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BI 1: LM QUEN VI MATLAB

I- L thuyt v thc hnh


1- m 1 hm m-file v thc hin yu cu sau:
a- to ma trn c chiu di n x m:
b- cng tr nhn chia hai ma trn va to( a ra kt qu)
c- trch ra ng cho ca 2 ma trn ban u sau ghp li thnh 1 ma trn mi
d- trch 2 dng u ca ma trn 1 v 2 dng cui ca ma trn 2. sau ghp chng
thnh ma trn mi
e- trch ct cui ca ma trn th nht v ct u ca ma trn 2. sau ghp vi ma
trn 1 to ma trn mi
% chng trnh thc hin
>> a=[2 4 6 0 ;3 5 7 7;10 4 5 4];
>> b=[2 4 6 1; 4 9 2 4 ;1 5 6 7 ];
>> x=a+b
x=
4 8 12 1
7 14 9 11
11 9 11 11
>> y=a-b
y=
0 0 0 -1
-1 -4 5 3
9 -1 -1 -3
>> z=a.*b
z=
4 16 36
12 45 14
10 20 30
>> t=a./b

0
28
28

t=
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0
0.7500 0.5556 3.5000 1.7500
10.0000 0.8000 0.8333 0.5714
>> diag(a);
% ham co cong dung trich duong cheo cua ma tran
>> diag(b);
>> x1=[diag(a) diag(b)]
x1 =
2
5

2
9

5 6
>> a1=a(1:2,:);
>> b1=a(2:3,:);
>> x2=[a1;b1]
x2 =
2 4 6 0
3 5 7 7
3 5 7 7
10 4 5 4
>> a2=a(:,4);
>> b2=b(:,1);
>> x3=[a2 b2]
x3 =
0
7
4

2
4
1

2- ha
2.1- trong khng gian 2D:
m 1 hm m-file v v th ca cc hm sau(v trn cng 1 ca s)
hm f(x) : f(x)= -x.sin(x)
o hm ca f(x) : f(x)=-x.cosx-sinx
o hm xp x : f12=diff(f(x)/x(2)-x(1))
sai s lin quan: f22=(f12-f(x)(1:999))/norm(f12)
% chng trnh
x=linspace(-20,20,1000);
%chon khoang lay mau
%ham f(x);
y=-x.*sin(x);
subplot(2,2,1);
% chia o trong do thi
plot(x,y)
%ve do thi trong khong gian 2d
grid
title('ham sin');
%tao tieu de cho do thi
xlabel('truc x' );
%tao nhan cho truc x
ylabel('truc y');
%tao nhan cho truc y
%ham dao ham;
y1=-x.*cos(x)-sin(x);
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(x,y1)
grid
%ve luoi trong do thi
title('ham dao ham');
xlabel('truc x');

ylabel('truc y');
%ham xap xi
y2=diff(y/x(2)-x(1));
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(x(1:999),y2);
grid
title('ham xap xi');
xlabel('truc x');
ylabel('truc y');
y3=(y2-y1(1:999))/norm(y2);
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(x(1:999),y3);
grid
title('ham sai so lien quan');
xlabel('truc x');
ylabel('truc y');
%ket qua chuong trinh

2.2-trong khng gian 3D:


m 1 hm m-file v v th ca cc hm sau(v trn tng ca s)
a- z1=f(x,y)=sinx.siny, vi x,y=[0, ]
b- z2=f(x,y)=x - x3 + y2 + 1, vi x,y=[-3,3]

c- z3=f(x,y)=

sin( x 2 + y 2 )
( x 2 + y 2 ).x

, vi x,y=[-8,8]

% do thi 1
x=(0:0.05:pi)
y=(0:0.05:pi)
[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y);
% tao ma tran he thong trong do thi 3d
z1=sin(x).*sin(y);
figure;
%tao them 1 do thi moi
mesh(x,y,z1);
%ve do thi 3d
xlabel('Truc x');
ylabel('Truc y');
zlabel('Truc z1');
title(' Do thi ham so Z= sinx*siny');
% do thi 2
[x,y]=meshgrid(-3:0.5:3);
z2=x-x.^3+y.^2+1;
figure;
mesh(x,y,z2);
xlabel('Truc x');
ylabel('Truc y');
zlabel('Truc z2');
title(' Do thi ham so z2 = x-x^3+y^2+1');
% do thi 3
[x,y]=meshgrid(-8:0.5:8);
z3=sin (sqrt(x.^2+y.^2))./sqrt((x.^2+y.^2).*x);
figure;
mesh(x,y,z3);
xlabel('Truc x');
ylabel('Truc y');
zlabel('Trucz3');
title(' Do thi ham so z3 = sin((sqrt(x.^2+y.^2)./sqrt((x.^2+y.^2).*x))');
% ket qua chuong trinh

II- NHN XT V KT LUN


Bi thc hnh gip ta bc u lm quen vi matlab, nh m ta co th d dng to
cc ma trn cc hm va thc hin tinh ton n, v cc th n gin trong
khng gian 2d v 3d
Bi thc hnh cn gip ta hiu r chc nng ca cc lnh trong matlab
BI 2:M PHNG V TO TN HIU
1-Tm tt l thuyt
Mt tn hiu thi gian ri rc c biu din nh 1 dy s hay cn gi l 1 dy
mu,c k hiu l {x[n]}; trong i s l nhng s nguyn chy t - n
+, c trng cho thi gian. Gi tr ca dy mu ti thi im n l x[n]. v th
tin li,tn hiu thi gian ri rc bt k thng c k hiu l x[n]
tn hiu thi gian ri rc c th l 1 dy mu c chiu di v hn hoc hu
hn. dy c chiu dy hu hn l dy c gi tr khc 0 trong 1 khong thi
gian hu hn t thi im N1 n N2: N1 n N2. Vi N2 N1. Dy ny
c chiu di N=N2-N1+1 mu
[n] = x%
[n + kN ] c gi l dy tun hon vi
dy tha mn iu kin x%
chu k c bn N l 1 s nguyn dng v k l 1 s nguyn bt k

| X [ n] |

nng lng ca dy x[n] dc xc nh bng cng thc =

nng lng ca dy trong 1 khong xc nh t -K n K c xc nh


bng biu thc =

n =

| X [ n] |

n = k

cng sut trung bnh ca 1 dy khng tun hon x[n] c xc nh bng


K
1
1
K = lim
| X [ n] |2
cng thc p av = Klim

K + 1
K K + 1
n = K

[ n] vi chu k N c cho
Cng sut trung bnh ca 1 dy tun hon x%
N
1
2
bi cng thc p av = | X%[n] |
N n=0
Dy xung n v c k hiu bng [n] v c xc nh t biu thc:
=0
[n] = { 1,0,khin
khi n 0

Dy nhy bc n v k hiu u[n] dc xc dnh t biu thc :


0
u[ n] = { 1,0,khin
khi n <0

jw n +
n
Dy sin phc c biu th bng h thc : x[ n] =| A || | e 0
Dy sin thc c bin l hng s c biu th bng
x[ n] = A cos( wn n + ) trong A , w0, l nhng s thc c gi l
w
bin , tn s gc v pha ban u ca dy s sin x[n], cn f 0 = 0 l tn
2
s. dy sin phc v sin thc l nhng dy tun hon vi chu k N nu :
w0 n = 2 r . Trong N l s nguyn dng cn r la s nguyn bt k . gi
tr N nh nht tha mn iu kin trn l chu k c bn ca dy x[n]
Tch 2 dy d liu x[n] v h[h] c cng chiu di n s thu c 1 dy d
liu y[n] c cng chiu di N l c thc hin bng h thc :
y[n]= x[n] +h[n]
Nhn dy x[n] vi hng s a dc thc hin bng h thc : y[n]=a.x[n]
Ngc thi gian hay cn gi l i chiu tn hiu ca 1 dy c chiu di
v hn d thc hin bng h thc : y[n]= x[-n]
Lm tr dy x[n] c chiu di v hn 1 lng M s thu c dy y[n] c
chiu di v hn v c thc hin nh biu thc: y[n]=x[n-M] . trong
M l 1 s nguyn dng . y cng chnh l 1 php dch dy x[n] v pha
phi trc thi gian M mu v c k hiu l z-M. trng hp M=1 th
c gi l tr n v v k hiu z-1 . nu M ly du m th c gi l
sm tng ng vi vic dch dy v pha tri M mu trn trc thi
gian
II- THC HNH
1- dy xung n v [n]
a- to dy xung n v [n] c chiu di N mu:
b- to dy xung n v [n] c chiu di N mu b tr M mu (M<N)
c- to dy nhy bc n v u[n] di N mu
d- to dy nhy bc n v u[n] di N mu b tr M mu (M<N)
e- chng trnh pht dy xung
% chuong trinh
n=10;
%day xung don vi
x=[1 zeros(1,n-1)];
subplot(5,1,1);
stem(x);
title('day xung don vi')

%day xung don vi chieu dai N tre M mau


m=4;
x1=[zeros(1,m) 1 zeros(1,n-m-1)];
%zeros :ma tran dong nhat
khong
subplot(5,1,2);
stem(x1)
title('day xung don vi chieu dai N tre M mau')
%tao day nhay bac dai N mau
u=[ones(1,n)];
subplot(5,1,3);
stem(u)
title('day nhay bac dai N mau')
%tao day nhau bac dai N bi tre M mau
m=4;
u1=[ones(1,n-m)];
subplot(5,1,4);
stem(u1)
title('day nhau bac dai N bi tre M mau')
%chuong trinh phat day xung
n=-10:20;
y=[zeros(1,10) 1 zeros(1,20)];
subplot(5,1,5);
stem(n,y)
xlabel(' chi so thoi gian')
ylabel('bien do')
title('day xung don vi')
axis([10 20 0 1.5])
%tao kich thuoc truc do thi
% ket qua chuong trinh

Nhn xt: nhn vo th ta thy cc tn hiu c biu din di dng ri rc


nc n v (bin =1), th th hin r cc c im ca dy xung n v ,
tnh cht tr , dy nhy bc n v ph hp vi l thuyt hc
2- biu din tn hiu sin phc v sin thc
dy sin phc m t bng phng trnh:
| A | e 0 n + j ( w0 n + ) =| A | e 0 n cos( w0 n + ) + j | A | e 0 n sin( w0 n + )
dy sin thc x[ n] = A cos( wn n + ) trong A , w0, l nhng s thc c
w
gi l bin , tn s gc v pha ban u ca dy s sin x[n], cn f 0 = 0 l
2
tn s
% chuong trinh
t=-(1/12)+(pi/6).*j;
k=2;
n=0:40;
x=k*exp(t*n);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,real(x));
xlabel('chi so thoi gian');
ylabel('bien do')
title('phan thuc')
subplot(2,1,2);

stem(n,imag(x));
xlabel('chi so thoi gian');
ylabel('bien do');
title('phan ao');
% ket qua chuong trinh

Nhn xt : kt qu thu c la th biu din tn hiu phn thc v phn o


di dng ri rc nc n v trn trc thc v trc o nh hm stem. Tn hiu
biu din dn tin v khng
3- cc tn hiu thi gian ri rc sin thc
to tn hiu sin thc trong matlab ta s dng cc hm sin v cos
%chuong trinh tin hieu thoi gian roi rac sin thuc
n=0:40;
f=0.1;
phase=0;
A=1.5;
arg=2*pi*f*n-phase;
x=A*sin(arg);
stem(n,x);
axis([0 40 -2 2]);
grid;
title(' day tin hieu sin');
xlabel(' chi so thoi gian n');
ylabel(' bien do');
% ket qua chuong trinh

Nhn xt : kt qu thu c cng l th dng ri rc hnh sin c bin l


1,5, chu k l 10 bin thin lin tc theo thi gian
4- cc tn hiu ngu nhin ri rc
tn hiu ngu nhin thi gian ri rc c chiu di n mu phn b u n trong
khong [0,1] c to bi lnh trong matlab l x=rand(1,N)
to 1 tn hiu ngu nhin dng gauss c gi tr trung bnh bng 0 v phng
sai bng n v , dng lnh x=rand(1,N)
%chuong trinh
n=40;
x=randn(1,n);
stem(x);
% ket qua chuong trinh

III- p dng

1- biu din tn hiu sin thc c tn s 0,9 v 1,1


%chuong trinh biu din tn hiu sin thc c tn s 0,9
n=0:40;
f=0.9;
phase=0;
A=1.5;
arg=2*pi*f*n-phase;
x=A*sin(arg);
stem(n,x);
axis([0 40 -2 2]);
grid;
title(' day tin hieu sin');
xlabel(' chi so thoi gian n');
ylabel(' bien do');
% ket qua chuong trinh

%chuong trinh biu din tn hiu sin thc c tn s 1,1


n=0:40;
f=1,1;
phase=0;
A=1.5;
arg=2*pi*f*n-phase;
x=A*sin(arg);
stem(n,x);
axis([0 40 -2 2]);
grid;
title(' day tin hieu sin');
xlabel(' chi so thoi gian n');
ylabel(' bien do');
% ket qua chuong trinh

So snh 2 dy ny vi dy trong chng trnh 2.3 (f=0,1) ta nhn thy : tn


s l 0,9 th chu k s l 9 dng xung ra c m phng gn nh tn s l 0,1
- tn s 1,1 ta thy so vi f=0,1 th th l dng ng thng do gi tr max
ca hm sin l 1 v day gi tr l 1,1 nn th s c dng dng thng ( dt
gi tr =0)
2- biu din tn hiu sin thc c chiu di 50 mu, tn s 0,08, bin 2,5 v
c dch pha 900
-thay lnh stem thnh lnh plot v lnh stairs
%chuong trinh
n=0:50;
f=0.08;
phase=90;
A=2.5;
arg=2*pi*f*n-phase;
x=A*sin(arg);
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,x);
axis([0 40 -3 3]);
title(' day tin hieu sin bd bang lenh stem');
xlabel(' chi so thoi gian n');
ylabel(' bien do');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(n,x);
title(' day tin hieu sin bd bang lenh plot');
xlabel(' chi so thoi gian n');
ylabel(' bien do');
subplot(3,1,3);

stairs(n,x);
title(' day tin hieu sin bd bang lenh stairs');
xlabel(' chi so thoi gian n');
ylabel(' bien do');
% ket qua chuong trinh

Nhn xt: th m ta thu c sau khi chy chng trnh th hin dng cc
thng s ca bi ton
Khi ta s dng cc lnh v th khc nhau th s cho ra cc dng th
khc nhau. Lnh plot v th di dng sng lin tuc ,lnh stem v
th sng dng ri rc , lt stairs v th dng sng bc thang
3- biu din 1 tn hiu dng ly tha thc x[n]=0,2.1,2n. biu din bng cc
lnh stem,plot,stairs v nhn xt
n=0:40;
x=0.2.*(1.2.^n);
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(x)
grid
title('tin hieu dang luy thua bd bang lenh plot')
xlabel('chi so thoi gian')
ylabel(' bien do')
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(x);
grid
title('tin hieu dang luy thua bd bang lenh stem')
xlabel('chi so thoi gian')
ylabel(' bien do')
subplot(3,1,3)

stairs(x);
grid
title('tin hieu dang luy thua bd bang lenh stairs')
xlabel('chi so thoi gian')
ylabel(' bien do')
% ket qua chuong trinh

Nhn xt: tn hiu ly tha c biu din bng 3 lnh plot, stem v stairs cho
ra 3 dng sng khc nhau ri rc, lin tc, bc thang. Ta nhn thyTn hiu
dc biu din i t 0 v bt u tng dn ln khi gn ti 20 v t ti gi tr
nh l >40 ph hp vi l thuyt hc
IV- NHN XT V KT LUN
Bi thc hnh ny gip ta nm r cc vn v m phng v to tn hiu: cng dng ca
cc hm trong tng bi, cch s dng cc lnh , cch v th , hiu c th
BI 3:H THNG LTI
I-

L THUYT
H thng thi gian ri rc thc hin php nh x tn hiu li vo vi cc gi tr
x[n] thnh tn hiu ri rc li ra vi nhng tnh cht mong mun bng cch p
dng nhng thut ton cho trc . bi thc hnh ny l tin hnh m phng 1 s
h thng ri rc tuyn tnh v bt bin vi thi gian n gin v nghin cu cc
tnh cht ca chng trn lnh vc thi gian. Cc h thng ny c c trng bi
p ng xung h[n] v c m hnh ha trn hnh 3.1

hnh 3.1
Quan h vo / ra ca h thng LTI c xax1 nh bi tng nhn chp
sau: y[n] =

r =

k =

h[k ]x[n k ] = x[k ]h[n k ] . v c k hiu bng

:y[n]=x[n]*h[n]
2 h thng LTI c p ng xung ln lt l h1[n] v h2[n] ghp ni tip
vi nhau th h thng tng th c p ng xung: h[n]=h1[n]*h2[n] . nu 2
h thng ghp ni tip nhau sao cho : h1[n]* h 2[n] = [n] th h thng LTI
c p ng xung h2[n] c gi l nghch o ca h thng LTI c p
ng xung h1[n] v ngc li
1 h thng LTI c gi l n nh theo ngha BIBO nu p ng xung

xa n tha mn iu kin:

| h[k ] |

<

n =

1 h thng LTI c gi l nhn qu khi v ch khi p ng xung ca n


tha mn iu kin h[n]=0 khi n<0
Quan h vo ra ca h thng LTI cn c biu th bng phng trnh sai
M
N
bm
ak
y
[
n
]
=
x
[
n

m
]
=
y[n k ] vi a00.
phn h s hng s dng:

m = 0 a0
m = 0 a0
nh vy li ra y[n] ti thi im n c th c tnh t phng trnh sai
phn trn i vi tt c nn0 khi bit x[n] v cc iu kin ban u
y[n0-1], y[n0-2],,y[n0-N]. h thng thi gian ri rc c m t bng
phng trnh sai phn c p ng xung v hn nn c gi l h thng
IIR
H thng c p ng xung hu hn c gi l h thng FIR nu phng
trnh sai phn c ak=0 vi k>0 . vy h thng FIR nhn qu c phng
M
bm
trnh y[ n] = x[n m]
m = 0 a0
H thng thi gian ri rc gi l tuyn tnh nu p ng ln 1 tng
bng tng cc p ng , cch khc nu y1[n] v y2[n] l p ng ln cc
tnh hiu li vo x1[n] v x2[n] th i vi li vo tng : x[n]=ax1[n]
+bx2[n] s c p ng l y[n]=ay1[n]+by2[n]. phng trnh ny ng vi
cc hng s a,b bt k v i vi tt c c gi tr kh d ca tn hiu li vo
x1[n] v x2[n] , nu phng trnh khng nghim ng vi t nht 1 gi tr
khc khng ca a hoc b , ca x1[n], x2[n] th h thng l phi tuyn
H thng gi l bt bin i vi thi gian nu y1[n] l p ng i vi
tn hiu li vo x1[n], th p ng i vi phin bn tr ca tn hiu li vo
x[n]=x1[n-n0] s l y[n]=y1[n-n0], y n0 l s nguyn dng hoc m.

Nu h thc khng tha mn th h thng thay i i vi thi gian. H


thng va tha mn tnh tuyn tnh va bt bin vi thi gian gi l h
thng LTI
Trong matlab d m phng cc h thng thi gian ri rc LTI nhn qu c
phng trnh sai phn trn ta c th dng lnh filter y=filter(num,den,x)
Tn hiu li ra y[n] ca h thng LTI c p ng xung n v h[n] vi li
vo x[n] cng c xc nh bng lnh conv(h,x)
p ng xung n v h[n] ca 1 h thng dc xc dnh bng lnh
h=inpz(num,den,N+1)

IITHC HNH
1- cc h thng tuyn tnh v phi tuyn tnh
Nghin cu tnh cht tuyn tnh ca h thng
y[n]-0,4y[n-1]+0,75y[n-2]=2,2403x[n]+2,4908x[n-1]+2,2403x[n-2]
chng trnh di y m phng h thng ny vi 3 tn hiu vo l x1[n],x2[n],
x[n]=ax1[n]+bx2[n]. tnh v v th ca tn hiu li ra y1[n],y2[n] v y[n] vi
x1=cos(0,2 n ),x2=cos(0,8 n ),x[n]=2x1[n]-3x2[n]
%chuong trinh
n=0:40;
a=2;
b=-3;
x1=cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2=cos(2*pi*0.2*n);
x=a*x1+b*x2;
num=[2.2403 2.4908 2.2403]; %tao ma tran tu so
den=[ 1 -0.4 0.75];
% tao ma tran mau so
y1=filter(num,den,x1); % ham filter thuc hien bo loc matran tu, mau cua ham x1
y2=filter(num,den,x2); % thuc hien bo loc matran tu, mau cua ham x2
y=filter(num,den,x);
yt=a*y1+b*y2;
d=y-yt
subplot(3,1,1);stem(n,y);title('tin hieu loi ra theo x')
axis([0 40 -50 50])
%chia truc cua do thi truc x tu 0-40, truc y tu -50-50
subplot(3,1,2);stem(n,yt);title('tin hieu loi ra theo y')
axis([0 40 -50 50])
subplot(3,1,3);stem(n,d);title('tin hieu sai so d')
%ket qua chay chuong trinh

Nhn xt: nhn vo d th tha thy tn hiu li ra theo x(y[n]), tn hiu li ra theo
y(yt[n]) l ging nhau v th hai h thng ny l tuyn tnh v y[n]=yt[n]
2- xc nh p ng xung n v ca h thng LTI
Php tnh v v p ng xung ca phng trnh sai phn sau:
y[n]-0,4y[n-1]+0,75y[n-2]=2,2403x[n]+2,4908x[n-1]+2,2403x[n-2]
%tinh va ve dap ung xung
n=40;
num=[2.2403 2.4908 2.2403 ];
den=[1 -0.4 0.75];
h=impz(num,den,n);
%hm impz : xac dinh dap ung xung don vi cua he thong
stem(h);
title('dap ung xung cua he thong');

Nhn xt: kt qu thu c l dang tn hiu c biu din di dng ri rc v tin dn


v 0
3- cc h thng bt bin vi thi gian
M phng h thng c phng trnh sai phn sau
y[n]= 2,2403x[n]+2,4908x[n-1]+2,2403x[n-2]+ 0,4y[n-1]+0,75y[n-2]
mc ch ca chng trnh ny l tm tn hiu li ra y[n] i vi 2 tn hiu li vo
x[n] v x[n-n0] v hiu ca 2 tn hiu
n=0:40;
n0=10;
a=0.3;
b=-2;
xn=a*cos(2*pi*0.1*n)+b*cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
xn0=[zeros(1,n0) xn];
num=[2.243 2.4908 2.2403];
den=[1 -0.4 0.7];
yn=filter(num,den,xn);
yn0=filter(num,den,xn0);
dn=yn-yn0(1+n0:41+n0);
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,yn);
title('tin hieu loi ra trheo y[n]');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,yn0(1:41));
title('tin hieu loi ra tre n0 mau');
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,dn);
title('tin hieu hieu')

Nhn xt: tn hiu li ra y[n] gim dn, tn hiu li ra theo y[n-n0] b tr i 10 mu so


vi tn hiu y[n] . hai tn hiu ny c bn l ging nhau nhng thi im bt u ca
tn hiu l khc nhau
V tn hiu ra l 0 nn khng p ng vi tn hiu li vo nn h thng khng bt bin
vi thi gian
4- ghp ni tip cc h thng
Ghp ni 2 h thng bc 2 c phng trnh sai phn sau:
y1[n]+0,9y1[n-1]+0,8y1[n-2]=0,3x[n]-0,3x[n-1]+0,4x[n-2]
v
y2[n]+0,7y2[n-1]+0,85y2[n-2]=0,2y1[n]-0,5y1[n-1]+0,3y1[n-2]
thu c h thng bc 4 c phng trnh sai phn sau
y[n]+1,6y[n-1]+2,28y[n-2]+1,325y[n-3]+0,68y[n-4]=0,06x[n]-0,19x[n1]+0,27x[n-2]-0,26x[n-3]+0,12x[n-4]
%chuong trinh
x=[1 zeros(1,40)];
%tao tin hieu vao x[n]
n=0:40;
%cac he so cua he thong bac 4
den=[1 1.6 2.28 1.325 0.68];
num=[0.06 -0.19 0.27 -0.26 0.12];
%tinh tin hieu loi ra cua he thong bac 4
y=filter(num,den,x);
%cac he so cua hai he thong bac hai
num1= [0.3 -0.2 0.4];
den1=[1 0.9 0.8];
num2=[0.2 -0.5 0.3];
den2=[1 0.7 0.85];
%tin hieu ra y[n]
y1=filter(num1,den1,x);
%tin hieu ra y[2]
y2=filter(num2,den2,y1);
%hieud[n]=y[n]-y2[n]
d=y-y2;
%ve cac tin hieu
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('bien do')
title('tin hieu ra cua he thong bac 4');
grid;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,y2);
ylabel('bien do')
title('loi ra cua he thong noi tiep');
grid;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d);

xlabel('chi so thoi gian n');


ylabel('bien do');
title('tin hieu sai so');
grid;

Nhn xt:da vo th ta nhn thy tn hiu li ra y[n] ging tn hiu li ra y2[n]


nn dy y[n] ging dy y2[n]
5- tnh n dnh ca h thng LTI
y[n]-x[n]-0,8x[n-1]-1,5y[n-1]-0,9y[n-2]
%chuong trinh
num=[1 -0.8];
den=[1 1.5 0.9];
N=250;
h=impz(num,den,N+1);
sum=0;
%thuc hien phep lap
for k=1:N+1;
sum=sum + abs(h(k));
if abs(h(k))<10^(-6)
break
end
end
%ve dap ung xung don vi
n=0:N;
stem(n,h);
xlabel('chi so thoi gian n');
ylabel('bien do');

title('dap ung xung don vi');


%In gia tri tuyet doi cua h(k)
td=abs(h(k))
grid

Nhn xt: da vo th ta nhn thy h thng l n nh v n tin dn v 0


IIIP DNG
1-cc h thng tuyn tnh v phi tuyn tnh
y[n]-0,5y[n-1]+0,25y[n-2]=x[n]+2x[n-1]+x[n-3]

vi x1[n]=cos(0,5 n + )
3
x2[n]=sin(0,2 n )
x[n]=3x1[n]+2x2[n]
tnh v v tn hiu li ra y1[n],y2[n],y[n]. xt xem h thng c tuyn tnh hay khng? V
sao?
%chuong trinh nghien cuu ve tinh chat tuyen tinh va khong tuyen tinh
n=0:40;
a=3;
b=2;
x1=cos(0.5*pi*n+pi/3);
x2=sin(0.2*pi*n);
x=a*x1+b*x2;
num=[1 2 1];
den=[1 -0.5 0.25];
y1=filter(num,den,x1);
y2=filter(num,den,x2);
y=filter(num,den,x);
yt=a*y1+b*y2;

d=y-yt
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
title('tin hieu loi ra theo x')
axis([0 40 -50 50])
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,yt);
title('tin hieu loi ra theo y')
axis([0 40 -50 50])
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d);
title('tin hieu sai so d')

V tn hiu li ra theo x ging tn hiu li ra theo y nn h thng l tuyn tnh


2- xc nh p ng xung n v ca h thng LTI. Tnh n dnh ca h thng
Cho h thng LTI c phng trnh sai phn
a- y[n]-0,5y[n-1]+0,25y[n-2]=x[n]+2x[n-1]+x[n-3]
%chuong trinh
num=[1 2 0 1];
den=[1 -0.5 0.25 0];
N=100;
h=impz(num,den,N+1);
sum=0;
for k=1:N+1;
sum=sum + abs(h(k));
if abs(h(k))<10^(-6)
break
end
end
%ve dap ung xung don vi

n=0:N;
stem(n,h);
xlabel('chi so thoi gian n');
ylabel('bien do');
title('dap ung xung don vi');
%In gia tri tuyet doi cua h(k)
td=abs(h(k))
%ket qua chay chuong trinh

b-y[n]=x[n]-4x[n-1]+3x[n-2]+1,7y[n-1]-y[n-2]
%chuong trinh
num=[1 4 3];
den=[1 -1.7 1];
N=100;
h=impz(num,den,N+1);
sum=0;
for k=1:N+1;
sum=sum + abs(h(k));
if abs(h(k))<10^(-6)
break
end
end
%ve dap ung xung don vi
n=0:N;
stem(n,h);
xlabel('chi so thoi gian n');
ylabel('bien do');
title('dap ung xung don vi');
%In gia tri tuyet doi cua h(k)
td=abs(h(k))

Nhn xt: da vo th ta thy h thng khng n nh v n bin thin lin tuc theo
dng sng sin
3-cc h thng bt bin vi thi gian
Cho h thng LTI c phng trnh sai phn
y[n]-0,5y[n-1]+0,25y[n-2]=x[n]+2x[n-1]+x[n-3]
vit chng trnh v tn hiu li ra y[n] v y[n-n0] vi n0=5, tn hiu li vo l

x[n]=3cos(0,5 n + )+2sin(0,2 n ). H thng c bt bin vi thi gian khng?


3
%he thong dap ung xung bat bien theo thoi gian
n=0:40;
n0=5;
a=3;
b=2;
xn=a*cos(0.5*pi*n+pi/3)+b*sin(0.2*pi*n);
xn0=[zeros(1,n0) xn];
num=[1 2 0 1];
den=[1 -0.5 0.25 0];
yn=filter(num,den,xn);
yn0=filter(num,den,xn0);
dn=yn-yn0(1+n0:41+n0);
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,yn);
title('tin hieu loi ra y[n]');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,yn0(1:41));
title('tin hieu loi ra tre n0 mau');
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,dn);
title('tin hieu hieu');

Nhn xt : da vo th ta nhn thy h thng khng bt bin vi thi gian


4-Ghp ni tip cc h thng LTI
Vit chng trnh tnh v v cc tn hiu li ra y1[n] v y2[n] tha mn phng trnh sai
phn sau:
y1[n]=0,5x[n]+ 0,27x[n-1]+0,77x[n-2]
v y2[n]=0,45x[n]+0,5x[n-1]+0,45x[n-2]+0,53y[n-1]-0,46y[n-2]
vi tn hi li vo x[n=cos(20 n /256)+cos(200 n /256) vi 0n29
%chuong trinh
x= cos(20*pi*n/256)+cos(200*pi*n/256)
%tao tin hieu vao x[n]
n=0:29;
%tinh tin hieu loi ra cua he thong bac 4
y=filter(num,den,x);
%cac he so cua hai he thong bac hai
num1= [0.5 0.27 0.77];
den1=[1 0 0 0];
num2=[0.45 0.5 0.45];
den2=[1 0.53 -0.46];
%tin hieu ra y[n]
y1=filter(num1,den1,x);
%tin hieu ra y[2]
y2=filter(num2,den2,y1);
%hieud[n]=y[n]-y2[n]
d=y-y2;
%ve cac tin hieu
subplot(3,1,1);

stem(n,y);
ylabel('bien do')
title('tin hieu ra cua he thong bac 4');
grid;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,y2);
ylabel('bien do')
title('loi ra cua he thong noi tiep');
grid;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d);
xlabel('chi so thoi gian n');
ylabel('bien do');
title('tin hieu sai so');
grid;
% kt qu

IVNHN XT V KT LUN
Bi thc hnh gip ta m phng 1 s h thng ri rc tuyn tnh v bt bin vi thi
gian . n con gip ta hiu dc cc tnh cht ca h thng, cc thut ton v cc hm
trong tng bi ton, cc hng d gii quyt bi ton
Tn hiu ra phn nh r tnh cht v vn ca bi ton ph hp vi l thuyt hc
BI 4:PH TN S CA TN HIU-BIN I FORIER THI GIAN RI RC
I-L THUYT
1-Bin i forier thi gian ri rc
2- Bin i forier thi gian ri rc nghch o (IDTFT)
3-cc tnh cht ca DTFT
Tnh cht dch thi gian
Dch v tn s
Tnh cht nhn chp

Tnh cht iu ch
Tnh cht ngc thi gian
II-THC HNH
1- tnh ton DTFT
2- tnh DTFT X(e-jw) ca dy x[n] dng
2 + e jw
-jw
X(e ) =
1 + 0, 6e jw
%chuong trinh
%Tinh DTFT
%Tinh cac mau tan so cua DTFT
w=-4*pi:8*pi/511:4*pi;
num=[2 1];
den=[1 -0.6];
h=freqz(num,den,w);
% do thi cua DTFT
figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(w/pi,real(h));
grid;
title('phan thuc bien doi DTFT cua x[n]');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(w/pi,imag(h));
grid;
title('phan ao bien doi DTFT cua x[n]');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua tin hieu x[n]');
xlabel('omega/pi)');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(w/pi,angle(h));
grid;
title('pho pha cua tin hieu x[n]');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('pha do bang radians')
grid

Nhn xt: bi ton ny hin th DTFT ca dy X(e-jw) da vo hm freqz v v th


ca n
Hm abs ly bin
Hm angle ly pha
3- tnh cht ca DTFT
a-tnh cht dch chuyn thi gian
%chuong trinh
w=-pi:2*pi/225:pi;
wo=0.4*pi;
D=10;
x=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9];

h1=freqz(x,1,w);
h2=freqz([zeros(1,D) x],1,w);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h1));
grid;
title('pho bien do day goc')
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h2));
grid
title('pho bien do cua day bi dich')
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,angle(h1));
grid
title('pho pha cua day goc')
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,angle(h2));
grid
title('pho pha cua day bi dich')
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');

Thng s c trng cho s dch chuyn thi gian l h1 ,h2( xc nh p ng tn s


ca h thng)
b-tnh cht dch chuyn v tn s
%chuong trinh
w=-pi:2*pi/225:pi;
wo=0.4*pi;
x1=[1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17];
L=length(x1);
h1=freqz(x1,1,w)
n=0:L-1;
x2=exp(wo*i*n).*x1;
h2=freqz(x2,1,w);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h2));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day goc')
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bin do');
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h2));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day bi dich tan so')
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bin do');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(w/pi,angle(h1));
title('pho pha cua day goc');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bin do');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(w/pi,angle(h2));
grid;
title('pho pha cua bi dich tan so');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bin do');

Nhn xt: thng s c trng cho s dch chuyn tn s l h1,h2,x1,x2, trong


x2=exp(wo*i*n).*x1;
h2=freqz(x2,1,w);
l lnh c trng nht (xc nh p ng tn s ca hm e m :x2)

d- tnh cht iu ch
%chuong trinh
w=-pi:2*pi/225:pi;
x1=[1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17];
x2=[1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1];
y=x1.*x2;
h1=freqz(x1,1,w)
h2=freqz(x2,1,w)
h3=freqz(y,1,w)
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h2));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day x1')
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(3,1,2)

plot(w/pi,abs(h2));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day x2')
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(w/pi,angle(h1));
title('pho bien do cua day tich');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');

Nhn xt: thng s c trng cho tnh cht diu ch l: h1,h2,h3.


d-tnh cht ngc thi gian
%chuong trinh
w=-pi:2*pi/225:pi;
x=[1 2 3 4];
L=length(x)-1;
h1=freqz(x,1,w)
h2=freqz(fliplr(x),1,w);
h3=exp(w*L*i).*h2;
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h2));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day goc')

xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h2));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day nguoc thoi gian')
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(w/pi,angle(h1));
title('pho pha cua day goc');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(w/pi,angle(h3));
title(' pho pha cua day nguoc thoi gian');
xlabel('omega/pi');
grid;

Nhn xt : lnh cho tnh cht ngc thi gian l h1,h2,h3 trong
h2=freqz(fliplr(x),1,w) l lnh c trng nht ( fliplr l hm ta ma trn ngc vi ma
trn x): xc nh p ng tn s ca ma trn ngc vi x
III-P DNG

1-tnh ton DTFT


%Tinh cac mau tan so cua DTFT
w=0:8*pi/511:pi;
num=[0.9 0.7 -0.5 0.3 1];
den=[1 0.3 -0.5 0.7 0.9];
h=freqz(num,den,w);
% do thi cua DTFT
figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(w/pi,real(h));
grid;
title('phan thuc bien doi DTFT cua x[n]');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(w/pi,imag(h));
grid;
title('phan ao bien doi DTFT cua x[n]');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua tin hieu x[n]');
xlabel('omega/pi)');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(w/pi,angle(h));
grid;
title('pho pha cua tin hieu x[n]');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('pha do bang radians')
grid

NX: im nhy trong ph pha chnh l khong thi gian tn hiu nhy sang
trng thi khc
2-kho st tnh cht ca DTFT

a-dch chuyn v thi gian vi hai dy c chiu di thay i v hai dch thi khc
nhau
%bai 4.2 Tinh chat dich chuyen thoi gian
%chuong trinh
w=-pi:2*pi/225:pi;
wo=0.4*pi;
d=5;
x1=[1 3 5 7 9 ]
D=10;
x=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9];
h1=freqz(x,1,w);
h2=freqz([zeros(1,d) x],1,w);
h3=freqz(x1,1,w);
h4=freqz([zeros(1,D) x1],1,w);
subplot(4,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h1));
grid;
title('pho bien do day goc')
subplot(4,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h2));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day bi dich')
subplot(4,2,3)
plot(w/pi,angle(h1));
grid
title('pho pha cua day goc')
subplot(4,2,4)
plot(w/pi,angle(h2));
grid;
title('pho pha cua day bi dich')
subplot(4,2,5)
plot(w/pi,abs(h3));
grid;
title('pho bien do day goc')
subplot(4,2,6)
plot(w/pi,abs(h4));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day bi dich')
subplot(4,2,7)
plot(w/pi,angle(h3));
grid
title('pho pha cua day goc')
subplot(4,2,8)
plot(w/pi,angle(h4));
grid;
title('pho pha cua day bi dich')

% ket qua

b-dch chuyn v tn s vi hai dy c chiu di thy i v hai dch tn khc nhau


% tinh chat dich chuyen tan so
%chuong trinh
w=-pi:2*pi/225:pi;
wo=0.4*pi;
x1=[1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17];
L=length(x1);
x2=[1 2 3 4 5 6];
l=length(x2);
h1=freqz(x1,1,w);
h2=freqz(x2,1,w);
n=0:L-1;
m=0:l-1;
x3=exp(wo*i*n).*x1;
h3=freqz(x3,1,w);
x4=exp(wo*i*m).*x2;
h4=freqz(x4,1,w);
subplot(4,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h1));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day goc')

subplot(4,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h3));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day bi dich tan so')
subplot(4,2,3);
plot(w/pi,angle(h1));
title('pho pha cua day goc');
subplot(4,2,4);
plot(w/pi,angle(h3));
grid;
title('pho pha cua bi dich tan so');
subplot(4,2,5)
plot(w/pi,abs(h2));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day goc')
subplot(4,2,6)
plot(w/pi,abs(h4));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day bi dich tan so')
subplot(4,2,7);
plot(w/pi,angle(h2));
title('pho pha cua day goc');
subplot(4,2,8);
plot(w/pi,angle(h4));
grid;
title('pho pha cua bi dich tan so');
%kt qu

c-ngc thi gian vi hai dy c chiu di thay i


%tinh chat nguoc thoi gian
%chuong trinh
w=-pi:2*pi/225:pi;
x=[1 2 3 4];
x1=[1 4 6 8 3 2 9 1 2];
L=length(x)-1;
l=length(x1)-1;
h1=freqz(x,1,w)
h2=freqz(fliplr(x),1,w);
h3=exp(w*L*i).*h2;
h4=freqz(x1,1,w)
h5=freqz(fliplr(x1),1,w);
h6=exp(w*L*i).*h5;
subplot(4,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h1));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day goc')
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(4,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h3));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day nguoc thoi gian')
xlabel('omega/pi');

ylabel('bien do');
subplot(4,2,3);
plot(w/pi,angle(h1));
title('pho pha cua day goc');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(4,2,4);
plot(w/pi,angle(h3));
title(' pho pha cua day nguoc thoi gian');
xlabel('omega/pi');
grid;
subplot(4,2,5)
plot(w/pi,abs(h4));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day goc')
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(4,2,6)
plot(w/pi,abs(h6));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day nguoc thoi gian')
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(4,2,7);
plot(w/pi,angle(h4));
title('pho pha cua day goc');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do');
subplot(4,2,8);
plot(w/pi,angle(h6));
title(' pho pha cua day nguoc thoi gian');
xlabel('omega/pi');
grid;
% ket qua

IV-NHN XT V KT LUN
Bi thc hnh ny gip ta tm hiu v bin i DTFT (bin i fourier thi gian ri
rc) v cc tnh cht ca DTFT ,cc thut ton v cc hm, ngha ca cc hm
BIN I Z
I-L THUYT
1-trong phn ny s dng MATLAB nghin cu bin i z ca dy x[n].Trc tin
nghin cu bin i z ca dy x[n] c bin din bng phn thc hu t ca hai a
b0 + b1 z 1 + b2 z 2 + ... + bM z M
X
(
z
)
=
thc vi bin s phc z-1 dng:
a0 + a1 z 1 + a2 z 2 + ... + aM z M
Hoc di dng khai trin:
M

b
X ( z ) = 0 z n M
a0

(z z
m =0
N

(z p )
k =1

Trong Pk l cc im cc,cn Zm l cc im khng.Ngoi ra cn c thm (N-M)


im khng ti gc ta z=0 nu N>M hoc M-N cc im cc cng ti z=0 nu
N>M
Nu nh gi X(z) trn vng trn n v z=ejw th s thu c X(ejw) l bin i
FOURIER ri rc ca dy x[n] .Trong MATLAB nh gi bin i z trn vng
trn n v s dng hm FREQZ
2-Phn tch bin i z

Bin i z ca 1 dy thi gian ri rc x[n] c nh ngha theo cng thc:


X ( z ) = Z { x[ n]} =

x[n]z

trong z l 1 bin s phc

n =

l 1 php nh x 1 dy thi gian ri rc thnh1 hm bin s phc X(z).Nu bin


i z tn ti c ngha l hm s phc X(z) c xc nh t tch phn CAUCHY
1
n1
x( z ) = Z 1 { X [n]} =
C X ( z ) z dz
2 j
Trong C l vng kn bao quanh gc ta nm trong min hi t ROC ca X(z)
Trong trng hp h thng LTI thi gian ri rc c hm chuyn v trong DSP th
phn ln cc h thng u c M<N,khi hm truyn c phn tch thnh dng cc
N
AK
X
(
z
)
=
phn thc ring phn nh hm RESIDUEZ:

1
k =1 1 pk z
Vi Ak =(1-Pkz-1) X(z),z=pk:
Nu Z c cc im cc bi v M N , c bit nu X(z) c 1 im cc bc nht ti
z=p th biu thc ca bin i z c khai trin thnh dng :
M N
N
s
Cm
AK
X ( z ) = Br z r +
+

1
1
r =0
k =1 1 pk z
m =1 (1 pi z )
Cc h s Br c th thu c bng cch chia dc t s cho mu s. qu trnh chia s
kt thc khi cn li bc thp hn bc ca mu s
3-gin im cc/im khng
4-xc nh cc im cc v im khng
II-THC HNH
1-khai trin bin i z thnh tha s
% chuong trinh ve gian do cuc khong
num=[2 5 9 5 3];
den=[5 45 2 1 1];
zplane(num,den)
[z,p,k]=tf2zp(num,den);
sos=zp2sos(z,p,k)
% ket qua
z=
-1.0000 + 1.4142i
-1.0000 - 1.4142i
-0.2500 + 0.6614i
-0.2500 - 0.6614i
p=
-8.9576
-0.2718

0.1147 + 0.2627i
0.1147 - 0.2627i
k=
0.4000
sos =
0.4000
1.0000

0.8000
0.5000

1.2000
0.5000

1.0000 9.2293 2.4344


1.0000 -0.2293 0.0822

Nx: hm zp2sos c chc nng phn tch h thng cho ra ma trn c c LX6
Hm tf2zp : xc nh im cc v im khng ca hm truyn
2-bin i z ngc
% chuong trinh tim bien doi z nguoc cua ham truyen co dang phuong trinh(*)
num=[2 5 9 5 3];
den=[5 45 2 1 1];
[x,t]=impz(num,den)
%ket qua chuong trinh
x=
1.0e+007 *
0.0000
-0.0000
0.0000
-0.0000
0.0002

-0.0018
0.0161
-0.1439
1.2887
t=
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Nx: hm impz: xc nh p ng xung ca h thng
3-biu din hm truyn theo bin s trng thi
% tim ma tran trang thai cua ham truyen
num=[-11/6 3/2 -7/12 1/12];
den=[3 1.5 1 0.5];
[A B C D]=tf2ss(num,den)
% ket qua thuc hien
A=
-0.5000 -0.3333 -0.1667
1.0000
0
0
0 1.0000
0
B=
1
0
0
C=
0.8056 0.0093 0.1296
Nx: hm tf2ss: tm cc ma trn trng thi
III-P DNG
1-vit chng trnh matlab tnh v hin th cc im cc v im khng, v gin
im cc v im khng ca 1 bin i z c dng phn thc hu t ca z-1.dng

chng trnh phn tch bin i z ca h thng c hm truyn sau:


0,9 + 0, 7 z 1 0,5 z 2 + 0,3 z 3 + z4
H ( z) =
1 + 0,3z 1 0,5 z 2 + 0, 7 z 3 + 0,9 z4
% chuong trinh
num=[0.9 0.7 -0.5 0.3 1]
den=[1 0.3 -0.5 0.7 0.9]
zplane(num,den)
[z,p,k]=tf2zp(num,den);
sos=zp2sos(z,p,k)
%ket qua
num =
0.9000

0.7000 -0.5000

0.3000

1.0000

0.3000 -0.5000

0.7000

0.9000

den =
1.0000
sos =
0.9000 1.8655 1.0900 1.0000 1.7115 0.8257
1.0000 -1.2950 0.9175 1.0000 -1.4115 1.0900

2-nu cc im cc v im khng ca bin i z cho th c th tm li c biu


thc ca bin i z bng cch dng lnh sau :
[num,den]=zp2tf(z,p,k)

Hy vit chng trnh matlab tnh v hin th bin i z ca cc im 0: z1=0,3;


z2=2,5; z3=-0,2+j0,4; z4=-0,2-j0,4
V cc im cc : p1=0,5; p2=-0,75; p3=0,6+j0,7; p4=0,6-j0,7
Vi k=3,9
% (ap dung)chuong trinh tim bien doi z tu diem cuc va diem khonh
z=[0.3;2.5;-0.2+j*0.4;-0.2-j*0.4]
p=[0.5;-0.75;0.6+j*0.7;0.6-j*0.7]
k=3.9
[num,den]=zp2tf(z,p,k)
%ket qua chuong trinh
z=
0.3000
2.5000
-0.2000 + 0.4000i
-0.2000 - 0.4000i
p=
0.5000
-0.7500
0.6000 + 0.7000i
0.6000 - 0.7000i
k=
3.9000
num =
3.9000 -9.3600 -0.6630 -1.0140

0.5850

den =
1.0000 -0.9500 0.1750 0.6625 -0.3187
3-tm cc ma trn trng thi ca cc hm truyn sau:
1 + 4, 2 z 1 + 0,8 z 2
a/ H ( z ) =
1 2,5 z 1 + 3 z 2 z 3
%(ap dung) tim ma tran trang thai cua ham truyen
num=[1 4.2 0.8 0];
den=[1 -2.5 3 -1];
[A B C D]=tf2ss(num,den)

% ket qua chuong trinh


A=
2.5000 -3.0000
1.0000
0
0 1.0000

1.0000
0
0

B=
1
0
0
C=
6.7000 -2.2000

1.0000

D=
1
8 z 3 + 16 z 2 + 12 z + 9
b/ H ( z ) = 3
z + 1, 6 z 2 + 1,1z + 0,3
%(ap dung) tim ma tran trang thai cua ham truyen
num=[9 12 16 8];
den=[3 1.1 1.6 1];
[A B C D]=tf2ss(num,den)
% ket qua thuc hien
A=
-0.3667 -0.5333 -0.3333
1.0000
0
0
0 1.0000
0
B=
1
0
0
C=

2.9000

3.7333

1.6667

D=
3
VNHN XT V KT LUN
Bi thc hnh nghin cu v bin di z cua dy x[n], v v xc dnh cc im cc
im khng hiu c cc hm s dng trong chng trnh d gii quyt bi ton
BI 6: THIT K CC B LC
I-L THUYT
1- Cc ch tiu thit k b lc
2-thit k b lc IIR
3-Thit k b lc FIR
II-THC HNH
1-thit k b lc IIR
Thit k mch lc elliptic va butterworth thng thp vi cc quy nh sau:
Tn s mp ca di thng fp=800hz, mp ca di chn fs=1khz , mp m ca di
thng 0,5Db, suy gim cc tiu ca di chn 40dB v tn s ly mu F=4khz
%thiet ke bo loc elliptic
[N,Wn]=ellipord(0.4,0.5,.05,40);
[b,a]=ellip(N,0.5,40,Wn);
[h,omega]=freqz(b,a,256);
subplot(1,2,1);
plot(omega/pi,20*log10(abs(h)));
grid;
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do(db)');
title('mach loc IIR elliptic');
%thiet ke mach loc
[N,Wn]=buttord(0.4,0.5,.05,40);
[b,a]=butter(N,Wn);
[h,omega]=freqz(b,a,256);
subplot(1,2,2);
plot(omega/pi,20*log10(abs(h)));
grid;
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('bien do(db)');
title('mach loc IIR butterworth');
kt qu chng trnh

Nx: thit k b lc IIR ta can c lng bc ca b lc , xc nh bc v xc nh p


ng tn s ca b lc

thit k b lc thng di s dng php bin i song song tuyn tnh thit
k b lc chebychev loi 1 bc 5, di thng 0,1-0,5hz tn s ly mu 2hz. Cc

tn s ct l 1 = 2 =
5
%tk bo loc thong dai su dung phep bien doi song song tuyen tinh
[z,p,k]=cheb1ap(5,3);
[A,B,C,D]=zp2ss(z,p,k);
fs=2;
u1=2*fs*tan(0.1*(2*pi/fs)/2);
u2=2*fs*tan(0.5*(2*pi/fs)/2);
Bw=u2-u1;
W0=sqrt(u1*u2);
[At,Bt,Ct,Dt]=lp2bp(A,B,C,D,W0,Bw);
[Ad,Bd,Cd,Dd]=bilinear(At,Bt,Ct,Dt,2,0.1);
[bz,az]=ss2tf(Ad,Bd,Cd,Dd);
[h,f]=freqz(bz,az,256,2);
semilogy(f,abs(h));
grid;
xlabel('frequency');
title('dap ung bien do');
kt qu chay chng trnh

2-thit k b lc FIR
thit k b lc FIR bng phng php ca s
%thiet ke bo loc fir
wp=0.2*pi;
ws=0.3*pi;
As=50;
bw=ws-wp;
N=ceil((As-7.95)/(2.285*bw))+1;
n=0:(N-1);
beta=0.5842*(50-21)^0.4+0.07886*(50-21);
wc=(ws+wp)/2;
h=(wc/pi)*sinc(wc*(n-N/2)).*besseli(0,beta*sqrt(1-4*((n-N/2)/
(N/2)).^2))/besseli(0,beta);
stem(n,h)
title('dap ung xung don vi cua bo loc FIR cua so kaiser');
pause
b=h;
a=[1];
freqz(b,a,500,1000);
title('dap ung tan so cua bo loc FIR cua so kaiser')
pause
t=0:0.001:0.1;
x=sin(2*pi*30*t)+sin(2*pi*450*t);
y=filter(b,a,x);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x);
title('tin hieu gom 2 tan so:30hz va 450hz');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,y);
title('tin hieu da loc');
xlabel('thoi gian(s)');

thit k b lc nhiu di tn:


%tk bo loc FIR nhieu dai tan
n=129;
f=[0 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1];
a=[0 0.5 0 1 0];
up=[0.00 0.51 0.03 1.02 0.05];
lo=[-0.005 0.49 -0.03 0.98 -0.05];
b=fircls(n,f,a,up,lo);
[hh,ff]=freqz(b,1,512,2);
plot(ff,abs(hh),'b-');
grid;
xlabel('tan so chuan hoa');
ylabel('bien do');

thit k b lc FIR c p ng tn s ty chn


%tk bo loc FIR co dap ung tan so tuy chon
b=cfirpm(38,[-1 -0.5 -0.4 0.3 0.4 0.8],{'multiband',[5 1 2 2 2 1]},[1 10 5]);
[hh,ff]=freqz(b,1,512,2,'whole');
plot(ff,abs(hh),'b-');
grid;
xlabel('tan so chuan hoa');
ylabel('bien do');

II-P DNG
1- thit k b lc IIR
Thit k b lc thng di dng hm cheby2 vi cc yu cu nh sau:
-gii hn ca dy chn di :0,3
-gii hn ca dy chn trn : 0,6
- suy hao di chn :50dB
- cc gii hn trn v di ca di thng: 0,4 v 0,5
- gn sng di thng :0,5dB
[z,p,k]=cheb2ap(10,0.5);
[A,B,C,D]=zp2ss(z,p,k);
As=50;
u1=2*As*tan(0.4*pi*(2*pi/As)/2);
u2=2*As*tan(0.5*pi*(2*pi/As)/2);
Bw=u2-u1;
W0=sqrt(u1*u2);
[At,Bt,Ct,Dt]=lp2bp(A,B,C,D,W0,Bw);
[Ad,Bd,Cd,Dd]=bilinear(At,Bt,Ct,Dt,2,0.1);
[bz,az]=ss2tf(Ad,Bd,Cd,Dd);
[h,f]=freqz(bz,az,256,2);
semilogy(f,abs(h));

grid;
xlabel('frequency');
title('dap ung bien do');
%ket qua

2-thit k b lc FIR
a-bng phng php ca s
thit k b lc FIR s , thng thp pha tuyn tnh s dng phng php ca s
kaiser vi cc yu cu thit k : tn s ly mu 10khz, tn s gii hn gii
thng 1,5khz ,tn s gii hn gii chn 2khz , suy hao gii thng 0,1Db ,suy
hao gii chn 80dB,. Tnh bc ca b lc
%thiet ke bo loc fir
wp=1,5;
ws=2;
Ap=0.1;
As=80;
bw=ws-wp;
N=ceil((As-7.95)/(2.285*bw))+1;
n=0:(N-1);
beta=0.5842*(50-21)^0.4+0.07886*(50-21);
wc=(ws+wp)/2;
h=(wc/pi)*sinc(wc*(n-N/2)).*besseli(0,beta*sqrt(1-4*((n-N/2)/
(N/2)).^2))/besseli(0,beta);
stem(n,h)
title('dap ung xung don vi cua bo loc FIR cua so kaiser');
pause
b=h;
a=[1];
freqz(b,a,500,1000);
title('dap ung tan so cua bo loc FIR cua so kaiser')
pause

t=0:0.001:0.1;
x=sin(2*pi*30*t)+sin(2*pi*450*t);
y=filter(b,a,x);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x);
title('tin hieu gom 2 tan so:30hz va 450hz');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,y);
title('tin hieu da loc');
xlabel('thoi gian(s)');
figure;
b- FIR nhiu di tn
thit k b lc FIR c dp ng tn s c m t nh sau
- di tn t -1 -0,8: bin gim t 5 xung 2 trng s bng 1
- di tn t -0,7 0,5:bin bng 2 trng s bng 5
- di tn t -0,4 -0,1 : bin gim t 2 xung 1 trong s bng 1
- di tn t 0,5 0,7 : bin bng 2 trng s bng 5
- di tn t 0,8 1: bin tng t 2 ln 5, trng s bng 1
%tk bo loc FIR co dap ung tan so tuy chon
b=cfirpm(38,[-1 -0.8 -0.7 0.5 -0.4 -0.1 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 1],{'multiband',[5 2
2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 5]},[1 5 1 1 5 1]);
[hh,ff]=freqz(b,1,512,2,'whole');
plot(ff,abs(hh),'b-');
grid;
xlabel('tan so chuan hoa');
ylabel('bien do');
BI 7: M PHNG M HNH H THNG VIN THNG
I-L THUYT
Bi th nghim ny tm hiu phng php m hnh ha mt h thng thng tin
n gin nh hnh 7.1

Thng tin
truyn

M ha
nun

M sa
sai

iu ch

Truyn dn

Knh truyn

Thng tin
nhn

o
o
o

o
o
o
o

o
o
o
o

Gii m Thu nhnGii m


ngun
sa sai

Gii iu
ch

m ha ngun
nn theo -law
lng t ha

m sa sai
m hamming
m BCH
m tch chp

iu ch
AM/FM
ASK
QPSK

II-THC HNH
Trong phn ny chng ta s thc hin m hnh 1 h thng truyn thng ri
rc nh hnh 7.2

M ha
BCH

Tn hiu
digital thu

Gii m
BCH

iu ch
QASK

Knh truyn
(nhiu gaussian)

Tn hiu
digital

Gii iu
ch QASK

Hnh 7.2: m hnh h thng truyn tin ri rc


%Tao tin hieu nguon
k=11
msg=randint(k*2,1)
subplot(4,1,1)
stem(msg,'.')
ylabel('digital message')
%ma hoa bch
n=15
code=encode(msg,n,k,'bch')
subplot(4,1,2)
stem(code,'.')
ylabel('bch')
%dieu che qask su dung bo dieu che m-qask
m=16
fd=1
fc=10
fs=30
modu=dmod(code,fc,fd,fs,'qask',m)
subplot(4,1,3)
plot(modu)
ylabel('qask')
%kenh truyen co nhieu
std_value=0.1
modu_noise=modu+randn(length(modu),1)*std_value
%giai dieu che qask
demo=ddemod(modu_noise,fc,fd,fs,'qask',m)
%giai ma bch
msg_r=decode(demo,n,k,'bch')
subplot(4,1,4)
stem(msg_r,'.')
ylabel('received message')

III-P DNG
Thc hin m hnh digital communications nh m hnh sau:

M ha
BCH

Msg thu

Gii m
BCH

iu ch
FSK

Knh truyn
(nhiu gaussian)

msg

%Tao tin hieu nguon


k=11;
msg=randint(k*2,1);
subplot(4,1,1);
stem(msg,'.');
ylabel('digital message');
%ma hoa bch
n=15;
code=encode(msg,n,k,'bch');
subplot(4,1,2);

Gii iu
ch FSK

stem(code,'.');
ylabel('bch');
%dieu che fsk su dung bo dieu che m-fsk
m=16;
fd=1;
fc=10;
fs=30;
modu=fskmod(code,fc,fd,fs,'fsk',m);
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(modu);
ylabel('qask');
%kenh truyen co nhieu
std_value=0.1;
modu_noise=modu+randn(length(modu),1)*std_value;
%giai dieu che fsk
demo=fskdemod(modu_noise,fc,fd,fs,'fsk',m);
%giai ma bch
msg_r=decode(demo,n,k,'bch');
subplot(4,1,4);
stem(msg_r,'.');
ylabel('received message');
IV-NHN XT V KT LUN
Bi thc hnh tm hiu v phng php m hnh ha 1 h thng thng tin.
Nguyn tc chung v th t ca m hnh l l to tn hiu ngun, m ha tn hiu, diu
ch tn hiu v gii iu ch, knh truyn nhiu cui cng l gii m ha thu c tn
hiu
Bi thc hnh cn gip ta tm hiu c cc hm v nguyn tc s dng cc hm

KT LUN CHUNG: t thc tp ny gip ta bc u lm quen vi phn


mm matlab , hiu c tm quan trng ca tm quan trng ca vic m phng cc
chng trnh trn phn mm ny. Hiu c tm quan trng trong vic bin i tn
hiu sang s( c rt nhiu tin ch nhng quan trng l c th kh nhiu v ti iu
ch c m n gin)
Cc kt qu thu c sau khi chy chng trnh m phng dng theo l
thuyt hc
Kh khn: do bc du mi lm quen vi phn mm v cch m phng n
nn c nhng vn vn cn khc mc nhng vi s gip tn tnh ca cc thy
c em gii quyt c mt s vn

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