Nhu cu xy ha sinh hc hay nhu cu xy sinh hc (k hiu: BOD, t vit tt trong ting Anh ca Biochemical (hay Biological) Oxygen

Demand), l mt ch s v ng thi l mt th tc c s dng xc nh xem cc sinh vt s dng ht xy trong nc nhanh hay chm nh th no. N c s dng trong qun l v kho st cht lng nc cng nh trong sinh thi hc hay khoa hc mi trng. BOD khng l mt th nghim chnh xc v mt nh lng, mc d n c th coi nh l mt ch th v cht lng ca ngun nc.

Cc gi tr BOD in hnh
Phn ln cc con sng cn nguyn s s c BOD 5 ngy l nh hn 1 mg/L. Cc con sng b nhim mc nh s c gi tr BOD trong khong 2-8 mg/L. Nc thi th c x l c hiu qu bng cng ngh ba giai on c th c gi tr ca BOD vo khong 20 mg/L. Nc thi cha x l th c gi tr BOD khng c nh, nhng trung bnh vo khong 600 mg/L ti chu u v khong 200 mg/L ti Hoa K hay ti cc khu vc m n b thm lc qua nc ngm hay nc b mt. Cc gi tr ni chung ca Hoa K thp ch yu l do ti y lng nc tiu th trn u ngi l cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc khu vc khc ca th gii. Bn st t cc trang tri chn nui b sa c gi tr BOD vo khong 8.000 mg/L cn thc n thnh xi l c gi tr BOD vo khong 60.000 mg/L. Mc BOD (bng ppm) 1-2 3-5 6-9 10+ Cht lng nc Rt tt-khng c nhiu cht thi hu c Tng i sch Hi nhim Rt nhim

Th nghim BOD
Vic th nghim ch s BOD l php o tc hp th ht xy ca vi sinh vt c trong mu nc th nhit c nh (20 C) v trong mt khong thi gian chn trc (thng l 5 ngy) trong bng ti. m bo mi iu kin l tng ng, mt lng rt nh vi sinh vt mm mng c thm vo trong mi mu cn th nghim cng nh trong mt mu i chng ch cha nc ct. Mm mng ny thng thng c sinh ra t vic ha long nc cng rnh hot ha bng nc kh ion. Th nghim ni chung c thc hin trong thi gian 5 ngy, nhng cc th nghim BOD khc cng hay c s dng.

Phng php
Th nghim BOD c thc hin bng cch ha long mu nc th vi nc kh ion v bo ha v xy, thm mt lng c nh vi sinh vt mm ging, o lng xy ha

tan v y cht np mu th ngn nga xy khng cho ha tan thm (t ngoi khng kh). Mu th c gi nhit 20 C trong bng ti ngn chn quang hp (ngun b sung thm xy ngoi d kin) trong vng 5 ngy v sau o li lng xy ha tan. Khc bit gia lng DO (xy ha tan) cui v lng DO ban u chnh l gi tr ca BOD. Gi tr BOD ca mu i chng c tr i t gi tr BOD ca mu th chnh sai s nhm a ra gi tr BOD chnh xc ca mu th. Gi tr mt i ca xy ha tan trong mu th, sau khi hiu chnh, l ch s ca mc nhim, c gi l BOD5. Ti Vng quc Anh, allylthiourea cng c thm vo ngay trc khi th nghim ngn nga s xi ha amoniac. Cc kt qu t cc th nghim ny c gi l BOT5(ATU) v c gi l Carbonaceous BOD (CBOD: BOD cacbon) ti Hoa K. t c s dng hn l th nghim Ultimate BOD (UBOD: BOD ti thng), trong DO c o lp li bng ng h o DO trong cng cc chai l chuyn bit ha ny cho n khi n t c cn bng. BOD v chc nng l tng t nh nhu cu xy ha hc (COD) ch c hai u o lng cc cht hu c c trong nc. Tuy nhin, COD l t c th hn do n o mi th m v mt ha hc c th b xi ha hn l ch o mc ca cc cht hu c hot ha v mt sinh hc. BOD c s dng nh l tiu chun nh gi tnh hiu qu ca cc nh my hay phng php x l nc thi. C nhiu chng loi thit b c dng xc nh n. BOD c th c tnh ton bng:

Khng pha long: DO ban u DO cui cng = BOD Pha long: ((DO ban u - DO cui cng)- BOD mm ging) x H s pha long

Lch s s dng BOD

Royal Commission on River Pollution (y ban Hong gia v nhim Sng) c thnh lp nm 1865 v sau l s hnh thnh ca Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal (y ban Hong gia v Loi b Nc thi) vo nm 1898 dn ti s la chn BOD5 vo nm 1908 nh l th nghim cui cng i vi nhim hu c ca cc con sng. Nm ngy c chn nh l khong thi gian thch hp cho th nghim, do n c coi l thi gian di nht m nc sng c th chy t thng ngun ti ca sng ti Vng quc Anh. Nm 1912, y ban ny cng thit lp tiu chun 20 ppm BOD5 nh l nng ti a cho php ca nc thi qua x l vo cc con sng vi iu kin l t nht phi c t l ha long 8:1 cho dng chy vo thi gian c thi tit kh ro. N c t trong tiu chun ni ting 20:30 (BOD:Cc cht rn huyn ph) + nitrat ha y , c s dng nh l tiu chun so snh ti Vng quc Anh cho ti tn thp nin 1970 i vi cht lng nc tun ra t cc cng trnh x l nc thi.

nh hng ca nhit
Nhit ca nc ngun cng c nh hng ng k n ch oxy ca ngun nc. V ma h khi nhit ca nc ngun tng, qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha cc cht hu c xy ra vi cng mnh hn. Trong khi ha tan ca oxy vo nc li gim xung. V vy v ma h, thiu ht oxy tng nhanh hn so vi ma ng. V ma ng nhit nc ngun thp nn ha tan tng, tuy nhin vi nhit thp cc vi khun hiu kh tham gia vo qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha cc cht hu c s hot ng yu. Do qu trnh khong ha cc cht hu c xy ra chm chp. Ni mt cch khc, v ma ng qu trnh t lm sch ca nc ngun xy ra mt cch chm chp.

nh hng ca cn lng
Khi x nc thi cha x l vo ngun nc, cc cht l lng s lng xung y ngun v khi tc dng chy trong ngun khng ln lm th cc cht s lng ngay cnh cng x. Cc cht hu c ca cn lng b phn hy bi vi khun. Nu lng cn lng ln v lng oxy trong nc ngun khng cho qu trnh phn hy hiu kh th oxy ho tan ca nc ngun cn kit (DO = 0). Lc qu trnh phn gii ym kh s xy ra v sn phm ca n l cht kh H2S, CO2, CH4. Cc cht kh khi ni ln mt nc li ko theo cc ht cn phn hy, ng thi cc bt kh v tung v bay vo kh quyn. Chng lm nhim c nc v khng kh xung quanh. Cn ch rng qu trnh ym kh xy ra chm hn nhiu so vi qu trnh hiu kh. Bi vy khi a cn mi vo ngun th qu trnh phn gii ym kh c th xy ra lin tc trong mt thi gian di v qu trnh t lm sch ngun nc c th coi nh chm dt. Ngun nh vy khng th s dng vo mc ch cp nc, c s khng th sng v c th c nhiu thit hi khc na. V vy trc khi x vo sng h, cn phi loi b bt cht rn l lng c trong nc thi.

NHU CU OXY SINH HO(BOD) V NHU CU OXY HO HC (COD) CA NC THI Nhu cu oxy sinh ha l lng oxy cn thit vi sinh vt oxy ha cc cht hu c trong mt khong thi gian xc nh v c k hiu bng BOD c tnh bng mg/L. Ch tiu BOD phn nh mc nhim hu c ca nc thi. BOD cng ln th nc thi (hoc nc ngun) b nhim cng cao v ngc li. Thi gian cn thit cc vi sinh vt oxy ha hon ton cc cht hu c c th ko di n vi chc ngy ty thuc vo tnh cht ca nc thi, nhit v kh nng phn hy cc cht hu c ca h vi sinh vt trong nc thi. chun ha cc s liu ngi ta

thng bo co kt qu di dng BOD5 (BOD trong 5 ngy 20oC). Mc oxy ha cc cht hu c khng u theo thi gian. Thi gian u, qu trnh oxy ha xy ra vi cng mnh hn v sau gim dn. V d: i vi nc thi sinh hot v nc thi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip c thnh phn gn ging vi nc thi sinh hot th lng oxy tiu hao oxy ha cc cht hu c trong vi ngy u chim 21%, qua 5 ngy m chim 87% v qua 20 ngy m chim 99%. kim tra kh nng lm vic ca cc cng trnh x l nc thi ngi ta thng dng ch tiu BOD5. Khi bit BOD5 c th tnh gn ng BOD20 bng cch chia cho h s bin i 0,68. BOD20 = BOD5 : 0,68 Hoc tnh BOD cui cng khi bit BOD mt thi im no ngi ta c th dng cng thc: BODt = Lo (1 - e-kt) hay BODt = Lo (1 - 10-Kt) trong BODt: BOD ti thi im t (3 ngy, 5 ngy...) Lo: BOD cui cng k: tc phn ng (d-1) tnh theo h s e K: tc phn ng (d-1) tnh theo h s 10, k = 2,303(K)

Gi tr K v k tiu biu cho mt s loi nc thi Loi nc thi Nc thi th Nc thi c x l tt Nc sng b nhim K (20oC) (day-1) 0,15 0,30 0,05 0,10 0,05 0,10 k (20oC) (day-1) 0,35 0,70 0,12 0,23 0,12 0,23

tnh gi tr k nhit T ta c cng thc

Gii:

Xc nh BOD cui cng

BODt = Lo (1 - e-kt) 200 mg/L = Lo (1 - e-0,23 Lo = 293 mg/L

Xc nh BOD ngy th nht

BODt = Lo (1 - e-kt) BODt = 60 mg/L S TIU TH OXY V S HO TAN OXY TRONG NC NGUN

S tiu th oxy qu trnh t lm sch din ra mt cch bnh thng ngun nc th cn phi c mt lng d tr oxy ha tan (DO). Vic tiu th lng oxy ha tan do qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c bi cc vi khun (qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha) thc hin qua 2 giai on: Giai on th nht: oxy ha cc cht hu c cao phn t to cacbonic v nc (phng trnh 1.1) Giai on th hai: oxy ha cc cht cha nit thnh nitrit v sau thnh nitrat (phng trnh 1.7 n phng trnh 1.10).

S ha tan oxy vo nc ngun

Song song vi qu trnh tiu th oxy, oxy ha cc cht hu c trong ngun nc lun xy ra qu trnh b sung lng oxy mi. Ngun b sung oxy l khng kh. Chng ha tan vo ngun nc qua mt thong ca ngun nc. Ngoi ra cn c mt lng oxy b sung vo nc ngun cn do qu trnh quang hp ca thc vt sng trong nc. Cc thc vt ny ng ha cacbon t axt cacbonic tan trong nc v gii phng oxy t do (pt 1.6). Nh cc cht kh khc, ha tan ca oxy ph thuc vo nhit , p sut, mn ca nc. ha tan ca oxy vo nc ph thuc vo din tch tip xc gia hai pha oxy v nc. V vy trong iu kin nh nhau, ha tan ph thuc vo mc xo trn gy ra bi dng chy cng nh cc tc nhn nh gi trn mt thong ca dng chy.

Lng oxy ha tan ca khng kh vo nc theo nhit v mn 1atm

ToC

DO mg/L 0 ppm salinity 5 ppm salinity 10,92 10,67 10,43 10,20 9,98 9,77 9,56 9,36 9,17 8,99 8,81

ToC

DO mg/L 0 ppm salinity 5 ppm salinity 8,64 8,48 8,32 8,16 8,01 7,87 7,73 7,59 7,46 7,33 7,21

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

11,28 11,02 10,77 10,53 10,29 10,07 9,86 9,65 9,45 9,26 9,08

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

8,90 8,73 8,56 8,40 8,24 8,09 7,95 7,81 7,67 7,54 7,41

Tiu chun Vit Nam

Nc thi Phng php xc nh nhu cu sinh ha oxy
Waste water Method for the derter mination of biochemiccal oxygen demand (COD)

Nhm I TCVN 4566 88

C hiu lc t 01/7/1989

Tiu chun ny quy nh phng php Winkler xc nh nhu cu sinh ha oxy (c vit tc l BOD) (biochemical oxygen demad). 1. Phng php ly mu 1.1. Ly mu theo TCVN 4556-88 1.2. Mu ly xc nh nhu cu sinh ha oxy ly nh mu xc nh oxy ho tan. Nc cha phn tch ngay phi bo qun iu kin nh hn 4oC. 1.3. Chai cha mu xc nh nhu cu sinh ha oxy phi sy tit trng 150oC. 2. Phng php xc nh 2.1. Nguyn tc Nhu cu sinh ha oxy l lng oxy cn thit vi sinh vt phn hu cc cht hu c trong mt n v th tch nc nht nh (1000 ml) trong mt n v thi gian nht nh, trong iu kin nhit l 20oC v khng c nh sng. xc nh lng oxy cn phi cung cp cho nc thi mt lng oxy tha cho qu trnh phn hu cc cht hu c do cc vi sinh vt (qu trnh c th l: 5; 10; 15; 20 ngy ty theo yu cu nghin cu). Lng oxy trong nc gim i so vi ngy u cho bit s mg oxy m cc vi sinh vt tiu th. 2.2. Yu t cn tr Kim hoc axit nh hng n kt qu xc nh, do phi thc hin trong mi trng trung tnh. C th dng axit sunfuric H2SO4 0,05M hay natri hidroxit NaOH 0,1 M xc nh iu chnh. Nc c, c nhiu cn phi lng ri ly phn nc trong xc nh. Nc cha clo hot ng cn tr phi loi tr clo nh sau: Trong 100 ml nc nghin cu cho vo 10 ml kali iodua KI 10%, 10 ml axit axetic 5%, nh vi git h tinh bt nu xut hin mu tm xanh, r natri thiosunfat Na 2S2O3 0,0125 M cho ti khi mt mu. 2.3. Dng c v thuc th 2.3.1. Dng c Chai Winkler c th tch bit sn hay chai 250 ml nt mi. Burt, pipt, bnh nn, t iu nhit. 2.3.2. Thuc th Dung dch dinh dng dng bo ho oxy gm: Kali dihidrophotphat KH2PO4 2,785 g

Dinatri hidrophotphat Na2HPO4.2H2O 8,493g Magi sunfat MgSO4.7H2O 4,5g Canxi clorua khan CaCl2 khan 5,5 mg Amoniclrua NH4Cl 0,4g C th pha ring tng th mi th 1.000 ml. Khi dng ly mi th 1ml ri pha chung vo 1000 ml hoc pha tt c cc th trn vo trong mt bnh thm nc ct n 1000 ml. Cc thuc th khc theo TCVN 4564-88 v xc nh oxy ho tan. Cho nc ct chy t bnh n sang bnh kia, tng git mt. Lm nhiu ln n khi no nh lng nc c hm lng t 8 10 mg oxy trong mt lt dng pha vi nc thi. Dng dung dch dinh dng (phn thuc th) pha vo nc ct. Ly 1 2 ml dung dch dinh dng pha trong 1000 ml nc ct. Khuy u. em nh lng, nu lng oxy trong nc c t 8 10 mg trong mt lt l c. 2.4. Cch tin hnh 2.4.1. X l mu theo 2.2. 2.4.2. Pha long nc thi bng hai cch 2.4.2.1. Theo bng Cn c vo oxy ha theo kali pemanganat KmNO 4 ca nc thi ri i chiu vi bng pha long. Kt qu xc nh oxy S nc thi pha cho 1000 ml, ml Ha theo KMnO4, mg/lit 15 250 150 15 40 100 75 40 60 50 40 60 120 30 20 120 240 15 10 240 360 10 2.4.2.2. Da vo kt qu xc nh nhu cu oxy ha hc oxy. V d: Kt qu xc nh nhu cu ha hc oxy ca mu A l 80 mg/l oxy. Cn lm nhu cu sinh ha oxy sau 5 ngy, ly 80 x 5 = 400 (hoc 7 ln cho kt qu m bo). Nh vy lng oxy cn cho 1000 ml nc thi ti thiu l 400 mg. Nu nc dng pha long nc th lm bo ho oxy c hm lng 10 mg/l th lng nc pha long l 40 lt hay 40.000 ml. Rt gn tnh ra c l 25 ml nc thi trong 1000 ml nc bo ho oxy. Vy m pha long l 25%. 2.5. nh lng oxy ca nc dng pha long. Ly nc bo ho oxy v hai chai nt nhm 250 ml (dng ng xi phng a nc vo y chai, khng c bt kh). Chai th nht em nh lng oxy (xem phn oxy ho tan) kt qu nh lng chai th nht tnh ra mg/l s l 0d1.

Chai th hai gi li iu kin nhit 20oC 1oC v trnh nh sng. Sau 5 ngy (10, 15, 20 ngy tu yu cu nghin cu) em nh lng oxy ca chai th hai cho kt qu 0d5. Hiu s gia 0d1 v 0d5 cho bit lng oxy tiu th sau nm ngy ca nc dng pha long. Lng oxy ny khng vt qu 0,5 mg/l. 2.5.1. nh lng oxy ca nc thi pha long. Ly nc thi c pha long bng nc bo ho oxy vo hai chai nt nhm dung tch 250ml. Chai th nht nh lng ngay. Kt qu tnh ra mgO2/l ghi l OD1. Chai th nht sau 5, 10, 15, 20 ngy (cng iu kin nhit v nh sng nh trn). em nh lng oxy. Kt qu tnh ra mg O2/l ghi l OD5. Hiu s gia OD1 v OD5 cho bit lng oxy tiu th sau 5 ngy i vi nc thi pha long. 2.5.2. Tnh kt qu Lng oxy tiu th sau 5 ngy hay nhu cu sinh ha oxy tnh ra mg/l s l: BOD5 = [(OD1 OD5) (Od1 Od5)] x m pha long. Cng tnh nh vy vi DBO10, DBO15, DBO20. Ch thch: 1) Khi em nc phn tch hon ton l nc thi cng nghip, khng ln nc thi sinh hot, khng c cc vi sinh vt oxy ha cc cht hu c trong nc thi, khi pha long nn thm vo mi lt nc thi 1 2 ml nc thi sinh hot. 2) Lng oxy ho tan cn li ngy cui cng phi cn li t 1 2 mg/l. 3) Khi xc nh BOP ton phn cn tin hnh song song xc nh hm lng NO2. Nu hm lng NO2 ln hn 0,1 mg th qu trnh BOD ton phn c coi l kt thc.

Cc th nghim Winkler c s dng xc nh nng ha tan oxy trong mu nc. Dissolved Oxygen, abbreviated DO, is widely used in water quality studies and routine operation of water reclamation facilities. Oxy ha tan, vit tt DO, c s dng rng ri trong cc nghin cu cht lng nc v hot ng thng xuyn ca cc c s ci to nc. An excess of manganese(II) salt, iodide (I-) and hydroxide (HO - ) ions are added to a water sample causing a white precipitate of Mn(OH) 2 to form. An vt mangan (II) mui, iodide (I-) v hydroxit (HO -) cc ion c thm vo mt mu nc gy ra mt kt ta trng ca Mn (OH) 2 to thnh. This precipitate is then oxidized by the dissolved oxygen in the water sample into a brown manganese precipitate. kt ta ny sau b xi ha bi xy ha tan trong mu nc thnh mt mu nu mangan kt ta. In the next step, a strong acid (either hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid ) is added to acidify the solution. Trong bc tip theo, mt acid mnh (hoc l acid hydrochloric hoc acid

sulfuric ) s c thm vo tinh chua gii php. The brown precipitate then converts the iodide ion (I-) to iodine . Cc kt ta mu nu sau chuyn i cc ion iodide (I-) it . The amount of dissolved oxygen is directly proportional to the titration of iodine with a thiosulfate solution [ 1 ] . Lng xy ha tan l t l thun vi chun ca it vi mt thiosulfate gii php [1] .

Lch s
The test was first developed by Lagos Winkler while working on his doctoral dissertation in 1888, this was a way for him to obtain his doctorate. Th nghim ln u tin c pht trin bi Lagos Winkler trong khi lm vic trn lun n tin s ca ng nm 1888, y l mt cch cho anh ta ly tin s ca ng. The amount of dissolved oxygen is a measure of the biological activity of the water masses. Phytoplankton and macroalgae present in the water mass produce oxygen by way of photosynthesis . Bacteria and eukaryotic organisms (zooplankton, algae, fish) consume this oxygen through cellular respiration . Lng oxy ha tan l mt thc o ca hot ng sinh hc ca khi nc. thc vt ph du v hin ti macroalgae trong khi lng nc sn xut kh oxy bng cch quang hp . Vi khun v sinh vt nhn in hnh (ng vt ph du, to, c) tiu th oxygen ny thng qua h hp t bo . The result of these two mechanisms determines the concentration of dissolved oxygen, which in turn indicates the production of biomass. Kt qu ca hai c ch ny xc nh nng oxy ha tan, m ln lt cho bit vic sn xut sinh khi. The difference between the physical concentration of oxygen in the water (or the theoretical concentration if there were no living organisms) and the actual concentration of oxygen is called the biochemical demand in oxygen. S khc nhau gia s tp trung vt cht ca xy trong nc (hay nng cc l thuyt nu khng c sinh vt sng) v nng thc t ca xy c gi l ng nhu cu sinh ha trong oxy. The winkler test is often contraversial as it is not 100 percent accurate as the oxygen levels may fluctuate Cc th nghim Winkler thng contraversial nh n khng phi l 100 phn trm chnh xc hm lng xy c th dao ng

[ edit ] Sample method [ sa ] phng php mu

In the first step, manganese(II) sulfate (at 48% of the total volume) is added to an environmental water sample. Trong bc u tin, mangan (II) sulfat ( 48% tng khi lng) c thm vo mt mu nc mi trng. Next, potassium iodide (15% in potassium hydroxide 70%) is added to create a pinkish-brown precipitate. Tip theo, kali iodide (15% trong kali hydroxit 70%) c thm vo to ra mt kt ta mu nu hng nht. In the alkaline solution, dissolved oxygen will oxidize manganese(II) ions to the tetravalent state. Trong dung dch kim, oxy ho tan s xi ha mangan (II) ion cho tetravalent nh nc. 2 Mn(OH) 2 (s) + O 2 (aq) 2 MnO(OH) 2 (s) 2 Mn (OH) 2 (s) + O 2 (aq) 2 MnO (OH) 2 (s)

MnO(OH) 2 appears as a brown precipitate . MnO (OH) 2 xut hin nh mt mu nu kt ta . There is some confusion about whether the oxidised manganese is tetravalent or trivalent . C mt s nhm ln v vic liu cc mangan xi ha l tetravalent hoc trivalent . Some sources claim that Mn(OH) 3 is the brown precipitate, but hydrated MnO 2 may also give the brown colour. Mt s ngun cho rng Mn (OH) 3 l kt ta mu nu, nhng ngm nc MnO 2 cng c th cung cp cho cc mu nu. 4 Mn(OH) 2 (s) + O 2 (aq) + 2 H 2 O 4 Mn(OH) 3 (s) 4 Mn (OH) 2 (s) + O 2 (aq) + 2 H 2 O 4 Mn (OH) 3 (s) The second part of the Winkler test reduces acidifies the solution. Phn th hai ca bi thi Winkler gim acidifies gii php. The precipitate will dissolve back into solution. Cc kt ta s ha tan tr li vo gii php. The acid facilitates the conversion by the brown, Manganese-containing precipitate of the Iodide ion into elemental Iodine. acid to iu kin chuyn i do kt ta mu nu, Mangan c cha cc ion iodua vo nguyn t Iodine. The Mn(SO 4 ) 2 formed by the acid converts the iodide ions into iodine , itself being reduced back to manganese(II) ions in an acidic medium. Cc Mn (SO 4) 2 hnh thnh bi cc acid chuyn i cc ion iodide thnh i-t , chnh n ang c gim tr li mangan (II) ion trong mi trng axit. Mn(SO 4 ) 2 + 2 I - (aq) Mn 2+ (aq) + I 2 (aq) + 2 SO 4 2- (aq) Mn (SO 4) 2 + 2 I (aq) Mn 2 + (aq) + I 2 (aq) + 2 SO 4 2 - (AQ) Thiosulfate solution is used, with a starch indicator, to titrate the iodine. Thiosulfate gii php c s dng, vi mt ch s tinh bt, chun cua dung dich cc it. 2 S 2 O 3 2- (aq) + I 2 S 4 O 6 2- (aq) + 2 I - (aq) 2 S 2 O 3 2 - (aq) + I 2 S 4 O 6 2 (aq) + 2 I - (AQ)

[ edit ] Analysis [ sa ] Phn tch

From the above stoichiometric equations, we can find that: T trn cn bng ha hc phng trnh, chng ta c th thy rng: 1 mole of O 2 2 moles of MnO(OH) 2 2 mole of I 2 4 mole of S 2 O 3 2- 1 mol ca O 2 2 mol MnO (OH) 2 2 nt rui ca ti 2 4 mol ca S 2 O 3 2 Therefore, after determining the number of moles of iodine produced, we can work out the number of moles of oxygen molecules present in the original water sample. V vy, sau khi xc nh s mol ca it sn xut, chng ti c th lm vic ra s mol ca cc phn t oxy c trong mu nc ban u. The oxygen content is usually presented as mg dm -3 . Ni dung xy thng c trnh by nh mg dm -3.

[ edit ] Limitations [ sa ] Hn ch
The success of this method is critically dependent upon the manner in which the sample is manipulated. S thnh cng ca phng php ny l nghim trng ph thuc vo cch thc m mu c ch tc. At all stages, steps must be taken to ensure that oxygen is neither introduced to nor lost from the sample. Ti tt c cc khu, cc bc phi c thc hin m bo rng oxy khng phi l gii thiu v cng khng b mt t mu. Furthermore, the water sample must be free of any solutes that will oxidize or reduce iodine. Hn na, cc mu nc phi c min ph ca bt k cht tan m s xi ha hoc gim it. Instrumental methods for measurement of dissolved oxygen have widely supplanted the routine use of the Winkler test, although the test is still used to check instrument calibration. phng php c o oxy ha tan c rng ri thay th vic s dng thng xuyn ca cc th nghim Winkler, mc d kim tra vn c s dng kim tra hiu chun c.

[ edit ] BOD 5 [ sa ] BOD 5

To determine five-day Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), several dilutions of a sample are analyzed for dissolved oxygen before and after a five-day incubation period at 20 degrees Celsius (68 degrees Fahrenheit) in the dark. xc nh nm ngy nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD 5), mt s dung dch pha long mt mu c phn tch cho oxy trc v sau mt ngy thi k bnh-nm 20 C (68 F) trong bng ti. In some cases, bacteria are used to provide a source of oxygen to the sample; these bacteria are known as "seed". Trong mt s trng hp, vi khun c s dng cung cp mt ngun xy cho mu; cc vi khun ny c gi l "ht ging". The difference in DO and the dilution factor are used to calculated BOD 5 . S khc bit trong DO v pha long cc yu t c s dng tnh BOD 5. The resulting number (usually reported in parts per million or milligrams per liter) is useful in determining the relative organic strength of sewage or other polluted waters. S lng kt qu (thng c bo co trong phn triu hoc mg / lt) l hu ch trong vic xc nh sc mnh tng i ca nc thi hu c hoc cc vng nc b nhim khc. The BOD 5 test is an example of analysis that determines classes of materials in a sample. Cc th nghim BOD 5 l mt v d v phn tch xc nh cc lp vt liu trong mt mu.

Ch : Khoa hc Thy sn v Thy sn (SFRC) | Qun l Pond | Francis-Floyd, Ruth

Dissolved Oxygen for Fish Production 1 Oxy ha tan sn xut c 1

Ruth Francis-Floyd 2 Ruth Francis-Floyd 2

What Is Dissolved Oxygen? Oxy ha tan l g?

Dissolved oxygen (DO) refers to oxygen gas that is dissolved in water. xy ha tan (DO) l kh oxy ha tan trong nc. Fish "breathe" oxygen just as land animals do. C "ht th" xy ging nh cc ng vt t lm. However, fish are able to absorb oxygen directly from the water into their bloodstream using gills, whereas land animals use lungs to absorb oxygen from the atmosphere. Tuy nhin, c c kh nng hp th oxy trc tip t nc vo mu ca h bng cch s dng mang, trong khi cc loi ng vt s dng t phi hp th xy t kh quyn.

What are the Sources of Oxygen in an Aquatic Environment? cc ngun oxy trong mt mi trng thy sn l g?
There are three main sources of oxygen in the aquatic environment: 1) direct diffusion from the atmosphere; 2) wind and wave action; and C ba ngun chnh ca oxy trong mi trng nc: 1) khuch tn trc tip t kh quyn; 2) v hnh ng sng gi; v 3) photosynthesis. 3) quang hp. Of these, photosynthesis by aquatic plants and phytoplankton is the most important. Trong s ny, quang hp ca cy trng thu sn v thc vt ph du l quan trng nht. Oxygen, derived from photosynthesis, is produced during the day when sunlight shines on the plants in the water. Oxygen, xut pht t quang hp, c sn xut trong ngy khi nh sng mt tri ta sng trn cy trong nc. Oxygen levels drop at night because of respiration by plants and animals, including fish. Cp oxy th vo ban m v s h hp ca thc vt v ng vt, bao gm c c. These predictable changes in DO that occur every 24 hours are called the diurnal oxygen cycle ( Figure 1 ). Nhng d on c nhng thay i trong DO xy ra mi 24 gi c gi l chu trnh oxy ban ngy ( hnh 1 ). Figure 1. Hnh 1. Dissolved oxygen concentration in ponds fluctuates on a 24-hour basis. Nng oxy ha tan trong ao bin ng trn c s 24 gi. This fluctuation is called a diurnal oxygen cycle. Bin ng ny c gi l mt chu trnh oxy ban ngy. Dissolved oxygen increases during daylight hours when photosynthesis is occurring and decreases at night when respiration continues but photosynthesis does not. Oxy ha tan trong gi lm tng nh sng ban ngy khi quang hp ang xy ra v gim vo ban m khi h hp vn tip tc nhng khng quang hp.

What is Oxygen Depletion? Oxygen suy thoi l g?

Oxygen depletion refers to low levels of DO and may result in fish mortality. S suy gim oxy dng ch cc mc thp ca DO v c th dn n t vong c. A concentration of 5 mg/L DO is recommended for optimum fish health. Mt nng 5 mg / L DO c khuyn khch cho sc khe c ti u. Sensitivity to low levels of dissolved oxygen is species specific, however, most species of fish are distressed when DO falls to 2-4 mg/L. nhy vi cc mc thp ca xy ha tan l loi c th, tuy nhin, phn ln cc loi c ang au kh khi DO ri xung 2-4 mg / L. Mortality usually occurs at concentrations less than 2 mg/L. T l t vong thng xy ra nng thp hn 2 mg / L. The number of fish that die during an oxygen depletion event is determined by how low the DO gets and how long it stays down. S lng c cht trong mt s kin s suy gim oxy c xc nh bi lm th no cc DO thp c v bao lu n s nm xung. Usually larger fish are affected by low DO before smaller fish are. Thng thng c ln b nh hng bi DO thp trc khi nh hn c.

What Causes Oxygen Depletion? Nguyn nhn s suy gim oxy g?

Oxygen depletion occurs when oxygen consumption exceeds oxygen production. S suy gim oxy xy ra khi oxy tiu th vt qu sn xut oxy. Increases in oxygen consumption can be caused by an over-abundance of aquatic plants or algae in the ecosystem, "turnover" of a body of water (see Stratification/Pond Turnover section), increased organic waste entering the water (ie, manure from feedlots, septic tank waste water, and excess fish feed), death and decay of organic matter (ie, plant or algae die-offs), or by certain chemicals (ie, formalin) that remove oxygen directly from the water column. Gia tng tiu th xy c th c gy ra bi mt phong ph, trn thc vt thy sn hoc cc loi to trong h sinh thi, "doanh thu" ca mt c th ca nc (xem phn tng / Doanh thu phn Pond), tng cht thi hu c vo nc (tc l phn t tri chn nui , b cha kh trng nc thi, v d tha thc n c), ci cht v phn r ca cc cht hu c (v d, cy trng hoc to cht-offs), hoc bng ha cht nht nh (tc l formalin) m loi b oxy trc tip t cc ct nc.

Why Are Oxygen Depletion Events Most Troublesome in the Summer? Ti sao s suy gim oxy S kin Troublesome nht vo ma h ny?
In outdoor ponds, oxygen depletion events can occur at anytime, however, they are most likely to cause fish kills during hot summer weather. Trong ao ngoi tri, s suy gim oxy s kin c th xy ra bt c lc no, tuy nhin, h c nhiu kh nng nguyn nhn c cht trong thi tit ma h nng. A decrease in oxygen production is caused by incidents such as cloudy weather and plant or algae die-offs that shut down photosynthesis. Mt trong sn xut oxy gim l do s c nh thi tit nhiu my v cy trng hoc to cht-

offs tt quang hp. Heavy populations of plants or algae are the most important producers of oxygen in the system. Nng qun th cy trng hoc to l nhng nh sn xut quan trng nht ca oxy trong h thng. However, they are also the most important users of oxygen. Tuy nhin, h cng l nhng ngi s dng quan trng nht ca oxy. There are several reasons why oxygen depletion events are more common in the summer and they are discussed below. C nhiu l do ti sao s suy gim oxy s kin c ph bin hn trong ma h v chng s c tho lun di y.

High Water Temperature Nhit nc cao

Warm water is much less capable of holding oxygen gas in solution than cool water. m nc l t c kh nng gi kh oxy trong gii php hn so vi nc mt. For example, water that is 90 F can only hold 7.4 mg/L DO at saturation, whereas water that is 45 F can hold 11.9 mg/L DO at saturation. V d, nc l 90 F ch c th cha 7,4 mg / L DO lc bo ha, trong khi nc l 45 F c th cha 11,9 mg / L DO lc bo ha. This physical phenomenon puts the fish in double jeopardy because at high water temperatures their metabolic rates increase, hence their physiologic demand for oxygen increases. Hin tng vt l ny s t c vo nguy him tng gp i bi v nhit nc cao, t gi trao i cht ca h tng ln, do nhu cu sinh l ca h lm tng oxy.

Cloudy, Still Weather C my, Vn Thi tit

Muggy, overcast summer days often precipitate oxygen depletions. Oi bc, u m ngy h thng kt ta depletions oxy. During cloudy weather, the intensity of light reaching surface waters is greatly diminished, resulting in a marked decrease in oxygen production from photosynthesis. Trong thi tit nhiu my, cng ca cc vng nc b mt t c rt nhiu nh sng gim i, dn n gim ng k sn xut oxy t quang hp. Oxygen consumption, however, remains unchanged. Oxy tiu th, tuy nhin, vn khng thay i. This results in a net loss of oxygen over each 24-hour period. Kt qu l mt mt rng ca oxy trn tng thi k 24-gi. This loss of oxygen from decreased production is confounded by still, muggy, humid weather common on overcast summer days. Vic mt xy t gim sn xut l confounded bi vn cn, oi bc, thi tit m t ph bin vo nhng ngy ma h u m. Oxygen transfer (from the atmosphere into the water) is minimal because there is little or no wind/wave action. Oxygen chuyn giao (t khng kh vo trong nc) l ti thiu bi v c t hoc khng c gi / sng hnh ng. The net result over a period of several days is oxygen depletion and, often, fish kills. Kt qu c c trong khong thi gian vi ngy l oxy suy gim v, thng, c cht.

Stratification/Pond Turnover Phn tng / Pond Doanh thu

During hot weather, surface waters warm up more rapidly than deeper waters. Trong thi tit nng, nc b mt m ln nhanh hn so vi cc vng nc su hn. As the difference in temperature increases between warm surface water and cool bottom water, a thermocline develops. L s khc bit trong tng nhit gia mt nc nng v nc lnh di cng, thermocline mt pht trin. A thermocline is an area of rapid temperature

change that acts as a physical barrier between warm water at the surface (epilimnion) and cold water at the bottom (hypolimnion). thermocline A l mt khu vc ca s thay i nhit nhanh chng hot ng nh mt ro cn vt cht gia nc m b mt (epilimnion) v nc lnh pha di (hypolimnion). When a thermocline is present there is no mixing of surface and deep layers of water. Khi thermocline mt l hin ti khng c pha trn ca b mt v cc lp su ca nc. Because photosynthesis and oxygen production only occur near the surface, water in the deep layer becomes devoid of oxygen and develops an oxygen demand. Bi v quang hp v sn xut oxy ch xy ra gn b mt, nc cc lp su tr thnh devoid ca oxy v pht trin mt nhu cu xy. The thermocline can be broken by heavy wind and cold rain, common during summer thunderstorms. thermocline c th c ph v bi gi mnh v ma lnh, ph bin trong cn dng ma h. When the thermocline breaks down, the oxygen-rich surface waters mix with oxygen-deficient bottom waters. Khi thermocline b hng, cc vng nc b mt giu xy kt hp vi cc vng nc thiu xy di cng. If the oxygen demand is sufficient, all DO present will rapidly be removed from the water column, resulting in severe oxygen depletion and a fish kill. Nu nhu cu xy l , tt c cc mt DO s nhanh chng c g b t ct nc, dn n s suy gim oxy trm trng v mt con c cht.

How to Determine If Low DO Is the Cause of a Fish Kill Lm th no Xc nh Nu DO thp l nguyn nhn ca mt c Kill

All fish die at approximately the same time (often during the night or in the predawn hours). Tt c cc c cht cng mt khong thi gian (thng l vo ban m hoc trong nhng gi trc bnh minh). Large fish may be affected more than small fish. c th b nh hng ln hn cc loi c nh. Moribund fish may be seen at the surface "gasping" for oxygen (this is called "piping"). c suy tn c th xem b mt "ngp" oxy (iu ny c gi l "ng ng"). Some species may die with their back arched, gills flared and mouth open. Mt s loi c th cht vi li cong ca h, mang bng ln v ming m. This is most commonly seen in hybrid striped bass and, occasionally, in catfish. iu ny l ph bin nht l nhn thy trong striped bass lai v, i khi, trong c da trn. The weather immediately prior to the fish kill may have been hot, still and overcast. Thi tit ngay lp tc trc khi git c c th c nng, vn cn v Overcast. A severe thunderstorm may have occurred immediately prior to the fish kill. Mt cn bo nng c th xy ra ngay lp tc trc khi git cht c. An oxygen depletion event severe enough to result in significant fish mortality is often observed in water with heavy populations of algae or aquatic plants. Mt s kin suy gim oxy nghim trng, cho kt qu ng k t l t vong c thng c quan st trong nc vi qun nng ca to hoc cy trng thu sn.

What To Do if Low DO is Suspected as the Cause of a Fish Kill lm g nu thp DO l nghi l nguyn nhn ca cc c mt Kill
The most important thing to do if fish are dying from low DO is to turn on an aerator. iu quan trng nht lm g nu c cht t thp DO l chuyn trn mt thit b thng gi. If emergency aeration is not available, little can be done to help the fish. Nu trng hp khn cp sc kh l khng c, nh c th c thc hin gip cc c. To confirm the problem, oxygen levels should be tested while the fish kill is in progress. xc nhn cc vn , hm lng xy cn c kim tra trong khi git c c tin hnh. Some county extension agents are equipped with water testing equipment. Mt s i l m rng qun c trang b thit b kim tra nc. In addition, biologists with the Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission or an IFAS Aquaculture Extension Specialist may be available to assist. Ngoi ra, cc nh sinh hc vi cc Game Florida v y ban c nc ngt hoc mt IFAS m rng nui trng thu sn chuyn c th c sn tr gip.

Preventing Oxygen Depletion Ngn chn s suy gim oxy

An oxygen depletion event can be predicted and, therefore, prevented by monitoring dissolved oxygen levels in a pond. Mt s kin oxy suy gim c th c d on, v do , ngn nga bng cch gim st mc oxy ha tan trong ao. The most efficient tool for measuring DO is an electronic oxygen meter. Cc cng c hiu qu nht o DO l mt ng h in t oxy. These instruments are available through most aquaculture supply companies at a variety of prices. Nhng dng c c sn thng qua cc cng ty cung cp hu ht nui trng thy sn ti nhiu loi gi c. Chemical test kits are also available. Ha cht b kim tra cng c sn. These are more troublesome to run, but are accurate and do not require as great an investment by pond owners. y l nhng nhiu phin h chy, nhng l chnh xc v khng yu cu nh l mt khon u t ca ch s hu ao ln. Commercial catfish farms often hire night oxygen crews to monitor the DO concentration in each pond at two-hour intervals through the night. Trang tri nui c da trn thng mi thng thu thuyn vin oxy vo ban m theo di nng DO trong ao mi khong hai gi qua m. This is the surest way of avoiding a fish kill caused by low DO. y l cch chc chn nht trnh mt con c cht gy ra bi thp DO. Aeration systems can be turned on if oxygen levels drop below a certain concentration (usually 2-4 mg/L) depending on the fish species. h thng sc kh c th c bt ln nu th oxy cp di y mt nng nht nh (thng l 2-4 mg / L) tu thuc vo loi c. Monitoring oxygen throughout the night is impractical for recreational pond owners and part-time fish farmers. Gim st oxy sut m l khng thc t cho Ch s hu gii tr ao c v nng dn bn thi gian. For these people it is easier to "predict" an oxygen depletion by measuring DO levels in the late afternoon (5-6 pm) and late evening (8-10

pm). i vi nhng ngi ny l d dng hn "d on" mt s suy gim oxy bng cch o DO cp vo cui bui chiu (5-6 pm) v vo cui bui ti (80-10 gi chiu). The decline in DO during the night can be predicted by graphing DO concentration against time on standard graph paper ( Figure 2 ). S suy gim trong DO vo ban m c th c d on bi DO tp trung chng li thi gian trn giy tiu chun th ( Hnh 2 ). If the projected concentration of DO is below 4 mg/L before 7 am emergency aeration is recommended. Nu nng DO d kin l di 4 mg / L trc khi 7:00 sc kh khn cp c khuyn khch.

Figure 2. Hnh 2. Estimation of potential for dissolved oxygen depletion. D ton tim nng cho s suy gim oxy ha tan. If equipment to test DO concentration (meter or test kit) is not available, the following observations and conditions can be used to anticipate oxygen depletion: Nu thit b kim tra nng DO (mt hoc th nghim kit) khng c sn, cc quan st v iu kin sau c th c s dng d on s suy gim oxy:

Fish swim at or near the surface gulping air (piping). C bi ti hoc gn b mt Nut cht khng kh (ng ng). Fish suddenly stop feeding. C t nhin dng li n. There is a rapid change in water color to brown, black or gray, signifying loss of an algal bloom. C mt thay i nhanh chng trong nc mu sc mt nu en hoc mu xm, biu hin, ca mt hoa to. A putrid odor arises from the water. Mt mi h pht sinh t cc nc. There has been an extended period of hot cloudy weather. Hin c mt thi gian di ca thi tit nhiu my nng. There is a heavy summer wind and a rainstorm. C mt ma h gi nng v mt cn ma.

Emergency aeration should be applied whenever fish show signs of oxygen depletion or when dissolved oxygen drops below 4 mg/L. Khn cp sc kh nn c p dng bt c khi no c c du hiu suy gim oxy hoc khi gii th oxy gim xung di 4 mg / L. Many recreational pond owners purchase aerators and place them on electric timers. Nhiu ch s hu gii tr ao mua aerators v t chng vo gi in. Proper use of the timer should have the aerator turn on during the late evening (10 pm to midnight) and turn off after daylight (7-8 am). Thch hp s dng b m thi gian nn c cc thit b

thng gi bt trong bui ti mun (10 gi chiu n na m) v tt sau khi nh sng ban ngy (7-8 gi sng). Using an aerator is not a complete substitute for monitoring DO concentrations and an oxygen depletion event resulting in a fish kill may still occur. S dng thit b thng gi l khng th thay th hon ton theo di nng DO v s suy gim oxy mt s kin kt qu l git cht c vn c th xy ra. However, use of an aerator is recommended and will prevent many problems. Tuy nhin, vic s dng thit b thng gi mt c khuyn khch v s ngn chn nhiu vn .

Summary Tm tt
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is oxygen gas (O 2 ) that is dissolved in water. xy ha tan (DO) l kh oxy (O 2) c ha tan trong nc. Most DO in ponds is produced during photosynthesis by aquatic plants and algae. Hu ht DO trong ao c sn xut trong qu trnh quang hp ca cy trng thu sn v to. For this reason DO increases during daylight hours, declines during the night, and is lowest just before daybreak. V l do ny DO tng trong gi lm nh sng ban ngy, gim vo ban m, v l thp nht ngay trc khi tng sng. Dissolved oxygen concentrations below 5 mg/L may be harmful to fish and piping (gulping air at the surface) may be observed when DO falls below 2 mg/L. Nng oxy ha tan di 5 mg / L c th gy hi cho c v cc ng ng (Nut cht khng kh b mt) c th c quan st thy khi DO gim xung di 2 mg / L. Low levels of DO are most frequently associated with hot, cloudy weather, algae die-offs, or heavy thunderstorms. Mc DO thp nht thng xuyn kt hp vi thi tit nng, nhiu my,, to cht-offs, hoc dng nng. Dissolved oxygen can be monitored using an electronic oxygen meter or chemical test kit. Oxy ha tan c th c theo di bng cch s dng mt ng h in t, ha hc oxy th nghim kit. Emergency aeration should be supplied whenever DO falls below 4 mg/L or environmental conditions favor an oxygen depletion event. sc kh khn cp phi c cung cp bt c khi no DO gim xung di 4 mg / L hoc iu kin mi trng c li cho mt s kin s suy gim oxy.