CHA KHA VNG 20 GII NHANH BI TON BNG CNG THC I.

C S L THUYT: gii nhanh bi ton bng cc cng thc l v cng quan trng trong cc k thi, bi n tit kim c rt nhiu thi gian, mt khc n cn ph hp vi phng php trc nghim nh hin nay. Lm c nh vy mi vt tri so vi cc i th khc. 1. Gp bi ton: Cho n mol( hoc V lt.) oxit axit CO2 ( SO2) tc dng vi dung dch Ca(OH)2, (Ba(OH)2 ) thu c a mol kt ta, sau un nng dung dch li thu c b mol kt ta na th ta ch cn p dng nhanh cng thc sau:

n CO2 = a + 2.b (*)

Bn cht: Khi sc kh CO2 vo dung dch nc vi trong Ca(OH)2 ta c cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O (1) 2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2 (2) Khi un nng dung dch ta c phng trnh phn ng xy ra: Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O (3) T (1) (2) (3) ta s c (*) nh trn. 2. Gp bi ton: Nung m gam Fe trong khng kh, sau mt thi gian ta thu c a gam hn hp cht rn X gm Fe, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeO. Ho tan ht a gam hn hp cht rn X vo dung dch HNO3 d thu c V lt kh NO2 (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht v dung dch mui sau khi lm khan c b gam . Nu bi ton cn tnh mt trong cc gi tr m, a, b, V th ta p dng nhanh cc cng thc i y. a. Trng hp 1: tnh khi lng st ban u trc khi b xi ha thnh m gam hn hp X gm: Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 .

m Fe =

7.a + 56.n e 10

(**) , trong n e =

V mol . 22, 4

V mol . 22, 4 V mol . + Nu sn phm kh l N2O th n e = 8. 22, 4 V mol + Nu sn phm kh l N2 th n e = 10. 22, 4
+ Nu sn phm kh l NO th n e = 3. b. Trng hp 2: tnh khi lng a gam hn hp X gm: Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 .

a hh =

c. Trng hp 3: tnh khi lng b gam mui to thnh khi cho a gam hn hp X gm: Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 vo dung dch HNO3 nng d.

10.m Fe 56.n e 7

(2) trong ne cng tng t nh trn.

n Fe( NO3 )3 = n Fe =

d. Trng hp 4: tnh khi lng mui to thnh khi cho m gam hn hp X gm: Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 vo dung dch H2SO4 c, nng d.

m Fe = ymol, b = m Fe( NO3 )3 = 242.y gam(3) 56

3. Gp bi ton: Cho m gam hn hp nhiu kim loi hot ng tan hon ton trong dung dch H2SO4 long d thu c V lt H2 kh ( duy nht ktc). Nu bi ton cn tnh a gam khi lng mui sunfat thu c th ta p dng nhanh cng thc: a = m mui = m KL + mSO2 = m KL + 96.n H2 (***) . 4 4. Gp bi ton: Cho m gam hn hp nhiu kim loi hot ng tan hon ton trong dung dch HCl long d thu c V lt H2 kh ( duy nht ktc). Nu bi ton cn tnh b gam khi lng mui clorua thu c th ta p dng nhanh cng thc: b = m mui = m KL + mCl = m KL + 71.n H2 (****) . 5. Gp bi ton: Nhng mt thanh kim loi A ha tr a ( khng tan trong nc) nng m 1 gam vo V lt dung dch B (NO3)b xM. Sau mt thi gan ly thanh A ra v cn nng m2 gam. Nu bi ton cn tnh khi lng m gam kim loi B thot ra th ta p dng nhanh cng thc:

m 1 n Fe2 (SO4 )3 = .n Fe = Fe = x mol , m Fe2 (SO4 )3 = 400.x gam(4) 2 112

m B = a.M B .

m 2 m1 (*****) a.M B b.M A

6. Trn y l mt s dng cc bi ton tiu biu p dng nhanh cc cng thc, song tc gi khuyn co trc khi s dng cc cng thc th chng ta phi chng minh c cng thc v tng lm cc bi ton lin quan sau rt ra cc cng thc tnh nhanh cho ring mnh. Nu chng ta p dng cng thc m khng bit bn cht th cng ging nh con dao 2 li m thi. Trong cha kha vng ny th tc gi a ra cch gii nhanh, ngn gn, ngoi ra cng cn nhiu dng bi ton khc cng c a vo trong bi ton p dng ny. II. BI TON P DNG: Bi ton 1: (Trch thi tuyn sinh H-C Khi B 2008): Cho 1,9 gam hn hp mui cacbonat v hirocacbonat ca kim loi kim M tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl (d), sinh ra 0,448 lt kh (ktc). Kim loi M l: A: Li B: Na C: K D: Rb Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc: M hh =

1,9 = 95 M + 61 < 95 < 2M + 60 0,02

17,5 < M < 34 M l Na (23) p n B ng Bi ton 2: (Trch thi tuyn sinh H C Khi B 2008) Cho mt lng bt Zn vo dung dch X gm FeCl2 v CuCl2, khi lng cht rn sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton nh hn khi lng bt Zn ban u l 0,5 gam. C cn phn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 13,6 gam mui khan. Tng khi lng cc mui trong X l: A. 13,1 gam B. 17,0 gam C. 19,5 gam D. 14,1 gam Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc: mX = 13,6 - 0,5 = 13,1 g A ng Bi ton 3: (Trch thi tuyn sinh H C Khi B- 2007) Nung m gam bt st trong oxi thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO 3 d thot ra 0.56 lt NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr m l: A. 2.52 gam B. 1.96 gam. C. 3.36 gam. D. 2.10 gam. Bi gii:

p dng nhanh cng thc:

m Fe =

Bi ton 4: ( Trch thi tuyn sinh H C- Khi A- 2008). Cho 11.36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3 long d thu c 1.344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X sau phn ng c m gam mui khan. Gi tr m l: A. 34.36 gam. B. 35.50 gam. C. 49.09 gam D. 38.72 gam. Bi gii. p dng nhanh cng thc: 7.m hh + 56.n e 7.11,36 + 56.0,06.3 m Fe = = = 8,96gam 10 10 => D ng 8,96 n Fe( NO3 )3 = n Fe = = 0,16mol, m Fe( NO3 )3 = 0,16.242 = 38,72gam 56 Bi ton 5: Nung 8.4 gam Fe trong khng kh, sau phn ng thu c m gam X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 . Ho tan m gam hn hp X bng HNO 3 d, thu c 2.24 lt kh NO2 (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr m l: A. 11.2 gam. B. 25.2 gam. C. 43.87 gam D. 6.8 gam. Bi gii. p dng nhanh cng thc: Ta c; m hh =

7.m hh + 56.n e 7.3 + 56.0,025.3 = = 2,52gam => A ng 10 10

Bi ton 6: Ho tan ht m gam hn hp X gm Fe, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 , FeO trong dung dch HNO3 c nng thu c 4,48 lt kh mu nu duy nht (ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 145,2gam mui khan, gi tr m l: A: 78,4g B: 139,2g C: 46,4g D: 46,256g Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc:

10.m Fe 56.n e 10.8, 4 56.0,1. = = 11, 2gam =>A ng 7 7

n Fe = n Fe( NO3 )3 = m hh

Bi ton 7: Ho tan hon ton 49.6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 bng H2SO4 c, nng thu c dung dch Y v 8.96 lt kh SO2(ktc). Thnh phn phn trm v khi lng ca oxi trong hn hp X v khi lng mui trong dung dch Y ln lt l: A. 20.97% v 140 gam. B. 37.50% v 140 gam. C. 20.97% v 180 gam D.37.50% v 120 gam. Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc:

145, 2 = 0,6mol => mFe = 0,6.56=33,6 gam 242 10.m Fe 56.n e 10.33,6 56.0, 2 = = = 46, 4gam => C ng 7 7

m Fe =

7.m hh + 56.n e 7.49,6 + 56.0, 4.2 = = 39, 2gam 10 10

%O =

49,6 39, 2 .100 = 20,97% 49,6 1 39, 2 n Fe2 (SO4 )3 = n Fe = = 0,35mol, m Fe2 (SO4 )3 = 0,35.400 = 140gam => A ng 2 56.2

Bi ton 8: kh hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, cn 0,05 mol H2. Mt khc ho tan hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng th thu c th tch V ml SO2 (ktc). Gi tr V(ml) l: A.112 ml B. 224 ml C. 336 ml D. 448 ml. Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc: n O = n H = 0,05mol, mO = 0,05.16 = 0,8gam , mFe = mxit mO =2,24 gam

ne =

Bi ton 9: Cho 2,8 gam CaO tc dng vi mt lng nc d thu c dung dch X. Sc 1,68 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo dung dch X thu c lng kt ta sau un nng dung dch th thu c lng kt ta na. Tng khi lng kt ta thu c l : A. 2,5 gam B. 5,0 gam. C. 7,5 gam. D. 10 gam. Bi gii. p dng nhanh cng thc:

10.22, 4 7.3, 04 = 0, 01mol, Vso 2 = 0,01.22, 4= 0, 224lit= 224ml B ng 56.2

n CO2 = a + 2b => y =

n CO2 a 2

n CaCO3 = a + b = 0,025 + 0,025 = 0,05mol, => m CaCO = 0,05.100 = 5,0 gam

3

nh vy tng s mol kt ta

0,075 0,025 = 0,025mol 2

=> B ng. Bi ton 10: Sc V lt CO2 (ktc) vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 thu dc 3 gam kt ta, lc tch kt ta dung dch cn li mang un nng thu c 2 gam kt ta na. Gi tr V lt l: A: 0,448 lt B: 0,896 lt C: 0,672 lt D: 1,568 lt Bi gii. p dng nhanh cng thc: n CO2 = a + 2b = 0,03 + 2.0,02 = 0,07 mol VCO2 = 0,07.22,4= 1,568 lt => p n ng l D. Bi ton 11: Cho tan hon ton 58 gam hn hp A gm Fe, Cu, Ag trong dung dch HNO 3 2M long nng thu c dung dich B v 0.15 mol kh NO v 0.05 mol NO 2 . C cn dung dich B khi lng mui khan thu c l: A. 120.4 gam B. 89.8 gam C. 116.9 gam D. kt qu khc. Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc: mmui khan = mFe, Cu, Ag + m NO3 mmui khan = 58 + ( 3.0,15 + 8.0,05 ).62 = 116,9g C ng Bi ton 12: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 11.2 gam Fe v 16 gam Fe 2O3 vo HNO3 long d th thu c dung dch A. Cho A tc dng vi NaOH ri lc kt ta nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i th thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr m l: A. 16 gam B. 32 gam C. 64g D. kt qu khc.

Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc:

Bi ton 13: Cho 24,4g hn hp Na2CO3, K2CO3 tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl2. Sau phn ng thu c 39,4g kt ta. Lc tch kt ta, c cn dung dch thu c m gam clorua, gi tr m gam l: A: 28,6 gam B: 68,2 gam C: 26,6 gam D: 66,2 gam Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc: m = 24,4 + 0,2 . 208 - 39,4 = 26,6gam C ng Bi ton 14: Ho tan 10.14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt lng va dung dch HCl thu c 7.84 lt kh X (ktc) v 1.54 gam cht rn Y v dung dch Z. C cn dung dch Z thu c m gam mui. Gi tr m gam l: A. 21.025 gam B. 33.45 gam C. 14.8125 gam D. 18.6 gam Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc: m = m (Al+ Mg) + m Cl = (10,14 1,54) + 0,7.35,5 = 8,6 + 24,85 = 33,45(g) B ng Bi ton 15: Ho tan hon ton 10 gam hn hp Mg, Fe trong dung dch HCl d thy to ra 2.24 lit kh H2 (ktc) c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui khan: Gi tr m gam l: A. 13.55 gam B. 15.7 gam C 17.1 gam D. 11.775 gam Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc:mmui = 10 + 0,1 .71 = 17,1 (g) C ng Bi ton 16: Trn 5.4 gam Al vi 6 gam FeO3 ri nung nng thc hin phn ng nhit nhm (trong iu kin khng c khng kh), bit hiu sut phn ng l 80%. Sau phn ng thu c m gam hn hp cht rn. Gi tr m gam l: A. 11.4 gam B. 9.12 gam C. 14.25 gam D. 8,12 gam Bi gii: Do trong bnh kn khng c khng kh nn: m h 2sau = m h 2tr c = 5, 4 + 6 = 11,4g A ng Bi ton 17: Cho 0.52 gam hn hp 2 kim loi Mg, Al tan hon ton trong dung dch H 2SO4 long d thu c 0.336 lt kh ktc. Khi lng mui sunfat thu c l: A. 1.24 gam B. 6.28 gam C. 1.96 gam D. 3.4 gam. Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc: m mui = m KL + mSO2 = 0,52 + 0,015.96 = 1,96g C ng 4 Bi ton 18: Cho 2.81 gam hn hp A gm 3 oxit kim loi MgO, ZnO, Fe2O3 ho tan va trong 300 ml dung dch H2SO4 0.1 M . C cn dung dch sau phn ng, khi lng gam cc mui sunfat khan thu c l: A. 5.21 gam B. 4.25 gam C. 5.14 gam D. 4.55 gam Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc: m mui = moxit + mH2SO4 mH2 O = 2,81 +0,03.98 0,03.18 =5, 21gam A ng

1 0,2 + 0,1 .2 n Fe2O3 = n Fe = = 0, 2mol m Fe 2O 3 = 0, 2.160 = 32gam B ng 2 2

Bi ton 19: Ho tan hon ton 30,25 gam hn hp Zn v Fe vo dung dch HCl d thy c 11.2 lt kh thot ra ktc v dung dch X , c cn dung dch X th c m gam mui khan. Gi tr m gam l: A.37.75 gam B. 55.5 gam C. 46,68 gam D. 67,75 gam. Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc: m = m Kl + m Cl = 30, 25 + 0,5.71 = 65,75 gam => D ng Bi ton 20: Ho tan hon ton m1 gam hn hp 3 kim loi A, B( u ho tr II), C (ho tr III) vo dung dch HCl d thy c V lt kh thot ra ktc v dung dch X , c cn dung dch X th c m2 gam mui khan. Biu thc lin h gia m1, m2, V l: A. m2 = m1 + 71V B. 112 m2 = 112 m1 +355V C. m2 = m1 + 35.5V D. 112 m2 = 112m1 + 71V Bi gii:

n Cl = n HCl = 2n H2 = 2
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:

V V = (mol) 22, 4 11, 2

m 2 = m KL + m Cl = m1 +

V 355V .35,5 = m1 + B ng 11, 2 112

Bi ton 21: Thi mt lung kh CO d qua ng s ng m gam hn hp gm CuO, Fe 3O4, nung nng thu c 2.32 gam hn hp kim loi. Kh thot ra sc vo nc vi trong d thy c 5 gam kt ta trng. Gi tr m gam l: A. 2.39 gam B. 3.12 gam C. 3.92 gam D. 3.93 gam. Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc: moxit = mKL + mO (trong oxt) = 2,32 + 0,05 . 16 = 3,12 g B ng Bi ton 22: Ha tan 14 gam hn hp 2 mui ACO3 v B2(CO3)3 bng dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch X v 0,672 lt kh ktc. C cn dung dch X th thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr m gam mui khan l: A. 14,33 gamB. 25,00 gam C. 15,32 gam D. 15,80 gam Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc: mmui clorua = 14 + 0,03.11 = 14,33(g) A ng Bi ton 23: Cho 2,81 gam hn hp gm 3 xit: Fe 2O3, MgO, ZnO tan va trong 300ml dung dch H2SO4 0,1 M th khi lng mui sunfat khan to ra l: A. 5,33 gam B. 5,21 gam C. 3,52 gam D. 5,68 gam Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc: mmui= 2,81+(96-16).0,03= 2,81 + 2,4 = 5,21g B ng Bi ton 24: Cho 30 gam hn hp mui cacbonat v hirocacbonat ca kim loi kim M tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl (d), sinh ra 5,6 lt kh (ktc). Kim loi M l: A: Li B: Na C: K D: Rb Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc: M hh =

30 = 120 M + 61 < 120 < 2M + 60 0,25 6

 30 < M < 59 M l Kali (39) p n C ng Bi ton 25: Hp th hon ton V lt CO2 (ktc) vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 thu c 10 gam kt ta. Loi b kt ta ri nung nng phn dung dch cn li thu c 5 gam kt ta na. Gi tr V lt l: A: 4,48 lt B: 2,24 lt C: 1,12 lt D: 3,36 lt Bi gii: p dng nhanh cng thc: n CO2 = x + 2y = 0,1 + 0,05.2 = 0, 2(mol)

VCO2 = 0, 2.22, 4 = 4, 48 lt A ng
Bi ton 26: Th tch ca nc cn thm vo 15 ml dung dch axit HCl c pH=1 c dung dch axit c pH=3 l: A. 1,68 lt B. 2,24 lt C. 1,12 lt D. 1,485 lt Bi gii. p dng cng thc tnh nhanh.

VH2 O = (10 pH 1).Vtruoc = (103 1 1).0,015 =1, 485lit=>D ng

III. BI TON T GII. Bi 1: Cho m1 gam hn hp X gm 3 kim loi A(ho tri2), B( ho tr 3), C(ho tr n) u dng bt tc dng hon ton vi oxi thu c hn hp Y gm cc oxit c khi lng m 2 gam. Th tch V(ll) dung dch HCl a M va phn ng ht vi dung dch Y l: Gi tr V(lt) l: ( bit m 2 > m1). A. (m2 - m1) : 32 a B. (m2 - m1) : a C. (m2 - m1) : 16 a D. (m2 - m1) : 8 a. Bi 2: Cho m gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 th cn 100 ml dung dch HCl 0.3 M v ta thu c dung dch Y gm 2 mui. Cho dung dch KOH d vo dung dch Y thu c kt ta Z. em nung Z trong khng kh n khi lng khng i th thu c 1.6 gam cht rn G. Gi tr m l. A. 0.64 gam. B. 0.56 gam. C. 3.04 gam D. kt qu khc. Bi 3: Cho 8.32 gam Cu tc dng vi V ml HNO3 1 M thu c 4.928 lt kh hn hp 2 kh NO v NO2. Gi tr V ml l: (Bit cc kh o ktc). A.120 ml B. 240 ml C.360 ml D. 480 ml. Bi 4. Cho 21gam hn hp gm 3 kim loi Fe, Zn, Al tan hon ton trong dung dch H2SO4 0.5M, thu c 6.72 lt kh H2 ( 00C, 2atm). Khi lng gam mui khan thu c sau khi c cn dung dch v th tch lt dung dch axit ti thiu cn dng l: A. 78.6 gam v 1.2 lt. B. 46,4 gam v 2,24 lt C. 46,4 gam v 1.2 lt D. 78.6 gam v 1,12 lt Bi 5. Cho mt lung kh clo tc dng vi 9.2 gam kim loi sinh ra 23.4g mui kim loi ho tr I. Mui kim loi ho tri I l: A. LiCl B. KCl C. NaCl. D. AgCl Bi 6. Ho tan m gam hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr I v kim loi ho tr II bng dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch A v V lt CO2 (ktc). C cn dung dch A thu c (m + 3.3) gam mui clorua khan. Gi tr V lt l: A. 6.72 lt. B. 2.24 lt C.3.36 lt D. 4.48 lt . Bi 7. Cho mt lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3 thu c 64 gam hn hp cht rn v kh X. Cho kh X li qua dung dch nc vi trong thu c 40 gam kt ta. Gi tr m gam l:

A. 80.4 gam B. 70.4 gam. C. 96.4 gam D. 75.8 gam Bi 8: Ha tan 20 gam hn hp 2 mui MCO 3 v N2(CO3)3 bng dung dch HCl d, thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lt kh (ktc). C cn dung dch A th thu c m gam mui khan. m c gi tr l: A. 20,33 gam. B. 20,46 gam C. 15,26 gam D. 18,43 gam Bi 9: Ha tan 5,94 gam hn hp 2 mui clorua ca 2 kim loi A, B (u c ho tr II) vo nc c dung dch X. lm kt ta ht ion Clo c trong dung dch X ngi ta cho dung dch X tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 thu c 17,22 gam kt ta. Lc b kt ta, thu c dung dch Y. C cn Y c m gam hn hp mui khan. m c gi tr l: A. 8,36 gam B. 12,6 gam C. 10,12 gam D. 9,12 gam. Bi 10: Ho tan hn hp gm 0.5 gam Fe v mt kim loi ho tr II trong dung dch HCl d thu c 1.12 lt kh H2 (ktc). Kim loi ho tr II l: A. Mg B. Ca C. Zn D. Be. Bi 11: Khi ho tan 7.7 gam hp kim gm natri v kali vo nc thy thot ra 3.36 lt kh H2(ktc). Thnh phn phn trm khi lng ca kali trong hp kim l: A. 39.23 B. 25.33. C. 74.67 D. 23.89 Bi 12: X v Y l hai nguyn t halogen 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon. kt ta ht ion X-, Y- trong dung dch cha 4,4 gam mui natri ca chng cn 150 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,4 M. X v Y l A. Flo, clo B. Clo, brom. C. Brom, iot D. Khng xc nh c. Bi 13: Hn hp X gm hai kim loi A, B nm k tip nhau trong nhm IA. Ly 7,2 gam X ho tan hon ton vo nc thu c 4,48 lt hiro ( ktc). A v B l A. Li, Na. B. Na, K C. K, Rb D. Rb, Cs Bi 14: Chia m gam hn hp Al, Fe thnh 2 phn bng nhau. - Phn 1 tc dng NaOH d thu c x mol kh. - Phn 2 tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO3 thu c y mol kh NO duy nht. Gi tr m tnh theo x v y l: 56y 116x 27x 112y A. m = . B. m = 3 3 112x 108y 54y 112x C. m = D. m = 3 3