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Cc thut ng vit tt
IDN : Intergrated Digital Network
DSL : Digital Subcriber Line
ISDN : Intergrated Services Digital Network
ADSL : Assymetric Digital Subcriber Line
VDSL : Very High Data Rate DSL
IDSL : ISDN DSL
CDSL : Consumer DSL
HDSL : High Data Rate DSL
SDSL : Single Line DSL
NPS : Network Provider Services
NEXT : Near End Crosstalk
FEXT : Far End Crosstalk
CAP : Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation
QAM : Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
DMT : Discrete Multi-Tone Modulation
EOC : Embedded Operations Chanel
USB : Universal Serial Bus
DSLAM : DSL Access Mutiplexor
B-RAS : Broad Band Remote Access Server
CPE : Costomer Primise Equipment
DCS : Digital Cross Connection
LTU : Line Termination Unit
NTU : Network Termination Unit
PBX : Private Branch Exchange
PRA : Primary Rate Access
PPP : Point to Point Protocol
ISP : Internet Service Provider
NAT : Network Address Translation
NIC : Network Interface Card
FE/GE : Fast Ethernet/ Giga Ethernet
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Li ni u
Cuc thm nhp mng thng tin ton cu Internet ca Vit Nam c
bt u t nm 1997. Vi tc pht trin ca ngnh cng ngh thng tin v
vin thng ni chung cng nh s pht trin ca internet ni ring th nhng g
chng ta lm c trong qung thi gian 7 nm qua (1997- 2003) l qu
khim tn. ng v chnh ph ta xc nh cng ngh thng tin v vin thng l
nghnh chin lc s gip Vit Nam nhanh chng hi nhp, rt ngn khong
cch v cng ngh vi cc nc trong khu vc v ton th gii. Nhn nh r
trch nhim ca mnh Tng cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam quyt
tm xy dng mt mng li vin thng hin i trong c bit u tin cho
pht trin Internet. t c mc tiu ny chng ta khng cn cch no
khc l i tt n u cng ngh v ADSL l mt trong nhng cng ngh
c la chn.
Thc t xDSL l mt h cng ngh tin tin xut hin kh lu v c
nhiu nc trn th gii p dng . Cng ngh ny cho php truy nhp tc
cao qua mch vng thu bao cp ng truyn thng, nu so vi cc cng ngh
truy nhp tin tin khc th y l mt cng ngh kh n gin v tit kim.
Tuy nhin nhiu lc s n gin li lm cho ngi ta nghi ngi v kh nng
tn ti lu di ca n. S thc l ngay t bui u cho i cng ngh ny
cho thy nhng u im vt tri ca n, nhng nhiu nc trn th gii trong
c Vit Nam vn dng nh khng quan tm lm v chng ta cho rng cuc
cch mng ton quang nhanh chng s lm cho bt c mt d n u t no
vo cng ngh ny u tr nn lng ph. Thi gian va qua chng ta b ch
trch rt nhiu v tc , cht lng v gi thnh, c rt nhiu ngi cho
rng s hn ch v pht trin h tng Internet ca nghnh nh hng nhiu
n s pht trin ca cc doanh nghip, c quan, ban nghnh lin quan cng
nh s hp dn ca mi trng i vi cc nh u t trong v ngoi nc.
Thi gian lun lun l cng c tt nht chng minh tnh ng n ca bt
c mt s d don no. Mi s ch i u khng th ko di thm na v
nm 2003 c VNPT xc nh l nm t ph v Internet, mt tho thun hp
tc xy dng mt h thng Internet kt ni n tt c cc trng chuyn
nghip v ph thng trong nc c k gia b Bu chnh- Vin thng v b
Gio Dc o To ang c gp rt trin khai. VDC cng nhanh chng
nng cp ng truyn i quc t ln nhiu ln. H thng truyn s liu tc
cao qua mch vng thu bao truyn thng s dng cng ngh ADSL c hy
vng l cha kho cho mi s thnh cng.
Ho chung cng khng kh si ng n cho mt cng ngh truy xut tc
cao ln u tin xut hin Vit Nam, vi mong mun gin d l c th p
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dng phn no nhng kin thc c hc trng vo thc t h thng
mng li em chn ti Thit k h thng cung cp dch v ADSL cho
bu in Ngh An lm n tt nghip. Ton b n c chia thnh bn
chng chnh v hai mc lc vi trnh t nh sau:
- Chng 1 gii thiu mt cch tng quan nht v h cng ngh xDSL,
chng ny cung cp h thng kin thc c bn v cc cng ngh
HDSL, SDSL, ADSL, VDSL bao gm c ng dng v kh nng pht
trin ca tng loi cng ngh.
- Chng 2 a ra mt bo co y v s pht trin ca cng ngh
ADSL trn th gii v Vit Nam. Trong chng ny cng phn tch
v tnh hnh pht trin kinh t x hi Ngh An, tim nng v hin
trng pht trin mng vin thng ca Bu in tnh t a ra
d bo v nhu cu s dng dch v.
- Chng 3 Thuyt minh chi tit v cc k thut cn thit thit k h
thng v kt qu cu hnh mng thit k c.
- Chng 4 xy dng chng trnh n gin gip ngi c c mt ci
nhn trc quan v h thng cng nh vn qun l cc tham s cn
thit trong cng ngh ny.


H Ni ngy 25 thng 5 nm 2005
Sinh Vin
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Chng 1
K thut xDSL
1.1. Gii thiu tng quan k thut xDSL
Mng vin thng ph bin trn th gii hay nc ta l hin nay l mng s
lin kt (IDN-Integrated Digital Network). Mng IDN l mng vin thng
truyn dn s, lin kt cc tng i s v cung cp cho khch hng cc ng
dn thu bao tng t. Trong xu hng s ho mng vin thng trn ton th
gii, mng lin kt s a dch v ISDN (Intergrated Services Digital Network)
v ng dy thu bao s DSL (Digital Subcriber Line) p ng c
nhim v s ho mng vin thng n tn pha khch hng. C th ni rng
ISDN l dch v DSL u tin cung cp cho khu dn c giao din tc c s
BRI (Basic Rate Interface) 144 Kbit/s, c cu thnh t hai knh B 64 Kbit/s
v mt knh D 16 Kbit/s.
Ngy nay, i i vi mng ISDN mt cng ngh mi c nhiu trin vng
vi tn gi chung l xDSL, trong x biu th cho cc k thut khc nhau. Mc
ch ca cc k thut ny l cung cp cho khch hng cc loi hnh dch v
cht lng cao v bng tn rng.
Phn bit cc k thut ny da vo tc hoc ch truyn dn. K thut
ny c th cung cp nhiu dch v c th truyn khng i xng qua modem,
in hnh loi ny l ADSL v VDSL v truyn i xng c tc truyn 2
hng nh nhau nh HDSL v SDSL. Ring vi k thut VDSL (Very High-
speed DSL) c th truyn c i xng v khng i xng vi tc rt cao.
Cc c trng chnh h cng ngh xDSL hin ti c m t trong bng 1.1
Bng 1.1: Cc c trng ca h cng ngh xDSL
K thut ngha Tc d liu Mode Ghi ch
HDSL High data rate DSL 2.048 Mbit/s i xng S dng 1-3 i si
1.544 Mbit/s i xng S dng 2 i si
SDSL Single Line DSL 768 kbit/s i xng S dng 1 i si
ADSL Asymmetric 1.5 -8 Mbit/s
16-640 Kbit/s
Down

Up
S dng 1 i si
CDSL Consumer DSL Ln ti 1 Mbit/s
16 640 Kbit/s
Down
Up
S dng 1 i si
ISDL ISDN DSL ISDL BRI
(2B+D)
i xng S dng 1 i si
VDSL Very high data rate 13- 55 Mbit/s Down S dng 1 i si
*
S dng Down thay cho Downstream (Hng t tng i ti thu bao)
S dng Up thay cho Upstream (Hng t thu bao ti tng i)
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DSL 1.5-6 Mbit/s
13- 55 Mbit/s
Up
i xng
HDSL thng s dng 1-3 i si. V d truyn tc 2.048 Mbit/s
khong cch 4.5Km cn dng 3 i si cn truyn tc 1.544 Mbit/s cng
vi khong cch ny ch cn dng 2 i si.
SDSL nu ni cng ngh xDSL c u im tn dng cc ng thu bao cp
ng th c l y l k thut tt hn do ch dng 1 i si nh s dng cho
in thoi tng t. K thut SDSL truyn vi tc 768 Kbit/s c khong
cch 4 Km.
ADSL truyn tin bt i xng rt nhiu cc dch v bng rng khong cch t
c l 5.5 Km
CDSL gn ging ADSL c tc v khong cch truyn va phi, cng ngh
ny c u im l khng cn b chia ti pha khch hng
IDSL mang 2B+D knh thng tin ca ISDN BRI ch yu ch truyn tc
144 Kbit/s.
VDSL l k thut mi nht, c tc cao nht nhng khong cch truyn ngn
t 0.3 Km n 1.5 Km trn 2 i dy vi tc c th ln ti 52 Mbit/s.
Ni chung k thut xDSL l k thut truyn dn cp ng, n gii quyt nhng
vn tc nghn gia nhng nh cung cp dch v mng v nhng khch hng
s dng nhng dch v mng .
K thut xDSL t c nhng tc bng rng trn mi trng mng ph
bin nht trn th gii l ng dy cp in thoi thng thng.
K thut xDSL a ra nhng ci tin t ph v tc (ln ti hn 7Mbit/s) v
n c so snh vi nhng phng php truy nhp mng khc, mt mnh
thc s ca nhng dch v da trn xDSL l nhng thun li nh:
Nhng yu cu ng dng a phng tin ca cc khch hng s dng
mng.
Hiu sut v tin cy.
Tnh kinh k.
K thut ny c cc kh nng:
Cung cp nhng dch v mi c ci tin c gi tr cao i vi ngi s
dng mng.
Cung cp nhiu dch v vi nhng tc truy nhp v chi ph khc nhau .
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Cung cp v qun l nhng ng dng thng mi quan trng mt cch ng tin
cy.
Mt trong s nhng li ch quan trng nht ca k thut xDSL l cho php
mng ca nh cung cp dch v NPS (Network Provider Services) v ngi s
dng dch v tn dng mt s c tnh ca cu trc c s h tng hin nay nh
nhng giao thc lp 2, 3 ging nh Frame Relay, ATM, IP v tin cy nhng
dch v mng. xDSL c th trin khai nhng dch v c da trn cc gi tin
hoc t bo ging nh Frame Relay, IP hoc ATM hay trn nhng dch v
knh ng b bit.
Do c nhng thay i nhanh trong mi trng mng, chin lc i vi s pht
trin dch v c da trn xDSL l xy dng tnh mm do mc cn thit
h tr cho cc ng dng. Tnh mm do th hin y l:
Kh nng h tr nhiu loi hnh dch v
Kh nng m rng pht trin t mt vi thu bao ti hng ngn thu bao.
Kh nng qun l tin cy mng im - im trong vic h tr nhng ng
dng quan trng.
Qua nhng kt qu nghin cu, cc nh cung cp dch v tha nhn rng k
thut xDSL khng phi l th h tng lai ca mng truy nhp m ch l gii
php hin ti ca truy nhp mng.
xDSL c chia ra lm nhiu loi k thut nh HDSL, SDSL, ADSL v VDSL
vi mi loi k thut li c nhng tc d liu, bng tn hot ng v
nhng dng khc nhau.
1.2. K thut HDSL
1.2.1 Gii thiu k thut HDSL.
K thut HDSL pht trin u tin Bc M nhm thay th nhng ng T1
ang tn ti. K thut ny cho php truyn d liu tc T1(1,544 Mbit/s) trn
cp 26AWG ti mt khong cch 4 km. Kh nng chng tp m v ci thin
c bng tn s dng l nhng u im ca k thut HDSL.
Trong k thut HDSL, lung T1 c truyn trn 2 i dy cp ng. Mi i
mang 12 knh thoi 64 kbit/s cng cc thng tin mo u to thnh tc
truyn dn l 784 kbit/s. Vi khong cch truyn nh trn, k thut HDSL theo
tiu chun Chu u truyn ti lung E1 (2.048Mbit/s) trn ba i si ng, k
thut ny c chun ho v a vo khai thc.
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K thut HDSL s dng m ng truyn 2B1Q v mang ti trng T1 hay E1
trn hai mch vng thu bao, mi vng pht v thu mt na phn ti trng
(768kbit/s hay 1.128kbit/s), s hot ng song cng hon ton t c nh s
dng k thut kh ting vng (echo cancellation) tch tn hiu pht ln trong
tn hiu thu. n u thu hai na ti trng ny c kt hp li thnh ti trng
T1 hay E1 ban u. K thut HDSL c nhiu ci tin i hi nhng b lp
nhng khong cch 1.8 km v quan trng hn l k thut ny c s tin b
ln v qun l ph tn s.
Vic qun l ph tn s lm gim nhng tn hiu ln vo nhau gia nhng i
dy trong cng mt cp hay b cp. Nhng tn hiu ln vo nhau ny cn c
gi l xuyn m Crosstalk (hnh 1.2) v xuyn m c th lm xo trn tn hiu
trong hai cch sau:
Trong mt mch vng thu bao, tn hiu pht ti mt u gn ca mt i
si c th xen vo tn hiu thu ca i si khc c gi l xuyn m u
gn hay NEXT ( Near End Crosstalk).
Tn hiu pht ti mt u xa ca mt i si c th xen vo tn hiu thu ca
i si khc c gi l xuyn m u xa hay FEXT (Far End Crosstalk).
Hnh 1.1: NEXT v FEXT
1.2.2 Phng php iu ch
M ng truyn 2B1Q
Hin nay HDSL phn ln s dng m ng truyn 2B1Q. M truyn
2B1Q l m iu bin xung tn hiu (PAM) 4 mc khng c d. Vi HDSL,
dng d liu thu bao l kt hp ca 24 knh 64 kbit/s v mt s cc thng tin
mo u.
Khi d liu c gi ti phn pht ca HDSL, cc ch s nh phn c kt
hp thnh i bt chuyn i thnh k hiu quat (phn t b bn). Cc bit
khc dng cho bo dng cng kt hp thnh i bt v c chuyn i thnh
quat. Bt u trong 1 quat gi l bit du, bt th 2 l bit bin . Bng 1.2 di
y biu th quan h gia mi i v k hiu quat tng ng.
7
FEXT NEXT
Ngun tn hiu Ngun tn hiu
si i
si j
si i
si j
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Bng 1.2 :K hiu quat
Bit du Bt bin Quat
1 0 + 3
1 1 +1
0 1 -1
0 0 -3
T y, cc quat c xem l tn k hiu, khng mang gi tr s.
my thu, mi quat c chuyn i thnh bit, kh ngu nhin, to mu dng
bit bng mt qu trnh ngc vi bn pht ni trn. M tuyn xut hin u
ra my pht. Hnh 1.2 minh ho nguyn l ny. Cc gi tr bit trn hnh ngu
nhin ho. Cc xung vung c l tng ho, cn dng bit thc c
truyn i l nhng nt t.


Hnh 1.2: u ra k hiu quat HDSL
1.2.3 Cu hnh kt ni
Cu hnh kt ni HDSL i vi E1.
Nhng thnh phn HDSL c tp hp li thnh nhng khi kt cui ng
(LTU) khc nhau ti pha cung cp dch v hay cc khi kt cui mng (NTU)
ti pha khch hng (hnh1.3). Mi khi kt cui bao gm bn thnh phn
chnh sau:
Phn th nht l b thu pht HDSL.
8
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
+2,4
V
0V
-
2,4V
-
3,8V
+3,8
V
Gi tr nh
phn
Gi tr
quat
u vo
u ra
+3
-3
-1
+1
Dng sng pht
n tt nghip
Phn th hai l mt vi mch chung c s dng trong tt c cc h thng
HDSL: nh h thng s dng mt, hai hay ba i si.
Phn th ba l mt module sp xp sp xp nhng bit khung E1 vo
trong cu trc khung HDSL v ngc li.
Cui cng l mt module giao tip kt ni chun vi lung E1.
HDSL truyn ti E1 bng nhng ng ring khng thng qua chuyn mch
knh ca nh cung cp dch v m c nh tuyn thng qua b u ni cho
-DCS ( Digital Cross Connect) ti mt mng trung k. Dng n gin nht ca
kt ni HDSL gia LTU (Line Termination Unit) v NTU (Network
Termination Unit) l mt i si ng. Chng c th hot ng cng vi cc
cu ni r v nu khong cch truyn dn ln th c th hot ng cng vi cc
b lp tn hiu nhng chng u phi tun theo nhng tiu chun quc t i
vi nhng mch vng thu bao . M ng m chng s dng l 2B1Q v hot
ng ti tc l 2.320Mbit/s gia cc b thu pht HDSL.
Hnh 1.3: Cu hnh kt ni HDSL i vi E1.
Vi h thng s dng hai i si th mi i hot ng ti tc i xng
1.168Mbit/s i vi hai hng t thu bao ti tng i v t tng i ti thu
bao. Tng tc bit by gi cao hn so vi E1 l do c thm vo cc bit mo
u. Khi s dng h thng ba i, do c thm mt vi mo u cho nn mi i
hot ng ti tc i xng l 784kbit/s v vy m tc truyn ti
3x784kbit/s=2.352Mbit/s. Trong h thng s dng phng php truyn dn ba
i si do mi i hot ng ti tc bit thp cho nn khong cch truyn dn
c th t c xa hn so vi hai phng php truyn dn trn. Ngoi kh nng
cung cp tc E1, k thut HDSL cn c kh nng cung cp tc T1 vi
cu hnh tng t.
9
I
T
E
R
F
A
C
E
M
A
P
P
I
N
G
C
O
M
M
O
N
I
T
E
R
F
A
C
E
M
A
P
P
I
N
G
C
O
M
M
O
N
HDSL
HDSL
HDSL
HDSL
HDSL
HDSL
1 i, 2B1Q
E1 E1
Ti DCS Ti CPE
Line Termination
Unit
(LTU)
Network Termination
Unit
(NTU)
HDSL
tu chn
tu chn
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1.2.4 K thut HDSL-2
K thut HDSL-2 l k thut ci tin ca k thut HDSL. s 2 pha sau
c ngha l th h th 2. K thut ny gii quyt c mt s hn ch ca k
thut HDSL thng thng. l ch s dng mt i si m vn truyn ti
c tc nh HDSL thng thng. Trong HDSL c th dng m ng
truyn 2B1Q hoc s dng phng php CAP cho iu ch tn hiu ng thi
s dng k thut ghp knh theo tn s hoc k thut xo ting vng phn
b bng tn hot ng trn mch vng thu bao cp ng. Tuy nhin cc nh
cung cp thit b vn nghing v gii php c dng CAP kt hp vi k thut
xo ting vng gim thiu bng tn hot ng ca HDSL-2 trong khong t
0 ti 230 kHz. Nh phm vi phc v ca k thut ny c th ln ti 3,6 km.
Hnh 1.4: Bng tn HDSL-2 s dng phng php iu ch CAP kt hp vi
ghp knh theo tn s hoc k thut xo ting vng
1.2.5 Cc ng dng ca k thut HDSL
Nhng ng dng chnh ca k thut HDSL l:
Truy cp Internet vi tc cao
S dng cho nhng mng ring
M rng trung tm PBX (Private Branch Exchange) ti nhng v tr khc.
M rng mng LAN v kt ni n cc vng ring quang.
S dng cho Video hi ngh v gio dc t xa.
Ngoi ra n cn c s dng cho cc h thng v tuyn hoc tc truy
nhp c bn (PRA) i vi ISDN.
10
0 30
20
0
23
0
Tn s (kHz)
Bng tn cho c ng ln
v xung s dng k thut
xo ting vong.
0 30
20
0
23
0
Tn s (kHz)
ng ln
(FDM)
ng xung
(FDM)
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Hin nay, rt nhiu cng ty v cc chi nhnh ca n s dng HDSL cho
truy nhp Internet tc cao vo my ch. i vi phng thc truyn DSL
khng i xng s hn ch lu lng t cc my truy nhp ti my ch so vi
hng ngc li, v vy vic xc nh v tr nhng my ch ti cc cng ty hay
cc chi nhnh gp rt nhiu kh khn khi s dng phng thc truyn ny.
Xu hng pht trin mng ring hin nay trn th gii l rt ph bin (V
d: mng trong cc cng ty, cng s, cc trng i hc...). Tuy nhin, vic
truyn ti nhiu knh 64 kbit/s trn mi i dy trong mng ring ca cc khu
vc ny l rt kh khn v c chi ph cao. K thut HDSL c th khc phc
c hn ch ny.
Vic s dng HDSL cho trng hp m rng mng (thm cc trung tm
PBX mi) l rt d dng v n gin. Dung lng c th m rng ti 24 hoc
30 knh thoi. Hn na, k thut ny cn c th p dng cho vic m rng
mng LAN v cc kt ni ti vng Ring quang mc d vn cha c s phn
knh trong lung 1,5 Mbit/s hoc 2 Mbit/s.
K thut HDSL rt ph hp cho gio dc t xa v Video hi ngh. Do tnh
i xng v tc truyn dn nn v tr ca my truy nhp v my ch khng
cn quan tm.
K thut HDSL l mt k thut truyn dn ng thu bao s tc bit cao,
n truyn nhng dch v vi tc cao T1 v E1 gia nhng nh cung cp
dch v v nhng khch hng s dng nhng dch . u im u tin ca k
thut ny l n tn dng nhng ng thoi ang tn ti trong giai on cp
quang cha c lp t m vn p ng c nhng dch v tc cao. Hu
ht cc li ch ca k thut ny l bn pha nh cung cp dch v nhng
nhng khch hng cng c nhng li ch gin tip nh:
iu ng ch nht l ch cn 1 card tng i (v d nh HTU-C i
vi T1 hay LTU i vi E1) v card khch hng (HTU-R i vi T1 hay
NTU i vi E1) l c th cung cp mt dng n gin nht ca dch v
HDSL.
HDSL cho php truyn nhng dch v trn lung T1 hay E1 bng nhng
mch vng thu bao ni ht m khng cn s dng nhng b lp. V d
HDSL cho php truyn nhng dch v trn lung T1 hay E1 trn cp
24AWG (0.5mm) ln ti 3.6 km v trn si 26AWG (0.4mm) l 2.7 km.
Thng thng k thut HDSL cho php s dng 2 cu r nu nh khong
cch truyn dn nh hn 1.525 km.
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Mt kha cnh khc ca k thut ny l nhiu li ch k thut m hu ht
cc khch hng khng thy c nh hiu sut tt hn v gim c chi ph
trong khi vn cung cp y cc dch v T1 hay E1 cho khch hng.
Tuy nhin k thut ng thu bao s tc bit cao (HDSL) vn cn c nhiu
nhc im, chng hn th nht l: vi nhng khong cch truyn dn ln 3.6
km th n vn cn thit phi s dng cc b lp; th hai l: v m ng s
dng, trong k thut ny s dng m ng truyn dn 2B1Q, i vi loi m
ng ny th n c hn ch v bng tn hot ng v khong cch. Hn na
k thut ny i hi phi s dng nhiu i si, tuy ni phn trn n c u
im l tn dng nhng ng thoi ang tn ti, nhng i vi h thng s
dng ba i si th vn v chi ph lp t, bo dng cn phi quan tm hay
ni ng hn l gi thnh s cao.
1.2.6 Cc vn cn tn ti.
Trong k thut truyn dn s dng k thut ng thu bao s tc bit cao
HDSL tn ti hai vn chnh sau:
Suy hao nng lng tn hiu pht khi truyn trn nhng i si ng.
Xuyn m.
i vi vn th nht: chng ta bit nhng tn hiu in c pht trn
mt ng si ng m s dng nhng tn s cao h tr nhng dch v tc
cao th s t c nhng khong cch truyn dn ngn hn so vi nhng
tn hiu in s dng nhng tn s thp, bi vy m nhng tn hiu s dng tn
s cao c truyn trn nhng vng kim loi s suy yu nng lng nhiu hn
so vi nhng tn hiu in s dng tn s thp.
Mt phng php ph bin nht hin nay v em li tnh kinh t nht
gim ti thiu s suy hao nng lng khi truyn dn trn nhng i si ng
l l s dng nhng si c tr khng thp. Chng ta bit do in tr
sut ca si ng t l nghch vi ng knh ca si, bi vy m nhng si c
ng knh ln s cho tr khng nh hn so vi nhng si c ng knh nh
hay c ngha l suy hao tn hiu s nh hn bi vy m c th truyn tn hiu
vi khong cch xa hn m khng phi s dng b lp.
i vi vn th hai: trn chng ta trnh by v hai hin tng xut hin
xuyn m. Nu nhng nh hng ca suy hao hay xuyn m khng n mc
quan trng th nhng h thng HDSL c th thnh lp li chnh xc nhng tn
hiu phn hi thnh dng s. Khi mt trong hai hin tng xut hin v tr
12
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nn qu mc cho php th khi s xut hin nhng li bit, nhng mc ngng
ny cn phi tu thuc vo tng thit b, loi cp c s dng, tn s hot
ng hay mi trng hot ng.
Nhiu h thng thng s dng nhng di tn s tn hiu pht v thu khc
nhau. Nhng h thng c tch ring tn s pht v tn s thu c cp
n l ghp knh phn chia theo tn s. u im ca nhng h thng da
trn FDM nh nhng h thng kh ting vng (echo canceled) l loi b c
xuyn m NEXT. N t c bi v nhng h thng ny khng tip nhn
trong cng mt di tn s m trong h thng bn cnh ang pht.
1.3K thut SDSL
K thut SDSL truyn tin theo phng thc i xng, v nguyn tc n
hon ton ging nh k thut HDSL nhng h thng SDSL ch s dng mt
i si truyn nhng dch v tc cao t nh cung cp dch v ti khch
hng, mi i hot ng ti tc 784kbit/s, vic s dng mt i si ny lm
gim thit b trong h thng v chi ph ng thu ring. K thut SDSL cho
php ghp knh thoi v s liu trn cng mt ng v cho php ngi s
dng truy cp nhng trang Web, ti nhng tp d liu v thoi ti cng mt
thi im.
Tu theo tng yu cu ca khch hng m SDSL cho php nhng nh cung
cp dch cung cp nhng dch v tc cao da trn 3 tham s c bn: tc
dch v, chi ph v khong cch truyn. Di y l nhng tc truyn dn
ca k thut SDSL tng ng vi tng khong cch m k thut c th t
c (bng 1. 3).
Bng 1.3: Tc truyn dn ca SDSL tng ng vi khong cch
Tc truyn dn Khong cch cho php
128kbit/s 6,71 km
256kbit/s 6,56 km
384kbit/s 4,42 km
768kbit/s 3,97 km
1,024Mbit/s 3,51 km
V vy m tu theo khong cch t tng i ti thu bao v hiu sut cn thit
m khch hng c th la chn cho mnh kh nng tt nht
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1.4 K thut ADSL
1.4.1 Gii thiu k thut ADSL
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) l mt k thut mi, chuyn
i ng dy in thoi thng thng thnh mt ng truy nhp a dch v
v cc ng truyn d liu tc cao. ADSL cung cp ng truyn tc 6
Mbit/s- 8 Mbit/s ti thu bao v 640 kbit/s-1Mbit/s theo hng ngc li.
Mch ADSL to nn 3 knh thng tin i dy thu bao: mt knh tc cao
t tng i ti thu bao, mt knh tc trung bnh 2 chiu (ph thuc vo cu
trc ca ADSL) v mt knh thoi hoc mt knh N-ISDN. Modem ADSL
c sn xut c kh nng cung cp tc d liu theo c tiu chun M v
Chu u, c th thay i tc v dung lng ng truyn. Tc n v
m ADSL c th cung cp l 1,5 hoc 2 Mbit/s trn mt knh t tng i ti
thu bao v 16 kbit/s trn mt knh 2 hng. Modem ADSL tng thch vi
truyn dn ATM, giao thc IP bng vic thay i tc truyn v ph hp vi
cc mo u ca ATM cng nh IP.
1.4.2 Cu trc h thng ADSL
So vi tt c cc k thut DSL th ADSL l mt trong nhng k thut c
chun ho nhiu nht. Di y l s cu trc h thng ADSL (hnh 1.5).
Hnh 1.5: s cu trc h thng ASDL
ATU-C: ADSL Transmission Unit at the network end - Khi truyn
14
B chia
i n t h o i
im truy
nhp
M ng phn
khi t i
khch hng
M ng
qun l
M ng
Bng hp
M ng
Bng rng
M ng s
qung b
M ch vng
n tt nghip
dn ADSL pha tng i
ATU-R: ADSL Transmission Unit at the customer premises end
Khi truyn dn ADSL pha khch hng
Access point: im tp trung cho d liu bng rng v hp
B: u vo ph ca d liu
Broadcast: D liu bng rng u vo mt hng
Broadband Network: H thng chuyn mch cho tc trn 1,5/2 Mbit/s
Loop: ng in thoi dng cp ng 2 si
Narrowband Network H thng chuyn mch cho tc di 1,5/2 Mbit/s.
POTS: Plain Old Telephone Service-Dch v in thoi truyn
thng
POTS-C: Giao din gia mng in thoi cng cng v b chia
pha tng i
POTS-R: Giao din gia mng in thoi cng cng v b chia
pha khch hng
SM: Sevice module - Khi dch v
Splitter: B chia
T-SM: Giao din gia ATU-R v mng phn b ti khch hng
T: Giao din gia mng phn b ti khch hng v khi dch
v
U-C: Giao din gia mch vng v b chia pha tng i
U-C
2
: Giao din gia b chia v ATU-C
U-R: Giao din gia mch vng v b chia pha khch hng
U-R
2
: Giao din gia b chia v ATU-R
V
A
: Giao din gia ATU-C v im truy nhp
V
C
: Giao din gia im truy nhp v mng
Nh ni trn, ADSL c kh nng cung cp truyn knh thoi tng t
(POTS) v cc dch v bng rng khc. i vi dch v thoi tng t, mt b
chia c bit s mang knh tng t 4 kHz t tng i ti thu bao trn bng
tn s ca ng truyn ADSL. Vi cc dch v nh qung b, dch v bng
rng s (Video hoc truy nhp Internet) hoc qun l mng s c truy nhp
t ngoi tng i trung tm (CO) hoc ni ht (LE), gii quyt vn nghn
chuyn mch v trung k. Mt nt truy nhp ADSL nm trong CO (hoc LE)
phc v cho mt s ng ADSL. Nt ny thng c gi l khi truy nhp
DSL (DSLAM). Mc d mt DSLAM c th cung cp kh nng truy nhp dch
15
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v cho nhiu ng ADSL nhng mt kin trc y ca DSLAM phc tp
hn rt nhiu so vi cu trc th hin trn hnh
Trn hnh v, giao din B l mt u vo ph s dng cho cc lung tn hiu
khc chng hn cho tn hiu t v tinh. Trong mt vi trng hp, giao din T-
SM gia ATU-R v khi dch v cng ging nh giao din T (c bit khi khi
dch v c t hp trong ATU-R). Nu khng c giao din T-SM th thay vo
s l cc giao din ATU-R (c nhiu kiu giao din ny). V d ATU-R c
c 2 cng 10Base-T Ethernet v V.35. Cng vy, nu thit b u cui tch hp
vi ATU-R trong mt s cu trc c bit th s khng c giao din T gia
mng phn b v thit b u cui.
Trong s ny, cc giao din U trn hnh 1.10 s khng c khi b chia
c ch to nh mt phn tch hp ca b ATU hoc chng c b chia no.
Cng nh vy, nu nt truy nhp ADSL hoc DSLAM thc hin mt s nhim
v tp trung hoc chuyn mch th s khng c giao din V, c bit vi ngay
vi c giao din V
A
. Giao din V
C
cho php to nn mt lot cc dng giao thc
tng ng vi TCP/IP, ATM v cc mng dch v khc.
1.4.3 Cc phng php iu ch
Trong sn phm ADSL, cc m ng truyn CAP, QAM, DMT l c
s dng ph bin nht, ngoi ra cn c mt s loi m khc ang trong qu
trnh th nghim.
Phng php iu ch bin cu phng QAM- Quadrature Amplitude
Modullation
QAM - iu ch bin cu phng l mt dng iu ch pha s dng iu
ch a mc. Tn hiu cu phng s dng m ho a mc trn mt nh ngha
chung nh tt c cc tn hiu iu ch a mc:
R=D/N (1)
Trong : R l: bo hiu hoc tc iu ch
D l: tc d liu tnh bng bit/s
N l: s bit trong mi thnh phn bo hiu.
S dng biu pha cho iu ch cu phng trong thut ton s dng l s
kt hp gia hm sin v cos. Lc tn hiu cu phng c a ra theo cng
thc sau:
cos(2 f
c
t+ )=cos .cos2 f
c
t-sin .sin2 f
c
t
(2)
16
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Hnh 1.6: Biu pha QAM
Tn hiu cos(2 f
c
t) l tn hiu ng pha hoc gi l tn hiu I
Tn hiu sin(2 f
c
t) l tn hiu lch pha 90
0
hoc gi l tn hiu Q.
l lch pha.
H thng QAM khng i hi tn hiu I v Q ng thi, chng c lp vi
nhau.
Trong khi cc knh b gii hn bng tn, truyn dn a mc c th thc hin
khi p dng theo cng thc sau:
R=log
2
L(1/T) (3)
Trong : R l: tc d liu (bit/s)
L l: s mc m ho (bit mi k hiu)
T l: chiu di ca thi gian bo hiu.
Bng cch s dng tn hiu I v Q nh miu t nh trn, b thu c th nhn
v phn bit 8 gi tr mi ti. Nh vy s c 64 trng thi (8x8) c thit lp
tng ng vi gi tr tc symbol bng 1/16 tc bit. Mi im biu din
trng thi c th c biu din qua gi tr I v Q (hnh 3).
Khong cch gia cc im ln cn trong h thng iu ch pha c tnh nh
sau:
D=2 sin (P/N) (4)
Trong N l s pha
Khi gi tr N tng ln ngha l tc bt tng ln nhng v tr cc im st li
vi nhau lm cho vic phn bit tr nn kh khn u thu.
17
M ho
D liu t
khch hng
ng pha
Lch pha
Kt hp
Lch 90
0
u ra
Q
I
n tt nghip

Hnh 1.7 .Qu trnh x l QAM u pht
Hnh 1.7 a ra qu trnh x l QAM u pht. Dng d liu t ngi s
dng i vo b m ho. B m ho chia d liu thnh 2 na, hai na ny c
iu ch thnh 2 phn trc giao vi nhau ri c t hp thnh tn hiu cu
phng v truyn trn knh truyn dn. iu c ngha l cc tn hiu cu
phng l t hp ca hai tn hiu xut pht t cng mt ngun nhng c lm
lch pha nhau 90 .
Phng php iu ch CAP- Carrierless Amplitude/phase Modulation
Phng php iu ch pha v bin khng s dng sng mang ny da
trn phng php iu ch bin cu phng QAM. V th phng php ny
hot ng gn ging vi phng php iu ch bin cu phng QAM. B
thu ca phng php iu ch QAM yu cu tn hiu ti phi c ph v h thc
pha ging nh ph v pha ca tn hiu truyn dn. Do cc tn hiu truyn trn
ng dy in thoi thng thng thng khng m bo c yu cu ny
nn b iu ch ca k thut xDSL phi lp thm c b iu chnh thch hp
b phn mo tn hiu truyn dn iu ch CAP khng s dng kt hp trc ti
trc giao bng kt hp sin v cos. Vic iu ch c thc hin bng cch s
dng b lc thng di 2 na dng d liu s.
Cc bt cng mt lc m ho vo mt symbol v qua b lc, kt qu ng pha
v lch pha s biu din bng n v symbol. Tn hiu c tng hp li i qua
b chuyn i A/D, qua b lc thng thp (LPF- Low pass filter) v ti ng
truyn. u thu tn hiu nhn c qua b chuyn i A/D, b lc v n
phn x l sau l mi gii m. B lc pha u thu v b phn s l l mt
phn ca vic cn bng, iu chnh. B cn bng s b li cc tn hiu n b
mo.
CAP c thit k hot ng trong bng tn 6,48 n 25,92 MHz. Bng tn
ny c ngha l tn hiu khng hot ng tn s thp hn, trnh c nh
hng ca nhiu. ng thi mc ch thit k nh vy gii hn cng sut
18
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ph ca tn s di 30 MHz, do s tng suy hao tn s cao trong ng
truyn.
Hnh 1.8. Thu pht tn hiu theo phng php iu ch CAP
Phng php iu ch a m ri rc DMT- Discrete Multi-Tone
Modulation
iu ch DMT l k thut iu ch a sng mang. DMT chia ph tn s
thnh cc chu k k hiu. Mi chu k k hiu c th mang mt s lng bt
nht nh. Ph t 26kHz n 1,1 MHz c chia thnh cc knh 4 kHz v
DMT m ho v iu ch to thnh cc knh ph 4kHz.Cc bt trong mi knh
ph c iu ch bng k thut QAM v t trong cc sng mang.
i vi bt k loi m ng truyn no s dng mt i dy cho vic
truyn song cng u phi chia bng tn hot ng thnh bng tn t tng i
ti thu bao v bng tn t thu bao ti tng i (n gin l k thut ghp
knh theo tn s - FDM) hoc phi s dng k thut xo ting vng. Tuy nhin,
trong k thut ADSL c FDM v k thut xo ting vng c th s dng kt
hp ng thi iu ny l do s khng i xng ca bng tn ADSL, cc di
tn c th gi chng ln nhau nhng khng trng kht vo nhau. y l c th
ring ca ADSL so vi cc k thut DSL khc.
19
0-4 kHz 25 kHz
200
kHz
~1,1
MkHz
Bng tn ng
xung
Bng tn
ng ln
0-4 kHz 25 kHz
200
kHz
~1,1
MkHz
Bng tn ng
xung
Bng tn
ng
ln
M ho
B lc
ng pha
B lc
lch pha 90
0
D/A LPF
A/D
B lc
thch ng I
B lc
thch ng II
B s l Gii m

n
g

t
r
u
y

n
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Hnh 1.9: ADSL s dng v khng s dng k thut xo ting vng
K thut xo ting vng c mt yu im l b nh hng ln bi tc ng
ca xuyn m u gn (NEXT); khi u thu c th nhn tn hiu c
truyn sang t h thng bn cnh. Cc h thng bn cnh y c th l cc
i dy khc hoc thm ch l ngay b pht ca h thng. Nu b thu b qua
ton b di tn s m u gn ang pht th FDM s trnh c xuyn m u
gn. Tt nhin iu ny ng ngha vi vic ct b mt lng bng tn hiu
dng ca hng kia. Nh vy, s dng k thut xo ting vng s lm cho hiu
sut bng tn cao hn nhng chi ph cho n li phc tp v nhy cm. K thut
xo ting vng c th s dng i vi tn s thp nht nn t hiu sut cao
hn.
Trong trng hp dng mt ng truyn ng thi cho c hai hng trn
cng mt di tn cn phi kim sot ting vng. Mt cch kim sot ting vng
l chia di tn s thnh hai bng tn cho ng t tng i ti thu bao v
ngc li.
Hnh 1.10 biu din vic s dng FDM m khng dng k thut xo ting
vng. Mt di tn 4 kHz dng cho knh thoi tng t, tip theo l di bng tn
175 kHz cho ng truyn t thu bao n tng i v khong 900 kHz bng
tn dng cho hng t tng i ti thu bao.
Tuy nhin, nu ch thun tu dng FDM th vic s dng bng tn s khng t
c hiu qu cao, phn di ca hnh v cho thy gii php hiu qu hn khi
bng tn t thu bao n tng i v t tng i ti thu bao gi chng ln
nhau.
Ch rng thit b ADSL dng CAP s s dng FDM nhng khng c k
thut xo ting vng, ngc li thit b ADSL dng DMT li s dng k thut
xo ting vng (y l mt ngoi l). K thut xo ting vng ny c gi l
kt hp echo-FDM cho thit b khng i xng.
Mc d n nay cha thng nht c vic s dng loi m ng truyn no
(CAP hay DMT) l tt hn cho ADSL, nhng phi tha nhn rng mi loi
trn u c nhng im mnh ring. M DMT ph hp cho vic thch ng tc
(thay i tc do cc iu kin ng truyn), thay i cc iu kin
mch vng (u ni xen, s dng nhiu loi si), x l nhiu (xuyn nhiu s)
v cc thu bao (cho knh thoi hoc cc mc ch khc). Trong khi CAP
20
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li gim phc tp ca b xo ting vng (mc d nhiu sn phm c CAP s
dng FDM), gim thi gian tr (ch bng khong 25% thi gian tr ca DMT),
hn na c s hon thin (xy dng trn c s QAM c nghin cu
trong nhiu nm trc) v tnh n gin.
Thit b ADSL (ATU-C v ATU-R) c thit k s dng m ng truyn
cho c QAM, CAP, DMT. Tuy nhin tiu chun chnh thc do ANSI a ra
cho ADSL li l DMT, mc d DMT ra i sau QAM v CAP.
1.4.4 Ghp knh
Truyn ti n hng t tng i ti khch hng.
Giao din ADSL giao tip gia nh cung cp dch v v khu vc khch
hng vi nhiu chc nng phong ph (c th tu chn). ADSL ging nh hu
ht cc loi ti tin khc l cng s dng cc khung truyn ti thng tin.
Chui bt trong cc khung ADSL c th chia ti a thnh 7 knh ti tin ti cng
mt thi im. Cc knh ny c chia thnh hai lp chnh: n hng (hay
n cng trong mt hon cnh c th) v song hng (hay song cng trong mt
hon cnh c th). ASDL cho php to ti a 4 knh ti tin t tng i ti thu
bao hon ton c lp cho cc knh n hng. Bn knh ti tin ny ch c
nhim v mang chui bit ti khch hng v c k hiu t AS0 n AS3.
Ngoi cc knh ti tin n hng (AS), ASDL c th thit lp 3 knh ti tin
song hng mang lu lng t tng i ti thu bao v ngc li. Nhng knh
ny c k hiu t LS0 n LS2. Ch rng, cc knh ti tin ny l cc knh
logic v chui bit t tt c cc knh cng c truyn ng thi trn ng
truyn ADSL m khng phi s dng bng tn ring.
Bt k knh ti no cng cng c th c lp chng trnh mang tc l
mt bi s ca tc 32 kbit/s. Tuy nhin i vi nhng tc khng phi l
bi s ca 32 kbit/s th phi s dng n cc bit ph trong phn mo u ca
khung ADSL (70 kbit/s, 6 kbit/s).
Hin nay cc knh ti tin hot ng hu nh vi ton b bi s ca 32 kbit/s,
y c th l mt tr ngi khi tnh ti kh nng lin kt. Chnh v vy, ngi ta
xy dng ch tiu ADSL cho bn lp truyn ti i vi knh n hng t
tng i ti thu bao. Cc knh ny thit lp trn c s bi s n ca mt
knh tc 1,536 Mbit/s (tc truyn ti ca T1). Do nhng lp truyn ti
trn s c tc 1,536 Mbit/s, 3072 Mbit/s, 4608 Mbit/s v 6144 Mbit/s. i
vi cc knh ti song hng c th mang mt knh iu khin v mt vi knh
ISDN (loi BRI v 384 kbit/s). Tuy nhin cn ch rng ADSL khng b gii
21
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hn vi bt c lp truyn ti no v ngay c ca bn thn n. Cc ch tiu trong
tng lai c th xy dng cho truyn ti 1,544 Mbit/s (tc y ca T1)
hoc 2048 Mbit/s (tc ca E1). Hin ti, cha c nh ngha tc cc i
cho bt k knh ti tin no. Gii hn trn ny ch ph thuc vo tng dung
lng ca ng truyn ADSL.
S a dng trong tc ti tin ngy nay chnh l do cc sn phm ADSL to
ra. Nhiu tc knh con c hnh thnh theo tc knh ti gi nh cho
cc loi thit b ADSL khc nhau. Tc cc i trong lp truyn ti 6,144
Mbit/s khng cho php xy ra ng thi tt c cc knh ti tin AS. Cc gii
hn c ch ra trong bng 1.4:
Bng 1.4: Cc gii hn trn ca tc ti tin
Knh con Tc knh con Cc gi tr ca n
x
AS0 n
0
x 1.536 Mbit/s n
0
= 0,1,2,3 hoc 4
AS1 n
1
x 1.536 Mbit/s n
1
= 0,1,2 hoc 3
AS2 n
2
x 1.536 Mbit/s n
2
= 0,1 hoc 2
AS3 n
3
x 1.536 Mbit/s n
3
= 0 hoc 1
S knh con ln nht c th hot ng ti bt c thi im no v s lng ti
a knh ti tin c th truyn ng thi trong h thng ADSL tu thuc vo lp
truyn ti. ADSL c 4 lp truyn ti v c nh s t 1 n 4. Trong lp
1 v 4 l bt buc cn 2 v 3 l tu chn. Nng lc lp truyn ti ph thuc vo
tc ng truyn t c ca mch vng ADSL v cu hnh ca cc knh
con m chng to nn s knh con hoc tc ng truyn ln nht. Vic
chuyn i gia s lng v tc knh con hin vn ang c nghin cu.
Cho ti nay cha c bt k s thay i no v cu trc v tc dng trong
ADSL.
Lp truyn ti th nht c dng cho mch vng ngn nht, nhng li cho
php ti dung lng ln nht ti khch hng vi bt k cu trc ADSL no.
Tc ti tin ca lp ny l 6,144 Mbit/s v n c to ra t s kt hp bt
k ca 1 ti 4 knh ti tin ang hot ng tc bi 1,536 Mbit/s. Tuy nhin,
bt buc phi c mt knh con hot ng tc 6,144 Mbit/s trn AS0. Cc
cu hnh tu chn m tc ca chng l 6,144 Mbit/s bao gm:
+ Mt knh 4,608 Mbit/s v mt knh 1,536 Mbit/s
+ Hai knh 3,072 Mbit/s
+ Mt knh 3,072 Mbit/s v mt knh 1,536 Mbit/s
22
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+ Bn knh 1,536 Mbit/s
Lp th 2 l tu chn v ti mt lung 4,608 Mbit/s ti pha khch hng. Lp
ny to nn t s kt hp bt k ca 1 n 3 knh tc 1,536 Mbit/s. Do
khng phi l bt buc nn h thng c th cung cp bt k hoc tt c cc tc
knh ti tin. AS3 khng bao gi s dng trong lp 2. Cc cu hnh khc
nhau ca lp 2 gm:
+ Mt knh 4,608 Mbit/s
+ Mt knh 3,072 Mbit/s v mt knh 1,536 Mbit/s
+ Ba knh 1,536 Mbit/s
Lp th 3 cng l tu chn v ti mt lung 3,072 Mbit/s ti pha khch hng.
Lp ny c th to nn mt hoc hai knh ti tin hot ng tc l bi ca
1,536 Mbit/s. Do lp ny ging lp 2 (l tu chn) nn h thng c th cung
cp bt k hoc tt c cc tc knh. AS2 v AS3 khng bao gi s dng lp
th 3. Cc cu hnh c tng dung lng l 3,072 Mbit/s gm:
+ Mt knh 3,072 Mbit/s
+ Hai knh 1,536 Mbit/s
Lp th t (lp bt buc) hot ng vi khong cch ln nht nhng li c tc
nh nht 1,536 Mbit/s trn AS0.
Trn y cp n cc cu hnh phn lp ca ADSL c tc ti a l
6,144 Mbit/s da trn knh c bn T1 (1,536 Mbit/s) ca Bc M. Cng tng
t nh vy, sau y chng ta cng xem xt ch tiu ADSL cho tc c bn
2,048 Mbit/s ca Chu u.
ADSL cng xy dng cu trc 2Mbit/s truyn tc c bn E1. Tuy nhin
ch c ba knh ti AS0, AS1, AS2 (bng 1.5) l c h tr cho s dng lung
2Mbit/s.
Bng 1.5: Cc knh ti h tr cho lung 2Mbit/s
Knh con Tc knh con Cc gi tr ca n
x
AS0 n
0
x 2.048 Mbit/s (tu chn) n
0
= 0,1,2 hoc 3
AS1 n
1
x 2.048 Mbit/s (tu chn) n
1
= 0,1 hoc 2
AS2 n
2
x 2.048 Mbit/s (tu chn) n
2
= 0 hoc 1
23
n tt nghip
Vi cu trc 2Mbit/s, lp truyn ti c nh s t 2M-1 n 2M-3. Chc
nng ca tt c cc lp u tu chn. Cu trc ca cc lp ti 2Mbit/s cng
tng t nh cc lp truyn ti 1,536 Mbit/s. Lp 2M-1 vn hot ng tc
6,144 Mbit/s cho ng t tng i xung thu bao.
Lp 2M-1 c to t s kt hp bt k ca 1 ti 3 knh ti tin hot ng tc
bi ca 2,048 Mbit/s v l tu chn. Cc cu hnh ca lp ny bao gm:
+ Mt knh ti tin 6,144 Mbit/s
+ Mt knh 4,096 Mbit/s v mt knh 2,048 Mbit/s
+ Ba knh 2,048 Mbit/s
Lp 2M-2 l tu chn v ti lung 4,096 Mbit/s ti khch hng. 2M-2 c th
c to ca 1 hoc 2 knh ti tin hot ng tc bi ca 2,048 Mbit/s. H
thng ny hot ng bt c tc knh ti no v n l khng bt buc. AS2
khng bao gi s dng trong lp truyn ti 2M-2. Cc cu hnh trong lp ny:
+ Mt knh 4,096 Mbit/s
+ Hai knh 2,048 Mbit/s
Lp 3 cng l tu chn v s dng cho trn mch vng di nht nhng li c
tc nh nht. Tc ca lp ny l 2,048 trn knh AS0.
Truyn ti song hng.
Phn trn chng ta xem xt chi tit cu trc ca knh n hng t tng i
ti khch hng. Vic nghin cu cc knh ti truyn theo hng ngc li vn
ang c tin hnh, tuy vy c ti ba knh ti song hng c th truyn ng
thi trn giao din ADSL. Mt trong s lun l knh iu khin bt buc
(gi l knh C). Knh C mang cc bn tin bo hiu cho vic la chn dch v
v thit lp cuc gi. Tt c bo hiu t ngi s dng - mng cho cc knh ti
n hng ti khch hng c ti y. Tuy nhin knh C cng c th dng
mang bo hiu cho knh song hng nu c yu cu.
Knh C lun hot ng tc 16 kbit/s trong lp th t hoc 2M-3. Cc bn
tin ca knh C lun c mang trong phn mo u c bit ca khung ADSL.
Tt c cc lp truyn ti khc s dng knh C tc 64kbit/s v cc bn tin
c truyn trn knh song hng LS0.
Bn cnh knh C, h thng ADSL c th mang 2 knh ti song hng tu
chn: LS1 hot ng tc 160 kbit/s v LS2 hot ng tc 384 kbit/s
hoc 576 kbit/s. Cu trc chnh xc ca knh ti song hng thay i theo cc
lp truyn ti ging nh nh ngha cho knh n hng. Bng 1.6 m t mi
24
n tt nghip
quan h gia cu trc knh song hng theo cc lp truyn dn knh n
hng.
Ch : - Khi knh ti song hng 160 kbit/s c chn cho truyn ISDN BRA,
tt c cc bo hiu kt hp vi ISDN BRA c ti trong knh D ca tn hiu
2B+D nhng trong 160 kbit/s. Bo hiu cho 576 kbit/s v 384 kbit/s v knh ti
song hng 160 kbit/s khng phi ISDN c th c t trong knh C, m
dng chung bo hiu cho cc knh ti tin n hng.
Bng 1.6: Mi quan h gia cu trc knh song hng
theo cc lp truyn dn knh n hng.
Lp truyn dn Cc knh song hng tu chn Loi knh con
1 hoc 2M-1 (khong cch
nh nht)
Cu trc 1:160 kbit/s + 384
kbit/s
LS1, LS2
Cu trc 2: 576 kbit/s LS2
2, 3 hoc 2M-2 (khong
cch trung bnh)
Cu trc 1: 160 kbit/s LS1
Cu trc 2: 384 kbit/s LS2
4 hoc 2M-3 (khong cch
ln nht)
160 kbit/s LS1
Vic t ra tiu chun cu trc v tc ti thiu ca cc knh ti trnh vic
t do quy nh cho cc thit b ADSL ca cc nh thit k v cung cp thit b
l khc nhau. Tuy nhin s c mt cc quy nh ca cc lp truyn ti cho hot
ng ca cc knh n hng v la chn cc knh song hng cng khng
hon ton t c mc ch ni trn. Vn tn ti mt s phin phc trong vic
la chn c hai hng khi tun theo cc ch tiu k thut ny. iu cn thit l
phi kt hp cu trc knh AS vi LS sao cho t c hai mc ch: c ngha v
chun ho. Mi mt knh n hng v song hng u c cu trc c lp
(bng 1.7).
Bng 1.7: Cu trc ca cc knh n hng v song hng
Lp truyn ti 1 2 3 4
Truyn mt hng ng xung
Dung lng ln nht
(Mbit/s)
6.144 4.608 3.072 1.536
25
n tt nghip
Knh ti la chn
(Mbit/s)
1.536 1.536 1.536 1.536
3.072 3.072 3.072
4.608 4.608
6.144
S lng knh ph ln
nht
4
(AS0,AS1,AS2,AS3)
3
(AS0,
AS1,AS2)
2 (AS0,AS1) 1
(AS0)
Knh ti song hng
Dung lng ln nht
(kbit/s)
640 608 608 176
Knh ti la chn
(kbit/s)
576
384 384 384
160 160 160 160
C (64) C (64) C (64) C (64)
S lng knh ph ln
nht
3
(LS0, LS1,LS2)
2
(LS0, LS1)
hay
(LS0,LS2)
2
(LS0, LS1)
hay
(LS0,LS2)
2
(LS0, LS1)
26
n tt nghip
Phn mo u
K thut ADSL cng s dng phn mo u trong cu trc knh ging nh
cc phng thc truyn dn khc. Phn mo u thc hin nhiu chc nng
khc nhau trong qu trnh ti tin. Mt trong s cc chc nng chnh ca phn
mo u l ng b cc knh ti thit b ADSL hai u ng truyn c
th nhn bit cu trc cc knh (AS v LS), tc ca cc knh, v tr ca cc
bt trong khung. Cc chc nng khc ca phn mo u bao gm: knh nghip
v nhng (embedded operations channel-EOC), knh iu khin nghip v
(operations control channel-OCC) ti cu hnh, thch ng tc t xa v
nhn dng li qua vic kim tra phn d theo chu k (cyclical redundancy
check-CRC), mt s bit s dng cho khai thc, qun l v bo dng (OMC),
s khc dng sa li trc (forward error correction-FEC).
Tt c cc bt mo u c gi trn c hai hng. Trong phn ln trng hp,
cc bit mo u truyn vi tc 32 kbit/s (nhng cng c ngoi l). i vi
dung lng cao, hng t tng i ti thu bao c tc ln nht l 128 kbit/s
v nh nht l 64 kbit/s (gi tr mc nh l 96 kbit/s) v tc ln nht l 64
Lp truyn ti 2M-1 2M-2 2M-3
Knh ti song hng
Dung lng ln nht (Mbit/s) 6.144 4.096 2.048
Knh ti la chn (Mbit/s) 2.048 2.048 2.048
4.096 4.096
6.144
S lng knh ph ln nht 3
(AS0, AS1,AS2)
2 (AS0,AS1) 1
(AS0)
Knh ti song hng
Dung lng ln nht (kbit/s) 640 608 176
Knh ti la chn (kbit/s) 576
384 384
160 160 160
C (64) C (64) C (64)
S lng knh ph ln nht 3
(LS0, LS1,LS2)
2
(LS0, LS1) hay
(LS0,LS2)
2
(LS0, 2(LS0,
LS1) hay LS1
(LS0,LS2
27
n tt nghip
kbit/s v nh nht l 32 kbit/s (gi tr mc nh l 64 kbit/s) cho hng t thu
bao ti tng i.
Bit mo u c th nm trong tc bit ca khung ADSL v khng chim
bng tn ph hoc c thm vo tc bit ca khung cho hng ny hoc
hng kia. V d, lp truyn ti th nht hot ng vi tc 6,144 Mbit/s
chiu xung cng thm ti a 192 kbit/s v ti thiu 128 kbit/s cho tc bit
tng. Khi ghp vi tc mo u ln nht trn knh song cng th tc lp
th nht tng t 6,144 Mbit/s ti 6,976 Mbit/s (ln nht) hoc 6,336 Mbit/s
(nh nht) vi 6,912 Mbit/s s dng cho hu ht cc tc s dng tc mo
u mc nh. Cc lp khc cng nh hng tng t.
1.4.5 Cu trc siu khung v khung ADSL.
Cu trc siu khung
Thit b ADSL gm ATU-C v ATU-R truyn d liu bng cch s dng
cc m ng truyn, thng tng l DMT hoc CAP.
Tt c cc giao thc ngy nay u xy dng trn c s phn lp. Giao thc
ADSL cng vy. mc thp nht ca giao thc l cc bit, biu th bi m
ng truyn DMT v CAP. Cc bit c t chc thnh khung v tp hp cc
khung thnh siu khung theo mt trt t. Nu so snh vi cc cu trc khung
khc, siu khung ADSL c nhiu im chung vi cu trc khung hoc siu
khung ca T1 hn l cu trc khung ca mng Ethernet LAN. Trong thc t,
cc khung Ethernet c th to nn ni dung ca siu khung ADSL. Ton b cu
trc siu khung c miu t hnh 1.15.
Trong ADSL, mt siu khung bao gm mt dy 68 khung ADSL lin tip.
Trong s , mt vi khung c chc nng c bit. V d khung 0 v 1, mang
thng tin iu khin li (kim tra phn d chu k - CRC) v cc bt ch th s
dng cho qun l ng truyn. Ngoi ra, cc bt ch th khc c ti khung
34 v 35. Mt khung ng b c bit khng mang tin theo sau siu khung m
nhn chc nng ng b cho siu khung. Mt siu khung ADSL c chu k 17
ms. V ng truyn ADSL ch truyn cho cc tuyn im-im nn khng
c a ch khung v nhn dng kt ni ca ADSL.
28
Khung Khung Khung
Khung
34
Khung
66
Khung
67
-B
Khung
35
Byte
nhanh
FEC Phn m d liu nhanh Phn m d liu xen
Siu khung ADSL 17 mili giy
khung ADSL 250 micro giy
n tt nghip
Hnh 1.10. Cu trc siu khung ADSL
Bn trong cc siu khung l cc khung ADSL. Mt khung ca ADSL c chu k
l 250 s (1/4000 giy) v chia thnh hai phn chnh. Phn u l phn s liu
nhanh. Phn s liu nhanh lin quan n nhy tr, kh nng chp nhn nhiu
(v d audio v video). Ni dung ca phn m d liu nhanh ca thit b
ADSL c t ti y. Mt byte c bit c gi l byte nhanh c t
trc phn ny v mang chc nng CRC cng vi mt s bt ch th cn thit.
D liu nhanh c bo v bi trng FEC sa li.
Phn th 2 ca khung bao gm nhng thng tin t b m chn. D liu xen l
nhng gi tin c th b nh hng ca nhiu do thi gian s l v b tr. Vic
chn bit lm cho bit tn hiu t b nh hng nhng tc ng ca nhiu. Phn
ny ca khung dng cho cc ng dng s liu thun tu, nh l truy nhp
Internet tc cao. Tuy nhin, tt c ni dung ca khung phi c trn ngu
nhin trc khi truyn ti thiu ho cc li ng b siu khung.
Ch rng s khng c mt kch c khung tuyt i cho cc siu khung ADSL
bi v tc ng truyn ADSL thay i v khng i xng, hn na bn
thn kch c khung cng khng c nh. Tuy vy, chng ta vn ngm hiu rng
kch c khung l c nh, c ngha l mi khung c chu k 250 s (phn d
liu nhanh v chn l 125 s), v mt siu khung phi c chu k 17 ms.
ng nhin tc truyn ADSL ln nht s c kch thc khung ln nht.
Kch c phn m c xc nh theo cu trc v tc knh ti khi thit lp
cu hnh ban u. Hn th na, kch c phn m ny cng c th thay i li
trong qu trnh khai thc.
Nh cp trn khung 0, 1, 34 v 34 c chc nng c bit trong cu trc
siu khung ADSL. Cc khung ny kim tra phn d cho cc siu khung v cc
bit ch th cho cc chc nng khc nhau ca mo u. Cc khung khc (2 n
33 v 36 n 67) mang thng tin mo u cho knh EOC v knh iu khin
ng b (SC). Tt c cc thng tin ny c ti trong byte d liu nhanh ca
tng khung ADSL trong siu khung .
29
n tt nghip
Khung l Khung chn
Khung
0, 1
crc7 crc6 crc5crc4crc3crc2crc1crc0 ib7 ib6 ib5 ib4 Ib3 ib2 ib1 ib0
Khung
34, 45
ib15 ib14 ib13ib12ib11ib10ib9 ib8 Ib23 ib22 ib21 ib20 Ib19ib18ib17 ib16
Khung2-23, 36-73
Eoc eoc Eoc eoc eoc Eoc eoc r1 1 Eoc13eoc12eoc11eoc10Eoc eoc eoc 1
k
ng
b
sc7 sc6 sc5 sc4 sc3 sc2 sc1 0 sc7 sc6 sc5 sc4 Sc3 sc2 sc1 0
Hnh 1.11. Cu trc bit mo u byte d liu nhanh
Cc bit mo u d liu nhanh c cu trc khc nhau ph thuc vo tnh chn
l ca khung nh s (hnh 1.11). Bn chc nng chnh ca mo u c th
hin trong hnh v 18. Cc bt s dng xc nh li v cc bit ch th cho
chc nng OAM khung 0, 1, 34 v 35. Cc khung khc ti bt cu hnh
(EOC) v bt iu khin ng b (SC) cho vic xc nh cu trc knh ti v
ng b.
Bit r1 dnh cho tng lai v c t gi tr 1. C bn bit khc cng c t
gi tr 0 hoc 1. Nhng bit ny tr gip vic nhn dng khung EOC hay SC. Bit
0 v 1 s l bit u tin ca byte nhanh.
Phn ln nht ca mo u dnh cho cc bt ch th. Chc nng ca chng c
nh ngha bng 1.8.
Bng 1.8: Chc nng ca cc bit ch th
Bt ch th nh ngha
ib0 - ib7
ib8
ib9
ib10
Dnh cho tng lai
febe-i
fecc-i
febe-ni
fecc-ni
30
n tt nghip
ib11
ib12
ib13
ib14 - ib23
los
rdi
dnh cho tng lai
Cc bt ch th t bt 0 n bt 7 v 14 n 23 (8 bt u v 10 bt cui) c
dnh cho tng lai. Bt 8 n 13 c nh ngha.
Bit ch th los (ib12) ch ra s mt tn hiu v c ADSL ATU s dng xc
nh tn hiu hng ngc li b mt hay b suy gim di ngng cho php.
Nu mt tn hiu bit los = 1 v ngc li l 0. Bt rdi ch ra sai hng u xa v
c ADSL ATU s dng xc nh cc khung b li nng (SEF). SEF xut
hin khi hai siu khung phi hp khng c ni dung nh mong mun khung
ng b theo sau khung 67. Khi nim khung ng b vi bit iu khin ng
b l hon ton khc bit nhau. Gi tr rdi =1 khi khng c thng bo SEF v
bng 0 khi ngc li.
Bn bt ch th khc t ib8 n ib11. C 4 bit biu th cho trng thi li u xa.
ib8 c gi l febe-i, thay th cho li khi u xa ca d liu chn trong siu
khung ADSL. Bt ny dng ch kt qu kim tra CRC d liu chn siu
khung nhn c c khp vi kt qu tnh ton hay khng. Nu khp bit ny
bng 1 v ngc li bng 0. ib10 c gi l febe-ni, thc hin chc nng
tng t cho phn d liu nhanh vi cng gi tr. ib9 c gi l fecc-i, dng
cho m sa li trc (FEC) d liu chn trong siu khung ADSL. Bit ny bng
1 khi khng c li phi sa v ngc li bng 0. ib11 c gi l fecc-ni thc
hin chc nng tng t nh ib 9 nhng dng cho d liu nhanh vi cng gi
tr.
Cu trc khung ADSL.
Phn t to nn siu khung l cc khung ADSL. Vic m t cu trc khung
ny rt n gin v khung ADSL nm trong siu khung c cu trc c nh. i
vi mi b m d liu (nhanh hoc chn), khung c to mt cch n gin
t mt s byte cho knh ti AS0, tip theo l AS1 v c nh vy n AS2. Tip
n l cc byte LS0, LS2 v cui cng LS3. Nu khng c byte no cho AS v
LS th vng trng. Cui cng l mt vi byte mo u c thm v s
dng chung cho cc knh.
Thc t, ADSL c nhiu tc truyn dn khc nhau mi hng nn cu trc
s phc tp. Ch c cc lp truyn ti mi c th thm bt c phn cu to
31
n tt nghip
chung no cho c cu khng cht ch ny. Ch rng cc bit AS v LS c th
truyn trong phn m d liu nhanh hoc d liu chn trong khung ADSL.
Mi chui s liu ngi s dng c gn cho mt vng m d liu nhanh
hoc chn trong sut qu trnh x l ban u. Tuy nhin nu AS c gn vo
phn m nhanh th s khng c trong phn m chn. Ni cch khc, nu
khung ADSL c cha cc bit cho AS0 trong vng m d liu nhanh ca
khung th nht thit phi c mt s lng bt tng t cho AS 0 trong vng
m d liu chn ca khung.
Cu trc cho s byte mc nh trong khung ADSL c trnh by trong bng
1.9. Tuy nhin, cc gi tr mc nh c th thay i. Ch rng nu mt phn
ca vng m khc khng th gi tr trong vng m khc phi bng 0.
Bng 1.9. Vng m mc nh cho cc lp truyn ti (T1)
Tn hiu Phn m d liu xen Phn m d liu nhanh
Lp1 Lp 2 Lp 3 Lp 4 Lp 1 Lp 2 Lp 3 Lp 4
AS0 96 96 48 48 0 0 0 0
AS1 96 48 48 0 0 0 0 0
AS2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
AS3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LS0 2 2 2 255 0 0 0 0
LS1 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5
LS2 0 0 0 0 12 12 12 0
Trn y chng ta miu t nhng nt chnh ca trc khung v siu khung
ADSL, cn ch rng trong lp truyn ti th nht, cu trc mc nh ch nh
96 byte cho AS0 v AS1 trong mi khung ADSL. V c 8 bit trong 1 byte v
4000 khung ADSL c gi mi giy nn tc bt trn AS0 v AS1 l 3,072
Mbit/s khng k n kch thc khung y . Nh vy hai knh ti tin t tng
i ti thu bao hot ng 3,072 Mbit/s l s tu chn thit lp cho lp th
nht. Thc t trong trng hp ny, i vi cu hnh mc nh th kch thc
phn m cng nn nhn gi tr mc nh l hiu qu nht. Ch rng cc knh
LS0 cng c tc 64 kbit/s cho hai hng.
Cu trc khung ADSL trong lp truyn ti th nht c gi i t ATU-C. Cc
byte nhanh c truyn i trc loi tr tt c cc byte ti t b m chn.
Cng tng t nh trn, cc dch v tc da trn chun 2,048 Mbit/s cng
c s qui nh kch c mc nh ca vng m cho lp truyn ti 2M. Gi tr
ny biu din bng 1.10.
32
n tt nghip
Bng 1.10. Vng m mc nh cho cc lp truyn ti (E1)
Tn hiu Phn m d liu xen Phn m d liu nhanh
Lp 2M-1 Lp 2M-2 Lp 2M-3 Lp 2M-1 Lp 2M-2 Lp 2M-3
AS0 64 64 64 0 0 0
AS1 64 64 0 0 0 0
AS2 64 0 0 0 0 0
LS0 2 2 255 0 0 0
LS1 0 0 0 5 0 5
LS2 0 0 0 12 12 0
Cc knh AS0, AS1 v AS2 gi ton b 64 byte trong mi khung trn lp
truyn ti 2M-1. Nh vy s c ba knh ti tin t tng i xung thu bao hot
ng tc 2,048 Mbit/s. Vic thit lp cu hnh ny l tu chn. Kch thc
vng m mc nh ch hiu qu i vi cu hnh mc nh. Trong cu hnh
ny knh LS0 hot ng tc 64 kbit/s cho c hai hng.
1.4.6 K thut ADSL khng s dng b chia (Splitterless)
K thut ADSL khng s dng b chia l mt ng dng c bit ca k
thut ADSL. K thut ny c nhm Universal nghin cu thnh tiu
chun G.lite sau ny c ITU chp nhn thnh tiu chun G992.2 vo thng 6
nm 1999. Mc ch ca k thut ny cho php n gin ho vic lp t thit
b cho khch hng ng thi cung cp kh nng qun l cao hn cho nh khai
thc v gim gi thnh lp t ban u.
K thut ADSL G.Lite n gin ho bng cch b b chia pha khch hng
nhng vn gi li b lc bng thng cao modem ADSL. Nh vy pha
modem ADSL ch nhn c tn hiu tn s cao dnh cho ADSL cn ph
thoi c th nhn c c 2 loi tn hiu thoi v ADSL nhng ch c tn hiu
toi c chuyn sang tn hiu m thanh. tuy nhin vn c th mt phn tn
hiu ADSL c chuyn sang tn hiu m thanh c ngha l cht lng thoi
cng b nh hng.
Vi k thut ny modem G.Lite v in thoi ca khch hng hot ng trn
cng mt h thng dy dn cho php khch hng c th s dng dch v thoi
hay modem bng tn thoi mt cch bnh thng. Vic ny tri ngc vi
ADSL thng thng l phi c cc ng dy dn ring cho ADSL v dch v
in thoi sau khi tn hiu qua b chia (thng thng l mt on dy dn mi
ti modem ADSL).
33
n tt nghip
Chng ta c th so snh gia 2 loi ADSL qua hnh v
1.4.7 Cc dch v c th c k thut ADSL cung cp
Khi nim ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) - ng thu bao
s khng i xng l mt k thut lm thay i hon ton nng lc ca ng
thu bao thoi truyn thng. K thut ny cho php truyn ng thi tn hiu
thoi v nhiu dch v tc cao khc (truyn s liu, thng tin) vi cht lng
tt trn i dy ng. iu ny em li li ch rt ln cho nh khai thc v c
khu vc thu bao dn c ln thu bao cng s.
Sau y chng ta cng xem xt nhng yu t thc y vic trin khai rng ri
k thut ADSL trn th gii.
- ADSL cho php tn dng cc i cp ng thu bao cho truy nhp Internet
t xa vi tc cao qua mng kt hp v dch v. V c bn, ADSL l gii
php trung gian cung cp cc dch v bng rng trn mng vin thng hin
nay.
- ADSL c kh nng p ng cho cc ng dng mi i hi thi gian thc,
a phng tin v dch v video bng rng cht lng cao. Nhng ng
dng ny bao gm: tnh ton cng ng, hi ngh qua truyn hnh, o to
t xa v dch v video theo yu cu.
- Hin nay, ngnh cng nghip ang nghing mnh theo hng pht trin da
trn cc tiu chun. iu ny to ra s lin kt hot ng gia cc cng ty
v nhanh chng hnh thnh mt th trng ng nht. y chnh l mi
trng m bo cho s tn ti ca ADSL.
34
Voice
& ADSL
Custormer
Premies
Splitter ADSL
G.DMT
Modem
Voice
& ADSL
Custormer
Premies
Microfilter
ADSL
G.Lite
Modem
Hnh 1.12 So snh cu hnh CPE ca G.DMT
v G.Lite
n tt nghip
- ADSL mang li cho nh khai thc kh nng mm do trong vic cung cp
bng tn dch v (tc c nh hoc la chn tc thch hp) hoc cht
lng dch v tt nht nh modem tng t.
Nhanh hn gn 300 ln modem 24,4 kbit/s
Nhanh hn trn 100 ln modem 56 kbit/s
Nhanh hn gp 70 ln ISDN tc 128 kbi/s
- ADSL l mt gii php mang li li ch cho nh cung cp dch v nh vo
vic tn dng c s h tng hin c. Nh khai thc ch phi bo dng mt
i dy thu bao ca dch v in thoi truyn thng cung cp dch v
truyn s liu v thoi.
- ADSL cng cho php nh khai thc cung cp cc knh m bo ring gia
khch hng v nh cung cp dch v:
Khch hng lm ch ng truyn d liu ca mnh, iu ny
khc vi dch v modem thoi b chia ng truyn cho cc dch v
khc.
Tc ng truyn khng b nh hng bi cc ngi s dng
khc do mi khch hng s hu mt ng truyn. Vi dch v qua
modem thng thng tc b gim xung ng k khi c thm ngi s
dng.
- ADSL lun ch ch v sn sng truyn tin bt c khi no khch hng
cn. ADSL lun c kt ni sn nh mt ng thu bao in thoi thng
thng hot ng do s khng phi b ph thi gian cho vic quay s v
i kt ni nhiu ln trong ngy.
- Tt c cc nh cung cp dch v ln u tin hnh th nghim v
chng minh c tnh hp dn ca ADSL. Hin nay, ADSL a vo
khai thc trn ton th gii vi kt qu vt ngoi mong i trong nm
1998 v 1999. V kha cnh th trng, hu ht cc nh cung cp thit b
ang thng mi ho th h sn phm th hai v th ba vi hon thin
cao hn v gi thnh thp hn.
- ADSL s tr thnh k thut ca nhng thp k ti do mng xy dng trn
nn ADSL rt ph hp cho vic ti lu lng ATM.
- ADSL l cu ni thng tin ti th k sau m khng cn thay c s h tng
mi, khng cn thm cc chi ph ngoi lung v khng phi ti u t.
35
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1.5 K thut VDSL
K thut cung cp cc ng thu bao s vi tc rt cao c vit tt l
k thut VDSL. Cng nh cc k thut xDSL khc nh: ADSL, HDSL, SDSL,
k thut VDSL c s dng cung cp cc dch v s liu bng rng nh
cc knh tivi, truy nhp d liu vi tc rt cao, hi ngh qua video, video
ng, truyn t hp d liu v tn hiu v tn hiu video trn cng mt ng
dy..v v.. cho cc thu bao dn c v kinh doanh trong lc cha lp t c
mng cp quang n tn nh thu bao.
K thut VDSL s dng phng thc truyn dn ging nh k thut ADSL,
nhng k thut VDSL c kh nng cung cp s liu vi tc cao gn gp 10
ln tc truyn dn ca k thut ADSL (hnh 1.19). Tc truyn dn ca
VDSL thng nm trong khong t 13Mbit/s n 60Mbit/s tu thuc vo
khong cch truyn dn. K thut VDSL c th s dng phng thc truyn
dn dch v i xng (phng thc truyn dn c tc truyn dn xui t
pha tng i ti thu bao bng vi tc truyn dn t pha thu bao n tng
i) v khng i xng (phng thc truyn dn c tc truyn dn xui t
pha tng i ti thu bao cao hn rt nhiu so vi tc truyn dn t pha
thu bao ti tng i). i vi dng truyn dn khng i xng k thut VDSL
thng dng t l tc chiu i v chiu v l 10:1, phng thc truyn dn
ny ph hp cung cp dch v tc cao t pha tng i ti thu bao nn
rt hay c s dng trong k thut VDSL.
Ngoi vic c kh nng cung cp tc cao hn nhiu so vi tc truyn dn
ca k thut ADSL k thut VDSL cn yu cu khong ng nh hn k thut
ADSL nn k thut truyn dn ca VDSL khng phc tp bng k thut truyn
dn ADSL. Mc d c nhiu u im nh vy nhng k thut ny vn cha
c s dng rng ri l v cha la chn c c ch iu ch, bng tn,
phng php ghp knh thch hp. Hn na, mt s chipset ca modem s
dng k thut VDSL vn cn t nn k thut ny cha c s dng nhiu
trn thc t. Tuy nhin y l mt k thut y ha hn trong mt vi nm tip
theo.
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n tt nghip
Chng 2 : Trin khai ADSL trn th gii v Vit Nam
D bo nhu cu s dng dch v
2.1 Tnh hnh trin khai ADSL
Trong nhng nm gn y cc h thng cung cp dch v xDSL m c bit
l ADSL ang pht trin ht sc mnh m trn ton cu. Mt s nc c nn
vin thng pht trin mnh th th trng bt u i vo giai on bo ho.
Cc nc khc c c s h tng km hn hoc t trc n nay vn cn d dt
37
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vi cng ngh ny th by gi cng ang chun b hoc u t trin khai.
R rng h khng th ng ngoi cuc ch i mt s thng tr ca mng ton
quang (khng bit bao gi thc hin c) trong khi h ang tng ngy tng
gi phi chu mt sc p nng n t pha khch hng trong v ngoi nc. Vi
mt chi ph va phi, tn dng c ti a c s h tng hin c xDSL gip
cho cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng tho mn c ng thi c hai yu
cu c th ni l thng xuyn i nghch nhau : gi thnh v tc truy
nhp.
2.2 Vit Nam
Sau khi xem xt : Bo co nghin cu kh thi s hiu 08-03- 2002/DADT-
TVTK do Vin Khoa hc k thut Bu in lp v Bin bn kho st h thng
cung cp dch v ADSL cho cc tnh v thnh ph. Ngy 20/06/2003 Hi ng
qun tr Tng Cng Ty Bu Chnh Vin Thng Vit Nam ra quyt nh s
292/Q-TPT/HQT quyt nh u t d n (pha 1) H thng cung cp
dch v ADSL Bu in thnh ph H Ni, H Ch Minh, Hi Phng, Bu
in tnh ng Nai v Bnh Dng. Tng Cng Ty cng quyt nh d n
u t pha hai s c trin khai vo cui nm nay ti : Thnh ph Nng,
Tnh B Ra- Vng Tu, Cn Th, Khnh Ho, Tha Thin- Hu, An Giang,
Ngh An, c Lc, Lm ng, Kin Giang. Pha 1 dc trin khai v hin
ti i vo hot ng to nn mt khng kh si ng trong vic sdng
Internet, theo nhng g m ti quan st c ti H Ni th k t sau ngy Bu
in H Ni khai trng dch v Internet tc cao Mega VNN(ADSL), s
lng thu bao ng k s dng tng ln rt nhanh (ch yu l cc c quan
cng s, cc doanh nghip v cc qun cafe internet) c bit ti H Ni v
Thnh Ph h Ch Minh ch sau vi thng khai trng s lng thu bao ng
k vt xa s cng lp t, v vy bin php m rng dung lng ngay
lp tc c trin khai. Cc dch v internet cng cng ny thu ht mt lc
lng rt ln thanh nin sinh vin ti s dng. Nhng sinh vin nh chng ti
cm thy rt hnh phc khi vi ch 3000/ting chng ti c th truy cp ti bt
c mt trang Web no tm kim thng tin m khng phi qu bn tm v
vn tc nh trc y. C th ni rng cng vi s nng cp ng
truyn i quc t ca VDC, ADSL lm nn s khc bit, to ra mt b mt
mi cho ngnh bu in.
C th :
Tng s vn u t cho:
Pha mt :
38
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Tng vn u t : 223.497.560.000
Trong
+ Bu thnh ph H Ni : 3000 thu bao
+ Bu in thnh ph H Ch Minh : 5000 thu bao
+ Bu in thnh ph Hi Phng : 1000 thu bao
+ Bu in tnh ng Nai : 1000 thu bao
+ Bu in tnh Bnh Dng: 1000 thu bao
Pha hai : 198.704.000.000 VN.

2.3 Th gii
2.3.1 Xu hng ton cu
Trong "ma ng ht nhn" nm 2001 sau s kin ngy 9 thng 11 th
trng vin thng i xung nhng DSL vn pht trin mnh v tng 78%. DSL
vo u nm 2002 vn ln dn u trong cc phng php truy xut tc
cao trn ton th gii t 18,7 triu thu bao (theo Point Topic) vt qua mt
i th truyn kip cable modem 15 triu thu bao (theo Kinetic Strategies).
Tuy nhin, th trng Bc M th s thu bao DSL vn cn thua xa s thu
bao cable modem. S ng dy thu bao s trn ton th gii tng 36%
trong 6 thng u nm 2002, t 18,7 triu ln n 25,6 triu. So ra th y l s
st gim so vi 6 thng cui nm 2001 khi t l tng trng l 78% vi 8,2
triu ng dy mi c lp t. y cng l 6 thng c t l pht trin thp
nht trong lch s ngn ngi ca DSL.
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Hnh 2.1 DSL tng t 880 000 ng dy nm 1999
ln 25,5 triu ng dy vo cui thng 6 nm 2002


Hnh 2.2 Phn b DSL trn th gii tnh n 30 thng 6 nm 2002
Nhng nhn vo qu trnh pht trin ca DSL t con s 880 000 ng dy vo
cui nm 1999 n 25,5 triu ng dy vo cui thng 6 nm nay th c th
thy l kt qu ca thi k suy thoi v khng hong ti chnh trong ngnh
vin thng ton th gii v n khng phi l du hiu ca s chng li lu di
ca DSL. S pht trin chm li ca mt vi vng ch c tnh thi v v loi th
trng dch v ny c xu hng mnh ln trong 6 thng cui nm. Hai cng
quc DSL l Hn Quc v Hoa K cng tnh trng chng li theo thi v.
Th trng Hn Quc t n trng thi bo ho trong khi Hoa K ang phi
i mt vi khng hong trm trng trong ngnh vin thng lm suy thoi
ti chnh ng k cho DSL. S pht trin cc quc gia khc ng ch l
Nht Bn v hu ht cc nc Ty u vn rt mnh m. Tt c cc quc gia
ngoi Hn Quc th cn lu mi t c th trng bo ho.
2.3.2 Cc quc gia v cc vng pht trin trn th gii
Vng chu - Thi Bnh Dng vn l vng pht trin DSL ln nht vi
10,7 triu ng dy. Vng Bc M l 6,6 triu ng dy trong khi Ty u
ang gn lp y ch trng cn li. K , vng gy c s ch l Nam v
ng bao gm Trung Quc v n vi tng s 1,1 triu ng dy. Phn
cn li ca th gii bao gm M La Tinh, Trung ng v chu Phi c tng s
800 ngn ng dy. Tc pht trin gia cc vng rt l n tng. Bc M
t c tc pht trin cao nht vo 6 thng cui nm 2000 nn ang
chm li. Tuy nhin, cc quc gia chu - Thi Bnh Dng dn u l Hn
Quc tr thnh i th cnh tranh vi Bc M t cui nm 2000 v ngy
40
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cng pht trin nhanh hn d c chm li i cht trong 6 thng u nm 2002.
Hin nay thy c nhng du hiu u tin cho s ct cnh ca vng Nam
v ng , c bit l Trung Quc. S pht trin ca cc vng khc (M La
Tinh, Trung ng, chu Phi v ng u) vn cn ang giai on s khi.
Tuy nhin Ba Ty, Do Thi v Estonia c c mc pht trin tng i.
V tng s ng dy th Hn Quc vn dn u. Tuy nhin, trong tng
lai gn c l s b Hoa K hay cng c th l Nht Bn qua mt trong 12 thng
sp ti. Hin nay, Nht Bn, M v c ang pht trin nhanh hn Hn Quc.
Ba Ty cng cho thy s pht trin vt bc. Trong 10 quc gia c t l pht
trin nhanh nht trong 6 thng qua th c n 7 quc gia Ty u khi ch thng
k cc quc gia c trn 100 000 ng dy DSL. Nga v M Hy C cng c t
l pht trin cao nhng con s ng dy li mc thp.

Hnh 2.3 Tc tng trng tng vng: tim nng chu - Thi Bnh
Dng
v Ty u vn mnh m nht

41
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Hnh 2.4 Tng s ng dy DSL ca 10 quc gia dn u th gii
2.3.3 T l ph bin DSL
Hn Quc vn dn u th gii v s ng dy DSL trn 100 dn. V con
s ny th i Loan qua mt Hng Cng v an Mch qua mt Gioc a
Ni. n tng nht l Nht Bn ch trong vng 18 thng i t ch gn nh s
khng pht trin nhanh chng v lt vo "top ten" trn th gii v s ng
dy DSL trn 100 dn.
Hnh 2.5 10 quc gia dn u v s ng dy
c lp t mi trong 6 thng u nm 2002
42
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Hnh 2.6 10 quc gia c t l tng trng DSL cao nht trong 6 thng u nm 2002
Hnh 2.7 10 quc gia c t l ph bin DSL cao nht
Trong khi th Hoa K b loi, ng v tr th 12 sau Ty Ban Nha.
Mt khc Hoa K l mt trong rt t quc gia c s thu bao cable modem cao
hn DSL (cc quc gia khc l Gioc a Ni, H Lan, Ty Ban Nha v c ).
Nhiu nc nh nhng li c s ng dy DSL trn 100 dn kh cao nh
Iceland vi 5,3 cn Estonia ng u li c con s ny l 1,5 vt qua c
Php, v Lin Hip Anh.
Xu hng pht trin
Hoa K dn u th gii v th trng DSL trong nhng ngy u nhng
nhanh chng b Hn Quc bt kp v qua mt. c v Nht tip cn th trng
bng nhiu cch khc nhau, bt u ct cnh t nm 2001 nhng hin vn ang
tt hu so vi M, i Hn khong 15 thng.

43
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Hnh 2.8 10 quc gia c t l ng dy PSTN chuyn sang DSL cao nht
Cn nhn xt rng M v i Hn th 6 thng cui nm bao gi t l pht
trin cng cao hn 6 thng u nm. iu ny cng tng t nh th trng
my tnh c nhn hay in thoi di ng v l yu t phi k n khi d bo.
Tnh hnh Hn Quc cng cho thy du hiu ca s bo ho dch v thng tin
tc cao. Cui thng 6 nm 2002 Hn Quc c 3,3 triu modem cp ng
trc v 5,7 triu ng dy DSL, tng ng vi 58 ng dy thng tin tc
cao trn 100 dn. Trong khi , s kt ni Internet qua modem dial-up
gim xung cn 520 ngn hay 3 ng dy trn 100 dn. R rng l s pht
trin thng tin tc cao Hn Quc rt kh c th tng thm.
Hnh 2.9 Tnh hnh pht trin ca cc cng quc DSL
44
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Nguyn nhn pht trin ca DSL
Vi cng ngh DSL th cc tr ngi k thut c khc phc dn. Bn
cnh , h tng c s php l cho thng tin tc cao ngy cng pht trin
tuy c chm nhng gim bt bt n trong u t. Kh nng DSL ngy cng
phong ph v cng c nhiu phin bn mi cho DSL nh ADSL2 v
Splitterless ADSL2 c ITU-T thng qua khuyn ngh 992.3 v 992.4 vo
thng 7 nm 2002. Nhng phin bn khc nhau ca DSL p ng c tng
nhu cu cng nh tng iu kin ng dy c th.
Cng ngh DSL p ng c yu cu ca cc dch v i hi thi gian
thc, tc cao nh mua sm trn mng, chi tr chi trc tuyn, chat, gio
dc, ln k hoch i li v xem video.
Trin vng DSL
Trong cc loi cng ngh truy xut tc cao th DSL c t l khch hng l
doanh nghip cao nht: 20%. Vi s ng dy trn 1 t ca th gii th DSL
ch chim c hn 2,5%. D bo n cui nm 2005 th s ng dy DSL c
th t c n con s 200 triu.
2.4 Tnh hnh pht trin kinh t x hi ca Ngh An trong nhng nm
gn y:
Ngh An, mnh t thn yu ca t quc Vit Nam l mt bc tranh honh
trng nhiu mu sc:
ng v x Ngh quanh quanh
Non xanh nc bic nh tranh ho .
Con ngi Ngh An trong sut tin trnh pht trin ca lch s t xa xa ti
nay khng nhng ch ngm bc tranh ho , m sng vi n, sng trong
n v trang im chn ti p hn. Nhiu con sng xanh ngy nay ta c ng
l c ngun gc t nhin, m thc ra l nhng dng knh do con ngi
y o ra t bao th k trc. Nhiu cnh ng ngy nay khi ma v nh
tm la vng tri rng mnh mng thc ra c bt u hnh thnh nh nhng
cuc khn hoang, v t ca cc bc tin nhn.
a danh Ngh An xut hin t nm 1033 di triu i L Thnh Tng thay
cho tn Hoan Chu c t my trm nm v trc. V a hnh, din mo,
Ngh An l ni bt u tht li ca di t min trung, c v tr a l ng vai
tr yt hu trn con ng thin l xuyn Vit, l vng t c ni rng trng
ip, chim 2/3 din tch ton tnh, n ng sau lng l dy trng sn hng v,
45
n tt nghip
tri ra trc mt l bin ng lai lng mnh mng. Vi din tch 16.487,3km
2
,
82 km b bin, c nhiu khong sn qu him nh Rubi, thic vi, vng.
Dn s gn 3 triu ngi 1,5 triu lao ng trong c 250 tin s, hn 3 vn
cn b c trnh cao ng, i hc, 6 vn cn b k thut trung cp, 3,6 vn
cng nhn lnh ngh.Con ngi y cn c, chu kh lm n, ham hc hi,
thng minh sng to. Ngh An thc s tr thnh mt tnh c tim nng kinh t
v ngun nhn lc di do, c truyn thng cch mng lu i.
Trong nhng nm qua, cng vi s i mi v pht trin ca quc gia, cc
ngnh cng nghip, du lch, vn ho, th thao ca tnh cng c pht trin
mnh m. T mt tnh b nt sau chin tranh, ngy nay Ngh An tr
thnh mt tnh tng i pht trin xng ng l trung tm kinh t, x hi,
chnh tr ca khu vc Bc trung B v l u mi giao thng quan trng nm
trn quc l 1A v ng st xuyn Vit. Kt cu h tng ca Ngh An bc
u p ng c nhu cu khch trong nc v quc t nh: Bu chnh vin
thng, h thng ngn hng, h thng in nc, mng li giao thng khch
sn, nh hng. Sn bay Vinh c ci to nng cp my bay hng nng c
th ln xung, phc v khch trn cc tuyn quan trng. Cng bin quc t ca
l hin ti tu 6.000 7.0000 tn vo ra thng xuyn, ang c u t v
no vt v lm thm bn tu mt vn tn vo ra nhm p ng nhu cu vn
chuyn hng ho cho Lo v ng- Bc Thi Lan theo ng s 7, ng 8
qua cng Ca L i cc nc. y thc s l mt tim nng to ln cha
c khai thc hp l cho pht trin kinh t ca khu vc min trung v tiu
vng Ngh An- Lo- ng bc Thi Lan. Ca L cng l im du lch hp dn
m hng nm thu ht mt lng khch (trong nc v quc t) rt ln ving
thm cng nh chn lm im dng chn trn cuc hnh trnh xuyn Vit.
Nhit trung bnh ca Ngh An khong 23,5
0
C, lng ma trung bnh 1.800
2.000mm/nm, m 71% - 91%. ton tnh Ngh An c 01 thnh ph, 01 th
x v 17 huyn.
Ngh An ang tng bc khc phc kh khn v c gng thu ht u t
bng cc chnh sch u i, p dng trit cc chnh sch u t ca chnh
ph i vi u t trong v ngoi nc. Hin nay Ngh An v ang tp
trung vo xy dng bn khu cng nghip trng im l: KCN Hong Mai,
KCN Nam Cm, khu cng nghip Ph Qu v KCN Bc Vinh.
46
n tt nghip
Mt s ch tiu kinh t t c ca Ngh An trong nhng nm qua nh sau :
bng 2.1:mc tng trng kinh t v dn s
C cu cc doanh nghip trn a bn tnh hin nay nh sau :
Doanh nghip nh nc : 110
Cng ty c phn : 61
Cng ty TNHH : 275
Chi nhnh ti Ngh An : 13
Doanh nghip t nhn : 193
X Nghip : 87
Ngoi ra cn c cc nh my sn xut ln , tng cc doanh nghip ti Ngh
An l 908 DN quc doanh v ngoi quc doanh. Nu tnh c cc doanh nghip
nh hoc mi thnh lp th con s ny c th ln ti 4.540(doanh nghip ) trong
c 183 doanh nghip thng mi dch v. Cc doanh nghip tp trung ch
yu thnh ph Vinh, cc khu cng nghip v cc trung tm kinh t ln ca
tnh.
2.5 Hin trng v tim nng pht trin ca mng vin thng Ngh An:
So vi tnh hnh pht trin chung ca c nc th Ngh An c xem l
mt trong nhng tnh c mng vin thng hin i Vit Nam. Mt s thnh
tu m Bu in Ngh An t c .
Bu in Ngh An l mt trong nhng n v i u trong vic ng dng cc
thnh tu khoa hc v cng gnh vo sn xut kinh doanh., vi mng li trn
120 bu cc, 342 im bu in vn ho x, 80 tng i, 17 trm thng tin di
ng, 429 km cp quang ni tnh, gn 10 vn my in toi c trn mng v
nhiu dch v bu chnh nh; chuyn pht nhanh, tit kim bu in, in hoa,
chuyn tin nhanh ... khng nh hng i ng v c hiu qu ca mnh.
Doanh thu hng nm ca Bu in tnh tng trn 20% trong nm 2002
doanh thu t 217 t ng tng 34% so vi nm 2001. Thu nhp ca cn b
Nm 2000 2001 2002 6 thng 2003
GDP(%) 6,21% 8,9% 11% 11,55%
GNP(t) 6317 6880 7636 8025
T l tng
DS(%)
1,5 1,43 1,36 1,2
47
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cng nhn vin ngy mt cao hn. Vi nhng kt qu t c trong nhiu
nm qua c bit l nm 2002 c th ni rng Bu in Ngh An l mt tp
th vng mnh vi 5 thnh tch ni bt sau:
Ni b on kt, hp tc, pht huy c sc mnh tng hp ca ton n v.
y chnh l bi hc xuyn sut trong qu trnh cch mng ca ng ta, l li
dn n cn ca Bc vi ton ng, ton dn, ton qun trc lc ngi i
xa.c Bu in Ngh An thm nhun, qun trit v thc hin tt. Mng bu
chnh vin thng c pht trin, m rng, hin i, ng b vi tc
cao.Nng lc phc v ca Bu in khng ngng c tng ln, m bo cc
ni dung: cht lng phc v, vn minh ngh nghip, an ninh v an ton, cc
ch tiu doanh thu, li nhun ,tin lng t u t pht trin, np ngn sch,
trnh i ng cn b, cng nhn vin tin b nhanh v tng i vng chc.
L mt n v thc hin tt cc chnh sch x hi v an ninh quc phng trn
a bn, c nh nc tng thng hun chng lao ng hng ba v thc
hin chnh sch x hi. Cc hot ng th thao, vn ho, vn ngh qun chng
si ng b ich v lnh mnh. ng b v cc on th qun chng, lc lng
v trang, dn qun t v lin tc t danh hiu trong sch, vng mnh v tin
tin xut sc. i ni yn vui, i ngoi rng m, ngha tnh. Mi quan h phi
hp gia cc on vin v cc on ,cc cp ngy cng tt hn to mi trng
v iu kin thun li n v lin tc pht trin v trng thnh.
Nhng kt qu v s n lc phn u ca Bu in Ngh An trong nhng nm
qua gp phn quan trng trong s nghip chn hng nn kinh t a
phng, to cho Ngh An i nhanh hn trong s nghip cng nghip ho,
hin i ho t nc. Bu in Ngh An lun l tp th mnh, xng ng vi
danh hiu n v anh hng lc lng v trang trong thi k chng M cu
nc (1996), n v anh hng lao ng trong thi k i mi nm 2000 v c
bit l tm hun chng c lp hng ba c ng v nh nc trao tng
nm 2002.
Trch pht biu ca ng ch L Don Hp, U vin trung ng ng, b th tnh
U Ngh An trong hi ngh trin khai k hoch nm 2003 v l n nhn hun
chng c lp hng ba ca Bu in Ngh An.
Hin trng mng vin thng Ngh An c th hin y qua cc bo co
sau (xin mi xem ph lc 2):
* Pht trin Internet ca Ngh An trong nhng nm va qua
Thu bao internet cng cng ng k s dng qua bu in:
TT Khu vc 1998 199
9
200
0
2001 2002 2003(6 thng u)
48
n tt nghip
1 Qu Phong 1 1
2 Qu Chu 2 1
3 Qu hp 1 5 1 8 4
4 Ngha n 1 3 2 1 1
5
Qunh Lu
2 4 1 5 8
6
Yn Thnh
1 1 1 5
7
Din Chu
1 0 2 3
8 Nghi Lc 1 0 0 1 1
9 Vinh 16 32 50 64 108 108
10 Ca L 3 3 3 3
11 Hng Nguyn 1
12 Nam n 1 2
13 Thanh Chng 1 1
14 Lng 1 1 6 1
15 Tn K 1 2
16 Anh Sn 1 2 6
17 Con Cung 1 1
18 Tng Dng 1 2
19 K Sn 1

Bng 2.2: Thu bao Internet cng cng pht trin hng nm
Trung bnh s thu bao in thoi thng xuyn kt ni Internet
TT Khu vc 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
1 Qu Phong 3 9 20 34 50 55
2 Qu Chu 5 10 24 30 56 60
3 Qu hp 7 20 33 50 87 55
4 Ngha n 4 12 27 46 70 65
5
Qunh Lu
5 12 30 35 103 70
6
Yn Thnh
3 11 25 30 57 48
7
Din Chu
6 25 30 63 76 54
8 Nghi Lc 4 24 32 44 74 51
9 Vinh 20 55 134 256 350 308
10 Ca L 6 30 58 85 107 98
11 Hng Nguyn 2 8 26 34 58 40
12 Nam n 3 7 15 36 45 32
13 Thanh Chng 4 12 34 35 57 46
14 Lng 5 18 40 57 69 54
15 Tn K 1 3 15 24 34 22
16 Anh Sn 2 6 18 27 33 24
17 Con Cung 1 3 9 21 29 32
18 Tng Dng 0 2 7 18 24 31
19 K Sn 0 1 5 10 20 18
49
n tt nghip
( S liu t Bu in Ngh An )
2.6 Phn tch nhu cu s dng dch v ADSL :
Qua cc s liu c trn ta thy: Nu phn u m bo ch tiu n
nm 2005 s thu bao internet t 1,3 1,5 trn 100 dn (nh trong Quyt nh
ph duyt k hoch tng th ng dng v pht trin cng ngh thng tin Vit
Nam n nm 2005 ca Th tng Chnh ph ) th s lng thu bao Internet
cn pht trin l 39.000 45.000 thu bao. Gi s rng t l h gia nh s dng
dch v ADSL khong 1%(tc l 1 thu bao ADSL/100 h gia nh hay tng
ng 1 thu bao ADSL/493 ngi dn) th s cng ADSL phi lp t s l:
6.085 (cng).
Nu dt mc tiu pht trin thu bao ADSL tng ng vi t l 5% s
lng doanh nghip th nhu cu pht trin thu bao ADSL s vo khong 227
thu bao, y thc s l nhng thu bao c nhu cu rt ln v tc truy nhp
cng nh bng thng. Tuy nhin, trn thc t s lng doanh nghip c nhu
cu truy nhp Internet v truyn s liu rt nhiu, kh c th xc nh chnh
xc, nhng s ln hn nhiu so vi s lng thu bao d tnh ny. Mc tng
trng doanh thu hng nm cao v c bit t bin trong nm 2002 cho thy
nhu cu v dch v mi c cht lng cao, hn na vn tc nghn trong
truy nhp Internet cng nh truyn s liu ang l mt vn cn phi c
gii quyt kp thi mi c kh nng p ng c cht lng dch v v nhu
cu i hi. Mt trong cc dch v mi p ng c cc yu cu ny l
ADSL.
2.7 D Bo nhu cu
2.7.1 Nguyn tc pht trin dch v ADSL:
- Da trn nhu cu yu cu thc t trong hin ti v c tnh ti xu th
pht trin nhu cu trong tng lai.
- p ng va kp thi, va a dng cc loi hnh dch v trn c s k
hoch pht trin mng hp l, hiu qu.
- Pht trin dch v ph hp vi nhu cu, yu cu trong tng gia on
ngn v trung hn.
2.7.2 D bo i tng khch hng c nhu cu s dng dch v ADSL:
- Khch hng hin c : l nhng khch hng ang s dng cc dch v
truy hin c (Leased Line, Dial Up, truyn s liu X.25, v.v...), bao
gm: cc khch hng ang s dng thu knh Leased Line, cc khch
50
n tt nghip
hng thu knh truyn s liu X.25, cc im truy nhp Internet, cc
thu bao VNN(1260/1267/1268/1269), v.v... C th nh sau:
+ i tng khch hng s c nhu cu s dng dch v ADSL trong
vic truy nhp Internet tc cao, bng rng l : cc doanh nghip
c vn u t nc ngoi, doanh nghip lin doanh, cc doanh nghip
c chi nhnh trong nc, nc ngoi hot ng trong lnh vc chng
khon, ngn hng, cng nghip, thng mi, du lch, khch sn, v.v...
+ i tng khch hng s c nhu cu s dng dch v ADSL trong
vic tch hp dch v thoi v kt hp vi dch v truyn s liu l:
cc doanh nghip kinh doanh trn lnh vc thng mi - dch v (ngn
hng, khch sn , du lch, ...), cc thu bao Internet ph thng, cc
im truy nhp Internet ph thng, h gia nh, v.v...
+ i tng khch hng s c nhu cu s dng dch v ADSL trong
vic truy nhp trc tuyn, video theo yu cu, gio dc t xa, y t t
xa, v.v... l : cc vin nghin cu, cc trng i hc cao ng, cc
trung tm y t, doanh nghip du lch , khch sn, nh hng.
- Khch hng tim nng: L nhng khch hng hin ti cha hoc t s
dng cc dch v truy nhp Internet, truyn s liu nhng c kh nng s
s dng dch v ADSL khi dch v ny c a vo s dng v pht
trin. i tng khch hng ny bao gm:
+ Cc doanh nghip cng nghip, thng mi, dch v v.v...
+ Cc c quan qun l ca chnh quyn a phng (UBND tnh, thnh
ph, th x, qun, huyn, phng, x, ... ), cc ban ngnh chc nng
(S KHT, S Xy Dng, S Ti Chnh, ngn hng, v.v...)
+ Cc h gia nh c thu nhp cao tr ln.
2.7.3 Cc m hnh d bo c khuyn ngh bi ITU-T(CCITT):
2.7.3.1 Qui trnh d bo:
D bo nhu cu thoi l mt qu trnh phc tp nhng v c bn c th
phn lm cc bc chnh nh hnh sau:
51
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.10: Qui trnh d bo dch v thoi
2.7.3.2. La chn m hnh d bo :
Vic quyt nh xem m hnh d bo thch hp lin quan n nhiu yu t:
d liu u vo, cc yu cu v thi gian, yu cu v kt qa u ra, ti nguyn
sn c Tuy nhin, v c bn qui trnh la chn m hnh d bo c th c
m t mt cch tng qut nh hnh 2.11:
C 3 chin lc d bo chnh :
Tin nh(Deterministic): Da trn mi quan h mt thit gia hin
ti v tng lai. Cc m hnh time-series thch hp vi chin lc
ny.
H thng(Systematic): Da trn tung cho rng xu hng pht
trin trong tng lai s tun th cc nguyn tc no , chng hn
cc l thuyt v x hi- kinh t.
52
Thu Thp d liu
La chn m hnh d bo
Pht trin m hnh d bo
Phn tch kt qu
p dng m hnh d bo
d bo
Kt qa d
bo
D liu sn c
v cc iu
kin v mi
trng
Nhn nh
v nh gi
chung
Vn d
bo c th
Cc t chc
d bo hin
thi
CHIN LC
D BO
Cc tnh
cht
chung
ca
mmhmh
MHmM
Hhnh
YU CU
V THI
GIAN
Yu cu v
kt qu u
ra.
Ti nguyn
Lp cc m
hnh s b
Tp cc m hnh s b c
chn
Cc iu kin
u vo
Cc m hnh c la chn
n tt nghip
`
Hnh 2.11: Quy trnh d bo
Triu chng(Symptomatic): Da trn nhng du hiu hin ti d
bo cho tng lai, v d : cc s modem tng s dn n nhu cu v
kt ni d liu trong tng lai.
Trong thc t chng ta ch s dng hai chin lc d bo l Deterministic v
Systematic(m hnh chui thi gian v m hnh kinh t x hi) .
2.7.3.3 Pht trin m hnh d bo :
53
M
hnh
khng
thch
hp
Lp cc m hnh c la chn
Chn mt m hnh th nghim
Tnh ton cc tham s cho m
hnh
Xc nhn m hnh thch hp
Kim tra m
hnh
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.12: Cc bc thc hin d bo
Sau khi chn c mt lp cc m hnh d bo kh d chng ta phi tnh
ton cc tham s cho chng v kim tra xem m hnh d bo no l thch hp
nht. Qu trnh pht trin m hnh d bo c th m t bng hnh 2.12. Trong
qui trnh d bo hnh 2.12 tnh ton cc tham s cho m hnh l mt trong
nhng bc quan trng nht. Tu thuc vo m hnh d bo khc nhau,
phng php tnh ton cc tham s cho m hnh cng khc nhau. Cc tham s
c th c tnh ton da trn nhng d liu v qu kh, d liu d bo ca
mt s yu t lin quan khc(dn s, tc tng trng GDP, GPP...) hoc c
th l mt s gi thit do ngi d bo a ra...
2.7.3.4 p dng m hnh d bo:
Sau khi la c cc m hnh d bo thch hp, chng ta s s dng cc
m hnh d bo ny tnh ton cc nhu cu s dng dch v.
2.7.3.5 D liu u ra:
Tu thuc vo chin lc lp k hoch mng khc nhau, kt qu d bo
cng s khc nhau. Di y l mu kt qu d bo(u ra )cho tnh loi chin
lc d bo:
+ i vi cc mc tiu chnh sch : tng s cc thu bao.
+ i vi cc k hoch chin lc : S cc thu bao trn tng qun
/huyn.
+ i vi k hoch c s:
54
n tt nghip
S thu bao trn tng qun/huyn phn theo cc loi sau:
- Dn c (Residential).
- Doanh nghip(Business).
+ i vi cc k hoch ci t: S thu bao trn phng/x theo cc loi
sau:
- Dn c(Residential).
- Doanh nghip s dng mt ng thu bao(Single line business).
- Doanh nghip s dng nhiu ng thu bao(Mutil line business).
2.7.3.6 M hnh ng cong pht trin
y l m hnh kh ph bin trong d bo ni chung. M hnh ny m t s
pht trin ca yu t d bo ni chung. N m t s pht trin ca yu t d
bo ph thuc vo bin thi gian. Cc dng c bn ca m hnh gm c:
- Tuyn tnh
- Hm m
- Logistic
Cu trc m hnh:
Hnh 2.13 m t th ca cc dng m hnh ni trn:
Trong :
- t : bin thi gian.
- y
t
: mt thu bao nm ti nm t
- M,a,b : cc tham s c xc nh theo phng php hi quy(s
dng d liu qu kh tnh ton).
- k : mc bo ho.
55
n tt nghip
y
t
= M +at y
t
= M + at + bt
2
a, Tuyn tnh b, Hm m
y
t
=
bt
ae
k
+ 1
c, Logistic
Hnh 2.13 cc m hnh ng cong
a, M hnh tuyn tnh :
Dng ca m hnh tuyn tnh c biu din theo cng thc nh sau:
y
t
= a + bt (1.1)
Trong :
- t : l bin thi gian
- y
t
: mt thu bao(s thu bao trn u ngi hoc trn tng h
gia nh... v c th phn theo tng loi khc nhau) ti nm t
- a,b cc tham s c tnh theo cng thc sau:
a =
1 2
1 2
t t
T T

(1-2)
b = T
1
a*t
1
Trong :
- T
1
: mt thu bao(penetration rate ) qu kh ti nm t
1
56
n tt nghip
- T
2
: mt thu bao qu kh ti nm t
2
Trn y l cng thc tnh cc tham s dng s liu ca hai nm qu kh.
Tuy nhin tng chnh xc ca kt qu d bo c th s dng phng
php bnh phng b nht tnh ton cc tham s a,b da trn s liu qu kh
ca nhiu nm.
b, M hnh logistic
M hnh logistic c dng nh sau :
y
t
=
) (
0
1
t t k
e
S

+
(1-3)
Trong :
+ y
t
: mt thu bao ti nm t
+ S gi tr bo ho c xc nh da vo chnh sch ca chnh ph hoc
so snh tng quan vi cc nc
khc .
+ Cc tham s k (t l tng s in thoi) v t
0
c xc nh nh sau:
k =
1 2
1
t t
ln
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

1
2 1
1 1
T
S
T
S
(1.4)
- T
1
: mt thu bao ti nm c s (nm d bo)
- T
2
: mt thu bao ti nm ch T
t
0
= t
1
+
) 1 ln(
1
1

T
S
k
(1.5)
c, M hnh hm m :
M hnh hm m c biu din bng cc cng thc sau:
y
t
= M + ae
bt
(1.6)
Trong :
+ y
t
: Mt thu bao ti nm t
+ M, a v b l cc tham s ca m hnh c tnh ton s dng phng
php hi quy da trn cc s liu qu kh.
2.7.3.7 M hnh kinh t lng
+ Cu trc m hnh
M hnh kinh t lng c biu din di dng cng thc nh sau:
57
n tt nghip
Yt = a
t
+ b
1
x
1t
+ b
2
x
2t
+ + b
n
x
nt
+ (1.7)
+ Trong :
- Yi: bin ph thuc(dependent variable) (trong trng hp d bo
thoai, Yt c ngha l nhu cu thu bao hoc mt thu bao)
- a
t
: cc hng s trong phng trnh cn c xc nh.
- b
1
,b
n
: cc h s th hin mi quan h v lng gia Y
t
v x
t.
- x
1t
, x
2t
, x
3t
, , x
nt
: cc bin c lp(explanatory or indendent
variables), chng hn GPP, chi tiu u t tiu dng, dn s, s h
gia nh,
-
i
: th hin sai lch d bo.
S dng d liu qu kh(s thu bao hoc mt thu bao, d liu kinh t x
hi) tnh ton cc tham s ca m hnh.
+ Cc dng m hnh:
Mt s dng m hnh kinh t lng thng c s dng bao gm log
kp, bn log, o.
- Log kp(Doube-log) : lnY
t
= + lnX
t
+
t
Trong :
* Y
t
: bin ph thuc.
* x
t
: bin c lp
* ,: l cc tham s c xc nh theo phng php bnh
phng b nht da trn d liu qu kh.
2.7.4 M hnh d bo la chn v kt qu d bo
Sau khi nghin cu k tnh ph hp, s liu u vo c c v tnh hnh
thc t ti Vit Nam cng nh tham kho cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc t vn
thit k ti quyt nh chn m hnh d bo logistic. Cc d bo v nhu cu s
dng c th hin trong bng sau :
Th T Khu vc S thu bao
1 Qu Phong 30
2 Qu Chu 35
3 Qu hp 63
4 Ngha n 96
5
Qunh Lu
78
6
Yn Thnh
32
7
Din Chu
60
8 Nghi Lc 48
9 Vinh 300
10 Ca L 90
11 Hng Nguyn 35
58
n tt nghip
12 Nam n 27
13 Thanh Chng 30
14 Lng 96
15 Tn K 20
16 Anh Sn 37
17 Con Cung 24
18 Tng Dng 26
19 K Sn 15
Bng : 2.4 Kt qu d bo
Cu hnh thc t:
`
59
Cao im(23)
Qu Phong(30)
Qu Chu(35)
Qu hp (40)
Ngha Minh(26)
K Sn (15)
Tn K(20)
Anh Sn(37)
Con Cung(24)
Tng Dng(26)
Quang Sn(32)
Bn thu(32)
Hng Lc(32)
Ca Nam(32)
Hng Nguyn(35)
Thanh Chng(20)
Ch cha(10)
Nam n (27)
Bnh Minh(30)
Din Chu (60)
Yn Thnh (32)
Hong mai (28)
Qunh Lu (50)
Nghi Lc(48)
Ca L(60)
)
BRAS
QUN
BNH
Ngha
n
Hup
(70)

Lng
Hup
(64)
Qun
Bnh
Hup
(62)
Vinh
Hup
()
Hu Thnh (18)
sfsf
n tt nghip
2.8 .La chn phng n k thut cung cp dch v truy nhp ADSL:
2.8.1 Phng n nng cp tng i hin c cung cp dch v ADSL:
- u im:
+ Thun tin trong thi cng lp t do cc khung gi thit b c sn xut
chung theo tiu chun chung ca tng i hin c.
+ C kh nng tn dng c cc thit b ngun, khung gi thit b.
+ Cc cng ny c qun l chung bi cc h thng qun l ca tng i,
do vy s c th tit kim c chi ph u t.
+ Vic nng cp tng i n gin, thi gian cung cp dch v nhanh.
- Nhc im:
+ Ph thuc vo chng loi tng i hin c, bi v ch c mt s loi tng
i hin i th h mi mi c kh nng cung cp dch v ADSL nh:
Alcatel, Siemens, NEXT, v.v...cn li a phn l cc tng i khng c
kh nng nng cp cung cp dch v ADSL. Do vy s rt kh khn
trong cng tc quy hoch thit b ng b mng trong khu vc.
60
n tt nghip
+ V gi thnh u t thp hay cao ph thuc ph thuc rt nhiu vo vic
m phn trc tip vi nh cung cp thit b tng i.
+ Khng to c li th cnh tranh gia nhng nh cung cp thit b nn
thng xy ra tnh trng p gi hoc y gi ln qu cao.
+ Thi gian c trin khai dch v tu thuc vo nh cung cp thit b,
th tc m phn v cc th tc khc. V vy thng thng thi gain
ny thng ko di rt lu.
+ Kh nng cung cp cc dch v bng rng, tc cao b hn ch do
nng lc ca tng i khng p ng c, thm ch c mt s dch
v kh c th cung cp c. Kh nng cp nht, a thm cc dch
v mi vo rt kh khn.
+ Tnh n nh cng nh cht kng dch v ph thuc rt ln vo phn
cng, phn mm s c cung cp ca tng i, do vy rt kh c th
m bo cng nh xc nh cho ng nguyn nhn xy ra.
+ H thng tng i hin c ang hot ng, do vy khi nng cp m
rng chc chn s khng trnh khi s gin on hoc mt mt thng
tin, thm ch c th dn ti nh tr c cc dch v ang cung cp.
+ Kh c th m bo tng thch vi mng th h sau, c bit l hki
cn thay i h thng tng i th s nh hng n vic cung cp
dch v, hay ni cch khc khi c s thay i th s dn ti vic cung
cp dch v cng thay i theo, y l mt rng buc cng.
2.8.2 Phng n lp t mi thit b truy nhp cung cp dch v ADSL:
- u im :
+ Khng ph thuc vo chng loi tng i hin c, do vy vic pht
trin mng s thun tin hnlinh hot hn.
+ Thi gian trin khai dch v nhanh trong vng 6 9 thng.
+ C kh nng tng thch vi mng th h sau.
+ Khng b hn ch trong vic cung cp dch v. n gin, thun tin
trong vic a thm dch v mi vo mng v dch v c cung cp
c tnh n nh cao bi l phn cung cp dch v c thc hin c
lp vi nhng my ch ng dng chuyn dng.
+ Khng b nh hng g khi h thng tng i c s thay i.
+ C kh nng to c li th cnh tranh v gi do s cnh tranh trong
qu trnh u thu gia cc nh cung cp thit b.
61
n tt nghip
+ Cho php quy hoch ng b cc thit b mng trong mt khu vc d
dng, khng ph thuc vo bt c mt nh cung cp thit b no.
- Nhc im:
+ gi thnh thit b c th cao do phi u t mi t u.
+ Pht trin thm h thng thit b mi nn s gy kh khn cho cng
tc qun l, khai thc bo dng.
2.8.3 Kt lun :
Qua nhng phn tch nh gi u, nhc im ca hai phng n k thut
cung cp dch v ADSL, chng ta nhn thy mc d chi ph u t ban
u i vi phng n lp mi thit b truy nhp c th cao hn phng n
nng cp tng i hin c, nhng phng n lp mi thit b truy nhp
cung cp dch v ADSL c nhiu im thun li hn so vi phng n nng
cp tng i hin c. Hn na, nu cng tc u thu thc hin tt(m bo
tnh cnh tranh gia cc nh thu) th c th gi thnh thit b truy nhp u
t mi s khng cao v thi gian trin khai dch v cng nhanh gn, iu ny
gp phn rt quan trng vo chin lc pht trin dch v trong mi trng
cnh tranh. Do vy chng ta s la chn phng n lp t mi thit b truy
nhp cung cp dch v ADSL l hp l v kh thi..
62
n tt nghip
Chng 3 : THUYT MINH THIT K K THUT
3.1 Thit k k thut :
3.1.1 Yu cu thit k k thut:
- mng ADSL phi c thit k bo m k hoch, chin lc
pht trin v qun l mng thch hp :
- Vic truy nhp t xa phi bo m kh nng xc thc(nhn dng)
v an ninh mng .
- bo m cung cp cc dch v qun l mng i vi nh cung
cp, khch hng v nhng ngi truy nhp t xa.
3.1.2 Nguyn tc thit k k thut:
- Ph hp vi iu kin thc t ca c s h tng k thut v: Kin
trc nh trm mt bng phng my, v tr lp t cc thit b hin
c, ngun in, tip t, mi trng, bo an bo chy , v.v
63
n tt nghip
- Tn dng trit c s h tng k thut hin ang c sn nhm
bo m an ton k thut, tit kim nht v chi ph u t, bao
gm: c s h tng kin trc nh trm, mng truyn dn, mng
ngoi vi, h thng chng st, iu ho khng kh v.v
- Khng lm ph v hoc thay i cu trc , cu hnh ca h thng
cung cp dch v ADSL c cp c thm quyn ph duyt.
- Ph hp vi yu cu v kh nng qun l, vn hnh, bo dng
h thng thit b ca cc n v uc th hng u t.
- Cc gii php k thut c thit k m bo yu cu k thut
ca thit b, an ton v bo mt thng tin d liu, n gin v
hiu qu.
- Phi m bo tnh tng th, tnh thng nht v tnh m rng:
+ Tnh tng th ca h thng :
* Cu hnh linh hot, y cho cc tnh nng k thut cn
thit.
* m bo tnh hin i ca ton b h thng (khng b lc
hu)
* Ph hp vi quy m u t ca d n.
* m bo an ton thng tin.
* m bo v tc d x l truy nhp ,...
+ Tnh thng nht ca h thng :
* Thng nht v c s h tng mng.
* Thng nht v d liu gc, v ngun ti nguyn.
* Thng nht v vn hnh, khai thc v qun l.
* Thng nht v cc chng trnh phn mm, x l, iu
khin.
+ Tnh m ca h thng :
* H thng c th tip tc pht trin, nng cp v mt cu trc
cng nh k thut khi c nhu cu tng cao.
* C kh nng m rng v quy m, thch ng khi kt ni vi
cc mng khc trong nc v quc t.
3.1.3 M hnh chung ca h thng cung cp dch v ADSL:
64
n tt nghip
3.1.3.1- chc nng ca h thng cung cp dch v ADSL:
- Mng ADSL c thit k thuc lp truy nhp dch v, c chc nng tp
trung kt ni lu lng truy nhp ca khch hng truyn ti ln mng
ng trc, ng thi c kh nng cung cp cc dch v c th ca
cng ngh ADSL.
- Cu trc tng th ca h thng cung cp dch v ADSL gm hai lp: lp
truy nhp v truyn ti dch v ADSL, lp qun l v cung cp dch v
ADSL. im kt cui ca h thng ADSL nm ti nh thu bao bao
gm cc thit b u cui CPE v cc thit b h tr ADSL khc.
+ CPE c th l cc my tnh PC hoc workstation, remote ADSL
terminating Units(ATU-R) hoc Router. Khi s dng mt PC ring
r vi mt ADSL m em thch hp gn trn mt PIC card, hoc
mt PC vi mt giao tip Ethernet hoc hay giao tip USB (Univesal
serial bus) kt ni n mt ADSL modem bn ngoi . i vi cc
khch hng l cc doanh nghip, im truy nhp dch v ,v.v...
thng kt ni nhiu PC t cc USER u cui vo vo mt router
vi ADSL modem tch hp hoc mt router v mt ATU-R bn
ngoi.
+ Ti lp truy nhp : Trin khai mt hoc nhiu thit b DSLAM kt
ni cp ng Local loop gia POP dch v v CPE. Khi c cu
trc theo kiu m rng(Substanding), cc DSLAM c th kt ni
theo kiu mt xch(chui) vi nhau to iu kin ti u ho cc
ng Uplink.
+ Cc DSLAM kt ni trc tip hoc gin tip n n mt thit b tp
hp truy nhp (DSLAM-Hup), c nhim v cung cp ATM
grooming , PPP tunneling v termination kt ni khch hng n
cc Local Content hoc Cached content. T y cc dch v s c
m rng qua mng ATM core network hoc IP network.
- Chc nng thit b qun l v cung cp dch v ADSL:
+ Thit b cung cp dch v ADSL(cc server ng dng) :
* H thng cung cp cc ng dng c trin khai thng nht trn
ton mng. H thng c trin khai thnh cc Data center ti cc
a phng cung cp cc dch v nh VoD, Game, Web Hosting,
v.v... trn a bn.
* H thng s bao gm cc my tnh ch mnh, c kh nng p
ng y dch v mng.
+ Thit b qun l mng v dch v ADSL :
* Thit b qun l mng v dch v c t chc c tnh thng nht v
tp trung trn ton mng nhm cung cp cc ng dng c trin
65
n tt nghip
khai thng nht trn mng thc hin tt vic cung cp dch v
end to end.
* Thit b qun l mng v cc dch v kt ni vi cc phn t mng
thng qua dao din chun SNMP/Q# v c tch hp vo h
thng NMC ca Tng Cng Ty.
* C chc nng tnh cc, chm sc khch hng v c tch hp
trong cc h thng CSS v billing ca Tng Cng Ty.
+ Chc nng thit b my ch NMS Remote Client Server:
* S dng clustering server
* H tr kh nng qun l chung cho tt c cc thit b mng ca cng
kt ni internet (IAP) cng nh mng cung cp dch v (ISP).
* C kh nng thc hin cc thao tc qun tr trn giao din Web.
* C cc cng c h tr dng Wizard.
* H tr qun l theo dng out of band qun l thit b ngay khi c
s c xy ra trn ng kt ni thng.
* H tr qun l t xa qua Dial- up v giao din Web thng thng.
* C kh nng phn cp v qun l mng theo nhiu cp an ninh khc
nhau.
* C phn mm cc cng c qun l li, t cu hnh, h tr cho tnh
cc, kim sot cht lng v an ninh mng.
+ Chc nng thit b my ch Firewall Server : C th l sn phm phn
cng hoc kt hp phn mm :
* an ton cao c chng thc bi cc t chc quc t.
* Thng lng cao.
* C kh nng h tr VPN.
* Kh nng bo v phong ph vi nhiu hnh thc nh bo v theo a
ch, theo dch v theo ngi dng, .v.v...
* H tr Secure ID authentication.
* H tr SNMP v2.
* C h tr cp nht nh k.
* H tr cc thut ton an ninh p ng(Adaptive Security Algorithm)
* C chc nng NAT(Network Address Translation)
* H tr giao din mng(NIC) 10/100.
+ Chc nng thit b my ch VoD Server:
* C kh nng lu tr s v iu khin truyn thng lu tr s
lng ln cc phim nh v phc v ng thi cc yu cu Video
vi cng hoc khc dng Video theo yu cu.
* C kh nng phc v t xa hoc phc v ti ch.
* Cung cp cc dch v truyn hnh tng tc.
66
n tt nghip
* Cho php ngi s dng la chn cc chng trnh Video, s ln
truy nhp v thc hin chc nng ging nh VCR.
* Cp pht Video s.
* Cc ng dng: Phim nh theo yu cu, o to theo yu cu, thng
tin theo yu cu, bn hng ti nh, tr chi video tng tc, CD
theo yu cu, hc tp t xa.
* VoD ch thc : Cho php ngi s dng bt k Video no bt k
thi im no v thc hin tng tc ging nh VCR.
* VoD lai ghp : cung cp cc dch v gn ging nh VoD ch thc
chng hn nh tr tin trc khi xem.
+ Chc nng thit b my ch Video Conference Server (option) :
Conference Server hay cn gi l my ch iu khin a im (MCU
mutilpoint Cotroll Unit) l s kt hp ca c phn cng v phn
mm.
* Cc chc nng iu khin: C th c xc nh bt c v tr vt l
no trn tri t.
* Cc chc nng nh my ch Internet i vi hi ngh truyn hnh.
* Ting ni mi ngi lun c nghe bi tt c nhng ngi khc.
* Hnh nh ca din gi c gi tt c mi ngi.
* Cho php ba hoc nhiu hn khch hng cng tham gia vo mt
hi ngh truyn hnh trong cng mt thi gian.
* Cung cp giao tip iu khin hi ngh v qun l d liu nhm
qun tr vic tham gia hay rt khi ca nhng ngi tham d.
* Cung cp cc d liu a im (s liu nh tuyn, m thanh, hnh
nh) gia tt c nhng ngi tham d.
* Qun l a im m thanh, hnh nh v chia s d liu trong cc
mng qun l IP.
* H tr c hai tiu chun H.323 v T.120 h tr kh nng hot
ng lin tc vi a dng cc cng ngh hi ngh truyn hnh v
khch hng.
* H tr hu ht nhng ng dng hi ngh truyn hnh, kh nng qun
l bng thng v tnh cc dch v.
* To nn a im hi ngh truyn hnh d dng hn so vi giao din
ngi s dng ho(GUI).
* Ngoi ra cn c kh nng cung cp cc c trng ng cai qun l
hi ngh v truyn thng qu giang(hi thoi Video trn c s
ISDN, thoi tuyn thng, khch hng TCP/IP, cc giao din Web,
cc giao din Video thi gian thc hoc m thanh t cc ngun
khc).
67
n tt nghip
- Chc nng thit b truyn ti truy nhp dch v ADSL:
+ Thit b truy nhp t xa bng rng BRAS:
* L thit b c nhim v tp trung cc kt ni v trung tm theo
phng thc gim thiu kt ni logic. N tp trung cc kt ni
logic(VCC) n t cc DSLAM-Hub ri tp hp li thnh mt
hoc vi VPC truyn ti qua mng trc ti kt ni th hai ca
cc kt ni logic (ISP, Officer, ...) thng qua b tp trung, nh
cung cp dch v s cung cp cho khch hng cc dch v ADSL
nh truy cp internet tc cao, kt ni mng ring o, Video on
demand, Video conference, v.v...
* Thit b tp trung ny c kh nng h tr a dng cc giao tip
kt ni, c kh nng x l rt cao v cho php kt thc c hng
ngn kt ni PPP t pha khch hng.
+ Thit b tp trung lu lng truy nhp(DSLAM-Hub) : l mt thit b
c chc nng tp trung lu lng truy nhp t cc thit b ghp knh
DSLAM truyn ti ln lp trn (B-RAS) v ngc li. Ngoi ra
DSLAM-Hub cn c chc nng ghp knh truy cp (ging nh
DSLAM) v trc tip cung cp cng kt ni trc tip ti khch hng
trong khu vc phc v.
+ Thit b ghp knh truy cp (DSLAM ): L mt thit b ghp knh c
chc nng trc tip cung cp cng kt ni ti khch hng. y l thit
b tp trung cc ng thu bao ring l truyn ti ln lp trn
(DSLAM-Hub/BRAS) v ngc li.
* Do k thut ADSL s dng kt ni trc tip n Local Loop, ngoi
ra v khong cch gii hn ca cc local loop trong cng ngh
DSL, do cc DSLAM thng c t ti cc CO. Dung lng
ca DSLAM ph thuc vo nhu cu thc t.
* DSLAM tp trung cc kt ni DSL CPE n l t pha khch hng
sau truyn n cc DSLAM Hub cp cao hn v sau truyn
ti BRAS.
+ CO Spliter: K thut ADSL cho php s dng dch v truyn d
liu tc cao cng vi dch v thoi truyn thng trn cng i dy
cp thoi ng xon. c th lm c iu ny, ADSL v cc dch
v thoi truyn thng s dng cc di tn s khc nhau. m bo
cc di tn ny khng gy nhiu ln nhau ta s dung b chia (Spliter).
B ny thng c gi l POST Splitter t bn trong DSLAM hoc
bn ngoi i km vi DSLAM trong qu trnh cung cp dch v. B
lc tn s thp cho php ting ni hay di tn s ca m tn thoi
68
n tt nghip
truyn thng 200-3.400 Hz m khng cn phi iu chnh tn hiu u
vo.
+ Thit b u cui khch hng(CPE): Bao gm mt lot cc thit b,
card giao tip thc hin chc nng chuyn i d liu ngi s dng
thnh dng tn hiu xDSL v ngc li. DSL CPE tiu biu l PC NIC,
DSL modem, DSL bridge, Router.
+ CPE Spliter : Ti thit b u cui ngi s dng v ti CO, kt ni
ADSL s dng hai b Splitter khc nhm m bo phn tch thng tin
ca dch v thoi truyn thng v ADSL. Cu to bn trong ca hai b
phn chia ny c th khng ging nhau, tuy nhin chng u da trn
cng mt s cu trc nh cp trn. B thit b CPE Splitter
cn c gi l Remote POST Splitter phi hp vi b POST Splitter
t ti DSLAM nhm phn tch tn s tn hiu. CPE Splitter cn phi
h tr 3 giao tip RJ-11: mt dnh cho kt ni Local Loop, mt cho
kt ni ti DSL CPE, mt dnh cho kt ni ti my in thoi.
3.1.3.2 M hnh kt ni ca h thng cung cp dch v ADSL:

69
H thng qun l v cung cp dch v
(CATV, POP, VoD, VPN)
BRAS
Mng
ATM
Mng truyn dn SDH
DSLAM
CPE
DSLAM
CPE CPE
DSLAM DSLAM
CPE
DSLAM-
Hub
n tt nghip
Hnh 3.1: M hnh kt ni chung ca h thng cung cp ADSL
3.1.3.3 M hnh ang c trin khai pha mt ca Tng cng ty:



STM1

70
Fir
e
N
M
B-RAS
BNH DNG
DSLAM-Hub
mini-DSLAM
mini-DSLAM
B-RAS
QUNG NINH
DSLAM-Hub
mini-DSLAM
mini-DSLAM
B-RAS
NG NAI
DSLAM-Hub
mini-DSLAM
mini-DSLAM
B-RAS
H NI
DSLAM-Hub
mini-DSLAM
mini-DSLAM
B-RAS
TPHCM
DSLAM-Hub
mini-DSLA
M
mini-DSLAM
B-RAS
HI PHNG
DSLAM-Hub
mini-DSLAM
mini-DSLAM
INTERNET
CORE
NETWORK
B-RAS
HI
DNG
DSLAM-Hub
mini-DSLAM
mini-DSLAM
n tt nghip

Hnh 3.2 : M hnh c trin khai pha mt ca Tng Cng Ty
3.1.4 Tiu chun thit k lu lng mng truy nhp ADSL:
- Lu lng truy nhp dch v ADSL:
+ Lu lng kt ni vo Local Server : y l lu lng truy nhp ca
cc thu bao ADSL trong h thng cung cp dch v ADSL bao gm
h thng qun l, cung cp dch v ADSL tp trung ti Th H
Ni, h thng qun l, cung cp dch v ti ch (Bu in Ngh An).
+ Lu lng kt ni vo cc ISPs quc gia: y l lu lng truy nhp
ca cc thu bao ADSL vo mng cung cp dch v ca cc ISPs(nh
cung cp dch v internet trong nc nh VDC/FPT/Net Nam/v.v...).
+ Lu lng kt ni quc t : y l lu lng kt ni ca cc thu bao
ADSL vo mng internet (IAP).
+ Hiu sut s dng knh truy nhp dch v ADSL: y l t l truy
nhp ng thi ca cc thu bao vo h thng cung cp dch v
ADSL(Local Server ,ISPs,IAP).
+ Hiu sut lu lng thng qua BRAS: y l t l lu lng truy
nhp ca cc thu bao ADSL i vi dch v khng c cung cp ti
ch(ti bu in tnh).
- Ch tiu thit k lu lng truy nhp dch v ADSL:
71
n tt nghip
+ Ch tiu lu lng kt ni vo Local Server (Ts): Tc truy nhp
dch v Local Server l 128<= Ts <= 512kBytes/s.
+ Ch tiu lu lng kt ni vo ISPs(Tn): Tc truy nhp dch v
ISPs l 32<=Tn <= 128kBytes/s
+ Ch tiu lu lng kt ni vo IAP(Ti): tc truy nhp dch v IAPs
l
8<= Ti<=32kBytes/s.
+ Ch tiu phn b lu lng kt ni dch v ADSL ca cc thu bao:
* T l kt ni dch v ADSL trong Local Server : 10<=
s
<= 15%.
* T l kt ni dch v ADSL trong ISPs : 35% <=
n
<= 45%
* T l kt ni dch v ADSL trong IAP : 40%<=
i
<=55%.
+ Ch tiu hiu sut s dng knh truy nhp dch v ADSL(
Ch
): T l
kt ni ng thi ca thu bao ADSL l 25%<=
Ch
<=60%.
+ Ch tiu hiu sut lu lng thng qua B-RAS: 60% <=
B-RAS
<=
80%.
3.1.5 Thit k k thut t chc mng ADSL Bu in Ngh An:
3.1.5.1 Nguyn tc thit k k thut t chc mng :
- H thng ADSL Bu in Ngh An cn phi dc trin khai theo
nguyn tc t chc mng thng nht, trn c s mng hin c v nh
hng mng th h sau NGN.
- Bo m an ton, tin cy v bo mt thng tin cho khch hng.
- m bo tun th theo m hnh t chc mng ADSL c thng
nht p dng trong ton Tng Cng Ty.
- Bo m cung cp cc dch v truy cp Internet tc cao, VoD, kt
ni WAN, LAN, VPN, Video Conference, v.v...cho khch hng nh
cc cng ty ln, cng ty a quc gia, cc doanh nghip v v nh, cc
h gia nh, cc im truy nhp dch v. C kh nng cung cp dch v
VoDSL trong tng lai.
- m bo nguyn tc iu khin phn tn, qun l tp trung.
- m bo chi ph u t thp, tn dng ti a c s h tng, pht trin
dch v nhanh, d dng lp t, khai thc v qun l, bo dng.
72
n tt nghip
3.1.5.2 Thit k k thut t chc h thng qun l v cung cp dch v
ADSL Bu in Ngh An.: (xem bn v)
- Thit b my ch qun l v cung cp dch v ADSL bao gm :
+ Thit b my ch NMS Remote Client Server.
+ Thit b my ch Firewall Server.
- Thit b truyn ti truy nhp dch v ADSL bao gm:
+ Thit b truy nhp t xa bng rng(B-RAS).
+ Thit b tp trung lu lng truy nhp s liu (DSLAM-Hup).
+ Thit b ghp knh truy nhp s liu DSLAM, Mini-DSLAM.
- Thit k k thut t chc kt ni gia cc thit b my ch qun l v
cung cp dch v ADSL(NMS) vi thit b truy nhp t xa bng rng
(BRAS) : Cc thit b my ch NMS kt ni vi thit b B-RAS thng qua
giao din FE/GE ca mng LAN h thng qun l v cung cp dch v
ADSL. Cc kt ni ny bao gm:
+ Thit b my ch NMS Remote Client Server v Firewall Server kt
ni vi thit b chuyn mch IP-Switch thng qua mng LAN ni b
bng giao din FE/GE.
+ Thit b chuyn mch IP_Switch kt ni vi thit b BRAS thng
qua giao din FE/GE.
- Thit k k thut t chc kt ni thit b (B-RAS) vi thit b tp trung
lu lng truy nhp s liu(DSLAM-Hub): B-RAS kt ni vi thit b
DSLAM-Hup thng qua mng truyn dn quang, cp si quang bng giao
din STM-1(quang).
3.1.6 Tnh ton lu lng v cu hnh h thng :
3.1.6.1 Tnh ton lu lng truyn ti dch v ADSL:
- Lu lng truyn ti ca thit b truy nhp DSLAM c N ports:
B
DSLAM
= N*
Ch
*[
S
*T
S
+
N
*T
N
+
1
*T
1
] (kBytes/s)
- Lu lng truyn ti ca DSLAM-Hub: Thng thng DSLAM-Hub mt
mt trc tip cung cp cng truy nhp dch v ADSL cho cc thu bao
trong khu vc, mt khc cn tp trung lu lng t cc DSLAM c
c dung lng STM-1 kt ni ti B-RAS. Nh vy lu lng yu cu
(BDS
LAM-Hub
) ca DSLAdM-Hub gm hai phn: Lu lng B
DSLAM
ca cc
thu bao ADSL c cung cp trc tip bi DslAM-Hub v lu lng :
B
DSLAMi
ca cc DSLAM kt ni ti DSLAM-Hub.
73
n tt nghip
B
DSLAM-hub
= B
DSLAM
+

n
i
i DSALAM
B
0
Trong :
B
DSLAM-Hub
: L lu lng yu cu ca DSLAM- Hub
B
DSLAM
: L lu lng yu cu ca cc thu bao ADSL c cung
cp trc tip bi DSLAM-Hub.
B
DSLAM-i
: L lu lng ca cc DSLAM kt ni ti DSLAM-Hub.
N : L s DSLAM kt ni ti DSLAM-Hub.
- Lu lng ca BRAS:
+ Lu lng kt ni ti BRAS t cc DSLAM/DSLAM-Hub:
B
B-RAS(in)
=

+
m
i
j Hub DSLAM
n
i
i DSLAM
B B
1 1
(Kbytes/s)
Trong :
B
BRAS(in)
: Lu lng kt ni BRAS t cc DSLAM/DSLAM-Hub.
B
DSLAM-Hub-j
: Lu lng ca DSLAM-Hub kt ni ti BRAS.
m : L s DSLAM-Hub kt ni ti BRAS
B
DSLAM-i
: L lu lng DSLAM kt ni ti BRAS.
n: L s DSLAM kt ni ti BRAS.
+ Lu Lng kt ni t BRAS ti mng Core Network:
B
BRAS(out)
=
BRAS
. B
BRAS(in)
(Kbytes/s)
Trong :
B
BRAS(out)
: Lu lng kt ni t BRAS ti mng core
B
BRAS(in)
: Lu lng kt ni ti BRAS t cc DSLAM/DSLAM-
Hub

BRAS
: Hiu sut lu lng thng qua BRAS .
3.1.6.2 Kt qu tnh ton thit k lu lng truyn ti dch v ADSL
+ Tc truy nhp ca thit b DSLAM:
R
DSLAM
= B
DSLAM
* 8(kbit/s)
+ Tc truy nhp ca thit b DSLAM - Hub:
R
DSLAM-Hub
= BDSLAM-Hub* (kbit/s)
+ Tc truy nhp t cc DSLAM/DSLAM-Hub ti BRAS:
R
BRAS(in)
= B
BRAS(in)
*8 (kbit/s)
+ Tc truy nhp t BRAS ti mng Core:
R
BRAS(out)
= B
BRAS(out)
*8(kbit/s)
C th kt qu tnh ton nh sau:
Cc tham s iu c chn mc cc i
74
n tt nghip
TT Tn trm S
cng
Tc truy nhp ca
BRAS/DSLAM-Hub/DSLAM(kbit/s)
Nhu cu
truyn dn
Local
server
Quc
ni
Quc t Tng
cng
Ban
u
(E1)
Pht
trin
(E1)
I Vinh (hub) 300 179897 13492
3
41227 35604
5
178 188
1 Hng Lc 32 11797 8848 2704 23348 12 14
2 Bn Thu 32 11797 8848 2704 23348 12 14
3 Ca Nam 32 11797 8848 2704 23348 12 14
4 Hng Nguyn 35 12902 9677 2957 25536 13 14
5 Nam n 27 9954 7465 2281 19700 10 11
6 Thanh Chng 30 11060 8295 2535 21888 11 12
II Qun Bnh (hub) 62 143033 10727
5
32779 28308
5
142 157
1 Qunh Lu 50 18432 13824 4224 36480 18 19
2 Honh Mai 28 10322 7742 2366 20429 10 15
3 Yn Thnh 32 11797 8848 2704 23348 12 13
4 Hu Thnh 18 6636 4977 1521 13133 7 8
5 Din Chu 60 22119 16589 5069 43777 22 23
6 Nghi Lc 48 17695 13271 4056 35021 18 20
7 Ca L 60 22119 16589 5069 43776 22 25
8 Bnh Minh 30 11060 8295 2535 21888 11 12
III lng (hub) 64 80363 50272 18416 15904
9
77 85
1 Quang sn 32 11797 8848 2704 23348 12 13
2 Tn K 20 7373 5530 1690 14592 7 8
3 K Sn 15 5530 4147 1268 10944 5 6
4 Tng Dng 26 9585 7189 2197 18970 10 11
5 Con Cung 24 8849 6636 2028 17510 9 10
6 Anh Sn 37 13640 10230 3126 26996 14 15
75
n tt nghip
IV Ngha n (hub) 70 82577 94786 18925 16343
5
46 54
1 Ngha Minh 26 9585 7189 2197 18970 9 10
2 Qu Phong 30 11060 8295 2535 21888 11 12
3 Qu Hp 40 14746 17409 3380 29187 14 16
4 Cao im 28 8479 10010 1943 16782 9 10
5 Qu Chu 35 12902 9677 2957 25536 13 14
Lu lng kt ni ti BRAS t cc DSLAM/DSLAM-Hub :
T
B-RAS(in)
= 356045 + 283085 + 159049 + 163435 = 961614(kb)
Lu lng kt ni t B-RAS ti mng Core
T
B-RAS(out)
= 961614* 0.7 = 673230 (kbit/s)
3.1.6.3 Cu hnh h thng
Xem hnh v trang bn
76
K Sn (15)
Tn K(20)
Anh Sn(37)
Con Cung(24)
Tng Dng(26)
Quang Sn(32)
Bn thu(32)
Hng Lc(32)
Ca Nam(32)
Hng Nguyn(35)
Thanh Chng(20)
Ch cha(10)
Nam n (27)
Bnh Minh(30)
Din Chu (60)
Yn Thnh (32)
Hong mai (28)
Qunh Lu (50)
Nghi Lc(48)
Ca L(60)
)
Hu Thnh (18)
Qu Phong(30)
Qu Chu(35)
Qu hp (40)
Ngha Minh(26)
BRAS
QUN
BNH
Ngha
n
Hup
(70)

Lng
Hup
(64)
Qun
Bnh
Hup
(62)
Vinh
Hup
()
Cao im (25)
5E1/STM1
10E1/STM
1
10E1/STM
1
9E1/STM1
10E1/STM1
7E1/STM1
12E1/STM1
22E1/STM1
18E1/STM1
22E1/STM1
11E1/STM1
10E1/STM1
7E1/STM1
13E1/STM1
12E1/STM1
7E1/STM1
5E1/STM1
10E1/STM1
12E1/STM1
12E1/STM1
11E1/STM1
13E1/STM1
14E1/STM1
9E1/STM1
9E1/STM1
n tt nghip
3.1.7 - Tnh ton thit k k thut cp ngun cho thit b ADSL:
m bo cho cc thit b h thng cung cp dch v ADSL c th hot
ng lin tc, n nh, ngun cung cp ng vai tr rt quan trng. i vi cc
thit b trung tm qun l mng v cung cp dch v ADSL(NMS) cng nh
thit b truy nhp bng rng t xa (BRAS/DSLAM-Hub/DSLAM/mini-
DSLAM) o c lp t ti nhng i, trm tng i(Host, v tinh), y l
nhng trm c y ngun cung cp k c ngun d phng. Do vy, i
vi cc thit b cc thit b ny s tnh ton thit k k thut cp
ngun(Rectifier) cho thit b BRAS/ DSLAM-Hub trong trng hp chuyn
i ngun in 220VAC (t ngun in li sang ngun in my pht hoc
ngc li), cp ngun lu in(UPS) cho thit b NMS v tnh ton ti tiu th
ca thit b DSLAM-Hub/DSLAM/Mini-DSLAM i vi ngun 48Vdc.
3.1.7.1 Tnh ton thit k la chn s dng chng loi thit b ngun:
- Cc thit b NMS yu cu hot ng vi ngun in xoay chiu 220VAC,
ng thi li i hi phi c cp ngun lin tc (khng c php gin
on) trong mi trng hp, do vy chng ta la chn gii php cung cp
ngun cho thit b NMS bng h thng ngun lu in UPS. i vi h
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thng UPS c hai loi h thng chnh nh sau(theo cch phn loi h
thng s dng)
+ H thng Off-line UPS: Khi ngun in li bnh thng, b chuyn
i DC/AC khng hot ng, ti tiu th c ni thng vi mng in
li qua ng By-pass. UPS khi ny ch theo di mc in p ngun
in li. Khi ngun in li cung cp khng bnh thng (gim thp
hn mc cho php hoc mt hon ton,...), b inverter DC/AC s hot
ng v cung cp ngun cho ti. Vi h thng Off-line UPS, thi gian
chuyn i hot ng ca b Inverter thng ko di ti vi trm ms.
Loi thit b ny kh c th m rng(c thm ngun Battery bn ngoi)
m bo yu cu v thi gian lu in(cung cp ngun ) di.
+ H thng True On-Line USP: Cho d ngun in li bnh thng hay
bt bnh thng, b Inverter vn hot ng cung cp ngun cho ti.
in p vo c ti to thnh mt ngun in AC mi cho ti, c lp
vi ngun mng li, do vy cht lng ca ngun cung cp rt cao th
trit c cc nhiu v t bin trn mng. Vi h thng True On-line
UPS do khng cn phi khi ng b Inverter nn khng c thi gian
chuyn i hot ng. Loi thit b ny cho php kh nng m rng(c
thm ngun Battery bn ngoi) m bo yu cu v thi gian lu
in(cung cp ngun )di.
+ Ngoi hai h thng UPS trn cn c h thng Line-Interactive UPS, loi
ny c thi gian chuyn i ca b Inverter rt ngn khong vi ms v
c th coi nh h thng On-line UPS l do khi hot ng vi ngun
in li bnh thng th b Inverter DC/AC s hot ng trng thi
d phng, ngun cung cp cho ti l ngun in qua ng By-pass(c
phn n p u vo), nhng khi ngun din li khng bnh thng, b
Inverter DC/AC s hot ng ngay cp ngun cho ti vi thi gian
chuyn i (Tranfer Time) rt ngn khong vi ms, do vy hu nh
khng nh hng ti hot ng bnh thng ca thit b. ng thi loi
thit b ny cng c th m rng m bo yu cu v thi gian lu
in lu di.
+ Nhn xt : Vi ba h thng UPS nh trn, qua phn tch tnh nng, tnh
ton thit k k thut chng ta la chn h thng Line Interactive UPS
v h thng True Online UPS( tu theo mc ch v yu cu s dng),
bi v h thng ny c thi gian chuyn i trng thi rt ngn, hiu
sut v cht lng ngun cung cp cao, hn na li hon ton c kh
nng bo v thit b v cho php m rng(c thm ngun Battery bn
ngoi) tng thi gian lu in, tuy gi thnh thit b cao hn loi
Off-lineUPS(khong 20-50%).
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- Cc thit b B-RAS/DSLAM-Hub ti trung tm yu cu hot ng vi
ngun in mt chiu 48VDC vi cng sut tiu th tng i ln, v
vy cung cp ngun in cho cc thit b ny s s dng b ngun
Rectifier(hay b chuyn i ngun in 220VAC/-48VDC). ng thi
d tr cp ngun trong trng hp c s c ngun in xoay chiu s
s dng ngun Accu kn.
- Cc DSLAM-Hub/ DSLAM/miniDSLAM yu cu hot ng vi ngun
in mt chiu 48VDC vi cng sut tiu th rt nh(khong vi trm
ot), v vy s tn dng ngun 48V hin c ti cc i, trm cung
cp ngun in cho cc thit b ny. i vi nhng i, trm hin ti
khng th cp ngun in 48VDC thm cho thit b ADSL, Bu in
s b sung thm theo yu cu.
- i vi cc thit b s dng ngun in li xoay chiu 220vAc, s s
dng thit b ct, lc st ng ngun bo v thit b trnh nh hng
ca st cng nh cc xung in p cao.
3.1.7.2 Tnh ton thit k k thut cp ngun thit b B-RAS/DSLAM-Hub:
- Tham s u vo tnh ton thit k :
+ Cng sut tiu th ngun ca thit b B-RAS :
* Cng sut tiu th ban u khi lp t: 378W
* Cng sut tiu th n ht kh nng : 539W
+ Cng sut tiu th ngun ca thit b DSLAM- Hub:
* Cng sut tiu th ban u khi lp t: 1.269W
* Cng sut tiu th pht trin n ht kh nng: 3.304W
+ Dng in tiu th ca thit b B-RAS:
* Dng tiu th ban u khi lp t: 08A
* Dng tiu th n ht kh nng : 12A
+ Dng in tiu th ca thit b DSLAM-Hub:
* Dng tiu th ban u khi lp t: 27A.
* Dng tiu th pht trin n ht kh nng: 48A.
+ in p u vo DC: -40V n 60V.
- H thng cp ngun cho thit b B-RAS/DSLAM-Hub: Do cc thit b
hot ng vi in p u vo danh nh 48VDC, nn phi s dng b
ngun i in 220VAC/48VDC(Rectifier). Nh vy b ngun i in
s dng cp ngun cho thit b B-RAS/DSLAM-Hub c tnh ton
thit k m bo cc thng s sau:
+ in p u vo: 185-275VAC; 50Hz t 5%.
+ in p ra : -48VDC, -60VDC(max).
+ Cc loi ti ca ngun Rectifier :
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* Thit b BRAS : 1.
* Thit b DSLAM-Hub: 02.
* Ngun Accu k: 01 t.
+ Thit b Rectifier phi cung cp ngun cho ti thit b B-RAS:
* Tng cngut cung cp cho thit b B-RAS(Q
B-RAS
):

Q
BRAS
= Q
AC
RA B RA B
K
N q

S S
Trong :
Cng sut tiu th ca mi B-RAS: q
B-RAS.
S lng B-RAS : N
B-RAS
= 1.
Hiu sut chuyn i ngun:
AC
= 0,85.
H s vt ti cng sut: K
Q
= 120%(kh nng qu ti).
* Tng dng tiu th ca thit b B-RAS(I
B-RAS
):
I
B-RAS
= 1
S
K
U
Q
DC
RA B

in cung cp cho ti: U

DC
= 48VDC.
H s vt ti dng in: K1 = 120%(kh nng qu ti dng).
+ Thit b Rectifier phi cung cp ngun cho ti thit b DSLAM-Hub:
* Tng cng sut cung cp cho thit b DSLAM-Hub:
Q
DSLAM-Hub
= Q
AC
Hub DSLAM Hub DSLAM
K
N Q

Trong :
Cng sut tiu th ca mi DSLAM-Hub: q
DSLAM-Hub
.
S lng DSLAM- Hu b : N
DSLAM-Hub
= 1
* Tng dng tiu th ca thit b DSLAM-Hub(I
DSLAM-Hub
) :
I
DSLAM-Hub
= 1
K
U
Q
DC
Hub DSLAM

+ Thit b Rectifier phi cung cp ngun cho ti thit b Accu: B ngun
Rectifier ngoi vic cung cp ngun cho ti thit b l B-RAS v
DSLAM-Hub cn phi m bo kh nng np in cho ngun d tr
Accu(trong trng hp Accu phng in), vi dung lng Accu
(theo kt qu tnh ton phn di)
Q
Accu
= 500AH, th dng in np cho Accu l 500AH*10% = 50A.
* Tng cng sut np ngun cho thit b Accu(Q
Accu
):
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Q
Accu
Q
AC
Accu Accu
K
N q

Trong :
Cng sut np ngun mi t Accu: q
Accu .

S lng t Accu: N
Accu
= 1.
* Tng dng np cho thit b Accu(I
Accu
):
I
Accu
= 1
K
U
Q
DC
Accu

- H thng ngun d phng cho thit b B-RAS v DSLAM-Hub: m
bo kh nng hot ng lin tc v chng nhng gin on ca ngun
in li, h thng ngun cung cp cho thit b B-RAS v DSLAM-Hub
cn phi c thm ngun d tr Accu. Dung lng ngun Accu phi m
bo kh nng cp ngun cho thit b ti thiu trong thi gian 40 pht.
Tnh ton dung lng ngun Accu nh sau:
+ Tnh ton dung lng Accu cn thit:
Q
Accu
=
) (
) (
S
AH
BTR I I KVT
Accu
Hub DSLAM RA B

+

Trong : Tng dng tiu th ca B-RAS: I
B-RAS.

Tng dng tiu th ca thit b DSLAM-Hub: I
DSLAM-Hub.
Thi gian d phng cp ngun theo yu cu: BTR = 30 pht.
H s s dng (dung lng phng ) ca Accu
Accu
= 0,40.
H s vt ti : K
VT
= 1,2.
+ Qua kt qu tnh ton dung lng cn thit ca Accu khong 197AH,
do vy s la chn loi t Accu c in p 48VDC, dung lng Q
Accu+
200AH. Ngun d tr Accu c chn l loi Accu kn, c ti hp
kh, khng cn bo dng, c kt cu 24Cell-2V/200AH, tui th
ti thiu l 03 nm.
- Tng hp kt qu tnh ton thit k k thut cp ngun thit b ADSL:
+ Tng cng sut ngun Rectifier cung cp cho ti (gm thit b BRAS,
DSLAM-Hub v Accu):
Q
Rectifier =
Q
BRAS
+ Q
DSLAM-Hub
+ Q
Accu
= 7.544W
+ Tng dng in Rectifier cung cp cho ti l :
I
Rectifier =
I
BRAS
+ I
DSLAM-Hub
+ I
Accu
= 151A.
+ Nh vy trong giai on u khi lp t thit b(thuc phm vi d n
ny) s ch cn s dng b ngun cung cp cho ti vi cng sut
khong 4.300W, dng ti 100A. Nhng m bo h thng ngun
cung cp c kh nng m rng trong trng hp pht trin thm thit
b(khng cn phi u t thm thit b ngun khc), cn la chn b
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ngun Rectifier c cng sut 7.500W v dng ti 150A, vic m
rng ngun sau ny(nu c ) s ch thm cc modul tng ng. Chi tit
kt qu tnh ton nh sau:
TT Ch tiu tnh ton
thit k k thut
S.lng
thit b
Tiu chun Kt qu
Ban u P.trin Ban u P.trin
I. Cng sut tiu th:
I.1 B-RAS(W) 1 378 539 534 761
I.2 DSLAM-Hub(W) 2 1..269 2.304 3.584 6.506
I.3 Accu(W) 1 93 159 159 277
Tng cng sut tiu
th(W):
1.704 3.002 4.277 7.544
II. Dng in tiu th:
II.1 B-RAS(A) 1 8 12 10 15
II.2 DSLAM-Hub(A) 2 27 48 65 116
II.3 Accu(A) 1 5 9 11 20
Cng tng dng tiu
th(A):
40 69 86 151
III. Dung lng Accu(A)
III.1 Dng in ca
Accu(A)
1 35 60 75 131
III.2 Dung lng
Accu(AH)
1 53 90 113 197
3.1.7.3 Tnh ton thit k k thut cp ngun cho thit b NMS:
NMS c t chc thnh mt mng LAN bao gm cc my ch Firewall
Server, NMS Remote Client Server, VoD Server(Option), Video conference
Server(option), Caching Server, Lan Switch, v.v... Nh vy h thng NMS
s c 05 server, cc thit b NMS hot ng vi ngun in xoay chiu
220VAC, mt khc i vi cc thit b mng tin hc, c bit l i vi cc
thit b x l, iu khin yu cu khng c php gin on ngun cung
cp trong mi trng hp. Do , ngoi ngun in li xoay chiu
220VAC cn phi c thm ngun in d phng UPS hot ng theo ch
True-Online.
- Tham s u vo tnh ton thit k :
+ in p u vo ca thit b UPS: 3 pha 220VAC.
+ Tn s: 50/60 Hz.
+ in p u ra : 1 pha 220VAC.
+ Dng in p: Hnh sin chun, tn s 50Hz.
+ Cc loi ti ca thit b UPS:
* Thit b my ch Firewall Server: 01Server.
* Thit b my ch Video Conference Server: 01 Server.
* Thit b my ch Video VoD Server: 01 Server.
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* Thit b my ch Caching Server: 01Server.
- Tnh ton thit k ngun UPS:
+ Tng cng sut tiu th UPS phi cung cp cho ti:
Q
UPS
=
AC Q
n
i
i Server
Q

1 VT
K
Trong : Tng cng sut UPS phi cung cp cho ti : Q
UPS.
Tng cng sut tiu th ngun ca mi Server: Q
Server-i
.
H s cng sut i vi ngun xoay chiu : Q

= 85%.
Hiu sut bin i ngun i vi UPS: AC

= 95%.
S lng Server: i =1,2,3,...,n.
H s vt ti : K
VT
= 1,2.
+ Tng dng in thit b UPS phi cung cp cho ti:
I
UPS
= VT
U
K
Q

AC
PS
U
Trong : Tng dng in UPS phi cung cp cho ti: I
UPS
.
in p xoay chiu UPS cung cp cho ti: U
AC
= 220%.
H s vt ti: K
VT
= 1,2.
- Tng hp kt qu tnh ton thit k ngun UPS:
+ Tng cng sut thit b UPS cung cp cho ti: 4.348W.
+ Tng dng in thit b UPS cung cp cho ti: 17(A).
+ Nh vy, trong giai on u khi lp t thit b(thuc phm vi d n
ny)
ngun m thit b UPS phi cung cp cho ti c cng sut khong
1.750W, dng ti 7A, in p 220VAC. Trong giai on sau s pht
trin thm thit b c cng sut khong tiu th khong 3.000VAC,
dng ti 11A, in p ti 220VAC. Nh vy, m bo h thng
ngun cung cp c kh nng p ng cho nhu cu pht trin thit b
(khng cn phi u t thm thit b ngun khc), ng thi chu c
kh nng qu ti khong 20%, cn la chn b ngun d phng UPS
c cng sut 10KVA, dng ti 20A v in p 220VAC. Chi tit
kt qu tnh ton nh sau:
TT
Ch tiu tnh ton thit k k
thut
S.lng
thit b
Tiu chun Kt qu
Ban
u
Pht
trin
Ban
u
Pht
trin
I/ Cng sut tiu th:
I.1 Thit b Firewall Server; NMS 2 585 1.739
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Remote Client server(W)
I.2
Thit b Video conference, VoD,
Caching Server(W)
3 656 2.925
Cng tng cng sut tiu th 585 656 1.739 2.925
II/ Dng in tiu th
II.1
Thit b Firewall Server; NMS
Remote Client server(A)
2 2,66 7
II.2
Thit b Video conference, VoD,
Caching Server(A)
3 2,98 11
Cng tng dng in tiu
th(A):
2,66 2,98 7 11
3.2-Nguyn tc s dng v phn b a ch IP:
- Giai on u s dng h a ch IPv4 trong vic cung cp dch v. Vic
phn b a ch IPv4 phi c s dng hiu qu trn c s cn i gia
mc ch v yu cu ca khch hng v s lng a ch IP cho php.
- Thit b trong mng ADSL c kh nng cung cp c a ch IP tnh v
ng, ngoi ra cn phi h tr chun bin dch a ch mng NAT nhm
cung cp cc dch v try cp Internet cng cng, IP VPN, kt ni LAN,
WAN, v.v...
- Trong tng lai khi a ch IPv6 c a vo s dng th h thng phi c
kh nng tng thch tt.
- Vic phn b a ch IP hiu qu da trn c s cn i gia mc ch yu
cu ca khch hng v s lng a ch IP. Thit b trong mng ADSL c
kh nng cung cp a ch IP tnh v c h tr chun NAT. C hai cch
s dng ngun a ch IP c cp pht:
+ IP tnh(Static IP): trong trng hp ny, mi thu bao c gn mt a
ch IP public m khng xem xt n thu bao ny c ang kt ni Internet
hay khng. Xt trn kha cnh nh cung cp dch v th y l cch s
dng a ch lng ph, nhng khch hng li d dng hn trong vic duy
tr kt ni. H thng hot ng s n gin hn v thng khng phi qua
khu nhn din cp pht v thu hi a ch sau mi ln truy cp. i vi
mt s khch hng c bit s dng Web Server, Game Server, Fpt Server
th vic cp a ch kiu ny l bt buc.
+ IP ng(Dynamic IP): Trong trng hp ny th Public IP ch c gn
cho thu bao mi ln h kt ni n Internet v thu hi li khi ct kt ni.
a ch thu hi li ny sau li c th c cp pht cho thu bao khc
nh giao thc DHCP(Dynamic Host confuguration Protocol) . Cch s
dng ny cho php tit kim a ch IP, tuy nhin c th xy ra trng hp
mt thu bao no trong thi khc cao im khng kt ni c v s
lng a ch c hn c cp pht ht.
- Do s lng a ch Public IP hn ch , nn cn s dng cc thit b ADSL
v B-RAS c h tr chun NAT, trong trng hp ny nhiu thu bao c
gn a ch Private IP, khi nhng thu bao ny kt ni Internet th thit b s
dch nhiu a ch Private IP sang cng mt a ch Public IP. Vi cch s
84
n tt nghip
dng ny th cho php nhiu thu bao c th s dng cng mt a ch
public IP truy cp Internet.
Chng 4 : Chng trnh m phng vic qun l ti B-RAS

Cc chc nng chnh ca chng trnh :
4.1: Chc nng trnh din
4.1.1 Biu din trc quan v chnh xc v tr cc thit b trn bn thc
t
Khi chy chng trnh ta c th quan st v nh v mt khu vc bt k trn
bn ca tnh. Cc thng tin v s thit b lp t, v tr cc thit b v s
85
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lng thu bao s c thng bo y ch cn vi cc thao tc kch chut
n gin.
4.1.2 Biu din h thng truyn dn c th ca h thng
Hin th cc h thng truyn dn phc v cho h thng
4.2 Chc nng qun l
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4.2.1 ng k, cp nht , sa i hay loi b cc tham s ca mt thu bao
4.2.2 Tm kim mt thu bao bt k khi bit mt thng s no .
Chc nng ny cho php tm kim mt thu bao theo s in thoi,
VPI/VCI hoc theo DSLAM/PORT

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kt qu tm kim


ph Lc 1:

Yu cu k thut thit b h thng cung cp dch v ADSL
1 Thit b truy nhp t xa bng rng(B-RAS):
+ V mt giao din vt l v cc c tnh: yu cu h tr cc loi giao
din in hnh STM-16/OC-12c SM SR/IR/LR, STM-1/OC-3c SM
SR/IR/LR, DS3, E3, Fast ethernet(100Base TX,FX), Gigabit
Ethernet(1000BaseFX 40km), DWDM v cc loi giao din vt l da
trn SONET/SDH c th c da trn gi hoc ATM.
+V mt k thut:
Chc nng lp IP: qun l lu lng(h tr cc giao thc: DifServ,
RSVP, MPLS), ng tuyn (h tr cc giao thc nh tuyn: OSPF
RIPI&2, TCP/IP, UNDP,NTP, FTP, BR, PRA v IPX/SPX, ERP,
EBGP , BGP4), lin kt d liu (h tr cc giao thc:
LAPB,LAPD, HDLC, PPP, HDB3, CMI, NRZ, ATM, MPLS,
L2TP, PPTP), lin kt vt l (802.3u, 802.3z, RS232, G703, STM-
1, STM-4, STM-16,E3, E35I, V.24I, X21)
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Cc phin PPP: h tr PPPoA(RFC2516), vn hnh PPPoE trn
giao din AAL5, c kh nng chp thun cc kiu ca PPP v
mode 1483bridge/routed.
Cc giao din qun l : H tr giao din MIB/SNMP v2, CORBA.
Mng ring o: Xc nh VPN da trn ATM hay IP MPLs hoc c
hai, c kh nng cung cp VPN s dng MPLS, h tr VPN s
dng cc giao thc tunnel L2TP v PPTP, s dng ti a bng nh
tuyn.
Cc yu cu i vi h thng da trn ATM: s lng VPC v
VCC trong mi khi v mi card v cng tun th ATM forum
Yu cu k thut quang : kiu kt ni quang l FC-PC, yu cu b
chuyn i E/O, suy hao ti a trong si n mt l 25dbm.
ng b mng: h thng nhn ng b t thit b truyn dn m n
kt ni vi h thng bn ngoi ng b.
Mt s ch tiu k thut khc: h thng c chc nng ging nh
mt server DHCP, h tr giao thc Dynamic Host Configuration,
nh a ch IP cho DHCP, server truy nhp phi h tr NAT v
PAT, h thng phi cung cp IPv4 v IPv6.
- Yu cu k thut cc c tnh c hc, in hc, v mi trng : Thit b
cp ngun 48V, hot ng trong khong 42V n 64V, ghi r cng
sut tiu th ca ton b h thng. H thng c cung cp phi ph hp
vi mi trng nhit i.
2 DSLAM:
- Cc giao din
Cc giao din vt l v pha khch hng: ANSI T1.413 Issue2,
ITU-TG912.1(G.DMT), ITU-TG.922.2(G.Lite), ITU-T
G.944.1(G.hs), SDSL, G.SHDSL, VDSL.
Cc giao din vt l v pha mng: hnh STM-4/OC-12c SM
SR/IR/LR, STM-1/OC-3c SM SR/IR/LR, DS3, E3, Fast
ethernet(100Base TX,FX), Gigabit Ethernet(1000BaseFX ), n*E1,
n*E1 IMA.
Cc giao din qun l: H tr cc giao din MIB/SNMP v2, giao
din Corba

- Cc ch tiu k thut:
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Vi h thng da trn ATM: ton b h thng h tr ti thiu kt
ni 1000 cc VPC v VCC, tun th ATM Forum UNI3.14.0,UNI
o c h tr trn tt cc cc cng giao din.
H thng da trn IP: dung lng chuyn mch ca tng
DSLAM phi m bo, h tr COS(class service), L2TP, MPLS.
Vi c ADSL:
1. ATU-C c kh nng t ng tm theo T1.143 Issue 2, G.Lite
hoc G.DMT, h tr ITU-T G.944.1.
2. Truy nhp knh thu bao h tr tc ph hp vi cng
ngh knh ADSL v tc truyn dn ADSL c iu khin
mm t Co ca DSLAM. Cc knh thu bao
3. Cc knh thu bao ADSL c kh nng h tr BER l 10
-7
i vi cp ng c ng knh 0,4mm v 0,5mm v di l
4km.
4. Ton b cc ATU-C trong tng ai hot ng theo gii hn
truyn danh nh c quy nh trong T1.143, G.lite hoc
G.DMT. Cc ATU-C ngoi tng i c cu hnh hot ng ti
mc cng sut truyn danh nh khc hoc gim mc cng sut
10db di mc danh nh.
5. Mt s thng s k thut: Trng thi cng, tc bt , mode
hot ng, mode tnh khung...
- Giao din v b phn tch POST:
B phn tch ADSL c mt c hai pha , pha thu bao v pha tng
i. Ngoi ra b phn tch pha khch hng cn c thm cc b vi lc,
cc dch v Phone net c h tr trn tt c cc knh. B ny s
dng kiu kt ni quang l FC-PC, h thng nhn ng b t thit b
truyn dn c dng b vi h thng ng h bn ngoi. B phn
tch Post phi c kh nng phi hp hot ng vi cc CPE trong h
thng, h tr cc kt cui PPP, universal slot, cc chun giao din
(G.703, RS. 232, V.35....), cc giao thc nh tuyn mutil-cast, uni-
cast, broad- cast.
3 CPE(Customer primise equipment)
Thit b u cui khch hng bao gm mt lot cc thit b , card giao tip
thc hin chc nng chuyn i d liu ngi s dng thnh dng tn hiu
xDSL. ADSL CPE s tun theo cc chun sau y: T1.431, ANSI ADSL
DMT Isue 2, g.992.1 G.DMT, G.992.1 annex H, G.992.2 G.Lite.
Hin nay c cc lai CPE chnh sau y:
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- ADSL Bridge: Thit b ny giao tip vi PC s h tr 10base T ethernet,
ch nh s cng Ethernet c h tr.
- ADSL Router, thit b ny c cc c tnh sau:
Cung cp 1 cng 10/100 Base T Ethernet(RJ45), 1 cng USB, 1
cng ADSL(RJ11), v cng in thoi tu chn.
Xc nh s lng ti a cc PVC/SVC.
nh tuyn RFC 2648 qua ATM, RFC 22364PPPoA, RFC 1483
LLC/SNAP
H tr chc nng DHCP server, NAT server, h tr password,
firewall (tu chn), nh tuyn RIP,RIP II.
- ADSL USB: cung cp ti thiu 1 cng USB, 1 cng ADSL RJ-11, h tr
RFC 1483 Bridging, RFC 2516 PPP qua Ethernet, RFC 1577 IP over
ATM, ch nh VC ti a.
- ADSL Modem: cung cp ti thiu 1 cng 10/100 base Ethernet(RJ45), 1
cng RJ-11,1 cng USB. H tr RFC 1483 Bridging, RFC 2516 PPP
qua Ethernet, RFC1577 IP over ATM. Modem USB s h tr Plug and
Play
4 H thng qun l mng NMS:
NMS cung cp mi trng qun l tch hp cc thnh phn mng c
qun l bi cc nh cung cp khc nhau. H thng qun l bao gm cc
chc nng qun l sau y:
- Chc nng qun l li: Chc nng ny s cung cp cc cng c gim
st trng thi ca mng, cc s c s c pht hin v thng bo n
ngi s dng.
Chc nng qun l cht lng: Chc nng ny gim st v qun l cht
lng ca cc thnh phn mng v mng ni chung. C th n s cung
cp cc chc nng v thng tin sau y:
1. cc thu bao ang hot ng v khng hot ng.
2. ATU-R b li hoc khng hot ng.
3. Vic s dng PVC v SVC
4. To cc thng bo v cht lng hin ti v qu kh theo cc chu
ky thi gian gi, ngy, tun, thng trn mi tuyn.
5. Kim nh cht lng tuyn v dch v c cung cp
6. Gim st vic s dng bng tn ln , xung ca khch hng ti CO.
7. Hin th thng k lu lng.
8. Cht lng ng truyn vt l.
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9. To ra/ cp nht/ xo ngng cht lng i vi mi loi hnh dch
v
10. Hin th chn on li.
- Chc nng qun l cu hnh: Chc nng thc hin qun l cc i tng
di s iu khin ca h thng, n bao gm:
1. Thay i cu hnh
2. Khi to cc i tng mng, ngng v di chuyn chng ra khi
dch v.
3. Thu thp cc trng thi mng.
- Chc nng qun l bo mt: Chc nng ny xc nh s cho php truy
nhp hay khng i vi cc hot ng ca h thng c thc hin bi
ngi s dng bng cch s dng mt khu. H thng s cung cp 3 lp
bo mt sau:
1. Bo mt lp h thng.
2. Bo mt ng dng.
3. Bo mt lp c s d liu.
5 Thit b mng trung tm
- My ch qun l mng NMS, yu cu cc tnh nng sau:
S dng clustering server
H tr kh nng qun l chung cho tt c cc thit b mng ca
cng kt ni Internet (IAP) cng nh cc mng cung cp dch
v(ISP).
C kh nng thc hin tt c cc thao tc qun tr trn giao din
Web.
C cc cng c h tr Wizard.
H tr qun l theo dng Out-of-Band qun l thitb ngay khi
c s c xy ra trn ng kt ni thng.
h tr qun l t xa qua Dial-up v qun l thng thng.
C kh nng phn cp v qun l mng theo nhiu cp an ninh
khc nhau.
C phn mm cc cng c qun l li, t cu hnh h tr chotnh
cc, kim sot cht lng v an ninh mng.
- H thng tnh cc BS(Billing Server):
H tr kh nng tnh cc cho trn 1000 ngi s dng khc nhhau
v c kh nng m rng trong tng lai.
C kh nng tnh cc theo thi gian thc.
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C kh nng x l tc cao, dung lng b nh ngoi ln, c da
cng External, chy trn nn UNIX-Solaris vi h c s d liu
Oracle Database Enterprise Edition.
- Cc yu cu Server xc thc truy nhp ( Radius - AAA):
- C kh nng tng thch s lng ln cc thu bao bng rng
- Cung cp dch v VPN
- Cc modul ng h v cch bo c d phng
- Cc b ngun d phng N:1
- Cc giao din
- DS3 ATM, BNC connector
- E3 ATM, BNC connector.
- Ethernet 10/100 Base-T
- nh tuyn
- RIP, RIPv2, OSPF, nh tuyn tnh, b lc nh tuyn.
- BGP-4
- MPLS(RFC 2574 bis)
- Cc mng o v bo mt
- RADIUS, PAP, CHAP, lc gi nhn thc da vo tn min, nh tuyn
da vo tn min, ATMP, cc b nh tuyn o L2TP(LAC v LNS),
nhn dng trn dng lnh, nhn thc truy nhp khu vc.
- Qun l h thng v mng.
- Local/remote (TELNET), giao din dng lnh, SNMP, Java EMS trn
NT v Solaris, tch hp HP open View, h tr syslog, chng rtnh k
ton RADIUS, nng cp nhanh chng qua TFTP, cc tp cu hnh
dng ASCII
- Phn mm AA A server h tr:
+ Cc chun RADIUS RFC, cc thuc tnh tunnel protocol RADIUS
+ Distributed Authentication Proxy, Multipe Authentication.
+ Cc mutil NAT Dictionary
+ H tr CHAP
+ Remote proxy
+ Qun l IP address pool, Dynamic access controls, Port allocation.
+ Load balancing v Fail ov
+ H tr giao din Web cho ngi qun tr
+ Qun l cc User session
+ Cc truy cp h thng tp tin nh : LDAP, UNIX pasword file,
Oracle
+ H tr vic lu tr Log
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+ H tr h iu hnh UNIX
- Firewall :
C th l sn phm phn cng hoc kt hp phn mm vi cc yu
cu sau:
an ton cao c chng thc bi cc t chc quc t.
Thng lng cao, c kh nng h tr VPN.
Kh nng bo v phong ph vi nhiu hnh thc nh bo v theo
a ch, theo dch v, theo ngi dng, .v.v...
H tr cp nht nh k, cc thut ton an ninh p ng, d
phng...
C chc nng NAT, h tr giao din mng(NIC) 10/100
Tnh thng sut: Cc cng mng ca tt c cc FIREWALL trong
nhm c cng a ch IP v a ch MAC nhm trnh tr
Propergation cho thng tin routing v khng mt thm a ch IP
cho Firewall.
Hai h thng Firewall cn i km vi cc thit b clustering nhm
m bo cc tnh nng nh: Stateful Failover/Host standby.
- Caching Server
- Intel Pentium III 1.13 Ghz, 512 KB L2 Cache
- 04*256 MB ECC SDRAM
- 2*18.2 GB 10Krpm Ultra3 SCSI HDD
- Single chanel Ultra3 SCSI controllers
- Dual embedded 10/100TX LAN adapter
- Rack 1U
- Web Server
- Intel Pentium III 1.13 Ghz, 512 KB L2 Cache
- 02*256MB ECC SDRAM
- 18.2GB 10Krpm Ultra3 SCSI HDD
- Single chanel Ultra3 SCSI controllers
- Dual embedded 10/100TX LAN adapter
- 1U racked.
- QoS Server
- Intel Pentium III 1.13 Ghz, 512 KB L2 Cache
- 04*256 MB ECC SDRAM
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- 2*18.2GB 10Krpm Ultra3 SCSI HDD
- Single chanel Ultra3 SCSI controllers
- Dual embedded 10/100TX LAN adapter
- Rack 1U
- Conferencing Server
- Dual Intel Pentium III Xeon 700Mhz, 1MB L2 Cache/processor
- 04*256MB ECC SDRAM
- 2*18.2 GB 10Krpm Ultra3 SCSI HDD
- Dual-channel Ultra3 SCSI controllers
- IBM Server RAID 4M*(64MBCache)
- Four 10/100TX LAN adapter
- 4U Racked
- Dual power supplies.
-VoD Server
- Dual Intel PentiumIII Xeon 700Mhz, 1MB L2 Cache/processor
- 04*256MB ECC SDRAM
- 2*18.2GB 10Krpm Ultra3 SCSI HDD
- Dual-channel Ultra3 SCSI controllers
- RAID4M*(64MBCache)
- Four 10/100TX LAN adapter
- 4U Racked
- Dual power supplies.
- LAN Switch
Yu cu chung:
- H tr IPv4, IPX, OSPF v BGP-4.
-10/100 Ethernet Module 20 cng.
- Cc Modul c d phng, c th c trao i nng.
- C h thng lm mt, h thng gim st.
- Kh nng lu tr v duy tr nhiu phin bn h iu hnh.
- H tr cc tc t lung T3/E3 n tc OC-48/STM-
16(2,4Gbps).
- H tr cc giao thc Routing:RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, PIM, BGP.
- H tr nhiu phng thc m bo cht lng dch v (QoS) khc
nhau nh Distributed Committed Access Rate (DCAR), Ditributed
Weighted Fair Queuing (DWFQ), Distributed Weighted Random Early
Detection (DWRED) v BGP Policy Propagation.
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- C cc giao din lan tc cao nh Ethernet, Fast Ethernet v FDDI.
- C kh nng qun l qua giao din SNMP hay Telnet.
- H tr nhiu cng nh:
+ Cc cng OC-3/STM-1 POS.
+ Cc cng OC-12/STM-4 POS.
+ Cc cng OC-4/STM-16 POS.
+ Cc cng OC-3/STM-1 ATM.
+ Cc cng OC-12/STM-4 ATM.
+ Cc cng DS-3.
+ Cc cng Gigabit Ethernet.
- Thch hp vi cc yu cu v NEB/ETSI.
- C khc c im m rng v BGP.
- Tch hp IS-IS.
- Ti thiu c 8 cng modem.
6 Cp ng :
Mi trng truyn dn m qua d nh h thng truyn dn s s
hot ng l mng cp ng, n cho php khch hng c th ni ti cc
tng i qua cc mch vng thu bao ni ht.. Mt ng dy ni ht
cp ng d kin c th vn chuyn ng thi truyn dn s theo c hai
hng cho cc dch v ISDN, HDSL, ASDL, UADSL gia LT v NT.
* Cc yu cu c khuuyn ngh:
- Cc yu cu ti thiu:
Cc mch vng thu bao ni ht khng c cc cun ti(coil) hoc cu r.
Khi c cc cun ti th chng khng gy nhiu ti in thoi nhng c
th lm suy gim cht lng truyn dn ca cc tn hiu xDSL. nh
hng ca cc suy hao do cun ti trong ng truyn dn ph thuc
vo tn s ca tn hiu, tc truyn sng v di trong cun ti. S
xut hin cun ti trong ng thu bao s b sung nhiu ln tn hiu
pht i. Cun ti to ra cc phn x khnglin tc trn ng truyn dn
, cc tn hiu b phn x s cng vo cc tn hiu pht i trn ng
dy thu bao.
- Cc c im vt l ng dy ni ht : Mt ng dy ni ht s
c xy dng t mt hoc nhiu phn cp ni hoc hn vi nhau.
Cp nhnh cp gc c xy dng nh sau:
- Cc tng cp c ng knh v d di khc nhau.
- C th tn ti mt hoc nhiu BT ti nhiu im khc nhau trong cc
cp cp feeder v cp nhnh.
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bng 1 Cc thng s in hnh cu cp
c tnh
Cp trong
nh
Cp gc Cp nhnh Cp thu bao
ng
knh(mm)
0.3 0.6 0.3 1.4 0.3 1.4 0.3 0.9
Cu trc
Cp xon hoc
i cp(lp
hoc b)
Cp xon hoc
i cp(lp
hoc b)
Cp xon hoc
i cp(lp
hoc b)
Cp xon, i
cp hoc cp l
S lng i
cc i
1200
2400/0.4mm
4800/0.3mm
600/0.4mm
2(cp trn
khng)
600(cp trong
nh)
in dung
tng
tc(nF/km
800 hz)
55 - 120 25 - 60 25 60 35 120

Ph lc 2: Cc bo co v mng vin thng Ngh An
97