Chuyen de Khao Sat Ham So 205

PHNG PHP LUYN TP
KHO ST HM S
CHUYN KHO ST HM S
I. t vn
Nhm gip hc sinh c nh hng tt mn ton cho k thi TN THPT , ta a ra mt s bi ton kho
st hm s nm trong ni dung kin chng trnh , hc sinh c c hi lm quen c dng ton ca
k thi . Vi mt s bi ton di y khng l tt c , m n ch l nt in hnh chung phc ho
ln kin thc yu cu ca mt bi ton kho st hm s . Mong HBM cng vi cc thy c cng
tham lun nng cao cht lng dy v hc ton ca tnh nh .
II. Ni dung thc hin
Yu cu kin thc
Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s .
Bin lun s nghim phng trnh , s giao im gia hai th .
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti mt im cho trc .
Phng trnh tip tuyn bit h s gc .
Phng trnh tip tuyn i qua mt im .
Phng trnh tip tuyn song song vi mt ng thng cho trc .
Phng trnh tip tuyn vung gc vi mt ng thng cho trc .
Mt s dng ton lin quan n n iu , cc tr , gi tr ln nht ,gi tr nh nht v th
cha du gi tr tuyt i .
Yu cu i vi hc sinh
Phi bo m tt c mi hc sinh u thnh tho trong vic kho st v v c th ba hm
s
3 2 4 2
ax b
y ax bx cx d; y ax bx c; y
cx d
+
+ + + + +
+
theo ng mu ca SGD gi n.
Phi bo m mi hc sinh thc hin tt cc bi ton lin quan n kho st hm s .
Phi thng xuyn n tp cho hc sinh (Bng cch ra tng t bt hc sinh lm ti nh ).
III. Bi ton luyn tp
a. Hm s bc ba
( ) 0 a

Bi 1. Cho hm s
3
3 2 y x x + (C)
1. Kho st v v th (C) ca hm s .
2. Da vo th (C) , bin lun theo m s nghim thc ca phng
3
3 2 0 x x m + .
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im ( ) 2; 4 M
.
4. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im c honh
1
2
x .
5. Vit phng trnh ca (C) ti cc im c tung
0 y
.
Bi 2. Cho hm s
3 2
3 4 y x x + (C)
2. Da vo th (C) , bin lun theo m s nghim thc ca phng
3 2
3 0 x x m + .
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im c honh l
1
2
x .
4. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) , bit h s gc ca tip tuyn
9
4
k .
5. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) , bit tip tuyn song song vi ng thng
( ) : 3 2010 d y x +
.
Bi 3. Cho hm s
3
4 3 1 y x x (C)
1
3 2
y = ax + bx +cx +d
CHUYN KHO ST HM S
2. Da vo th (C) bin lun theo m s nghim thc phng trnh :

+
3
3
0
4
x x m
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C), bit tip tuyn song song vi ng thng
( )
1
15
: 2010
9
d y x +
4. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C), bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng
( )
2
: 2010
72
x
d y +
5. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) , bit tip tuyn i qua im ( ) 1, 4 M
.
Bi 4. Cho hm s
3 2
2 3 1 y x x = - - (C)
( )
1
2
: 2010
3
d y x +
3. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua ( ) 2; 3 M
v tip xc vi th (C).
4. Tm m ng thng ( )
2
: 1 d y mx
ct th (C) ti 3 im phn bit .
5. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cc i v cc tiu ca th (C).
Bi 5. Cho hm s
3 2
2 3 1 y x x =- + - (C)
( )
1
2
: 2010
3
d y x +
3. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua
1
1;
4
M
| `

. ,
v tip xc vi th (C).
4. Tm m ng thng ( )
2
: 1 d y mx
ct th (C) ti mt im duy nht .
5. Tm m ng thng ( ) ( )
3
: 1 d y m x
Bi 6. Cho hm s ( ) ( )
2
2 1 y x x = - + (C)
2. Tm m th (C) ( ) ( ) 2 2 y x m
( )
1
3
: 2010
8
d y x +
4. Tm m ng thng ( ) ( )
2
: 1 d y m x +
5. Vit phng trnh parabol i qua cc im cc ai, cc tiu v im ( ) 3; 4 M
.
Bi 7. Cho hm s
3
2
2 3 1
3
x
y x x + + (C)
2. Da vo th (C) bin lun theo m s nghim thc ca phng trnh :

3 2
6 9 3 0 x x x m + +
3. Tm tt c cc tm i xng ca th (C) .
4. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im c h s gc tip tuyn nh nht .
5. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua im
7
4;
3
M
| `

. ,
v tip xc th (C) .
Bi 8. Cho hm s ( )
3 2
3 1 2 y x m x + +
1. Kho st v v th (C) ca hm s khi 0 m .
2
CHUYN KHO ST HM S
2. Bin lun theo k s nghim thc ca phng trnh :
3 2
3 2 0 x x k .
3. Tm m hm s c cc i v cc tiu .Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im
cc i v cc tiu .
4. Tm m hm s t cc i ti 2 x .
5. Tm tt c nhng im ( ) M C
sao cho ta k c ng mt tip tuyn n (C) .
Bi 9. Cho hm s
3 2
8 4 16
27 9 9
y x x x + (C)
2. Da vo th (C) bin lun theo m s nghim thc ca phng trnh :

3 2
8 12 48 0 x x x m +
4. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im c h s gc tip tuyn ln nht .
5. Tm k phng trnh
3
2
8 12 48 0 x x x k + + c hai nghim thc trn on [ ] 2; 2
.
Bi 10. Cho hm s ( )
3
4 3 1 1 y x m x + +
( )
m
C
1. Kho st v v th (C
0
) ca hm s khi 0 m .
2. Da vo th (C
0
) bin lun theo k s nghim thc ca phng trnh :

3
4 3 0 x x k +
3. Tm m h th (C
m
) c hai cc tr .
4. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cc tr ca h th (C
m
).
5. Tm qu tch cc tr ca h th (C
m
) .
b. Hm s trng phng
( ) 0 a
Bi 1. Cho hm s
4 2
2 y x x (C)
2. Bin lun theo m s nghim thc ca phng trnh
4 2
2 x x m
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) ti im c honh 2 x .
4. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) ti im c tung
8 y
.
5. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) , bit h s gc ca tip tuyn bng 24 .
Bi 2. Cho hm s
4 2
2 1 y x x + (C)
4 2
2 x x m .
9 y
.
5. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) , bit h s gc ca tip tuyn bng 24
Bi 3. Cho hm s
4 2
1 y x x + + (C)
4 2
2 x x m .
21
16
y .
4. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) , bit tip tuyn song song vi ng
thng ( )
1
: 6 2010 d y x +
.
5. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) , bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng
( )
2
1
: 2010
6
d y x + .
Bi 4. Cho hm s
4 2
1 y x x + (C)
4 2
0 x x m + +
3
4 2
y = ax +bx +c
CHUYN KHO ST HM S
3
16
y .
4. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) , bit h s gc ca tip tuyn bng 2.
5. Tm cc im trn trc tung sao cho t k c 3 tip tuyn n (C) .
Bi 5. Cho hm s
4 2
1
2
4
y x x (C)
2. Tm m phng trnh
4 2
8 x x m + c 4 nghim thc phn bit.
thng ( )
1
: 15 2010 d y x +
.
4. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) , bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng
thng ( )
2
8
: 2010
45
d y x + .
5. Vit phng trnh parabol i qua cc im cc tr ca th (C) .
Bi 6. Cho hm s
4 2
1
2 1
4
y x x + (C)
2. Tm m phng trnh
4 2
8 4 x x m + c 2 nghim thc phn bit .
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im c honh 1 x .
4. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) , bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng
thng ( ) : 8 231 1 0 d x y +
.
5. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua im ( ) 0; 1 M
v tip xc vi th (C) .
Bi 7. Cho hm s
4 2
2 3 y x x + (C)
2. Da vo th (C) , hy gii bt phng trnh
4 2
2 8 x x + > .
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) ti giao im ca (C) vi trc tung .
4. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) ti im c tung bng 3 .
5. Tm m ng thng ( ) : 3 d y mx +
Bi 8. Cho hm s
4
2
5
3
2 2
x
y mx m +
2. Bin lun theo k s nghim thc ca phng trnh
4 2
6 0 x x k + .
3. Da vo th (C) , hy gii bt phng trnh
4
2
3 4
2
x
x < .
4. Tm m hm s (1) t cc tiu ti 3 x .
5. Tm m hm s (1) c 3 cc tr .
Bi 9. Cho hm s
4 2 2
2 y x mx m m + + +
2. Bin lun theo k s nghim thc ca phng trnh
4 2
4 0 x x k + .
3. Tm m hm s t cc tiu ti 1 x .
4. Tm m hm s c 1 cc tr .
5. Tm m hm s (1) c 3 im cc tr v 3 im cc tr lp thnh mt tam gic c mt
gc 120
0
.
Bi 10. Cho hm s ( )
4 2 2
9 10 y mx m x + +
(1)
2. Tm k phng trnh
4 2
8 10 0 x x k + c hai nghim thc phn bit .
( ) : 2 45 1 0 d x y +
.
4. Tm m hm s c mt im cc tr .
4
CHUYN KHO ST HM S
5. Tm m hm s c ba im cc tr .
c. Hm s hu t
Bi 1. Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
+
(C)
1
2
x .
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im c tung
1
2
y .
4. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) , bit h s gc ca tip tuyn 3 k .
5. Tm m ng thng ( )
5
: 2
3
d y mx m + ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit .
Bi 2. Cho hm s
1
1
x
y
x
+
(C)
1
2
y .
thng ( )
1
9
: 2010
2
d y x + .
( )
2
1
: 1
8
d y x .
5. Tm m ng thng ( )
3
1
: 2
3
d y mx m + + ct th (C) ti 2 im phn bit c honh
m .
Bi 3. Cho hm s
1
1
x
y
x

+
(C)
2. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti giao im ca (C) v trc honh .
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti giao im ca (C) v trc tung .
( )
1
8 1
:
9 3
d y x + .
5. Tm m ng thng ( )
2
1
: 2
3
d y mx m + ct th (C) ti 2 im phn bit c honh
dng .
Bi 4. Cho hm s
3 1
1
x
y
x
+
(C)
2. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) , bit tip tuyn song song vi ng phn gic
ca gc phn t th nht .
3. Tm m ng thng ( )
1
: 2 7 d y mx m
ct th (C) ti hai im A, B phn bit
.Tm tp hp trung im I ca on thng AB .
( )
2
: 2 0 d x y +
.
5
ax + b
y =
cx +d
CHUYN KHO ST HM S
5. Tm nhng im trn th (C) c to vi honh v tung u l s nguyn .
Bi 5. Cho hm s
2
2
x
y
x
+
(C)
2. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) , bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng phn
gic ca gc phn t th hai .
3. Vit phng trnh ng thng qua im ( ) 3; 4 M
4. Tm m ng thng ( )
1
: 3 d y mx m +
th (C) ti hai im A, B phn bit .Tm
tp hp trung im I ca on thng AB .
Bi 6. Cho hm s
3
2 1
x
y
x
(C)
2. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) , bit tip tuyn song song vi ng phn gic
ca gc phn t th hai .
3. Vit phng trnh ng thng qua im
6
3;
5
M
| `

. ,
5. Chng minh rng tch cc khong cch t mt im bt k trn (C) n hai ng tim
cn ca (C) l mt hng s .
Bi 7. Cho hm s
4
1
x
y
x
+
+
(C)
2. Tm m ng thng ( ) : 0 d x y m +
ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B . Tm
tp hp trung im I ca on thng AB .
3. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s
cos 4
( )
cos 1
t
g t
t
+
+
trn
0;
2
]
]
]
.
4. Vit phng trnh ng thng qua im
10
2;
3
M
| `

. ,
5. Chng minh rng tch cc khong cch t mt im bt k trn (C) n hai ng tim
cn ca (C) l mt hng s .
Bi 8. Cho hm s
2 4
1
x
y
x

+
(C)
2. Da vo th (C), bin lun theo m s giao im ca th (C) v ng thng
y m
.
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti cc giao im ca (C) v ng thng
( )
1
: d y x
.
4. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s
2sin2 4
( )
sin2 1
t
g t
t

+
trn
0;
2
]
]
]
.
5. Tm trn th (C) hai im i xng nhau qua ng thng ( )
2
3
:
2
x
d y

.
Bi 9. Cho hm s
2
1
x
y
x
+
(C)
2. Tm nhng im trn (C) sao cho khong t im n trc honh gp i khong cch
t n trc tung .
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti nhng im tm c cu 2 .
5. Tm m phng trnh
sin 2
sin 1
t
m
t
+
c nghim .
6
CHUYN KHO ST HM S
Bi 10. Cho hm s
2 2
2
x
y
x

+
(C)
2. Tm to nhng im M sao cho
[ ]
[ ]
, 4
, 5
d M Ox
d M Oy

.
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti nhng im tm c cu 2 .
4. Chng t giao im hai ng tim cn l tm i xng ca th (C) .
5. Tm m phng trnh
2 2
2
x
m
x

+
c 4 nghim phn bit .
BI GII
a. Hm s bc ba
( ) 0 a

Bi 1. Cho hm s
3
3 2 y x x + (C)
2. Da vo th (C) , bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng
3
3 2 0 x x m + .
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im ( ) 2; 4 M
.
1
2
x .
5. Vit phng trnh ca (C) ti cc im c tung l 0 .
p n:
CU P N IM
CU 1
(x im)
1. (im)
1) Tp xc nh: D R
2) S bin thin
a) Gii hn
x
limy

v
x
limy
+
+
b) Bng bin thin
2
y' 3x 3
y' 0 x 1 t
Bng bin thin:
Hm s ng bin trn cc khong ( ) ; 1
v ( ) 1;+
, nghch bin
trn khong( ) 1;1
.
Hm s t cc i ti x 1 ,
C
y 4
, t cc tiu ti x 1 ,
CT
y 0
.
3) th
im un: (chng trnh chun khng hc)
y'' 6x
y'' 0 x 0
Do y'' i du khi x i qua
0
x 0
Ta im un ( ) U 0;2

x
y
y
- -1
1
+
0 0 +
-
+
4
+
-
0
7
3 2
y = ax +bx +cx +d
CHUYN KHO ST HM S
CU P N IM
Giao im ca th vi cc trc ta
+ Giao im vi Oy:
x 0 y 2
: ( ) 0;2
+ Giao im vi Ox: ( ) ( )
x 1
y 0 : 1;0 , 2;0
x 2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x
y
Nhn xt: th nhn im un ( ) U 0;2
lm tm i xng.
2. (im)
S nghim thc ca phng trnh
3
3 2 0 x x m + bng s giao im ca
th (C) ca hm s
3
y x 3x 2 + v ng thng (d):
y m
.
Da vo th ta c:
Vi m 0 < hoc m 4 > , (d) v (C) c mt im chung, do phng trnh c
mt nghim.
Vi m 0 hoc m 4 , (d) v (C) c hai im chung, do phng trnh c
hai nghim.
Vi 0 m 4 < < , (d) v (C) c ba im chung, do phng trnh c ba nghim.
3. (im)
H s gc ca tip tuyn ti im ( ) M 2;4
l ( ) y' 2 9
.
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im M l
y 9x 14
.
4. (im)
im thuc th hm s c honh
0
1
x
2
, c tung
0
1
y
2
.
H s gc ca tip tuyn ti tip im
1 1
;
2 2
| `

. ,
l
1 9
y'
2 4
| `

. ,
Phng tnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im
1 1
;
2 2
| `

. ,
l
9 13
y x
4 8
+ .
5. (im)
im thuc (C) c tung
0
y 0
, c honh
01
x 2
hoc
02
x 1
.
H s gc ca tip tuyn ti im ( ) 2;0
l ( ) y' 2 9
.
Phng trnh ca hai tip tuyn ca (C) ti im c tung bng 0 l
y 9x 18 +

v
y 0
.
8
CHUYN KHO ST HM S
b. Hm s trng phng
( ) 0 a
Bi 1. Cho hm s
4 2
2 y x x (C)
4 2
2 x x m
8 y
.
5. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) , bit h s gc ca tip tuyn bng 24 .
p n:
CU P N IM
CU 1
(x im)
1. (im)
1) Tp xc nh: D
2) S bin thin
a) Gii hn
x
limy
t
+
b) Bng bin thin
( )
3 2
y' 4x 4x 4x x 1
y' 0 x 0
v x 1 t
Bng bin thin:
Hm s ng bin trn cc khong ( ) 1;0
v ( ) 1;+
, nghch bin trn
cc khong( ) ; 1
v ( ) 0;1
.
Hm s t cc i ti x 0 ,
C
y 0
, t cc tiu ti x 1 t ,
CT
y 0
.
3) th
im un: (chng trnh chun khng hc)
2
y'' 12x 4
1
y'' 0 x
3
t
Do y'' i du khi x i qua
0
1
x
3
t
Ta im un
1,2
1 5
U ;
3 9
| `
t

. ,

x
y
y
-
-1 1 +
0 0
+ +
-1
+
+
0
0
-1
9
4 2
y = ax +bx +c
CHUYN KHO ST HM S
CU P N IM
+ Giao im vi Oy:
x 0 y 0
: ( ) 0;0
+ Giao im vi Ox: ( )
( )
x 0
y 0 : 0;0 , 2;0
x 2

t

-2 -1 1 2
-2
-1
1
2
x
y
2 2
Nhn xt: Hm s cho l hm s chn nn th ca n nhn trc
tung lm trc i xng.
2. (im)
S nghim thc ca phng trnh
4 2
x 2x m
bng s giao im ca
th (C) ca hm s
4 2
y x 2x v ng thng (d):
y m
.
Da vo th ta c:
Vi m 1 < , (d) v (C) khng c im chung, do phng trnh v nghim.
Vi m 1 hoc m 0 > , (d) v (C) c hai im chung, do phng trnh c hai
nghim.
Vi < < 1 m 0, (d) v (C) c bn im chung, do phng trnh c bn
nghim.
3. (im)
Tung ca tip tuyn ti im c honh
0
2 x
l
0
y 8
H s gc ca tip tuyn ti im ( ) 2;8
l ( ) y' 2 24
.
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im ( ) 2;8
l
y 24x 56
.
4. (im)
im thuc th hm s c tung
0
y 8
, c honh
0
x 2 t
.
H s gc ca tip tuyn ti tip im v ( ) 2;8
ln lt l ( ) y' 2 24
,
( ) y' 2 24
.
Phng tnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im ( ) 2;8
l
y 24x 56
v ti im
( ) 2;8
l
y 24x 40
.
5. (im)
im ( )
0 0
M x ; y
thuc (C) c h s gc tip tuyn ti M l ( )
0
y' x 24
.
Khi , ta c: ( ) ( )
3 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
4x 4x 24 0 x 2 4x 8x 12 0 x 2 + +
Lc ny tung ca M l
0
y 8
.
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im M l
y 24x 56
.
10
CHUYN KHO ST HM S
c. Hm s hu t
Bi 1. Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
+
(C)
1
2
x .
1
2
y .
9. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) , bit h s gc ca tip tuyn 4 k .
10. Tm m ng thng ( )
5
: 2
3
d y mx m + ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit .
p n:
CU P N IM
CU 1
(x im)
1. (im)
1) Tp xc nh: { D \ 1
2) S bin thin
a) Gii hn
( )

+
x 1
lim y
v
( )
+

x 1
lim y

x 1
l tim cn ng

x
limy 2
v
+
x
limy 2

y 2
l tim cn ngang
b) Bng bin thin
( )
>
+
2
1
y' 0, x 1
x 1
Bng bin thin:
Hm s ng bin trn cc khong ( ) ; 1
v ( ) + 1;
.
Hm s khng c cc tr.
3) th
+ Giao im vi Oy:
x 0 y 1
: ( ) 0;1
+ Giao im vi Ox:
| `

. ,
1 1
y 0 x : ;0
2 2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
1
2
Nhn xt: th nhn giao im ( ) I 1;2

ca hai tim cn lm tm i xng.
2. (im)
im thuc th hm s c honh
0
1
x
2
, c tung
0
4
y
3
.

x
y
y
- -1
+
2
+ +
+
-
2
11
ax + b
y =
cx +d
CHUYN KHO ST HM S
CU P N IM
| `

. ,
1 4
;
2 3
l
| `

. ,
1 4
y'
2 9
| `

. ,
1 4
;
2 3
l +
4 14
y x
9 9
.
3. (im)
im thuc th hm s c tung
0
1
y
2
, c honh
0
3
x
5
,
| `

. ,
3 1
;
5 2
l
| `

. ,
3 5
y'
5 2
.
| `

. ,
3 1
;
5 2
l +
5
y x 1
2
.
4. (im)
im ( )
0 0
M x ; y
thuc th (C), c h s gc ca tip tuyn ti M l
( )
0
y' x 4
.
Khi , ta c:
( )
0 01 2
0
1 1 1
4 x 1 x
2 2
x 1
+ t
+
hoc
02
3
x
2
.
Tung ca im M l
01
1
y 0
2
| `

. ,
hoc
01
3
y 4
2
| `

. ,
.
Vy c hai tip tuyn c phng trnh l
y 4x 2 +
v
y 4x 10 +
.
5. (im) Tm m ng thng ( )
5
: 2
3
d y mx m + ct (C) ti 2 im phn
bit .
ng thng (d) ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit khi phng trnh:
2x 1 5
mx 2m
x 1 3
+
+
+
(1) c hai nghim phn bit v khc 1.
x 1 ,
(1)
2
1 2
mx m x 2m 0
3 3
| `
+ +

. ,
(2)
Ta thy (2) khng c nghim x 1 .
Khi (2) c 2 nghim phn bit khi:
2
2
1 1
9m 2m 3m 0
9 3
| `
+ >

. ,

1
m
9
.
Vy
1
m
9
th (d) ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit.
12

Chuyen de Khao Sat Ham So 205

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Nhn xt: th nhn giao im ( ) I 1;2

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