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Nguon Nang Lng Sinh Hoc va C Hoi Phat Trien Nong Thon
T.S. Tran Van at tranvandat@excite.com

Viet Nam, nht la ong bang song Cu Long co li the ve nong nghiep, nhng cha c phat huy toi a. Nong thon co mo daunang lng sinh hoc t lau, nhng tiem nang ni nay cha biet en e tan dung khai thac. Nhien lieu sinh hoc khong nhng gop phan am bao an toan nang lng trong nc ma con tao ra mot nganh che bien mi, san pham mi, va viec lam mi nong thon. ac biet nganh san xuat nay con m ra hng i mi nang cao i song thon xa, qua hnh thanh cac cum cong nghiep va o th sinh thai khep kn, trong o cac chat thai t nong nghiep c dung che tao nang lng sinh hoc hoac che san khac, neu co quy hoach va c khuyen khch, ho tr thch ang.

1. M AU Nhu cau nang lng cua loai ngi a hien dien cach nay hang tram ngan nam, khi con ngi biet dung la trong hoat ong hang ngay e nng tht, uoi thu d, ot rng lam ray. Ke t o, nguon nang lng t vat ran nh go cay ngay cang tr nen quan trong, co hn hai t ngi tren the gii ang dung chat ran trong gia nh e nau nng va si am mua ong. Vao the ky 19, go la nguon nang lng lam may chay bang hi nc pho thong trong nganh chuyen ch, giup phat trien manh cong nghiep c gii. Sau do, con ngi che tao may phat ien cung cap nguon ien nang mi co nhieu cong dung cho i song hang ngay va thay the dan nhng may chay bang hi nc. Khi tm thay nguon nhien lieu tram tch nh than a, dau hoa va kh ot, con ngi tang toc s dung loai nang lng khong tai tao nay e chay may no, chu yeu trong nganh van tai, nhiet va ien nang. Loai nhien lieu the long (xang dau) tr nen thong dung hn trong nganh chuyen van, v co t trong nang lng cao, de s dung hn loai nhien lieu kh va ran, va t o nguon nang lng ran c s dung giam dan. Mc cung cau nang lng long ngay cang tr nen khong ben vng khi dan so the gii banh trng khong ngng va cac bien co thng xay ra, nht la nhng ni san xuat dau kh. Trong khi gia dau tho tang gia lien tuc t 10 My kim/thung trong 1999 len 20 My kim trong 2002 va115 My kim vao thang 4/2008. Neu khong co giai phap kp thi, s chenh lech cung cau khuech ai va gia nhien lieu tang cao se a en cac cuoc khung hoang tai hai khon lng. o la cha ke mc cung cau va gia ca con b anh hng bi cac yeu to khac, nh chnh sach nang lng, chien tranh vung san xuat dau, van e au c truc li, va nguon nang lng thien nhien khong c khai thac kp thi, b can dan. Trong boi canh o, nhieu cuoc khung hoang nang lng the gii khong the tranh c, a bat au t nhieu nam qua va con tiep tuc trong tng lai, ac biet oi vi cac nc tien bo va cac nc khong san xuat dau hoa. Cang tr thanh van e sinh t cho cac

2|Trang nc cong nghiep ln tuy thuoc hoan toan vao nguon dau nhap. Cho nen, khong ngac nhien lam khi nhng vung co nhieu dau hoa tren the gii thng khong co c tnh trang yen bnh lau dai. Ngoai ra, cac nhien lieu tram tch con thai ra cac chat kh nha knh, nht la kh CO2 trong bau kh quyen, lam ham nong toan cau en mc o bao ong hien nay. Do o, nhieu nc a va ang tm kiem, khai thac cac nguon nang lng thay the, nh nang lng nguyen t, ien nang, hi nc, thuy trieu, sc gio, nang lng mat tri, nang lng sinh hoc, vi quan tam ac biet en cac nguon nang lng co the tai tao va than thien moi trng, trong khi tao ra c hoi mi lam tang li tc nong dan va cai thien i song nong thon cac nc ang phat trien. Trong bai tham khao nay, nang lng sinh hoc anh hng trc tiep i song hang ngay c e cap en. 2. CAC LOAI NANG LNG SINH HOC Nang lng sinh hoc la loai co the tai tao va c san xuat t nguon sinh hoc hay sinh khoi (biomass) di dang nhien lieu long, kh va ran; nhiet lng; ien nang; chat hoa hoc va nhng vat dung khac. Nhien lieu sinh hoc long a c dung en t thu ban s cua nen cong nghiep o to. Trong the ky 19, ong Nikolaus August Otto, ngi c, nha phat minh ong c (do sc ep ot chay ben trong) a biet dung chat ethanol e chay may. Ong Rudolf Diesel, nha sang che may Diesel c, a phat hoa may chay bang dau au phung. Ong Henry Ford My sang che xe FORD kieu T dung nhien lieu t cay gai (hemp) trong thi gian t 1903 en 1926. Nhng sau o dau hoa c kham pha, re tien nen c s dung rong rai hn. Tuy nhien, trong The Chien I, dau hoa thieu hut tram trong, nen co nhieu phat minh dung nhien lieu sinh hoc e thay the phan nao xang dau. c, xang c tron vi ru lam t khoai tay, goi la Reichskraftsprit. Anh, dau c tron vi ru ngu coc, co ten Discol (National Geographic Magazine, 10-2007). Trong thi hau The chien, dau hoa la loai nhien lieu re tien, c tm thay Trung ong va cac ni khac tren the gii c s dung ngay cang tang, lam giam tam mc quan trong kinh te cua cac nhien lieu sinh hoc. Sau o, nhieu cuoc khung hoang nang lng thnh thoang xay ra lam thieu hut xang dau, gia ca tang cao do tac ong ben ngoai (chien tranh, hoi oai thay oi, chnh sach nang lng) va noi tai (anh hng tieu cc en moi trng do thai ra nhieu chat kh CO2). T au the ky 21, nhieu nc a ho tr va tang mc au t e tai khai thac nguon nhien lieu sinh hoc, ac biet Brazil, My, Lien Au va chau A. Nhien lieu sinh hoc c bat au xem nh phng tien lam giam chat kh thoat nha knh, an ninh nang lng va gop phan cai tien nong thon ang phat trien manh nhieu quoc gia; nhng cung co nhieu tranh luan ve dien cung cap thc pham tren the gii va van e moi trng. Nguon nhien lieu sinh hoc c san xuat t khoi sinh hoc hay sinh khoi, o la cac loai thao moc, rong reu c cau tao va phat trien bang chat hu c, qua hien tng quang hp gia nc va kh CO2 trong diep luc to di nang lng anh sang mat tri, va co the tai tao. Do o, nang lng sinh hoc thng c san xuat t: - San pham nong nghiep: cu, hat, dau, m ong vat ; - Cac chat thai d tha cua nong nghiep (go, ra rm), va - Cac loai beo, rong reu.

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Hnh 1: (a) Bap (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zea_mays), (b) Rm ra (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strohr%C3%A4der), (c) Rong bien o Laurencia Hawaii (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae) 2.1. Nhien lieu sinh hoc t nong san ay la loai nhien lieu sinh hoc c san xuat t cac san pham nong nghiep nh: ng, tinh bot, dau rau cai va m ong vat (heo, ca) bang cac cong nghe len men thong thng hay dung chuyen hoa ester (cho dau m). Sau ay la cac loai nhien lieu sinh hoc thng thay tren th trng hien nay:

Cac loai ru sinh hoc pho thong nht gom co ru butanol, ethanol va propanol, c san xuat do cac vi sinh vat hoac cac gieu to (enzyme) qua tac ong len men cac chat ng, tinh bot va chat moc cellulose. Butanol c san xuat do len men ABE (acetone, butanol, ethanol). Ru butanol sinh hoc c xem nh loai xang dau co the dung chay xe trc tiep, v san xuat nhieu nang lng, nhng gia thanh san xuat cao hn. Hang Dupont va BP ang nghien cu va phat trien loai con butanol. Ethanol la loai thong dung nht tren the gii, ac biet dung lam nhien lieu sinh hoc cho van chuyen. Trong nam 2003, o 5% ethanol tren the gii la nhien lieu dung cho xe o to (http://www.meti.go.jp/report/downloadfiles/g30819b40j.pdf). Ethanol c san xuat t cay ma, ba ma, bap, than va hat lua mien, cu cai ng, lua mach, ai, bo, khoai tay, khoai lang, trai qua, hoa hng dng, rm ra va cac loai sinh khoi khac. Trc khi len men, cac enzyme c dung thuy phan cac chat tinh bot, chat moc cellulose thanh phan t ng. T o, chat ng glucose c phan tch thanh 2 phan t: ethanol va carbon dioxide (Wikipedia: ethanol fuel): C6H12O6 2C2H6O + 2CO2

2.1.1. Ru sinh hoc

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Ru ethanol (C2H6O) c dung lam nhien lieu o to se b ot chay vi hoa tron oxygen trong ong c e san xuat carbon dioxide, nc va nhiet lng: C2H6O + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

Tong hp hai cong thc tren nh sau: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + nhiet lng

Nhiet lng dung chay may, con carbon dioxide la loai kh thai lam ham nong bau khong kh. Qua trnh san xuat ru ethanol lam nhien lieu sinh hoc sach gom co 3 giai oan: (i) Len men chat ng vi chat men (microbial yeast). Hieu nang san xuat ethanol cua ma ng cao gap 6 lan so vi bap. (ii) Cat ru: Ru ethanol dung e lam nhien lieu cho xe o to phai cha rat t nc bang phng phap cat ru, nhng ru thuan ch at en gii han 9596%. Loai ru nay co the dung chay may, nhng khong the hoa tron vi dau xang. (iii) Lam kho: ay la phng phap lam rong ru ethanol bang cach dung sang phan t ZEOCHEM Z3-03, hoac them chat hydrocarbon benzene hoac dung chat calcium oxide nh la chat lam kho e kh nc trong ru. Cac loai ru ethanol co the dung rieng re hoac hoa tron vi xang dau, va cac nha che tao xe o to hien nay san xuat nhieu loai xe co the chay bang chat hon hp mot cach an toan. Neu ch dung ethanol e chay xe th o thuan ru phai toi thieu 71% (Aakko and Nylund, 2004). D nhien, cang t chat ethanol va nhieu nc cong suat cua may cang giam. Hn na, ru ethanol co nang lng kem hn xang dau. Mot cach tong quat, ru ethanol kho (khong cha nc) cung cap 1/3 nang lng thap hn cho moi n v the tch, so vi xang; v the can co bnh cha to hn va can ru ethanol nhieu hn e xe chay cung khoang cach so vi xang. Ru ethanol thng co ac tnh lam xoi mon cac vat cha trong he thong nhien lieu, t bnh cha en bo phan no cua au may. Do o, tuy theo moi nc, nha san xuat thng hoa tron ru ethanol vi xang dau mc o nao o. Brazil, xang tron vi 23% ethanol ke t 2006, My 10%. Hien nay, co nhieu loai xe c che tao e s dung loai xang tron nay vi ong c co he thong vi tnh ieu khien pha tron hieu qua cao cho cac t le ethanol/xang khac nhau, t 0 en 100% ethanol.

ay la loai dau sinh hoc c dung nhieu nht Lien Au, c san xuat t cac loai dau hay m bang cach dung transesterification, co hp chat tng ng vi dau diesel khoang chat. Cac chat dau (con goi la fatty acid methyl (hay ethyl) ester (FARME)) tron vi sodium hydroxide and methanol (hay ethanol) tao ra phan ng hoa hoc san xuat dau diesel sinh hoc hay glycerol. Mot phan glycerol c san xuat cho moi 10 phan dau diesel sinh hoc. Cac loai xe o to co the ch dung dau diesel sinh hoc hay tron vi xang ma khong

2.1.2. Diesel sinh hoc

5|Trang co van e g. Mot so hang xe gii han mc hoa tron 15%, nhng 5% hon hp c dung nhieu nht cac nc Lien Au. My, hn 80% xe hang va cac xe bus thanh pho chay bang diesel; do o, s dung dau diesel sinh hoc tang rat nhanh, t 25 trieu gallon moi nam cho en 2004 tang len 1 t trieu gallon vao cuoi nam 2006 (Thurmond, 2007). 2.2. Nhien lieu sinh hoc t chat thai d tha Hien nay, cac nha lam chnh sach, quan ly moi trng khuyen khch s dung cac vat lieu phe thai hoac d tha trong nong nghiep e che tao ra cac loai nhien lieu sinh hoc, va co the thay the dau hoa va giam o nhiem moi trng. Nguyen lieu dung san xuat loai nhien lieu nay thng gom cac sinh khoi phe thai, rm ra cua lua gao, lua m, than bap, go, cac loai cay ac biet dung lam nhien lieu qua cong nghe hoa long, gom ca nhien lieu sinh hoc cellulose t cac mau khong co thc pham. Hien ang co nhieu cong nghe phat trien loai nhien lieu nay, nh hydrogen sinh hoc, methanol sinh hoc, diesel hydrogen sinh hoc, ru hon hp, diesel go Ru Ethanol t chat moc hay cellulose c san xuat t cac hoa mau khong con thc pham (rm ra, go, than cay). o la nhng thanh phan chat thai sau khi thu hoach cac bo phan lam thc pham, cho nen s dung dau sinh hoc lam t cac nguyen lieu nay khong lam anh hng en van e san xuat thc an the gii. Trai lai, con giup giai quyet phan nao o nhiem moi trng. Tuy nhien, qua trnh san xuat ru ethanol sinh hoc kho khan va ton kem hn, v phai them cong oan dung cac gieu to e tieu hoa cac chat moc cellulose thanh chat ng. Hien nay, cong nghe sinh hoc co the che tao cac loai gieu to GM co kha nang phan hoa nhanh cac chat moc cellulose, nhng mot so chuyen gia lo ngai cac loai gieu to nay co the tr thanh mot loai pha hai moi trng khong lng trc c khi chung lan truyen trong cac loai thao moc. 2.3. Nhien lieu sinh hoc t rong reu, beo Nhien lieu rong reu c che tao t cac loai rong reu trong nc, tren at am. Rong reu dung t nhap lng tr nong, nhng san xuat nhieu nang lng (30 lan) hn thc pham gia suc e san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc. Ngoai ra, loai rong reu b thoai hoa sinh hoc khong lam h hai moi trng xung quanh. Hien nay rat nhieu gii chu y en loai nhien lieu nay v gia dau hoa cao. Theo c tnh cua Bo Nang Lng My, nc nay can mot dien tch at ai ln o 38.849 km2 e trong loai rong thay the tat ca nhu cau dau hoa hien nay trong nc (Hartman, 2006). 2.4. Kh sinh hoc (biogas) Kh sinh hoc nh methane c san xuat bang qui trnh tieu hoa cac chat hu c bang cac loai vi sinh vat yem kh. Loai kh nay co the san xuat t cac chat thai de b huy hoai hoac dung nang lng cua cac mau nuoi cac vi sinh vat yem kh e san xuat ra chat kh. Chat thai ran b tieu hoa co the dung lam nhien lieu hoac lam phan muc compost. Kh tong hp (syngas) c che tao t cac nhien lieu sinh hoc bang cac qui trnh hon hp nh phan giai (pyrolysis), ot chay (combustion) va hoa kh (gasification). Nhien lieu sinh hoc c bien oi thanh carbon monoxide va nang lng bang phan giai, sau o qua giai oan ot chay vi t oxy va tiep theo giai oan kh hoa di nhiet o toi thieu 700o C e bien oi chat hu c thanh chat kh hydrogen va them phan t carbon. Chat kh

6|Trang tong hp nay la mot loai nhien lieu co nhieu hieu qua ot chay trc tiep trong may xe so vi cac nhien lieu sinh hoc nguyen thuy, va co nhieu nang lng cha trong nhien lieu. Chat kh tong hp co the dung e che tao ra chat methanol va kh hydrogen, hay c bien oi qua qui trnh Fisher-Tropsch e san xuat loai xang tong hp thay the (Wikipedia: Biofuel). 2.5. Nhien lieu sinh hoc ran Chang han nh go, than va cac loai phan thu kho ma cac nc ang phat trien s dung hang ngay trong cong viec nau nng hay si am. 3. CAC NC SAN XUAT NHIEN LIEU SINH HOC Cac nhien lieu sinh hoc hien ang c nhieu quoc gia chu y en nh la mot giai phap kha thi e thay the xang dau, v khung hoang nang lng thng xay ra, gia ca leo thang khong ngng va hien tng ham nong toan cau ang c khoa hoc xac nhan. T 1970, Bazil la nc co quyet tam nhieu hn het trong chnh sach san xuat ru ethanol e thay the phan nao xang dau s dung trong nc. Sau o, cac nc tien bo va cac nc ang phat trien tham gia tch cc hn. Trong nam 2006, 5 nc ng au san xuat ethanol tren the gii la My (4,855 t gallons/year), Brazil (4,491 t gallons/year), Trung Quoc (1,017 t gallons/year), An o (0,502 t gallons/year) va Phap (0,251 t gallons/year). Moi gallon bang 3,785 lt. San xuat ethanol tai hai nc My va Brazil chiem hn 90% ethanol the gii (http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/#E). 3.1. Brazil Brazil san xuat ethanol t ma ng (Hnh 2) nen hieu nang nang lng cao hn so vi bap gap 6 lan, v bap can them giai oan phan giai tinh bot thanh chat ng trc khi bien che thanh ru ethanol. Chng trnh nay c anh gia thanh cong va ln nht the gii, nay a cung cap c 30% nhu cau nhien lieu van chuyen trong nc. Trc ay, Brazil la mot nc nhap khau dau rat ln, nhng nay a t tuc hoan toan ve nang lng, nh san xuat ethanol va so dau mo noi a (Washington Post, 2006). Trong nam 2004, nc nay san xuat 16,4 t lt ethanol tren dien tch 2,7 trieu hecta at ai, hay o 4,5% dien tch canh tac cua nc nay. Trong so nay, o 12,4 t lt ethanol c dung lam nhien lieu cho xe o to. Hien nay, tat ca xe san xuat ban x la loai xe danh cho s dung xang pha tron vi ethanol va thch ng vi loai ethanol co cha nc en 4,4% (ethanol 95,6%). Trong 2008, Chnh phu m rong chng trnh san xuat diesel sinh hoc phai cha 2% diesel sinh hoc, va tang len 5% trong 2013. Tuy nhien, chng trnh san xuat va tieu thu ru ethanol c thc hien vi bao cap ln cua nha nc di hnh thc (American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 1999): - Lai suat thap cho xay cat cac nha may nau ru, - Bao am gia thu mua ethanol bi cac cac cong ty dau quoc doanh vi gia hp ly, - Gia ethanol ngoai th trng co sc canh tranh cao, va - Giam thue trong thap nien 1980s e khuyen khch loai xe dung ethanol.

7|Trang Cac bien phap ho tr gia va bao am neu tren giam bt dan, en nay a cham dt hoan toan va ket qua rat tch cc. tieu bang Sao Paulo a thiet lap thanh cong mot trung tam nghien cu va phat trien trong ma va san xuat ru ethanol hieu qua cao.

Hnh 2: Ma cay dung e san xuat ethanol (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane) 3.2. Hoa Ky Hang nam Hoa Ky tieu dung khoang 142 t gallon xang dau va gia ca tang gia t o 30-40 cent trong au 1970s len 3,5 My kim/gallon trong thang 3-2008. Nc nay hien tieu thu o 25% tong so dau the gii. Cho nen, ho co no lc ln nham thay the phan nao loai nhien lieu chat khoang nay. Hien nay, hau het cac loai xe nc My co the chay bang xang pha tron vi 10% ethanol c che tao t bap. Mot so hang xe nh Ford, DaimlerChrysler va GM a ban loai xe co the dung xang tron vi ethanol t zero en 85% ethanol (E85). en gia 2006, co en 6 trieu chiec xe chay E85 (America energy, 2006). Trong 2007, thanh pho Portland, bang Oregon la thanh pho au tien bat buoc tat ca cac loai xe chay trong gii han thanh pho phai dung xang tron toi thieu 10% ethanol (Murphy, 2007)) (Hnh 3). Ke t thang gieng 2008, cac bang Missouri, Minnesota va Hawaii oi hoi xe o to chay xang tron vi ethanol. Trong 2006, trc Quoc hoi lng vien, Tong Thong George W. Bush tuyen bo Hoa Ky a nghien dau hoa nen can phai thay the 75% dau nhap bang nhng nguon nang lng hu hieu khac vao 2025, gom ca nhien lieu sinh hoc. Ngay 19-12-2007, (Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007) oi hoi nhng nha san xuat xang dau phai dung t nht 36 t gallons nhien lieu sinh hoc trong 2022, hay tang gap 5 lan mc dung hien nay. Chng trnh khuyen khch dung xang tron vi ethanol My ang b ch trch v da vao ho tr cua nha nc, lam tieu thu nhieu nhien lieu hn bnh thng. S ho tr nay a khuyen khch nong dan bien oi at ai trong bap e san xuat ethanol ang ke va s dung nhieu phan hoa hoc va thuoc sat trung hn nhng at ai dung san xuat cac mau khac. Chnh phu Lien bang a ho tr cho rieng chng trnh nay 7 t My kim moi nam (tng ng 1,90 My kim/gallon)! Trong 2007, o 90% dien tch mau di truyen bien oi

8|Trang GM danh cho nang lng sinh hoc c trong My: 7 trieu ha bap GM cho san xuat ru ethanol va 3,4 trieu ha au nanh danh cho san xuat dau diesel sinh hoc (James, 2007).

Hnh 3: Cay sang vi E 10 (10% Ethanol) California (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel) 3.3. Lien Au Nhng nc dung nhieu nhien lieu ethanol sinh hoc trong Lien Au la c, Thuy S, Phap va Tay Ban Nha. Trong 2006, luc a nay san xuat loai nhien lieu sinh hoc tng ng en 90% nhu cau. c quoc san xuat gan 70% nhu cau, Tay Ban Nha 60% va Thuy S 50%. Tai c quoc co en 792 tram xang co E85, Phap 131 E85 va vi 550 tram khac ang c xay cat (EUBIA, 2007). Lien Au a thong qua luat oi hoi cac nc hoi vien phai s dung nhien lieu khong co khoang chat toi thieu 5,75% tong so the tch nhien lieu tieu thu trong nam 2010 va 10% trong 2020. Do o, ho co the thay the diesel hay xang bang bat c nguon nhien lieu sinh hoc nao. Hien nay, co t tram xang E85 nhieu nc Lien Au. Nhien lieu sinh hoc b anh thue tng ng vi xang khoang chat. 3.4. A Chau Trung Quoc co chnh sach khuyen khch s dung nhien lieu sinh hoc tai cac vung san xuat d tha ngu coc e giam bt dung xang dau. au tien, nc nay chon nam thanh pho th iem cac vung trung bo va ong bac, gom co Zhengzhou, Luoyang and Nanyang tnh trung bo Henan va Harbin, Zhaodong tnh Heilongjiang mien ong bac. Trong chng trnh nay, tnh Henan ang co ong san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc E10 khap ni trong tnh, vi muc ch lam on nh gia ngu coc, tang li tc nong dan va giam o nhiem moi trng do xang dau gay ra. Nc nay cung d tnh dung E15 trong nam 2010. An o phat ong chng trnh nhien lieu sinh hoc vi ma ng tren toan quoc cho E5, va at ch tieu tang len E10 va sau o E20. An o cung m rong cac on ien trong cay jatropha, mot loai cay san xuat dau e san xuat diesel sinh hoc.

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Thai Lan co mot chng trnh tham vong cao khuyen khch dung xang tron vi nhien lieu sinh hoc 10% ethanol t 2007. Cung vay, ky nghe dau co co ke hoach san xuat diesel sinh hoc Malaysia va Indonesia. Nht Bon ang nghien cu s dung rm ra e san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc. Viet Nam co vai no lc trong san xuat cac loai nhien lieu sinh hoc, nham thay the phan nao dau mo va tang an ninh nang lng trong nc. Vai d an thanh lap nha may san xuat loai nhien lieu nay ang c xay cat tnh Quang Nam, Quang Ngai va ong Nai. Tai Quang Nam, chnh quyen tnh ang hp tac vi Nhat Ban d tru khai trien xay dng d an nha may san xuat ru ethanol, vi tieu thu nguyen lieu o 1 trieu tan san/nam va can khoang 300.000 ha at cac huyen pha tay cua tnh e trong san nguyen lieu phuc vu cho nha may (Hai - Nguyen, 2008). Mot nha may san xuat bio-ethanol khac tai khu kinh te Dung Quat, Quang Ngai se c xay dng khai thac bi cong ty Dch vu Dau kh (Petrosetco) va cong ty Bronzeoak (Anh) vi tong so von au t 2.200 t ong. Nha may co cong suat 150 trieu lt ethanol/nam, vi nguon nguyen lieu la san lat (A. Phng, 2008). ay la mot c hoi tot cho Viet Nam gop phan vao no lc cai thien i song nong thon, xoa oi giam ngheo va thu hep khoang cach i song gia nong thon va thanh th. Cho nen, can co mot chnh sach va quy hoach quoc gia nham va ho tr phat trien nganh san xuat cac loai nhien lieu sinh hoc, va tao them viec lam nong thon, tang gia li tc nong dan va bao am an ninh nang lng trong nc. Tuy nhien, can phai nghien cu tng vung sinh thai ve at ai, kh hau va ieu kien kinh te-xa hoi e khoanh vung san xuat nguyen lieu ay u cho cac nha may nhien lieu sinh hoc cung nh bao am gia ca au ra. ong bang song Cu Long, can khuyen khch nhieu hn het ve au t san xuat ethanol da vao ma ng, loai ru ethanol cellulose da vao rm ra, than lua mien, bap, hoac cay ky nghe, cay an qua va cac loai m ong vat nh m ca chang han. Cac nha may ng hien hu can c them chc nang, bang cach trang b them cac cong nghe va thiet b can thiet san xuat ethanol lam nhien lieu sinh hoc. 4. CAN BANG NANG LNG VA HIEU NANG SAN XUAT ETHANOL Ru ethanol cha nang lng cho moi n v the tch t hn xang dau o 34%, cho nen co the dung e chay mot khoang ng ngan hn 34% cho cung so lng nhien lieu s dung (EERE, DOE). oi vi loai nhien lieu hoa tron E10 (10% ethanol va 90% sang), anh hng dung bioethanol rat t ch 3% hoac t hn. Nhng nhien lieu E85 (85% ethanol) co anh hng nhieu hn, ngha la phai dung so lng xang nhieu hn e chay cung mot khoang ng va phai o xang nhieu lan hn. Trong thang 7/2007, tai mot tram xang My gia E85 la 2,63 My kim/gallon, hay ieu chnh cung nang lng vi xang la 3,71 My kim/gallon, so sanh vi gia xang 3,03 My kim/gallon. Nhien lieu E85 la loai nhien lieu c xem la hao hang, tng ng vi xang premium My (Bourne and Clark, 2007). Brazil, ethanol (100%) co gia 3,88 oi vi 4,91 My kim cho loai E25. e cai tien s dung chat nhien lieu sinh hoc hieu qua hn, can phai nang cao mc can bang nang lng va hieu nang san xuat nhien lieu nay.

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Can bang nang lng Hien nay, tuy theo ieu kien a phng, nguon nguyen lieu dung e san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc khac nhau: Brazil s dung ma ng, My dung bap, Lien Au dung cac cay co dau, Nht ang chu y en rm ra Do o, s can bang nang lng gia au vao va au ra cua san xuat ru ethanol khac nhau trong moi quoc gia. Tat ca nhng sinh khoi dung cho san xuat ethanol sinh hoc eu trai qua nhieu giai oan: canh tac, thu hoach, say va bien che. Nen can dung xang dau e cay ba, chuyen ch; phan hoa hoc; thuoc sat trung; thuoc diet co e san xuat nguyen lieu cho ru ethanol (au vao), c ot chay trong au may no, va tao ra nang lng chay may (au ra). Nc My dung ethanol bap co nang lng can bang la 1,3, ngha la moi n v nang lng dau khoang san can thiet e tao ra 1,3 n v nang lng t ru ethanol. Brazil san xuat ethanol ma ng co can bang nang lng 8, c san xuat diesel sinh hoc 2,5. Con san xuat ethanol cellulose co nang lng can bang t 2 - 36 tuy theo cong nghe ap dung (Bourne and Clark, 2007). Nh vay, dung nguyen lieu ma ng co hieu suat nang lng cao hn bap, v bap phai tieu huy bt mot so nang lng cho giai oan phan giai chat tinh bot thanh ng trc khi tao ra ru ethanol. Hieu nang san xuat ethanol sinh hoc Hien nay, tat ca cac chng trnh san xuat ethanol sinh hoc the gii eu c cac chnh phu ho tr tch cc, v gia thanh san xuat rat cao, trong khi ho khong muon tuy thuoc hoan toan vao loai xang dau khoang chat. V vay, cac nha san xuat co gang cai tien nang suat ethanol cho moi n v bap hay mau khac, bang cac cong nghe hieu qua hn, ong thi lam tang trong lng sinh khoi moi n v dien tch, qua s dung cac cong nghe sinh hoc, lai tao, va quan ly canh tac hu hieu. Neu c nh the, san xuat ru ethanol se co li tc kinh te cao hn. Ngoai ra, khi gia dau con tiep tuc tang, s dung cac chat d tha cellulose, nh rm ra, than cay sau khi thu hoach co the c dung e che bien ru ethanol. Cac chuyen gia con e y en cac loai cay tang trng nhanh nh poplar, cay s dung t au vao (low input) nh co switchgrass, sawgrass, miscanthus, lua mien ngot, co ngot (Stevia sp.) e san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc re tien. 5. CAC LI CH VA THACH THC CUA NHIEN LIEU SINH HOC Phat trien nhien lieu sinh hoc la mot trong cac bien phap tot khong nhng giup oi pho vi cuoc khung hoang nang lng the gii ma con tao c hoi hiem co cho cai tien i song nong thon; nhng ong thi cung co mot so van e tiem an ve kha nang thieu hut thc pham cho nhng vung thieu at canh tac, cung nh gay anh hng moi trng khong kem g cac loai xang dau trong qua trnh san xuat. Tuy nhien, cac van e nay hien ang con tranh cai tren dien an quoc te. Cac chuyen gia tin tng rang cong nghe, ky thuat va quan ly san xuat se giup giai quyet cac kho khan neu tren neu xay ra. 5.1. Giam bt dau nhap Muc tieu au tien cua cac chng trnh san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc la nham giam bt hoac khong le thuoc hoan toan vao dau nhap, va bao am an ninh nang lng quoc gia. Ngi ta c lng nguon dau hoa the gii ch con co the s dung trong the ky 21. Hn

11 | T r a n g na, kinh nghiem the gii cho thay moi khi gia dau tang cao, vat gia cac khau lien he cung leo thang, ngoai tr nhng nc co chnh sach ho tr e on nh gia ca va th trng. Nguon nhien lieu sinh hoc con la nhu cau cap bach tai cac nc ang co nen kinh te phat trien manh nh Viet Nam. Tnh trang mat quan bnh cung-cau ve nang lng ang e doa s banh trng cac nganh cong ky nghe va phat trien kinh te trong nc. 5.2. Tao viec lam mi va nong san bien che mi nong thon Nhieu nha nghien cu tin rang nhien lieu sinh hoc co the lam giam mc o ngheo kho nong thon neu co quy hoach va chng trnh thc hien hu hieu, v tao ra nhieu viec lam vi nong san bien che mi, m ra ky nguyen kinh te nong thon mi, song ong do anh hng cua gia nhien lieu nay. San pham mi o co gia tr kinh te cao hn cac nong san truyen thong. Nhng vien anh nay se gap tr ngai neu khong co cac chnh sach ho tr hp ly e vt qua cac kho khan nh a gap trong nen nong nghiep truyen thong mang lai ngheo kho cho nong thon. Hng phat trien nay co the a en thanh lap cac d an khu cong nghiep hay o th nong thon khep kn, trong o cac chat thai t nong nghiep c dung e tao ra nang lng sinh hoc, va ong thi mang sinh hoat mi, nep song mi en nong thon. 5.3. e doa nguon thc pham the gii? Van e nay tuy thuoc vao tnh trang san xuat thc pham d tha hay thieu cua moi quoc gia. Vi nen kinh te th trng, gia nang lng hap dan co the khuyen khch nong dan dung at va nc e san xuat nguyen lieu cho nhien lieu sinh hoc thay v trong cay thc pham; do o, co the lam thieu nc canh tac va khan hiem thc pham tren th trng, keo theo gia ca tang vot qua kha nang thu mua cua gii ngheo. en nay, ch co nc My ang chuyen ong manh c cau cay trong, thay the trong thc pham (bap va au nanh) bang san xuat nguyen lieu cho ethanol v gia ca hap dan. Hy vong cac nc cong nghiep chu trong vao nong nghiep san xuat nang lng sinh hoc va danh cong viec san xuat thc pham cho cac nc ang phat trien nham san bang cach biet xa hoi gia hai the gii nay trong thi ai toan cau hoa hp ly. ac biet cac nc cong nghiep can giam bt bao cap nong nghiep to ln cua ho va m ca nhap khau nong san t cac nc ang phat trien e nang cao i song nong thon tai cac nc nay. Sau gan 40 nam, nc Brazil a at en t tuc nhien lieu trong nc ma khong he gap phai tnh trang oi kem, ch nh vao san xuat con ethanol sinh hoc. Nhng nc ong dan va at kha canh gii han nh Trung Quoc, An o, Indonesia (Java) co the quan tam nhieu hn ve van e san xuat thc pham. Ngoai ra, phat trien loai ethanol cellulose

va cac chat thai e san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc se giup giai quyet noi lo au thieu lng thc va van e moi trng tren the gii.

Viet Nam cung nh Thai Lan, van e san xuat lng thc tng oi ay u, va lai con d tha e xuat khau nh lua gao, thuy san, cay an qua, cay ky nghe; nhng nong dan van con ngheo kho so vi thanh th. Cho nen, ch can giam bt phan na ch tieu so lng gao xuat khau hang nam (gan 5 trieu tan/nam), at nc co the e danh t nht na trieu hecta at cho cac nganh san xuat khac co li ch kinh te cao hn, nh Trung Quoc a lam trong gan 4 thap nien qua (giam o 7 trieu hecta trong lua, t 36,5 trieu trong 1975 xuong con 29,4 trieu ha trong 2006). Mot nc cang chu trong nhieu ve nong nghiep,

12 | T r a n g thanh phan nong dan a so cang ngheo, ngoai tr cac nc cong nghiep co che o bao cap ln! cac vung on i, at canh tac b gii han v ch canh tac mot vu moi nam va mua ong b lanh hoac tuyet phu; nhng khong co gii han nhieu mien nhiet i va can nhiet i v nong dan co the trong trot quanh nam. 5.4. Anh hng moi trng Cac nghien cu au tien cho biet cac loai nhien lieu sinh hoc la loai nhien lieu than thien moi trng. Xang san xuat 2,44 CO2 tng ng kg/l trong khi ethanol ch sinh ra 1,94, nen se lam giam rat nhieu kh thai CO2 trong bau kh quyen. Nam 2006, nghien cu cua trng ai hoc California, Berkley c lng kh thai nha knh cua ethanol bap la 13%, sau giam xuong con 7,4% thap hn so vi xang dau (Bourne and Clark, 2008). Tap ch National Geographic ghi nhan 22% t kh thai CO2 hn cho ethanol bap va 56% cho ethanol ma. Hang che tao xe Ford bao cao a san xuat mot loai xe co the chay xang hoac ru ethanol hoac hoa tron co the giam bt 70% kh thai CO2 (EUBIA, 2007). Nhng vai nghien cu gan ay cho ket qua trai ngc, ngha la nhien lieu sinh hoc cung san xuat kh thai nha knh trong chu ky san xuat khep kn. San xuat nguyen lieu e tao ra nhien lieu sinh hoc cung oi hoi mot so lng ln xang dau trong hoat ong van chuyen ngoai ong va hau thu hoach. Thang 10-2007, nha Nobel hoa hoc Paul Crutzen a bao cao kh thai nitrous oxide (N2O) t san xuat dau hot cai (rapeseed, ho Mu tat) va bap tao ra chat kh lam am trai at hn khai thac dau khoang, v qua trnh canh tac san xuat hai mau nay cung dung nhieu phan hoa hoc va nhien lieu chuyen ch trong hoat ong nong nghiep. Tuy nhien, neu trong cac loai cay va co oi hoi t phan se gay t anh hng en moi trng. Nhieu nha nghien cu cho biet s dung cac loai ethanol cellulose lam bang cac chat thai thao moc co li cho moi trng hn. Malaysia va Indonesia, nong dan a khai pha hang ngan hecta rng nhiet i e trong dau co san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc va xuat khau qua chau Au, a lam xao tron moi trng thien nhien va lam o nhiem khong kh do te nan ot pha rng ba bai e khai thac trong trot. 6. KET LUAN Nhieu nc ang phat trien trong o co Viet Nam co li the ve nong nghiep, nhng cha c phat huy toi a. Nong thon co mo dau nang lng sinh hoc t lau, nhng tiem nang cua ni nay cha biet en e khai thac. Ro rang nhien lieu sinh hoc rat can thiet cho nhng nc thng chu anh hng trc tiep cua cac cuoc khung hoang nang lng the gii xay ra, gop phan am bao an toan nang lng trong nc va tao ra mot nganh bien che mi, loai san pham mi, va viec lam mi nong thon. ac biet nganh san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc con m ra hng i mi co the nang cao i song thon xa, qua hnh thanh cac cum cong nghiep va o th sinh thai, neu co quy hoach va c chnh phu khuyen khch va ho tr thch ang. Cac ky thuat tan tien, cong nghe sinh hoc va quan ly canh tac se giai quyet cac kho khan ve thc pham, moi trng, va hieu nang san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc cua tng quoc gia.

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TAI LIEU THAM KHAO: 1) A. Phng, 2008. Xay dng nha may san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc tr gia 2.200 t ong (http://www.sggp.org.vn/trithuccongnghe/3008/3/145447/) 2) Aakko, P. and Nylund, N., 2004. Technical view on biofuels for transportation Focus on ethanol end-use aspects (http://www.virtual.vtt.fi/inf/julkaisut/muut/2004/Etoh_VTT51000_03.pdf ) 3) American energy, 2006. The renewable path to energy security (http://www.images1.americanprogress.org/il80web20037/americanenergynow/Am ericanEnergy.pdf) 4) American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 1999. Policies for a more sustainable energy future (http://www.aceee.org/store/proddetail.cfm?) 5) Bourne, J.K and Clark, R., 2007. Green dreams. National Geographic Magazine, Oct. 2007, p. 41 (http://www.magma.nationalgeographic.comngm/2007-10/biofuels/biofuelsinteractive.html) 6) China promotes ethanol-based fuel in five cities (http://www.english.people.com.cn/200206/17/en020617_98009.shtml) 7) Crutzen, P., 2007. N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossils fuels (http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/11191/2007/acpd-711191-2007.html) 8) EERE, DOE (Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, US Department of Energy). Ethanol Production Plant, Fuel Stock e85, Cellulosic Corn Ethanol, Prices (http://www. eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/ddown.cgi?afdc/FAQ/5/0/0/). 9) Etanol combustvel: Balanco E Perspectivas (http://www.nipeunicamp.org.br/proalcool/Palestras/16/Antonio%20de%20Padua% 2020Rodrigues.ppt) 10) European Biomass Industry Association (EUBIA), 2007. Bio-ethanol production and use creating markets for renewable energy technologies (http://www.eubia.org/fileadmin/template/main/res/pics/projects/RESTMAC_Gioethanol_Production___Use.pdf, EU, RES Technology Marketing Campaign) 11) freetheplant.net (http://freetheplant.net/) 12) Hai-Nguyen, 2008. Quang Nam: 150 trieu USD au t nha may san xuat con ethanol (http://www.sggp.org.vn/kinhte/3008/3/144991/) 13) Hartman, A., 2006. A promising oil alternative: Algae energy. Washington Post (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2008/01/03AR2008010303907.html) 14) Introduction: The clean tech opportunity (http://www.cleanedge.com/book/Introduction_The_Clean_Tech_Revolution.pdf p.21 (in Wikipedia). 15) James, C. 2007. Global status of commercialized Biotech/GM crops: 2007. ISAAA Briefs 37-2007: Excecutive Summary, ISAAA: Ithaca, N.Y.

14 | T r a n g (http://www.isaaa.org/Resources/Publications/briefs/37/executivesummary/default.h tml 16) Murphy, T., 2007. In Biodiesel we trust (http://www.postcardboncities.net/node/192). Portland tribune. 17) National Geographic Magazine, 2007. Green Dreams, Oct 2007 (http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-10/biofuelsbiofuels-p2.html) 18) Thurmond, W., 2007. In the July-August 2007 issue of The Futurist magazine (http://.www.wfs.org/futcontja07.htm) 19) Washington Post, 2006. New rig brings Brazil oil self-sufficiency (hppt://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2006/04/21/AR2006042100139.html) 20) Wikipedia, 2008. Biofuel (http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel). 21) Wikipedia, 2008. Etahanol fuel (http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel).