng ng ngha vi vic tng t l li i vi d liu c truyn i. V d: i vi phng php iu ch dch pha (trong chng 4), t l Eb/N0 =8,4 dB l cn thit cho t l li l 10-4. Nu nhit trong phng l 2900K v tc truyn d liu l 2400 bps. Hi cng tn hiu yu cu phi l bao nhiu? Ta c: 8,4 = S(dBW) 10 log 2400 + 228,6 dBW 10 log 290 = S(dBW) (10)(3,38) + 228,6 10(2,46) -> S = -161,8 dBW

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

CHNG III - CC MI TRNG TRUYN DN

III.1. Tng quan Cc mi trng truyn dn l cc ng truyn vt l gia thit b truyn v thit b thu trong mt h thng truyn d liu. Mi trng truyn dn c th c phn loi thnh dng mi trng truyn hu tuyn v mi trng truyn v tuyn. Trong c hai trng hp, vic truyn thng c thc hin nh cc dng sng in t. Vi cc mi trng truyn truyn dn hu tuyn, sng in t c dn hng dc theo mi trng vt cht cu to nn mi trng truyn dn chng hn nh cp i xon ng, cp ng trc v cp quang. p sut v khng gian l cc v d in hnh v mi trng truyn dn v tuyn. Vi loi mi trng ny, sng in t s khng dn hng sng in t khi truyn. Dng truyn thng s dng mi trng truyn dn v tuyn cn c gi l truyn thng khng dy (wireless transmission). Cc c tnh v cht lng ca h thng truyn d liu ph thuc vo c c tnh ca ca cc mi trng truyn v c tnh ca tn hiu. Trong trng hp mi trng truyn hu tuyn, bn thn mi trng truyn l quan trng hn khi xc nh cc gii hn ca h thng truyn. Vi mi trng truyn v tuyn, di thng ca tn hiu do antenna pht sinh ra l quan trng hn mi trng truyn trong vic xc nh cc c tnh ca h thng truyn. Mt trong cc c tnh quan trng ca cc tn hiu do antenna pht ra l tnh c hng. Thng thng, cc tn hiu c tn s cng thp th cng t c kh nng truyn theo tiu im ngha l kiu truyn ca chng theo kiu lan ta (omidirectional). Khi tn hiu c tn s cng cao th cng c kh nng truyn theo tiu im. Khi xem xt thit k tn hiu cho cc h thng truyn, cc mi quan tm chnh quan trng l tc truyn d liu v khong cch truyn. Tn hiu c tc truyn cng cao v khong cch truyn cng ln th c nh gi l cng tt. C mt s cc yu t sau lin quan n cc mi trng truyn dn v c s dng xc nh tc truyn d liu v khong cch truyn: Di thng (bandwidth): Di thng ca tn hiu cng ln th tn hiu cng c kh nng truyn d liu vi tc cng cao. Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng tn hiu (Transmission impairments): Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng tn hiu chng hn nh s suy gim cng tn hiu lm gii hn khong cch truyn. Vi mi trng truyn hu tuyn, cp i xon thng b nh hng nhiu yu t nh hng hn so vi cp ng trc v cp ng trc b nh hng nhiu hn so vi cp quang. Nhiu(interference): interference from copeting signals in overlapping frequency bands can distort or wipe out a signal. Interfrence is of particular concern for unguided media, but it is also a problem with guided media. For guided media, interference can be cause by emanations from nearby cables. For example, twist pair are often bundled together, and conduits often carry multiple cables. Interference can also be experienced from unguided transmission. Proper shielding of a guided medium can minimize this problem. - 47 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

Number of receivers: A guided medium can be used to construct a point to point link or a shared link with multiple attachments. In the latter case, each attachment introduces some attenuation and distortion on the line, limitting distance and/or data rate. S lng cc my thu: Mt mi trng truyn hu tuyn c th c s dng to ra mt lin kt im im hoc c th c lin kt vi cc thit b kt ni khc. Lin quan n hnh ng ny ny l do vic gii hn khong cch v/hoc tc truyn d liu dn n vic suy gim v bp mo tn hiu trn ng truyn. III.2. Mi trng truyn Mi trng truyn l con ng vt l ni gia thit b pht v thit b thu. Nhng c tnh v cht lng ca d liu truyn c quuyt nh bi tnh cht tn hiu v mi trng truyn. Mi trng truyn c th l truyn dn nh hng hoc khng nh hng. Trong c hai trng hp s lin lc u dng sng in t. Trong trng hp Truyn c nh hng (c dy dn) sng in t theo mt con ng vt l: i dy song hnh, cp ng trc, si quang. Bn thn mi trng l nhn t quan trng quyt nh gii hn s truyn. Mi trng truyn Dy song hnh Cp ng trc Tc truyn 4Mbps 500 Mbps Bng thng 250 KHz 350 KHz Khong cch lp li 2 - 10 Km 1 - 10 Km

Si quang 2 Gbps 2 GHz 10 - 100 Km (c tnh ng truyn vi mi trng nh hng: im - im) Vi mi trng truyn khng nh hng (khng c dy dn) sng in t khng theo vt dn no, v d nh sng in t truyn lan trong khng kh, trong chn khng hoc qua nc bin. Ph v bng tn s ca tn hiu do ngten pht quan trng hn mi trng truyn. Tn hiu ph thuc vo hng ca ngten. Thng tn s thp c bc x v mi hng cn tn s cao l yu t nh hng chm tia v hng cn thit. Sng viba c phm vi t 2 40GHz, sng radio 30MHz 1GHz v cc dy tn s khc. Tn s trung tm ca tn hiu l yu t to ra bng thng v tc truyn. Ph phn b trng in t Hz 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 Dy song hnh v tinh Tel cp ng trc Viba mt t si quang

AM radio FM radio, TV c tnh ca bng lin lc khng nh hng Bng tn Tn Tn hiu lin tc - 48 Tn hiu s ng dng

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin 30-300 KHz 300-3000KHz 3-30 MHz 30-300MHz 300-3000 MHz 3-30 GHz 30-300 Ghz LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF iu ch AM Bng thng 4KHz ASK, MSK ASK, MSK ASK, MSK FSK, FSK, FSK, 1-100 Bps 10-1000 Bps 10-3000 Bps 100 Kbps 10 Mbps 100 Mbps 750 Mbps Tc Hng hi Thng mi, AM Radio Radio sng ngn TV VHF, Radio FM TV VHF, Viba mt t Viba mt t, Viba trn khng Khong cch ngn, im - im

AM, SSB 4KHz AM, SSB, FM FM, SSB FM FM

5KHz-5MHz FSK, PSK 20 KHz 500 KHz 1GHz PSK PSK PSK iu ch

III.2.1.Mi trng truyn nh hng(Guided Transmission Media) 1.1. i dy song hnh (twisted pair) L 2 si dy ng c xon vo nhau gim nhiu in t do mi trng xung quanh gy ra, r tin. c s dng truyn tn hiu Analog, tn hiu s. C 2 loi: UTP v STP 1.2. Cp UTP ( UnShield Twist - Pair) Cp khng bc kim UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair) c 5 loi: UTP-1 truyn thoi v truyn d liu tc thp: 1 Mbps. UTP-2 cho tc 4 Mbps, UTP-3 10 Mbps, UTP-4 20 Mbps, UTP-5 100 Mbps Cu to v c t: UTP 5 Cu to: Cp UTP (loi 5)c 4 i dy xon nm trong mt v bc, mi mt dy c bc cch in. Hiu qu trit nhiu ca n ch da vo s xon dy.

Hnh 3.1 Cp UTP c t cp: + Loi cp ny ch da vo hiu qu trit nhiu duy nht bi s xon dy hn ch s thoi ha tn hiu gy ra bi cc xuyn nhiu in t trng v xuyn nhiu tn s radio (khi bt k tn hiu nhiu no thm nhp th s vo c hai dy, nh hng ca chng s gim i bi s trit ln nhau). Hn na l gim nhiu xuyn m gia cc cp dy trong cp. Tuy nhin n vn

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin l loi cp d b nh hng bi tp m v xuyn nhiu hn bt k loi cp khc. + S lng vng xon trn cp dy c s thay i. + Khong cch cc on mang tn hiu ngn hn so vi cp ng trc hay cp quang. + Kch thc nh gn nn d dng lp t v r tin hn so vi cc loi ng truyn khc. + S dng u ni RJ45. 1.3.Cp STP ( Shield Twist - Pair) Cp bc kim STP tnh chng nhiu cao. Tc thng thng ca STP l 16 Mbps, c th ti 155 Mbps. c tnh truyn: - Tn hiu Analog: 5-6Km, tn hiu s: 2-3Km. - Bng thng 250 KHz , suy gim 1dB/1km. - H thng ting ni suy gim cho php 6 dB v khong cch ti a 6 Km Cu to v c t cp: Cu to: Cp STP kt hp cc k thut chn bo v, trit nhiu v xon dy. Mi i dy c gi trong mt l kim loi. Bn i dy nh vy li c bc chung mt li kim loi.

Hnh 3.2 Cp STP c t cp: + N c tr khng thng thng l 150Ohm. + Gim c nhiu in gia cc i dy v nhiu xuyn m. + Hn ch c nhiu in t bn ngoi nh: cc xuyn nhiu in t trng v xuyn nhiu tn s Radio + V mt l thuyt th tc truyn c th t 500MBps nhng thc t thp hn rt nhiu. Ch t 155MBps vi cp di 100m. + Gi thnh t hn cp UTP nhng r hn cp ng trc v cp quang. 1.4. Cch u ni u cc thit b ging nhau th u cho - 1326(Crossover cable). u t Switch n NIC u thng (straight through cable). u t NIC ti console th u o hon ton(rollover cable). Mu ca cc chn theo th t nh sau: Pin 1 Cam Pin 5 - 50 Xanhh m

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin Pin 2 Cam - trng Pin 3 Xanh nht - trng Pin 4 Xanh m - trng Pin 6 Pin 7 Pin 8 Xanh nht Nu Nu - trng

1.5. Cp ng trc(Coaxial cable) Cu to ca cp ng trc bao gm: - Mt dy dn n gi l dy dn trung tm(thng l dy ng cng). - Mt lp cch in mm nm bao quanh dy dn trung tm. - Mt dy dn to thnh mt ng ng bao xung quanh lp v cch in. N l li ng hay kim loi ng vai tr l dy dn th hai trong mch v nh mt mn chn cho dy dn bn trong bo v dy dn trung tm khi cc tn hiu xuyn nhiu t bn ngoi vo. - Bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp.

Hnh 3.3 Cp ng trc Cp ng trc truyn in thoi vi khong cch xa, ng TV (RG.59,75), cp ng truyn TV, ng ni h thng, mng cc b (RG.58, 50 , 10 Mbps) c tnh truyn: c tuyn tn s ca cp ng trc tt hn nhiu so vi i dy song hnh. T s
S ph thuc khong cch cp ng trc v ngun tn hiu. N

Tn hiu Analog i xa vi Km, fmax t 400 MHz Tn hiu Digital i xa 1,6 Km, tc 500 Mbps. Db/Km 3210.3 1 2 3 Dy song hnh Cp ng trc (f) s/k 40201 2 3 Cp ng trc Dy song hnh 4 KHz

4 KHz

Hnh 3.4a suy gim - 51 -

Hnh 3.4b tr

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin 1.6. Cp quang(Optical cable) Mt cp quang bao gm mt si thy tinh cho mi tn hiu truyn, c bc bi mt lp ph c tc dng phn x cc tn hiu tr li gim mt mt tn hiu, ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp.. Tn hiu nh sng c pht ra bi mt b pht quang thng l diode(LED Light emitting diode) pht quang hay laser(ILD injection laser diode), thit b ny thc hin chuyn i tn hiu in thng thng thnh tn hiu quang. Mt b thu quang thng l photodiode cm quang hay transistor dng chuyn tn hiu quang sang tn hiu in. Truyn tn hiu nh sng nn tc t ti 2 Gbps vi khong cch kh xa (vi km), khng s b nh hng nhiu in t. S dng cho ng truyn xa, ng ni trong thnh ph, ng ni tng i nng thn, vng lp a phng (ni t tng i n thu bao), LAN. Cp quang c hai loi:

Hnh 3.5 Cp quang - Ch truyn a mode: + Ch truyn a mode khc x bc : vt liu ph v li khc nhau nhng h s khc x n nh khng thay i. Tt c nh sng pht ra bi diode c gc pht nh hn gc ti hn c phn x ti giao tip gia lp ph va li v lan truyn trong li. Ty vo gc pht m nh sng s mt mt lng thi gian lan truyn dc theo dy. Do tn hiu nhn c c b rng xung rng hn xung gc. + Ch truyn khc x thay i dn (tng dn): s dng vt liu li c h s khc x thay i, khi nh sng b khc x mt lng ln khi di chuyn ra xa li. iu ny lm hp b rng xung ca tn hiu v nh lm gia tng tc bit. - Ch truyn n mode : gim ng knh li n chiu di bc sng n(3 10 m) tt c nh sng pht ra s truyn theo mt hng, nh vy b rng xung nhn c s xp x xung gc, nh tng c tc truyn.

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

Tn hiu vo

Tn hiu ra

Pht quang

Thu quang Khc x bc

Khc x tng dn

Si n mode

Hnh 3.6 Cc ch truyn - c tnh: Bng thng rng (2GHz), tc cao Gbps, kch thc nh, suy gim t, cch ly in t (khng s nhiu), khong cch lp li ln. Db/Km 20101- Dy song Cp ng trc hnh | | 0.1 1 KHz 1 MHz 1 GHz Si quang | 1 THz | 1000 THz

Hnh 3.7 S suy gim ca mi trng nh hng - Cc nguyn nhn nh hng n tn hiu trong si quang : + S phn tn nh sng: do s khng thun khit trong si khin cho nh sng b phn x v tn i mt phn nng lng. + S hp th: Xy ra khi nh sng p vo mt vi tp cht ha hc trong si quang cc tp cht ny s hp thu nng lng v lm cho nh sng b m i. - 53 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin + Do s gia cng khng ng u v g gh trong mt giao tip gia li v lp ph, nn nh sng khng th phn x ton phn ti mt khng nhn. + S tn sc: Xy ra khi cc bc sng nh sng di chuyn vi tc khc nhau t so vi cc bc sng khc

III.2.2. Mi trng truyn khng nh hng(Unguided Transmission Media) - Viba mt t: l a Parabol, kch thc khong 10 feet, nh hng sng ngten pht thu c t c nh v c lp t cao khng b vt cn. Khi khng c vt cn, khong cch thu c: d = 7.14 K .h ( Km) ; d: khong cch (Km), h: cao, K: hng s tnh s phn x hoc hp th do b mt tri t cong vi s truyn lan n im thy c: Kopt=
d = 7.14 133 = 82 Km . 4 . Nu h = 100 m th 3

Nu xa qu cn thp tip sc. + ng dng: dng trong h thng thng tin lin lc xa trong khong cch ln, cht lng cao, thay th h thng cp ng trc trong truyn hnh v ting ni. + c tnh: Mt s h thng thng tin in hnh: Bng tn GHz 2 6 11 18 Bng thng MHz 7 30 40 220 Tc Mbps 12 90 90 274 L = 10 log
4d db
2

S suy gim tn hiu c th tnh theo:

d: Khong cch; : bc sng. - Viba v tinh: l mt trm chuyn tip ni 2 hay nhiu trm mt t. B thu ca v tinh trn mt bng tn v pht xung mt t bng tn khc. ng dng: V tinh lin lc l mt cuc cch mng v k thut cng nh si quang: + Phn phi truyn hnh. + Truyn in thoi khong cch xa. + Mng thng mi t nhn. + H thng VSAT: thit b u cui nh, gi thnh thp ni vo ngten VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminals) cng sut tn hiu ln cho php pha thu ngten ng knh nh. Thu V tinh

Pht

Hnh 3.8 - 54 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin + c tnh: Phm vi tn s tt nht 1 - 10 GHz Di 1 GHz b nh hng nhiu t thin nhin, mt tri, kh quyn. Trn 10 GHz tn hiu d b suy gim trong tng kh quyn Bng C, bng 4/6 GHz, ng ln 5.9 - 6.4 GHz, ng xung 3.7 - 4.2 GHz b bo ho. Bng L, ln 1.54 xung 1.55 dng cho thng tin di dng. Bng K, 12/14 GHz, ln 14 - 14.5, xung 11.7 - 12.2, b suy gim tn hiu, dng cho VSAT V tinh do khong cch xa nn b chm 240 - 300 ms. - Sng Radio: Sng Radio th khng nh hng, khng cn ngten a, cn Viba l tp trung (ngten a). ngten cho sng Radio khng cn t cao v kch thc chnh xc. + ng dng: AM Radio, Radio sng ngn, Radio FM, TV VHF, TV UHF, radio gi (mt loi thng tin d liu s). + c tnh: Sng Radio cng s dng biu thc xa cc i: D = 7.14 Kh tnh khong cch gia trm pht v trm thu. 2 4d suy gim cng c tnh theo cng thc: L = 10 log db Bc sng ca Radio di hn nn suy gim t so vi sng Viba. Phm vi 30 MHz 1 GHz rt c hiu qu cho thng tin lin lc. Tng in ly l trong sut cho sng Radio khong 30 MHz, s truyn khng b hn ch bi tm nhn do s phn x tng kh quyn. Tr ngi ln nht ca bng tn ny l tc truyn khng cao Kbps Mbps. Cc nh hng n sng Radio: Phn x mt t, nc, cc vt cn thin nhin gia cc ngten. H thng ALOHA Hawai: Bng tn 407,35 MHz dng cho thit b u cui truyn n trung tm iu khin v 413,475 MHz truyn theo hng v tr, bng thng c 2 knh l 100 KHz v tc truyn l 9600 bps. Khong cch gia hai im 30 Km, s dng Repeater tng khong cch ln 500 Km. H thng in thoi di ng: ca hng Printer Terminal Corp, s dng tn s khong 450 540 MHz.

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

CHNG IV - M HA V IU CH D LIU
Trong Chng 2, ta thy c s khc nhau gia d liu s v d liu tng t. S 2.13 cho thy, bt k mt dng d liu no cng c th c m ho (encode) thnh bt k mt trong 2 dng tn hiu l s hoc tng t.

Hnh 4.1 l mt cch nhn khc m nhn mnh vo qu trnh x l. Vi tn hiu s, mt ngun d liu g(t), c th di dng tng t hoc s, c m ho thnh mt tn hiu s x(t). Dng thc s ca x(t) ph thuc vo k thut m ho v n c chn ti u kh nng s dng mi trng truyn. V d, mt k thut m ho c th c la chn tit kim bng thng hoc gim thiu li. Tn hiu tng t dng c bn l tn hiu lin tc, c tn s hng c gi l tn hiu mang (carrier signal). Tn s ca tn hiu mang c la chn sao cho ph hp vi mi trng truyn c s dng. D liu c th c truyn bng cch s dng tn hiu mang bng phng php iu ch (modulation). iu ch l mt qu trnh m ho ngun d liu trn mt tn hiu mang vi tn s fc. Mi k thut iu ch u da trn ba tham s c bn sau: - Bin (amplitude) - 56 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin Tn s (frequency) Pha (phase) Tn hiu vo m(t) c th l dng tng t hoc s c gi l tn hiu c iu ch hoc tn hiu c bng tn c bn (baseband signal). Kt qu ca vic iu ch l tn hiu iu ch s(t). Nh ta thy trong s 4.1b, s(t) l tn hiu c bng tn gii hn (bandlimited). V tr ca di thng trong ph ca tn hiu c lin quan vi fc v thng tp trung quanh tm fc. Mi mt trong bn trng hp c th trong s 4.1 u c s dng rng ri trong thc t. L do la chn mt trong bn trng hp ny ph thuc vo mt s yu t khc nhau. Sau y l mt s l do la chn s dng: - D liu s, tn hiu s: Ni chung, thit b dng m ho d liu s thnh tn hiu s t phc tp hn v r hn so vi thit b iu ch t liu s sang tn hiu tng t. - D liu tng t, tn hiu s: Vic bin i t d liu tng t sang dng tn hiu s cho php s dng thit b cc thit b modem s v cc thit b chuyn mch trong khi thc hin cng ngh truyn. - D liu s, tn hiu tng t: Mt vi mi trng truyn, v d nh cp quang hay mi trng truyn khng dy ch truyn c cc tn hiu tng t. - D liu tng t, tn hiu tng t: D liu tng t di dng in t c th c truyn dng cc tn hiu bng tn c bn mt cch d dng vi gi thnh r. iu ny c thc hin bng cch s dng cng ngh truyn ting ni qua cc ng thoi. Mt phng php iu ch c s dng ph bin l dch ph ca tn hiu bng tn c bn ti mt tri ph khc. Bng cch ny, nhiu tn hiu c tri ph khc nhau c th chi s chung mt mi trng truyn. Trng hp ny cn c bit n l k thut dn knh theo tn s (frequency-division multiplexing). IV.1 D liu s, tn hiu s Mt tn hiu s l mt trnh t cc xung hiu in th ri rc (discrete). Mi xung l mt thnh phn tn hiu. D liu nh phn c truyn bng cch m ho mi mt bit d liu trong cc thnh phn tn hiu. Dng tng ng 1-1 gia bit d liu v thnh phn tn hiu l dng n gin nht. V d nh bit 0 c m ho bng thnh phn xung hiu in th thp v bit 1 c m ho bng thnh phn xung hiu in th cao. Trc ht, ta s nh ngha mt vi thut ng. Nu mi thnh phn tn hiu ca mt tn hiu u c cng du, ta gi tn hiu ny l tn hiu n cc (unipolar). Vi dng tn hiu phn cc (polar signal), mt trng thi logic c biu din bng mt mc hiu in th dng v mt trng thi khc c biu din bng mt min hiu in th m. Tc truyn d liu ca tn hiu c tnh bng n v bps (bit/giy). Khong thi gian mt bit (duration) l khong thi gian cn thit thit b truyn (transmitter) pht ra mt bit. Nu tc truyn d liu l R, th khong thi gian mt bit l 1/R. Ngc li, tc iu ch (modulation rate) l tc thay i mc ca tn hiu c tnh bng n v baud c tnh bng s thnh phn tn hiu trong mt giy. Khi mt thit b nhn tn hiu, iu quan trng l: Th nht n phi bit chnh xc v tnh cht thi gian ca mi mt bit (khi no 1 bit bt u v khi no bit kt thc). Th hai, thit b nhn phi xc nh c mc ca tn hiu cho mi mt v tr bit l mc cao (1) hay mc thp (0). - 57 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin Nhng yu t no m bo mt thit b nhn c th nhn bit c mt cch tt nht tn hiu truyn n? C 3 yu t l t s tn hiu/nhiu, tc truyn d liu, v di thng: Vic tng tc truyn d liu s lm tng t l bit b li (kh nng b li khi nhn bit). Khi t s S/N tng th t l bit li tng. Vic tng di thng lm tng tc truyn.

Cn mt yu t khc c th lm tng hiu nng truyn, l kiu m ho (encoding scheme). Kiu m ho l cch nh x t cc bit d liu n cc thnh phn tn hiu. C nhiu kiu m ho khc nhau c lit k trong bng 4.2 v c minh ho trn hnh v 4.2. Trc khi i vo chi tit cc k thut ny, ta s xem xt mt vi yu t nh gi v so snh gia cc cch m ho vi nhau:

Hnh 4.2 Cc kiu m ho d liu Ph tn hiu: Tn hiu c cng t cc thnh phn tn s cao th bng thng n i hi cng nh. Tn hiu khng c thnh phn mt chiu (dc) c xem l tt hn so vi tn hiu c thnh phn mt chiu bi v n t b nh hng ca nhiu hn. Cui cng, kh nng nh hng ca mo v nhiu n tn hiu ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnh cht ph ca tn hiu. Trn thc t, chc nng truyn ca mt knh truyn thng rt km cc tn s bin. Do , mt tit hiu c thit k tt phi tp trung nng lng truyn vo tm ca di thng. Trong trng hp ny, kh nng tc ng ca mo vo tn hiu thu c s l t hn. t c mc ch ny, khi thit k cc m c th da trn hnh dng ca ph tn hiu c truyn. Xung nhp ng h: Cn phi xc nh c thi im bt u v thi im kt thc ca mi mt tn hiu tng ng vi khi truyn mt bit. y l mt cng vic phc tp. Mt cch tip cn tng i tn km l cung cp cho mi bn thit b truyn v thit b nhn mt ng h dn nhp ng b ho. Mt cch tip cn khc l cung cp mt vi c ch ng b ho trn c s tn hiu - 58 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin c truyn. iu ny c th thc hin c cng vi k thut m ho thch hp. Pht hin li: Ta s tho lun chi tit v cc k thut pht hin li trong Chng 5 v s thy trong Chng 6 trch nhim ca mt tng logic trn tng tn hiu c xem l tng iu khin lin kt d liu. Tuy nhin, vic xy dng mt vi c ch pht hin li trong m hnh m ho tn hiu vt l cng l mt vic rt c ch. N cho php pht hin ra cc li mt cch nhanh chng hn. Kh nng nh hng ca nhiu: Mi mt loi m s chu mt kh nng tc ng khc nhau ca nhiu. Kh nng ny thng c tnh ton bng t l li bit. Gi thnh v phc tp: Mc d cng ngh s vn tip tc lm gi thnh gim xung nhng vic xt n kha cnh kinh t l mt cng vic khng th b qua c. Trong thc t, tc tn hiu cng nhanh t c mt tc truyn bit no th gi thnh cng t. Ta s thy t c cng mt tc truyn bit, cc loi m khc nhau yu cu tc tn hiu khc nhau.

IV.1.1 M NRZ (Nonreturn to Zero) Cch ph bin nht v cng l d nht truyn cc tn hiu s l s dng hai mc hiu in th khc nhau cho hai s nh phn. Cc loi m theo dng ny c cng tnh cht l mc hiu in th s l hng s trong khong thi gian 1 bit. Khng c s chuyn i v gi tr mc hiu in th 0 (non return to zero). V d, khi khng c hiu in th c th biu din cho bit 0 v vi mc hng s dng ca hiu in th c th biu din bit 1. Thng thng, mt mc hiu in th m s biu din cho gi tr ca mt bit v mt mc hiu in th dng s biu din cho bit kia. M NRZ-L (Nonreturn to Zero Level) thng l loi m c cc trm hoc cc thit b khc s dng sinh ra hoc thng dch d liu s nh phn. Cc loi m khc nu c s dng trong truyn thng th thng thng u c cc h thng truyn sinh ra t m NRZ-L ban u. Mt phin bn khc ca m NRZ l NRZI (Nonreturn to Zero Inverted). Cng nh m NRZ-L, m NRZI duy tr mt xung c hiu in th l hng s trong chu k ca mt bit. D liu c t m ho bng cch xem xt c hay khng c s chuyn i ti thi im bt u mt bit. Mt s chuyn i (t cao xung thp hoc t thp ln cao) ti thi im bt u mt bit biu din cho gi tr bit 1. Nu khng c s chuyn i ti thi im bt u mt bit th s tng ng vi gi tr bit 0. NRZI l mt v d v loi m so snh khc bit (differential code). Trong loi m so snh s khc bit, tn hiu c m ho bng cch so snh s khc bit ca cc thnh phn tn hiu k nhau thay v xc nh gi tr tuyt i ca mi mt thnh phn tn hiu. Mt u im ca loi m ny l vic pht hin ra s thay i khc bit gia cc thnh phn tn hiu thng c tin cy cao hn so vi vic so snh gi tr ca tn hiu vi mt ngng xc nh. Mt u im khc l trong cc s kt ni phc tp, khi u nhm dn n o u ca dy dn th ton b cc bit 0 s chuyn thnh bit 1 khi s dng m NRZ-L cn i vi m NRZI th vic ny khng nh hng n gi tr cc bit.

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

M NRZ l mt loi m d thc hin trong thc t v thm vo n em li kh nng s dng bng thng mt cch hiu qu. Tnh cht s dng bng thng c hiu qu c minh ho trn hnh 4.3. Hnh v ny so snh mt ph ca cc k thut m ho. Trong hnh v ny, tn s c chuN ho bng tc truyn. Nh ta thy, hu n ht nng lng trong cc tn hiu NRZ v NRZI u nm gia thnh phn mt chiu dc n mt na tc truyn. Chng hn, nu mt m NRZ c s dng sinh ra mt tn hiu vi tc truyn d liu l 9600 bps, th phn ln nng lng ca tn hiu ny tp trung vo khong t thnh phn mt chiu n 4800Hz. Nhc im chnh ca cc tn hiu NRZ l s c mt ca thnh phn mt chiu dc v thiu kh nng ng b (synchronization capacity). thy c iu ny mt cch r rng hn, ta hy xt mt chui di cc bit 1 hoc 0 vi m NRZ-L hoc mt chui di cc bit 0 vi m NRZ-I. Kt qu l s c mt hiu in th hng trong mt khong thi gian di. Trong cc tnh hung nh vy, bt k mt s sai lch no v thi gian gia thit b gi v thit b nhn s gy ra hu qu l mt s ng b gia 2 bn. Bi v tnh n gin v mi quan h vi c tnh tn s thp, cc m NRZ thng c s dng trong cng ngh ghi s bng t. Tuy nhin, cc nhc im ca cc loi m ny thng khng thch hp vi cc vic cc ng dng s dng chng trong vn truyn tn hiu. IV.1.2. M nh phn a mc (Multilevel Binary) Mt nhm cc loi m s dng cc k thut m ho c xem l m nh phn a mc. Cc loi m ny s dng nhiu hn 2 mc tn hiu. Hai v d v cc m thuc nhm ny c minh ho trong Hnh 4.2 l m lng cc AMI (bipolar-AMI (Alternate mark invension)) v m bc ba gi (pseudoternary). - 60 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin Trong trng hp ca m lng cc AMI, mt bit 0 c biu din khi khng c tn hiu v mt bit 1 c biu din bng mt xung dng hoc m. Cc xung biu din bit 1 phi thay i cc lin tip. Cc tip cn ny c rt nhiu u im. Th nht, vi chui bit 1 lin tip c di, khng cn hin tng mt s ng b gia 2 bn gi v nhn. Mi bit 1 s tng ng vi mt s chuyn i cc ca xung v thit b nhn c th ng b ho li da trn s chuyn i cc ny. Th hai, bi v cc tn hiu 1 thay i hiu in th t dng n m nn khng c thnh phn mt chiu. Di thng ca tn hiu trong trng hp ny c xem l nh hn di thng ca tn hiu vi m NRZ (hnh 4.3). Cui cng, tnh cht chuyn i xung cung cp mt c ch pht hin li n gin. Bt k mt li c lp no theo kiu xo mt xung hoc thm vo mt xung u gy ra mu thun vi tnh cht chuyn i xung. Ton b cc tnh cht m t on trn cng c p dng i vi loi m bc ba gi (pseudoternary). Trong trng hp ny, s 1 nh phn c biu din bng hin tng xut hin tn hiu v s 0 nh phn c biu din bng s o cc dng v m ca cc xung. M lng cc AMI v m bc ba gi khng khc bit v u im v mi mt loi s l c s ca cc ng dng. Mc d tnh ng b gia thit b truyn v thit b nhn khi s dng cc loi m a cp ny c tng ln so vi cc loi m NRZ, nhng trng hp chui cc bit 0 lin tip trong trng hp m AMI v chui cc bit 1 lin tip trong trng hp m bc ba gi vn gy ra hin tng mt ng b. C nhiu k thut c s dng khc phc vn ny. Mt cch tip cn l chn thm vo cc bit to ra nhng s chuyn i xung. K thut ny c s dng trong ISDN cho truyn thng tc thp. Tt nhin l i vi tc cao, dng m ny s l t hn bi v k thut ny s lm tng tc truyn tn hiu ca tn hiu vn c tc cao. gii quyt vn ny vi bi ton truyn tc cao, mt k thut xo trn d liu no s c s dng; ta s thy k hn v 2 k thut xo trn d liu (scrambling data) trong cc mc sau ca chng ny.

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

Vi mt s hiu chnh ph hp, cc loi m nh phn a cp gii quyt c cc vn ca m cc m NRZ. Tt nhin l vi bt k mt quyt nh thit k k thut no, cn phi c s cn i hp l v mi mt. Vi m nh phn a cp, ng tn hiu c th nhn mt trong ba cp. V vy, theo l thuyt, mi mt thnh phn tn hiu c th biu din c log23 = 1,58 bit thng tin nhng trn thc t mi mt thnh phn tn hiu ch biu din mt bit thng tin. iu ny lm cho tnh hiu qu ca m nh phn a cp km hn so vi m NRZ. Mt iu na l cc thit b thu tn hiu m nh phn a cp phi phn bit c ga 3 mc (+A, -A, 0) thay v 2 mc nh trong cc dng tn hiu khc tho lun trc . V vy, tn hiu nh phn a mc yu cu nng lng tn hiu ln hn xp x 3 dB so vi tn hiu 2 mc vi cng mt gi tr xc sut li bit. iu ny c minh ha trn hnh 4.4. Ni cch khc, cng mt t s tn hiu trn nhiu (Eb/N0), t l li bit ca m NRZ nh hn nhiu so vi m nh phn a cp. IV.1.3. M o pha (biphase) C mt nhm cc m khc c gi chung l m o pha (biphase) cng c s dng khc phc cc vn ca cc m NRZ. C 2 loi m trong nhm ny l m Manchester v m Difference Manchester c s dng tng i ph bin. Vi loi m Manchester, thi im gia ca mi bit u c s thay i mc xung. Vic i mc gia ny phc v nh l mt c ch to xung ng h. Vi d liu: s chuyn i t mc thp ln mc cao s biu din bit 1 v s chuyn i t mc cao xung mc thp s biu din bit 0. - 62 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin Vi loi m Difference Manchester, s chuyn i mc gia bit cng c s dng cung cp c ch to xung ng h. Bit 0 c biu din nu khng c s chuyn i mc ti u chu k bit v bit 1 c biu din nu c mt s chuyn i mc ti u chu k bit . M Difference Manchester l mt loi m c c cc li ch ca m theo kiu so snh s khc bit (differential code). Tt c cc loi m o pha u yu cu ti thiu mt ln chuyn i mc tn hiu trong chu k ca mt bit v thng l 2 ln chuyn i trong mt chu k. Do , tc iu ch tn hiu ln nht gp 2 ln tc ca m NRZ. iu ny cng c ngha l bng thng yu cu cho loi m o pha ny s ln hn. Mt khc, m o pha c nhng u im sau: + ng b ho (synchronization): Bi v c mt s chuyn i c nh trc vo thi im gia chu k mi bit cho nn thit b thu c th c ng b ho trn c s ca s chuyn i ny. V l do ny, m o pha i khi cn c gi l m t to xung nhp ng h. + Khng c thnh phn tn hiu mt chiu (no dc component) + Pht hin li (error detection): Vic thiu mt s chuyn i c xc nh trc c th c xem l mt c ch bo li. Nhiu trn ng truyn phi tc ng vo c hai chu k trc v sau mt chuyn i mc xc nh no gy ra mt li khng pht hin c. Nh hnh v 4.3, nng lng ca m o pha tp trung vo khong t n 1 ln tc truyn bit. Do , loi m ny yu cu di thng hp v khng cha thnh phn mt chiu. Tuy nhin, di thng ca m ny vn rng hn di thng ca cc loi m nh phn a mc. M o pha c s dng rt ph bin cho k thut truyn d liu. M Manchester c s dng trong chuN IEEE 802.3 cho vic truyn dn trong cp ng n trc baseband v cp i xon trong cc mng LAN kiu bus CSMA/CD. M Differential Manchester c ch nh trong chuN IEEE 802.5 cho mng LAN Token n Ring s dng cp i xon c v bo v. IV.1.4. Tc iu ch Khi s dng cc k thut m ho tn hiu, ta cn phn bit mt cch r rng gia tc truyn d liu (c tnh bng s bit trn giy) v tc iu ch (c tnh bng baud). Tc truyn d liu hay tc truyn bit l 1/tB vi tB l khong thi gian mt bit. Tc iu ch l tc pht sinh tn hiu. V d, xt k thut m ho Manchester. B rng ti thiu ca mt thnh phn tn hiu l mt xung c rng bng khong thi gian 1 bit. Vi mt chui lin tip cc bit 1 hoc cc bit 0. Phi sinh ra mt dng lin tip cc xung nh vy. Do , tc iu ch ti a ca m Manchester l 2/tB. Tnh hung ny c minh ho trn hnh v 4.5 cho thy vic truyn mt chui cc bit 1 lin tip vi tc truyn d liu l 1Mbps vi 2 kiu k thut m ho l NRZI v Manchester. Ni chung, D = R/b = R/(log2L). Trong : bng n v bps. - 64 D l tc iu ch tnh bng n v baud, R l tc truyn d liu, tnh

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin L l s cc phn t tn hiu b l s bit trn mt phn t tn hiu IV.2. D liu s, tn hiu tng t truyn d liu s bng cch s dng tn hiu tng t, th phng php truyn thng gp l truyn d liu s qua mng in thoi cng cng. Mang in thoi c thit k nhn, chuyn mch v truyn cc tn hiu tng t trong di tn s ting ni t 300 -3400Hz. Di tn ny th khng thch hp cho vic truyn cc tn hiu s. Tuy nhin, cc thit b s c gn vo thng qua mt modem, thc hin chuyn i d liu s thnh tn hiu tng t v ngc li. Trong mng in thoi, cc moem c s dng sinh ra cc tn hiu trong di tn s m thanh. y cng l cc cng ngh c bn sinh ra cc tn hiu ti cc di tn s cao( v d nh vi sng). Cc cng ngh m ha: C 3 cng ngh m ha hay iu ch c s dng bin i d liu s thnh tn hiu tng t. - Amplitude Shift Keying - Frequency Shift Keying - Phase Shift Keying iu bin(ASK) Trong phng php iu bin th ta c 2 gi tr nh phn c biu din bi 2 bin tn s khc nhau ca sng mang. Thng thng, mt gi tr c bin l 0, khc vi s vng mt ca sng mang, th gi tr kia l mt s nh phn c biu din bi mt gi tr vi bin l mt hng ca sng mang. Tn hiu nhn c l

s(t) =

Acos(2fct) bit 1 0

ti v tr m tn hiu sng mang bng Acos(2fct). Phng php iu ch ASK th d b nh hng vi cc thay i ln bt thng v n l mt k thut iu ch hi thiu hiu qu. Trn cc ng truyn m thanh, tc ca tn hiu ch t ti 1200bps. Phng php iu ch ASK thng c s dng truyn d liu s qua ng cp quang. i vi cc my pht diod, phng trnh trn l hp l. Lc , mt phn t tn hiu s c biu din bi mt xung nh sng trong khi phn t cn li c biu din bi s vng mt ca nh sng. iu tn(FSK) Trong phng php iu bin, hai gi tr nh phn c biu din hai tn s khc nhau ca sng mang. Tn hiu kt qu l:

s(t) =

Acos(2f1t) bit 1 Acos(2f2t) bit 0

ti v tr tn s f1 v f2, u t cch nhau mt khong tn s fc bng nhau v nm v hai hng ngc nhau.

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

ASK

FSK

0 PSK

Figure 4.7 Modulation of analog signals for digital data Hnh 4.8 cho thy mt v d v vic s dng phng php FSK m t hot ng song cng hon ton qua ng m thanh. Hnh minh ha ny l mt k thut c s dng cho modem BELL 108. Nhc li rng ng truyn m thanh th thuc di tn s t 300 n 3400Hz v ngha ca vic truyn song cng hon ton l tn hiu c th truyn theo hai chiu cng mt thi im. Cc iu kin thc hin song cng hon ton i vi cc tn hiu truyn, l bng thng ca knh thng tin c tch ra ti tn s 1700 Hz. Trong mt hng ( truyn hoc nhn), cc tn s c s dng biu din 1 v 0 c t vo im gia c tn s 1170Hz, vi s dch chuyn tn s l 100Hz v mi pha. Hot ng xen k gia 2 tn s s sinh ra tn hiu c tri ph c biu th l mt vng ti bn tri hnh 4.8. Tng t nh vy, i vi hng ngc li ( nhn hoc truyn) modem s dng cc tn s cch nhau l 100Hz v mi pha ca trung tm tn s 2125 Hz. Tri ph ca tn hiu ny c biu th vng ti bn phi trn hnh v 4.8. Ch rng l c hin tng chng lp khng ln v tn s v do c s giao thoa nh.

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin Tn hiu FSK t b li hn so vi tn hiu ASK. Trn cc ng truyn m thanh, tc thng c s dng l 1200bps. Phng php ny cng thng c s dng truyn sng radio cao tn(3-30MHz). Thm ch n cn c s dng cc tn s cao hn trn cc mng cc b m s dng cp ng trc.

iu pha(PSK) Trong phng php PSK, pha ca tn hiu sng mang c thay i biu din d liu. Hnh v di cng ca hnh 4.7 l mt v d v h thng 2 pha. trong h thng ny, mt s 0 nh phn c biu bng cch gi i mt tn hiu lin tc cng pha vi tn hiu lin tc trc . Mt s 1 nh phn c biu din bng cch gi i mt tn hiu lin tc ngc pha vi tn hiu trc . Phng php ny c gi l PSK vi phn, nh l s thay i v pha c tham chiu ti mt bit c truyn trc hn l s tham chiu ti mt vi tn hiu bt bin. Tn hiu kt qu l

s(t) =

Acos(2fct + ) bit 1 bit 0 Acos(2fct)

lin quan n pha o c thi bit trc . Bng thng s dng c th t c hiu qu cao hn nu mi mt phn t tn hiu c th biu din nhiu hn mt bit. Chng hn, thay v mt s i pha 180 , nh cho php trong PSK, mt k thut m ha chung c bit n nh l s dch pha vung gc(Quadrature -PSK) s dng cc s thay i pha vi nhiu gc 90 .

s(t) =

Acos(2fct + 450) Acos(2fct +1350) Acos(2fct +2250) Acos(2fct +3150)

bit 11 bit 10 bit 00 bit 01

Nh vy, mi phn t tn hiu s i din cho 2 bit. Lc ny c th c m rng. N c kh nng truyn 3bit ti cng mt thi im vi vic s dng 8 gc pha khc nhau. Hn na, mi gc pha co th c nhiu hn mt bin . Chng hn, mt chuN modem c tc 9600bps s dng 12 pha, th n truyn c 4 bit vi mi pha s c 2 gi tr bin ( hnh 4.9). - 67 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin V d va ri ch ra s khc nhau kh r ga tc d liu R(bps) v tc iu ch D(baud) ca mt tn hiu. Chng ta gi s rng lc ny c s dng cho tn hiu vo l NRZ-L. Tc d liu l R=1/tb, vi tb l thi gian truyn ca mi bit. Tuy nhin tn hiu c m ha cha l=4 bit trn mi phn t ca tn hiu s dng vi L=16 trng thi kt hp khc nhau ca pha v bin . Tc iu ch c th nhn thy l R/4, bi v mi phn t tn c truyn l 4 bit. Nh vy, vi tc dng tn hiu l 2400bps th tc d liu l 9600bps. y l l do m tc bit t c cao hn qua cc ng m thanh bng vic s dng cc lc iu ch phc tp hn. 0111 0110 0010

0001

0101 0100

0011 0000

Phase-reference signal 1100 1111 1001 1000

1101

1110

1010

1011

Figure 4.9 Phase angles for 9600bps transmission

- 68 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

CHNG V - GIAO DIN GIAO TIP D LIU

V.1. Cc phng php truyn s liu (Transmission Mode) C 2 cch truyn thng tin ni tip l: d b v ng b. - Truyn d b (Asynchronuos): Start K t Parity Stop

Ngoi cc bit tin (k t) phi thm cc bit khung (start, parity, stop) nhn bit u k t, cui k t v kim tra parity pht hin li ng truyn. Nu k t 8 bit, hiu sut ng truyn Hiu sut thp do nhn bit tng k t. - Truyn ng b (Synchronous) SYN SYN Bn tin(cc k t) CRC EOT
8 = 70% 11

nhn bit u v cui bn tin l cc k t iu khin SYN, EOT v CRC kim tra bn tin ng sai. y nhn bit lun c bn tin, ch khng phi tng k t nn s bit d tha t, thi gian nhanh v hiu sut cao. Nu bn tin c 128 k t, hiu sut ng truyn l
128 = 99.9% 132

V.2. Giao din ghp ni V2.1.Giao tip RS 232D/V24 2.1.1. Mt s khi nim v RS 232D/V24 ChuN RS-232D/V24 do t chc CCITT v EIA a ra, n c nh ngha nh l n mt giao tip chuN cho vic kt ni gia DTE v Modem(DCE). n DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) l thit b u cui d liu. y l thut ng dng ch cc my tnh ca ngi s dng. Tt c cc ng dng ca ngi s dng u nm DTE. Mc ch ca mng my tnh chnh l ni cc DTE li vi nhau nhm cho php chng chia s ti nguyn, trao i d liu v lu tr thng tin dng chung. DCE (Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment) l thit b cui knh d liu. y l thut ng dng ch cc thit b lm nhim v ni cc DTE vi cc ng truyn thng. N c th l mt Modem, mt Transducer (quang->in & in >quang), mt Multiplexor (b dn knh),Chc nng ca n l chuyn i t tn hiu biu din d liu ca ngi s dng thnh tn hiu c th truyn c trn ng truyn. V phng din c chuN RS-232D / V24 s dng u ni 25 chn gm 2 hng. n Hng trn gm 13 chn l cc chn t chn 1 n chn 13. Hng di gm 12 chn l cc chn t chn 14 n chn 25. - 69 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

Hnh 5.1 DB25 Connector V phng din in: S dng ngng hiu in th nh hn -3V cho gi tr bit 1 v ngng ln hn +3V cho gi tr bit 0. Tc tn hiu qua giao din khng vt qu 20Kbps vi khong cch khng vt qu 15m. i vi u ni vi DTE l kiu Male (chn cm) cn u ni vi DCE l kiu Female (khe cm). 2.1.2. V tr v ngha cc chn tn hiu ca RS 232D/V24 Xem bng 5.1

- 70 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin STT Tn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 SGH TxD RxD RTS CTS DSR CD S-CD S-CTS S-TxD TxClk S-RxD RxClk LL S-RTS DTR RL/SQD CE DSRD TxClk TM M AA BA BB CA CB CC AB CF SCF SCB SBA DB SBB D LL DTE->DCE DCE->DTE DTE->DCE DCE->DTE DCE->DTE DCE->DTE DCE->DTE DCE->DTE DTE->DCE DCE->DTE DTE->DCE DTE->DCE Chiu truyn ngha Protective Ground - t bo v Transmitted Data D liu truyn t DTE Received Data - D liu nhn v DTE Request To Send DTE y/c truyn DL Clear To Send DCE sn sng truyn Data Set Ready DCE sn sng lm vic Signal Ground Thip lp mc tn hiu t. Carrier Detect DCE pht hin c tn hiu sng mang Reserved for testing Dnh cho kim tra Reserved for testing Dnh cho kim tra Unassigned Cha s dng Secondary Carrier Detect Knh th 2 pht hin sng mang. Secondary Clear To Send Secondary Transmitted Data Transmitter Signal Element Timing Tn hiu ng h ng b truyn DL t Modem. Secondary Received Data Received Signal Element Timing Tn hiu ng h ng b nhn DL t Modem. Local Loopback Tn hiu iu khin kim tra modem ni b Secondary Request To Send Data Terminal Ready DTE sn sng lm Remote Loopback / Signal Quality Detector Ring Indicator Bo nhn c tn hiu chung t tng i gi n. Data Signal Rate Detector Transmitter Signal Element Timing Tn hiu ng h ng b truyn DL t DTE. Test Mode Tn hiu iu khin K.Tra modem

SCA DTE->DCE CD DTE->DCE RL/CG 2 chiu RI CH/CI CI DA DCE->DTE 2 chiu DTE->DCE -

Bng 5.1 V tr v ngha cc chn tn hiu - 71 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin 2.1.3. Th tc kt ni Calling DTE (PC/Terminal

DTR on DSR on Thit lp kt ni
S in thoi ca modem c gi c gi i

DCE (Modem

PSTN

DCE (Modem

Called DTE (PC/Terminal

DTR on DSR on

Connection setup CD on Carrier on

Short Delay

RI on RTS on CTS on TxD RTS off CTS off CD on

RxD CD off Truyn d liu RTS on CTS on TxD RTS off CTS off Hu b kt ni CD off DTR off DSR off
Short Delay

Data tones Carrier off Carrier on

Data tones

RxD RTS off

Carrier off

Carrier off

CTS off CD off DTR off DSR off DTR on

Short Delay

Thi gian

DSR on

Hnh 5.2 M t qu trnh kt ni, truyn v hy b kt ni bn song cng Gi s DTE khi xng gi l mt my tnh c nhn v modem ca n c dch v gi t ng. DTE nhn cng l mt my tnh v modem ca n l modem c dch v t ng tr li. Khi DTE sn sng thc hin yu cu truyn hoc nhn d liu, tn hiu trn chn DTR (Data Terminal Ready) s c t mc tch cc. Nu modem ni b cng sn sng, n s p ng bng cch thit lp mc tch cc chn DSR (Data Set Ready). thit lp kt ni, DTE gi gi s in thoi u xa n modem gi modem thc hin quay s (quay qua PSTN) n modem c gi. Khi nhn c tn hiu chung t tng i n, modem c gi s t gi tr tch cc cho chn RI (Ring Indicator) v DTE c gi p ng bng cch thit lp mc tch cc cho chn RTS (Request To Send). ng thi modem c gi gi sng mang (Carrier) n modem gi bo hiu cuc gi c chp nhn. Sau mt khong thi gian - 72 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin tr cho php modem gi chuN b nhn d liu, modem c gi t CTS n (Clear To Send) mc tch cc bo cho DTE c gi rng n c th bt u truyn d liu. Khi pht hin thy sng mang t xa n, modem gi t chn CD (Carrier Detect) mc tch cc. Lc ny kt ni c thit lp, tin trnh truyn tin c th bt u DTE c gi bt u gi mt thng ip ngn mang tnh thm d cho DTE gi. Ngay sau n phi chuN b cho vic nhn p ng t DTE gi bng cch t chn n RTS mc khng tch cc (off) v modem c gi p ng bng cch t chn CTS mc khng tch cc ng thi ct tn hiu sng mang. Khi modem bn gi pht hin thy mt tn hiu sng mang. N s bo cho DTE bn gi bt u truyn d liu bng cch t chn CD mc khng tch cc. DTE bn gi s bt u vic truyn d liu sau khi thit lp chn RTS mc tch cc v i sau mt khong thi gian khi modem bn gi p ng bng cch thit lp chn CTS mc tch cc. Khong thi gian tr ny l khong thi gian DTE bn c gi chuN b nhn d liu. Sau d liu c truyn t chn TxD bn gi n chn n RxD bn c gi. Mi khi mt bn tin c trao i gia 2 DTE th th tc ny s c lp li. Cui cng, sau khi truyn xong, cuc gi s b xo, cng vic ny c thc hin bi c 2 DTE bng cch t chn RTS v mc khng tch cc. Kt qu l c 2 modem bn gi v bn c gi s ct sng mang. Khi pht hin thy sng mang b ct, chn CD ca c 2 bn s c thit lp v gi tr khng tch cc. Sau , c 2 DTE s p ng bng cch t chn DTR v mc khng tch cc v 2 DCE s p ng bng cch t chn DSR v mc khng tch cc. Kt ni b xa ti thi im ny. Sau mt khong thi gian, DTE ca bn c gi li thit lp chn DTR ln mc tch cc chuN b cho vic nhn cuc gi mi. n 2.1.4. Kim sot li Khi 2 DTE ang truyn v c mt li xy ra, rt kh bit chc chc nguyn nhn no gy ra v nm u trong s: modem ni b, modem u xa, ng truyn dn hay DTE xa. gip nhn dng nguyn nhn gy ra li, giao tip EIA232D cung cp 3 chn iu khin l LL(Local Loopback), RL (Remote Loopback) v TM (test mode). kim tra trn modem cc b DTE s t chn LL mc tch cc. Khi modem cc b nhn c tn hiu mc tch cc chn LL, n s p ng bng cch ni lin cng ra ca mch iu ch vi cng vo ca mch gii iu ch v sau n s t chn TM mc tch cc. Khi DTE pht hin ra chn TM c dng tch cc, n s truyn s liu mu th trn chn TxD v nhn s liu t chn RxD. Nu s liu mu ging vi s liu truyn th modem ni b hot ng tt, ngc li n s c vn .

- 73 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin DTE TxD DSR LL TM RxD DCE

iu ch

Gii iu ch

Hnh 5.3 Kim tra modem ni b Khi modem cc b khng c vn , DTE s tin hnh kim th modem xa bng chn RL (Remote Loopback). Khi nhn thy iu ny modem ni b pht lnh quy nh trc n modem u xa v tin hnh kim th. Modem u xa khi s t chn TM thnh tch cc bo cho DTE ni b bit ang b kim th (khng th truyn s liu lc ny) ng thi ni lin cng ra ca mch gii iu ch vi cng vo ca mch iu ch, sau gi tr li mt lnh thng bo chp nhn n modem th. Modem th sau khi nhn lnh, p ng bng cch t chn TM ln mc tch cc v DTE th nhn thy iu ny s gi cc mu th. Nu s liu truyn v nhn nh nhau th c 2 modem hot ng bnh thng. Nu khng c tn hiu th ng dy c vn . DTE TxD DSR RL TM RxD DCE
iu ch

DCE
Gii iu ch

DTE

PSTN
Gii iu ch iu ch

TM

Hnh 5.4 Kim tra modem u xa V.2.2.Giao tip RS-232C ChuN ny quy c phng thc ghp ni gia thit b u cui s liu (Data n Terminal Equipment-DTE) v thit b truyn s liu ( Data Communication Equipment-DCE). - Phn c hc l mt b ni 25 chn, hng trn nh s t 1-13 (t tri sang phi), hng di t 14-25 (tri qua phi). - Phn in: quy c tn hiu 1<-3V v 0>+3V. Tc cho php 20 kbps qua dy cp 15m ( thng l 9,6 kbps). - Phn chc nng: c 25 ng tn hiu, nhng phn ln cc thit b u cui ca my tnh ch cn mt s ng ny l hot ng. + Chn 22: tn hiu RI (Ring Indicator) chung bo c my gi. + Chn 20: DTR (Data Terminal Ready) my tnh sn sng. + Chn 17: RxCLK (Receive Data Clock) xung ng b thu. + Chn 16: TxCLK (Transmit Data Clock) xung ng b pht. - 74 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin + + + + + + + + Chn 8: CD (Carrier Detect) c tn hiu ng dy. Chn 7: SIG (Signal Ground) dy t tn hiu. Chn 6: DSR (Data Set Ready) modem sn sng. Chn 5: CTS (Clear To Send) cho php my tnh gi s liu. Chn 4: RTS (Request To Send) my tnh yu cu gi s liu. Chn 3: RXD (Receive Data) thu s liu. Chn 2: TXD (Transmit Data) pht s liu. Chn 1: SHG (Shield Ground) dy t bo v.

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

CHNG VI - IU KHIN LIN KT D LIU

VI.1. Kim sot li Khi truyn tin trong h thng my tnh, kh nng xy ra li do hng hc phn no hoc do nhiu gy ra l kh ln. Cc bin php kim sot li l: - So snh t tng kim tra bn tin (FCS) khi pht v khi thu. Nu FCS pht FCS thu l bn tin b sai, yu cu pht li. - Nu qu thi gian khng nhn c tr li (time out) l c vn v truyn tin v yu cu pht li - nh s th t gi tin gi i m bo trt t gi tin v phng nga mt tin Cch tnh FCS: - Phng php bit chn l: (parity) Kim tra ngang (Vertical Redundancy Checking VRC): Thm bit pariy vo mi byte (k t) pht hin li. Tng byte /k t. Kim tra dc (Longitudinal Redundancy Checking LRC): Li c pht hin cho c khi tin thay v tm li trong tng byte /k t. Trong phng php ny ta thm vo mi khi tin mt byte tng kim tra cui (Characteristic Redundancy Checking). Byte ny c tnh bng php lgic XOR ca tt c cc byte trong khi tin. - Tnh theo a thc chun G(x): Cho bn tin M(x) v a thc chuN G(x) c bc l r. CRC chnh l s d T(x) n r ca php chia M(x).x theo modulo 2 cho G(x). Trong cc mng din rng ta thng dng: CRC_16 : x16 + x15 + x2 + 1 hay CRC_CCITT : x16 + x12 + x5 + 1 Trong mng cc b hay trong mng din rng tc cao ta dng: CRC_32: x32 + x26 + x23 + x16 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x5 + x4+x2+x+1 M sa sai: Byte tng kim tra bn tin (CRC/FCS) trnh by trn ch cho php ta pht hin bn tin b li v yu cu pht li. bit c c v tr sai ta phi dng m sa sai. sa sai mt bit, ta dng tp m Hamming da trn cc bit chn l c ri vo cc bt tin theo nguyn l cn bng Parity ch ra cc bit li. Trong trng hp m Hamming sa sai 1 bit, nu bn tin c k bit v s bit parity l r th s bit tin v parity pht i l n = k+r. r bit kim tra c t cc v tr: 1, 2, 4 ,.., 2i v c to bi cng modulo 2 gi tr nh phn ca cc v tr c bit tin bng 1. V cc bit kim tra chim v tr 2i vi i=1,2,4,,2(r-1) nu di cc i ca cc t m Hamming l n 2r-1 v do s cc i ca cc bit tin c bo v l k (2r-1-r) S bit d tha trong m sa sai ln, nn ch yu dng trong truyn n cng nh cc h thu thp s liu t xa (V tinh) cn a s vn l dng pht hin li. VI.2. iu chnh thng lng iu chnh thng lng tc pht s liu ph hp, khng qu nhanh gy ra tc nghn ng truyn, hoc qu chm lm cho hiu sut ng truyn thp. Mt trong cc bin php iu chnh thng lng l c ch trt ca s (sliding windows). VI.2.1. C ch ca s Cc thng s ca ca s: kch thc ca s n bit, c 2n khoang, v m ca ca s l s khoang cho php pht/Thu. - 76 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin V d ca s pht v thu vi n=3 v m =3 Ca s pht - Gii hn gi tin c bin nhn - Vng s liu pht cha c bin nhn -Gii hn gi tin pht i Hot ng ca ca s Pht /Thu vi n = 3bit v m =1 Pht Ca s thu Vng nhn SL

Thu

a/ Bt u

b/ A-Pht

c/ B- Thu

d/ A- Nhn ACK

Khi B- Thu: B chuyn tin ln tng 3, tr li ACK, chuN b vng SL mi. n VI.2.2. Qu trnh trao i s liu gia hai my A v B Bn tin (S liu) phi c ng gi (b sung header), v d: Seg ACK S th t gi tin TIN

Seg: Th t ca s pht, ACK: Th t ca s thu Seg v ACK l tng ng vi th t gi tin pht v gi tin thu Bn pht i ta c: s.seg v s. ack. Bn thu ta c: r. seg v r. ack Bn pht tin sau khi pht, ch tr li mi pht tip. Bn thu tin sau khi thu nhn phi x l nhn tin v pht tin. Nhn tin nu r.seq ph hp vi s.ack tr li bin nhn. Pht tin th s.seq phi ph hp vi r.ack ca pha kia. Qu trnh pht tin ch tr li mi pht tip (stop and wait) tng ng vi giao thc dng v ch. m ca ca s bng 1 (w = 1) th pht 1 gi s liu phi ch bin nhn (ACK) mi tip gi sau. Nu w = 3 th c th pht 3 gi d liu lin tip mi phi dng ch thng bo tr li v kt qu nhn gi s liu . Do w = 3 lu lng s liu trn ng truyn ln hn, ngha l hiu sut ngtruyn cao hn. VI.2.3. Vn chuyn lin tc (pipelining) - 77 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin Ngc li vi trng hp trn, khi pht n thu qu xa (qua v tinh) , thi gian i tr li ACK rt lu v hiu sut ng truyn thp, do ta lin tc pht ra khng ch ACK. V d, knh v tinh c tc 50kbps lan truyn 500 msec gi gi tin 20 = 4% . 1000 bit mt 20ms. Hiu sut ng truyn 520 Khi pht lin tc nu gi tin ng th khng c vn g, nu gi tin b li ta phi pht li. C 2 cch pht li: Pht li t n (go back n) Pht li ch gi n ( selective repeat) Go back n: Time out 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7
ACK4

ACK0 ACK1

ACK2 ACK3

Error Discarded ( Hu b) Phng php ny lng ph ng truyn, s gi pht li nhiu nhng qun l n gin, khng cn b nh m tng 2 gi tm cc gi tin khng ng s th t sau gi tin b li. Selective Repeat:

Time out 3 4 5

ACK0 ACK1 0 1 E 3 4 5 6 7 8 2

ACK8 D D

ct tm tng 2

chuyn 2-8 ln tng 3

Phng php ny i hi b nh ln lu gi tm cc gi tin sau gi hng v vic qun l phc tp hn. Nhng s gi tin qun l li t. Bn pht sau khi nhn c ACK8 pht lin tip cc gi 9,10,; ch khng phi pht li gi 7,8 na. VI.3. Giao thc BSC v HDLC Da trn cc c s ca giao thc ngi ta xy dng cc giao thc truyn s m bo truyn tin tin cy v hiu sut ca giao thc. Hai giao thc c trng cho tng 2 l: BSC v HDLC. VI.3.1.Giao thc BSC (Binary Synchonous Communication) - 78 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin y l giao thc hng k t (COP Character Oriented Protocol) 1.1 Tp k t iu khin ( ct 1 v 2 trong bng m ASCII) SOH(01): Start of header ACK (06): Acknowledge STX(02): ---- --- Text DLE (10): Data Link escape ETX(03): End of Text NAK (15): Negative ACK EOT(04): End of Tranmission (16): Synchonous ENQ(05): Enquiry ETB (17): End of Block 1.2.Dng bn tin - S liu:

SYN

- thng sut bn tin:

Khi pht ra s liu gp Byte chng vi DLE ta chn thm DLE v khi thu kh b DLE chen thm. N(S): th t ca s pht, ADR: a ch ni nhn. - iu khin: SYN SYN EOT ADR P/S ENQ 1 1 1 1 1 1

polling: hi Selecting: chn

EOT c hai chc nng: Kt thc trao i SL SYN SYN ACK Khi to li kt ni.

( NAK,EOT)

- 79 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin 1.3. Trao i bn tin Ch hi (Polling M d ) Poll S Secondar EOT I(1) ACK(1) I(n) ACK(n) EOT Ch chn (selecting Mode) P Select NA EOT AC I(1 ACK(1) I(n) ACK(n) EOT S

P Primary

ch hi (Polling) - P gi lnh hi tt c cc trm, yu cu cc trm gi cho P. - Nu trm Si c s liu cn trao i vi P, Si s gi s liu cho n khi khng cn s liu trao i. - nu Si khng c s liu trao i vi P, Si gi thng bo kt thc EOT. ch chn (Selecting) - P gi lnh chn mt trm Si. - Nu Si khng sn sng trao i vi P, Si gi thng bo NAK v P s kt thc phin giao dch vi Si bng vic gi thng bo EOT. Trong trng hp ngc li Si gi ACK v P s gi s liu cho Si . P ch ng kt thc kt ni bng vic gi thng bo EOT khi khng cn s liu gi cho Si na. VI.3.2. Giao thc HDLC (High level data link control) y l giao thc hng bit (BOP - Bit Oriented Protocol) 2.1.Dng bn tin G(x): x16 + x12 + x5 + 1 flag (Header) (128.1024 byte) 2 byte flag 01111110 Address Control Tin (s cc bt) FCS 01111110 thng sut bn tin (transparent): khi pht s liu 5 bit 1 lin tip ta chn thm 1 bit 0 khng nhm ln vi Flag (bo hiu kt thc bn tin). Khi thu th bit 0 chn thm c kh b. 2.2.T iu khin Cho ta bit 3 dng ca bn tin: dng I, dng S, dng U - Dng I (Information): 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 N(S) P/F N(R) - 80 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin Bit 0= 0: dng I; N(S): th t ca s pht ; N (R): th t ca s ch thu. P =1: yu cu phi tr li; F =1: bn thu tr li. - Dng S (SuperVisor): iu khin trao i s liu Bit 0,1= 01: dng S 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 S P/F N(R) S = 00:RR, Receive Ready; nhn ti N(R)-1, ch thu N(R) = 10: RNR, ---- Not ------; -------------------------, cha th thu N(R) = 10: REJ, Reject ; -------------------------, yu cu pht li t N(R) = 11: SREJ, Select Rej ; -------------------------, yu cu pht li ch N(R). - Dng U(Unnumbered): iu khin qu trnh ni, tch, thng bo Bit 0,1=11: dng U 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 M M P/F M M M

U = 1111p100: SABM: yu cu kt ni 2 my ngang nhau = 1111p000: SARM: - - - - - - -- - - - - - c chnh ph = 1100p001: SNRM:- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -,ph ch thc hin = 1100p010: DISC: yu cu tch (kt thc) = 1100F110: UA(Unnumbered Acknowlegde): ng , chp nhn Ngoi ra c lnh reset RESET: khi to li kt ni. Frame Reject FRMR: khc t nhn gi d liu Command Reject CMDR: thng bo khc t thc hin lnh 2.3. Trao i bn tin - Qu trnh ni tch:

- Qu trnh thu - pht:

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

Nhn xt HDLC: S iu khin tng i n gin (khng cn tp k t iu khin) Nhn bit by bit nn mm do, d tng thch vi cc h khc. Overhead ngn, t tn hiu iu khin nn tc cao Thng sut bn tin n gin, b sung t bit HDLC c coi l chuN quc t thch ng vi cc h thng phc tp. n VI.4. c t giao thc(Protocol Specification) m t chnh xc v y hot ng ca mt giao thc ta s dng cc cng c: th trng thi, bng trng thi, chng trnh cu trc mc cao; ch khng th bng s k tip cc khung tin (frame sequence diagram) hoc s trao i cc gi tin. V d c t giao thc HDLC:

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

VI.5. Cc giao thc iu khin truy nhp phng tin truyn Khc vi truyn s liu gia 2 im, trong mng nhiu trm lm vic c th truy cp mng ti cng mt thi im truyn s liu nn khng trnh khi xy ra xung t truy nhp . V vy cn cc giao thc iu khin truy nhp phng tin truyn m bo trnh c xung t, pht hin v loi tr xung t truy nhp. VI. 5.1. Truy nhp CSMA /CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detect: l truy nhp ngu nhin, nghe ng truyn, nghe ng dy, ng dy khng bn th pht. Nu bn c th dng: - Gii php tm quay lui, thi gian cht tng, xung t gim. - Gii php kin tr i tip tc nghe ri pht T, xung t - Gii php i vi xc sut p, y l gii php trung gian ca 2 gii php trn. Thi gian cht ca ng dy mc trung bnh, kh nng xung t mc trung bnh. Thit b nghe ng dy gi l Transceiver Nhn xt: CSMA /CD d thc hin, n gin. Nhng khng iu ho lu thng. S dng khi lu thng t. ChuN l 802.3, c dng trong mng Ethernet n Dng bn tin Ethernet

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin /c ch 6 (c cu hnh BUS) S liu /c ngun Type 6 2 46-1500 Tc 10 Mbps CRC 4 Bytes

VI.5.2. Token bus L truy nhp c iu khin. Mng c cu hnh BUS nhng cc trm ch c php truy nhp khi c th bi (token). Th bi lu chuyn trn mt vng logic c xc nh bi a ch trc v sau ca mi trm. Nhn xt: Token Bus kh thc hin hn, qun l phc tp (token). Nhng iu ho lu thng. S dng khi lu thng ln. ChuN l 802.4 c dng trong cng nghip kt ni thit b iu khin qu n trnh Dng bn tin Token Bus: Frame control 1 /c ch (2-6) /c ngun (2-6) TIN max 8142 bytes Tc 1, 5, 10 Mbp CRC 4

VI.5.3. Token Ring L truy nhp c iu khin, mng c cu hnh vng, th bi lu chuyn quanh vng. Th bi c bit trng thi Free / Busy. Trm ch c php gi d liu khi th bi i qua trng thi Free. V c 3 giai on: - Ghp d liu vo truyn, chuyn bit trng thi Free sang Busy. - Ti ch: nhn d liu v i tip v ngun. - V ti ngun: hu d liu v chuyn bit trng thi Busy sang Free gii phng ng knh. Nhn xt: - Token Ring qun l phc tp v c th bi - Nhng iu ho lu thng - S dng khi lu thng ln - ChuN l 802.5 v c s dng rng ri nh CSMA/CD n Dng bn tin Token Ring: AC 1 FC 1 /c ch 2-6 /c Ngun 2-6 TIN Max 16 kb 16Mbps Max 4kb 4 Mbps CRC 4 FS 1

AC (access Control): PPPTMRRR + P (Priority bit): xc nh mc u tin truy nhp. + T (Token bit): xc nh trng thi th bi (T=0: free, T=1: busy) + M (Monitor bit): xc nh chc nng iu khin, gim st hot ng mng + R (Request bit): xc nh yu cu th bi vi tin truy nhp - FC (Frame Control): FFZZZZZZ + FF: loi gi s liu (FF = 00: gi s liu LLC, FF = 01: gi s liu MAC) + ZZ: m lnh i vi gi s liu LLC - 84 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin FS (Frame Status): ACRRACRR + A (Address recognized bit): A = 1 th a ch ch trng vi mt a ch ngun ca mt thit b no trn mng + C (Copied bit): C = 1 cho bit gi s liu c thit b cui sao chp. FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface): Nguyn l lm vic ca FDDI tng t nh Token Ring chuN 802.5 n im khc l: cc trm c nhu cu gi s liu c th ghp tip s liu ni tip trm trc khi gp Token m khng cn ch ht vng (ring) ca trm trc. Do bn tin khng cn byte AC i bit Free <---> Busy - Mng FDDI c tc 100Mbps, cho php 500 trm, khong cch ti a gia 2 trm l 2 km (UTP ch c 100m), gii hn ton mng l 200 km. - C 2 loi trm dng FDDI ring: DAS (Dual Attachment Station) cho php ni tt on b hng, SAS (Single AS) khng th ni li ng. - Concentrator ni nhiu SAS n DAS. VI.5.4. DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus) ChuN 802.6: gm 2 bus n hng (cables), cc my tnh ni ln 2 bus ny.Mi n bus c 1 head-end, gi v pha phi dng bus trn, gi v pha tri dng bus di Bus A
Computer

............

Hng bus A Head end

Bus B

Cc trm phi xp hng gi s liu vo FIFO order (khng c central queue). Trm ch c php gi khi n lt. Trnh tnh trng trm gn head-end chim ht empty cell (cell=53 byte) AAL. FIFO queue: mi trm c 2 b m RC (request counter) v CD (countdown counter), RC m s yu cu phi gii quyt, CD ch ra v tr trong hng i. khi empty cell i qua m CD>0, khng c dng cell empty. gi 1 cell trm phi gi request trn bus ngc li, cc trm i tip th RC+1. Trm tip theo c yu cu th RC CD, ch ra v tr xp hng i. trm ch c pht khi cell empty i qua m CD=0. mi ln cell empty i qua th: RC-1, CD-1 nu RC v CD0 Head End a/ Man is idle B bus Head End A bus
A AC = 0 CD = 0

B
AC = 0 CD = 0

C AC = 0 CD = 0

D AC = 0 CD = 0

E AC = 0 CD = 0

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

VI.5.5. Wireless (802.11) 802.11 chy trn sng radio bng rng v bc sng nhn thy (infrared) vi tc 1-2 Mbps. Ph rng khng nh hng gia cc thit b. Frequency hopping: 79.1 Mhz chy trn bng tn 2.4 Ghz Infrared signals: pht khuch tn, khong cch 10m trong to nh. 5.5.1 Vn trnh xung t trong mng khng dy (collision avoidance) Wireless Protocol tng t nh Ethernet, nhng trong mng khng dy vn phc tp hn v khng phi tt c cc nt nghe c nhau do hn ch vng ph sng. V d:

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

B C

- Nt B c th trao i vi nt A,C nhng khng th trao i vi nt D v xa. - Nt C c th trao i vi nt B v D nhng khng th trao i vi nt A v xa (ngoi vng ph sng) - Nu A v D mun trao i vi B, n gi tin n B. Xy ra xung t B. A v D khng bit xung t xy ra, khng ging nh mng Ethernet tn hiu ti tt c cc trm v bit c xung t xy ra. - Nu B gi cho A, C bit v nghe thy pht ca B, nhng C c th pht c cho D v khng nh hng kh nng nhn ca A t B (A v C xa nhau), nhng s nh hng nu A gi cho B. 5.5.2. 802.11 gii quyt vn trnh xung t bng thut ton MACA-(Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) - Phi trao i gi tin iu khin trc khi pht s liu bo cho cc nt gn sp c pht s liu. - Bn pht pht RTS (Request To Send) n bn thu, km theo di s liu (time). Bn thu p li CTS (Clear To Send), c vng li (echo) di s liu ti bn pht. Nt nghe thy CTS l gn my thu nn khng c pht trong chu k ny. Nt nghe thy RTS nhng khng nghe thy CTS th c th pht m khng nh hng ti my ang thu v n khng gn my thu. - Bn thu gi ACK n bn pht khi nhn gi tin ng (OK) sau cc nt mi c quyn pht. - Nhiu nt cng pht RTS, xy ra xung t (collision), khng c tr li CTS, phi i mt thi gian ngu nhin (random) pht li. 5.5.3. H thng phn tn (distribution system) Distri. Sys.
AP-1 A C B AP-2 D H AP-3 E

Thc t mt s nt c th di ng, mt s nt c gn vo mng c dy, gi l AP (access point) c kt ni vi nhau bi h thng phn tn. V d: h thng phn tn ni 3 im thm nhp, mi ci phc v cc nt trong mt min. AP ng vai tr nh base station. Distribution system c th l Ethernet, Token Ring, mi nt kt hp vi mt im thm nhp (AP) - Nu A mun trao i vi E, A gi gi tin n AP-1 qua Dis.sys. n AP-3 v AP3 gi gi tin n E. Thut ton chn la AP (scanning) chuyn s liu t vng ny sang vng khc. 1) Nt gi gi tin kim tra - 87 -

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin 2) Cc nt nghe c p li gi tin tr li 3) Nt s chn mt trong cc AP trao i, gi gi tin yu cu phi hp 4) AP p li vi gi tin tr li phi hp. C ch ny gi l tm kim im thm nhp tch cc (active scanning) - Cch khc, cc AP gi gi tin thm d theo chu k gii thiu cc kh nng AP. C ch ny gi l passive scanning Nt c yu cu chuyn s liu gi gi tin yu cu phi hp (associate request frame) ti AP tng ng (access point) - Frame format 802.11 Control 16 Duration 16 Adr1 48 Adr2 Adr3 48 48 Seq ctrl 16 Adr4 Pay load 48 0-18.446 CRC 32

Vng iu khin ch ra RTS or CTS frame/ or scanning algorithm v c i bit cho To DS v From DS. Cc a ch nhn bit ph thuc bit To DS v From DS. + Nu DS = 00: nt ny gi trc tip n nt kia + Nu DS = 11: bn tin t nt wireless vo DS, ri t DS n nt wireless khc. Nh v d trn AE th: Addr1 tng ng E, Addr2 AP, Addr3 AP-1, Addr4A

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin

CHNG VII - TNG QUAN V GHP KNH

tn dng cc ng truyn c tc cao, ta thng dng cc b tp trung, cc b dn knh tch knh tp trung cc ng d liu vo ng chnh. VII.1. B tp trung (Concentrator) B tp trung c th l mt my tnh mini, n tp trung s liu nhiu u vo v a vo ng dy chnh (tc cao). Nu lu lng thng tin qu ln, khng th p ng c th n c th lu gi li mt phn sau truyn tip hoc kho 1 hay nhiu ng vo. Ngoi ra n c th chuyn m, i tc . 1 i n d1(t) D1 di(t) Di dn(t) Dn QL cc terminal d1(t) D1 . n dn(t) Dn Mux Pht QL cc terminal 1 i n

d(t) Pht Thu

D < Di
i =1 n

Concentrator

VII.2. B phn ng (Multiplexer) Ngc li vi b tp trung, b phn ng c phn chia theo mt phng php khc c nh theo thi gian hay tn s. Nu phn chia theo tn s ta c multiplex tn s (FDM), nu phn chia theo thi gian ta c multiplex thi gian (TDM). 1 d1(t) D1 Demux Thu 1

Hiu sut ca Multiplex

D: Lu lng ng dy tc cao Di =CiNi = tc truyn ng dy tc thp i Ci: Nhp truyn cc i cho php ca ng tc thp i Ni: S bit nh phn truyn i ca k t Ci

Tin x l

Tin x l

Hiu sut =

Tp trung

Diffusor

Phn tn

d(t)
D Di
1 n

dn(t) Dn

C N
i =1 i

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin V d: Trn ng dy 110 bands, mi k t c N = 8 bit vi 1 bit start v 1 bit stop. Vy nhp truyn Ci l 10 k t/sec. Di = 10 11 = 110 bit/sec (Ci = 10, Ni =11). VII.3. Dn knh theo tn s (FDM- Frequency Division Multiplexing) ngun 1 1 Knh 1 D E 2 2 M Knh 1 M U U X Knh 1 X n n S(f) B1 f1 B2 f2 B khng b mt thng tin fi phi chn sao cho cc ph sau khi iu ch khng c trng nhau. Tn hiu tng hp c bng thng l B. Tn hiu thu c b phn thu a vo b lc bng thng c tn s trung tm l fi v bng thng l Bi thu li tn hiu fi c iu ch. Khi gii iu ch ta c di(z). Nu dng ng in thoi cho dy s liu in bo iu ho dng FDM, b phn ng chuyn nhng tn hiu d(t) ca tng ng tc thp i thnh tn hiu sin da vo s bin i. 0 K sin 2 ( f i + wi )t d i (t ) = 1K sin 2 ( f i wi )t Cp tn s (f1i = fi + wi , f2i = fi wi ) tng ng nhng ng khc nhau c chn fi sao cho n khng chng nhau trong bng thng in thoi (300-3400) Hz. Yu cu ca FDM l: - Khong cch ca tn s mang fi v wi do kh nng ca b lc v b tch sng tn s tn ti trong b gii iu ch. - Tn s wi tng ng vi knh c lu lng D c chn gim s mo sao cho nng lng cc i tp trung rong khong fi wi. Khi truyn in bo trn knh thoi CCITT cho: Tc - tn s. 50 bauds: fi = 420 + (i-1)120 Hz v wi = 30 Hz cho php gii quyt 24 ng. 100 bauds: fi = 480 + (i-1)240 Hz v wi = 60 Hz cho php gii quyt 12 ng. 200 bauds: fi =600 + (i-1)480 Hz v wi = 120 Hz cho php gii quyt 6 ng. Mux tn s hn ch v kh nng tc (50, 100, 200 bands), n c hiu sut thp. Tng s bit 1 k t Tc nh phn S Tc S k t Hiu ng tc sut Start N Stop ng iu ch truyn /sec cao - 90 . Bn fn

Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin 1 1 1 5 8 8 1,5 2 1 24 12 6 50 bauds 110 bauds 200 bauds 6,6 10 20 4800 bps 4800 bps 4800 bps 0,16 0,20 0,20

VII.4. Dn knh theo thi gian (TDM Time Division Multiplexing) TDM cn gi l STDM (Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing) - ng tc cao D bit/s, ng tc thp Di bit/s. - S knh c ghp n=D/Di - Knh di truyn k t c di i bi. - di khung tin (Frame) L = ni i
D - Nhp iu lp li ca cc khung l
1

khung/sec.

- IT khong thi gian cho 1 k t c di i. 1 2 n 1 2 n

DEMUX

- Nu cc knh c Di khc nhau, ngha l IT mi ng khc nhau. Ta chn IT cho ng c lu lng cao nht dng cho tt c cc ng, nh vy hiu sut s dng thp. Hai phng php khc l: Chn Di b nht v thnh lp knh c lu ng Di , 2Di , 3Di hoc tnh L cho trng hp max v tnh D/2, D/3, D/4. Hai phng php ny cho cng mt hiu sut nhng kh ng b. - Mux thi gian hiu qu cao hn mux tn s. + Trong ch khng ng b n chp tt c cc ng t 50 19200bps. + Trong ch ng b: 1200-56000 bps v hiu sut nh bng sau: Tng s bit trong 1 t S ng Start N Stop 1 8 2 50 1 8 1 23 1 8 1 7 Tc iu ch 110 bauds 200 bauds 600 bauds Tc k t /s 50 20 60 Lu lng nh phn ng tng hp 4800 bps 4800 bps 4800 bps Hiu sut 0,83 0,76 0,70

VII.5. Phn ng thi gian theo thng k Trong trng hp STDM khi ng knh no khng c s liu gy lng ph khe thi gian (time slots). Trong Statistical TDM hay cn gi asynchronous TDM, n cp pht ng khe thi gian, ch cho ng knh c s liu, do trnh c lng ph ng knh tc cao.

MUX

n 2 1 n 2 1

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin V d: STDM Lng ph A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 Chu k 2 B2 C2 Chu k khc (khng lng ph )

A A B C D User t1 t2 t3 t4

Chu k 1 Static TDM A1 B1

Chu k 1

Chu k 2

Address

Data

Bn cnh SL c thm a ch bit t ngun no Vi s pht trin ca P, static TDM cho ta mt th h mi ca MUX. N kho st pht hin nhng ng c s liu cn truyn, bin i m ( c di ngn i), a vo b nh tc cao v cc k t ng truyn trn ng tc cao.

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Bi ging mn k thut truyn tin Ti liu tham kho: 1. Data and Computer Communications William Stallng Fifth Edition. 2. Mng My Tnh PGS.TS Ng Gia Hiu. 3. K Thut Truyn S Liu Nguyn Hng Sn.

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