Giy Giy l mt loi vt liu c lm t cht x di t vi mm cho n vi cm, thng c ngun gc thc vt, v c to thnh mng li bi lc lin kt hirkhng

c cht kt dnh. Thng thng giy c s dng di dng nhng lp mng nhng cng c th dng to hnh cc vt ln (papier-mch). Trn nguyn tc giy c sn xut t bt g hay bt giy. Loi giy quan trng nht v vn ha l giy vit. Bn cnh giy c s dng lm vt liu bao b, trong ni tht nh giy dn tng, giy v sinh hay trong th cng trang tr, c bit l Nht v Trung Quc. Trc khi pht minh ra giy, con ngi ghi chp li cc vn kin l cc hnh v trong cc hang ng hoc khc ln cc tm bia bng t st, v sau na l ngi ta dng da lu tr cc vn kin. K t khi ngi Trung Quc pht minh ra giy vo nm 105, giy bt u c s dng rng ri Trung Quc v mi cho n nm 750 k thut sn xut giy mi lan truyn n Samarkand qua cc t binh ngi Trung Quc trong mt cuc tranh chp bin gii. Giy c mang n chu u t th k th 12 qua cc giao lu vn ha gia phng Ty Thin cha gio v phng ng Rp cng nh qua nc Ty Ban Nha thi k Hi gio. Lch s Trc khi c giy Cc hnh v trong hang ng l nhng vn kin lu i nht do con ngi v bng bt mu. Ngi Sumer, c nn vn ha cao lu i nht c bit n, vit trn nhng tm bia bng t st (vn t hnh nm, bt u t khong 3300 nm trc Cng nguyn). Cc vt liu hu c dng vit ln sau t bn hn. Nu khng c nhng tm bia bng t st ca ngi Sumer chng ta bit rt t v thi gian ny. Da, giy da (parchment), g, v cy, giy ci (giy ch tho) - c Ai Cp khong 3000 nm trc Cng nguyn - v giy u c th chy v b phn hy sinh hc. Giy ci (giy ch tho) lm bng mt loi lau sy (cy ci giy hay cy ch tho cyperus papyrus) c buc vo vi nhau v t cho ln nhau trc khi c p li. Ngi ta vit trn bng mc hay en. Mc en bao gm b hng v mt dung dch t nha ca cy keo (gummi arabicum). Mc c lm t hong th. Ngi ta dng mt cy c lm t cy sy (cy lau) vit. Mc d cy ci giy (cy ch tho) cng c Hy Lp nhng khng c lan truyn ra ngoi nc. Trong th k th 3 ngi Hy Lp thay th c vit bng lng chim. T giy trong cc th ting chu u (papier, paper...) dn t tn ca cy ci giy - papyrus. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn vit trn giy da (parchment) l loi da mng cha c thuc. Roma ngi ta s dng c giy ci (giy ch tho) ln bng lm bng sp, vn th c kha ln bng mt cy nhn. Dng mt tm co c th lm phng sp li v li c th vit ln trn tm bng ny. n ngi ta dng l cy c. Trung Quc, trc khi pht minh ra giy, xng,

v s c, ng voi, sau lng thau, st, vng, bc, thic, thch anh, , t st, tre v t la u c dng n. Trong th k th 5 (triu nh Hu Hn) Phm Dip () tng thut li: T xa ngi ta dng thanh tre vit, c ct li vi nhau. Cng c mt loi giy lm t ph phm ca t la. Nhng t la qu t cn cc thanh tre th qu nng nn khng s dng thch hp. V th Thi Lun () ngh ra k lm giy t cc v thn cy, si thn cy, t cy gai du cng nh t vi v li nh c c. Nm 105 Cng nguyn ng tu ln Hong thng v c ngi khen thng cho ti nng ca ng. T y giy tr nn thng dng v trong c vng quc mi ngi u gi l giy ca qu nhn Thi. Cc khm ph v kho c Trung Hoa cng vi php tnh tui bng carbon phng x chng minh rng giy hin din t hai th k trc Thi Lun, nhng ngi ta vn cho Thi Lun l ngi pht minh ra giy thc th nh ngy nay. Pht minh ra giy Nh vy giy lm t t la c bit n trc khi Thi Lun pht minh ra giy trong th k th 1, khong nm 105, ch yu lm t si bn trong ca v cy du (du tm).[1] Trc cng c giy lm t cy gai du (Cannabis), cn c gi l cy cn sa, nh nm mu giy c tm thy trong nhng nm t 1973 n 1978 chng minh. Cc ghi nh thi gian c so snh li cho thy cc mu giy ny phi c ngun gc t khong nm 140 n 87 trc Cng nguyn. Mt loi nguyn liu giy khc l cy thy hng (Daphne). Cy gai du v thy hng c si di hn nhng loi g c s dng ngy nay v qua m c bn cao. Hai tnh cht ny cho php giy c s dng vo nhng mc ch khc ngoi mc ch vit. Cc vt trang tr v qun o cng c sn xut theo truyn thng t giy ng . Nguyn liu lm giy c ct vn ra v gi nh trong nc thnh bt lng. Cc si c phn tn mng trong nc. u tin giy c mc ra bng mt ci ry ni trn mt nc. Li di y ry c gn cht vo khung. Mi t giy c mc ra phi c lm kh trong ry v ch c em ra sau khi kh. V th m cn n rt nhiu ry. K thut ny lan truyn n ngi Thi vo khong nm 300. Vo khong nm 600 k thut mc giy ci tin dng loi ry mc lan truyn n Triu Tin v sau n Nht. loi ry mc ny khung ry c th g ra khi ry. T giy va c mc c th c ly ra khi cn m v em i phi kh. K thut ny cn c s dng cho n ngy nay cc loi giy mc bng tay v ni chung nguyn tc sn xut giy (ct vn, gi nh trong nc, mc v hong kh) vn khng thay i cho n ngy nay

 Nht ngi ta ci tin k thut ny v pha vo bt ca si giy nha t r ca cy bp m (Abelmoschus manihot). Cc si c phn tn u hn v khng cn b vn cc na. Loi giy ny c gi l giy Nht (Washi-). chu u sau ny giy c p tng chng, gia hai t giy c lt mt tm vi hay n (pht). Qua m qu trnh lm kh giy c tng nhanh hn v giy c nn cht li. Cc phng php sn xut giy Bi chi tit: Sn xut giy Giy c th sn xut th cng hay bng my khng ph thuc vo si dng lm nguyn liu. Thnh phn chnh ca giy l cc si cellulose. Trc tin tinh bt, nha cy v cc thnh phn khc ca cy c tch ra khi cellulose. Sau khi tch ra, cellulose c pha long trong nc v gi thnh si. Khi ch bt ny (khong 95% l nc) ln mt ci ry, phn ln nc chy thot i. Ry phi c lc u, cc si s nm chng ln nhau v to thnh mt tm giy. Nu trn li ry c lm mt hnh mu, si s nm chng cc ch t hn v khi soi tm giy trc nh sng c th nhn thy c hnh chm trn giy. Sn xut trc khi cng nghip ha Cho n na sau th k th 19 cc si cellulose cn dng c ngi lm giy thu lm t qun o c lm t si lanh. Nhng ngi thu mua v bun bn qun o c l nhng ngi cung cp nguyn liu cho cc xng xay giy. C thi gian qun o c him n b cm xut khu v ngi ta dng n v lc ngn chn vic ny. Trong cc xng xay giy gi c ct thnh mnh vn, i khi c ra sch v lm cho mc nt v sau c a vo my gi nh thnh si. My gi hot ng bng sc nc. Trong na u ca th k th 19 ngi ta chuyn qua ty bng clo thay v lm cho mc nt ri ra sch. Si tht thot rt t v ngoi ra cn c th dng cc loi vi c mu. Ngi th lm giy mc t giy t bt giy long ny bng mt ci ry thp, lm bng ng hnh ch nht c li rt tinh, thnh ry c th tho ra c. Sau mt ngi th khc p t giy t ray ln trn mt tm n trong khi th lm giy mc t giy k tip. Sau khi p xong cc t giy c treo ln phi kh trong cc phng ln v kh ro, ch yu l trong cc nh kho hay trn gc xp. Sau giy c p thm mt ln na, vut phng, phn loi ri ng gi. Nu l giy vit th phi trng keo bng cch nhng vo keo, p ri phi kh. Qua cch lm bng tay ny, ngy nay ch p dng cho cc loi si v qua l giy c cht lng cao, cc si nm theo cc hng u nhau. My H Lan (mt pht minh ca cc th lm giy ngi H Lan vo khong nm 1670) l bc t ph k thut hin i. y l mt my sn xut ra bt giy khng cn dng gi c lm vt liu ban u sn xut giy na m phn ln l t cc dy thng, dy cp v li nh c. Cc vt liu rt cng ny trc tin c ct nh trong mt my gi c mt t ba

p v nhiu dao nhn (Kapperij) ri c a vo mt my xay (Kollergang) c tip tc ct nh i. Cng nghip ha vic sn xut giy T khong nm 1850 my mi g c a vo s dng, m ra kh nng sn xut giy c tm c cng nghip t nguyn liu g r tin. Vo khong nm 1879 ch cthi c khong 340 xng mi g nh vy. Loi bt g mi dng lm giy ny cn cha cht linhin (lignin) s lm giy b vng sau mt thi gian. Friedrich Gottlob Keller (1816 1895) l ngi pht minh ra loi giy lm t bt g ny. Sn xut giy trong cng nghip Nguyn liu Ngi ta c th sn xut giy t ngun nguyn liu mi l g, hoc cng c th s dng giy s dng lm nguyn liu. Trong sn xut mi, nguyn liu chnh lm giy l si cellulose t g hoc rm r. Ngoi ra cn cn dng n keo v cc cht n. di ca cc si cellulose thay i ty theo nguyn liu lm giy v c nh hng ln n cht lng v bn v thi gian ca giy. Khng phi loi g no cng c th dng lm giy trong cng nghip c. G t cc loi cy trong bng di y c coi l thch hp dng lm giy:

Lc quy trnh sn xut giy cng nghip 1 v 2: khai thc g t rng 3: Thi mng 4: Hp 5: Lm sch 6: p vn 7: Trn nc, ha cht, phm 8: Nhp liu 9: ng ln

10: Trc p 11: L sy, p quang 12: Kim sot sn xut 13: Ra cun

Cy l kim (Cy g mm):

Cy l rng (Cy g cng):

Vn sam Linh sam Thng Thng rng l

Si Dng Cng l (Cy bul)

Bch n (Cy khuynh dip)

iu kin tng a phng v s lng c sn quyt nh loi g no c s dng lm nguyn liu nguyn thy. Cc loi cy tng trng nhanh th d nh cy dng p ng c nhu cu ln ca cng nghip. Trn nguyn tc tt c cc loi c cellulose u c kh nng c s dng sn xut giy. Giy c ngy cng c s dng nhiu hn lm nguyn liu. Ti c, giy c chim gn 50% cc nguyn liu c s dng lm cc loi giy, ba cng v cc tng. chu u v chu M ngi ta cn s dng cy la m v la mch en ly si, Bc Phi mt s loi c, ti Nht cho ti ngy nay rm t cy la vn c s dng v n l cy tre. Vic dng giy qua s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut giy hin l phng hng ang pht trin ca cng nghip giy. u im: vic s dng giy ph liu lm bt giy ch cn nh ti v nghin vi thi gian ngn hn s dng g (28 pht so vi 45 pht); gp phn gii quyt cc vn v mi trng.

Nhc im: bt giy loi ny c bi cao - trn 10 ht vi kch thc 0.4mm/1m[2]

Sn xut bt giy G c th c x l c hc hay ha hc X l c hc

Bt g mi trng: c mi t g c bc v trong cc my mi g.

Bt g mi nu: hnh thnh khi cc cung cy c thm t trong cc ni nu trc khi c mi.

Bt nhit c: c sn xut t ph liu g c bm nh v v bo ca cc xng ca. Theo phng thc TMP (thermo-mechanical pulp), hay "bt nhit c", chng c lm thm t 130 C. Cc lin kt linhin (lignin) nh vy b yu i. Sau nc c thm vo v cc ming g ny c nghin trong cc my nghin (refiner). Nu ha cht c s dng thm vo trong lc thm t phng php ny c gi l phng php CTMP (chemo-thermo- mechanical pulp), hay "bt ha nhit c".

Nu ch dng cc phng thc c sn xut, thnh phn ca bt g khng phi l cc si cellulose m l cc lin kt si c mi v nghim nh ra. c th ly c si nguyn thy phi dng n cc bin php x l g bng ha hc. X l ha hc Cc mnh g c x l ha hc bng cch nu. Sau khi nu 12 n 15 ting cc si s c tch ra khi cc thnh phn cng i cng vi cellulose. Nhn theo phng din ha hc, g bao gm:

40% - 50% cellulose 10% - 55% hemicellulose 20% - 30% linhin (lignin) 6% - 12% cc hp cht hu c khc 0,3% - 0,8% hp cht v c

Ty theo ha cht c dng nu, ngi ta phn bit ra cc phng php kim, sunfit (sulfit) v sunfat (sulfat). Phn linhin cn st li sau khi nu s lm cho bt giy c mu vng hay nu v th m phi ra sch v ty bt giy. Sn lng sn xut bt giy theo phng php ha hc t hn l sn xut bt g. Cc si cellulose c u im l di hn, bn v mm mi hn. Cc si cellulose t cc cy l kim thng di khong 2,5 cho n 4 mm, si t cc cy l rng di khong 1 mm. Bt giy sunfat so vi bt giy sunfit th di hn v bn hn v th ch yu c s dng lm giy in v giy vit c trng cao. Bt giy sunfit a s c dng sn xut cc loi giy v sinh mm. Bt giy cn phi c ty lm giy trng. Bt giy sunfat thng thng c ty bng clo, v th m nc thi s nhim cc hp cht ccbon ca clo. Cl2 + H2O H+ + Cl- + HClO 2 NaOH + Cl2 NaOCl + NaCl + H2O Bt sunfit c ty bng hir perxt hay bng xy. K thut thn thin hn vi mi trng, thay th ty s dng clo bng s dng xy v ixt clo. 2 NaClO3 + H2SO4 + SO2 2 ClO2 + 2 NaHSO4

Bt giy ty khng c clo c bn ca si km hn l ty bng clo, nhng do t nhim n mi trng hn nn ngy cng c dng nhiu hn.[3] Phng php organocell Phng php organocell sn xut bt giy khng c lu hunh v v th m thn thin vi mi trng hn. Cc mnh g c nu vi hn hp nc v mtanol (methanol) c cho thm dung dch kim qua nhiu giai on di p sut v nhit n 190 C. Qua linhin v hemicellulose c ha tan ra. Sau phi ra sch qua nhiu giai on ri ty v tho nc. Mtanol v kim c ly li qua mt phng php ti ch c tin hnh song song vi sn xut bt giy. Ngoi ra cn thu c linhin v hemicellulose khng cha lu hunh c s dng tip tc trong cng nghip ha hc. Kh mc giy c Cc phng php kh mc giy loi c mc ch chnh l nhm loi b cc ht mc cng nh cc cht ph gia khc nh cht n, cc ht mang mu trong qu trnh trng ph ra khi thnh phn s xi. Hai phng php kh mc giy loi (de-inking) c s dng ph bin rng ri ngy nay trn th gii l phng php tuyn ni (flotation) v ra (washing). Phng php tuyn ni thch hp vi cc ht mc v cc ht ph gia c kch thc t 10 n 250 m trong khi phng php ra thch hp vi kch thc ht mc v ph gia t 30 m tr xung. Ngy nay phn ln cc nh my ti ch giy loi thng ng dng c hai phng php kh mc bng tuyn ni v ra trong qu trnh sn xut. 1.Phng php tuyn ni S dng nguyn l bm dnh ca cc ht vt cht vo bong bng kh loi b mc in v cc cht ph gia ca giy loi nh cht n, cc ht mang mu ...C th chia ra cc cng on chnh trong qu trnh tuyn ni nh sau 1. Giai on tch mc ra khi s xi Mc in c in vo b mt ca s xi bng nhiu phng php khc nhau nh in offset, in gravure, in UV-Curing, in letter press hay in flexo v trong giai on u tin ca phng php kh mc, ngi ta phi tch cc ht mc in ny cng vi cc ht ph gia ra khi b mt ca s xi. Giai on ny trong sn xut c thc hin my nghin thy lc vi s h tr ca mt s ha cht kh mc nh NaOH (sodium hydroxide), Na2CO3 (sodium silicate), H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide), cc cht hot tnh b mt (surfactant) ... Di tc dng ca cc ha cht kh mc, mi lin kt gia mc in v s xi b lng i, tr nn km bn vng ng thi cc ht mc cng tr nn k nc, b x nh v tch ra khi s xi di tc dng ca cc dao trong qu trnh nghin thy lc.

2. Giai on loi b mc ra khi s si trong qun trnh tuyn ni Sau khi mc v cc ht ph gia c tch ra khi b mt s xi, chng ta s phi loi b chng thu c s xi "sch" sn xut giy. Nh trnh by trn, phng php tuyn ni dng cc bt kh loi b cc ht mc v cc ht ph gia. V l thuyt c th ng dng vi cc ht cht rn c kch thc t 10 n 500 m nhng hiu qu nht i vi tuyn ni giy ti ch l t 10 n 250 m. Do tc dng ca ha cht (cc cht la chn) v c bit l s c mt ca cc ion canxi mang in dng 2+ trong nc, cc phn t ca x phng kt hp vi cc ion Canxi ny to ra cc ht vt cht nh in tch mang in dng, qua d dng nh vi cc ht mc (in m). Bi v cc cht la chn nh soap l mt chui hydrocacbon gm c phn k nc v ho nc (v d nh stearic acid)nn cc ht mc c nh km vi cc ht vt cht nh mang in dng (sn phm ca soap collector and calcium c trong nc), ri qua tip tc nh vi cc ht mc khc (cng c nh vi cc ht mang in dng) v to thnh cc cm mc nh v cc cm mc nh ny tip tc c nh vo cc bong bng kh nh tnh k nc v ho nc ca soap collector. Bt giy Bt giy c nghin trong cc my nghin (refiner) trc khi a qua my giy. Bn trong my nghin dung dch bt giy m c chy qua gia mt trc ln c dao v cc dao gn c nh. Si s c ct (nghin th) hay p (nghin tinh) ty theo cc iu chnh dao. Hai u ca si cellulose s b ta ra gip cho cc si lin kt vi nhau tt hn khi tm giy hnh thnh. Cc loi giy ht nc, c th tch cao v mm mi hnh thnh t cc si c nghin th nh giy thm. Si c nghin tinh c dng sn xut cc loi giy cng v bn, t thm nc c tnh trong sut th d nh giy v k thut. Ngoi ra khi nghin cc si cellulose cn c th c ct ngn i. Chiu di ca si v cch nghin bt quyt nh cht lng ca giy. Giy c to thnh tm trn my xeo giy. Dung dch bt giy (99% l nc) sau khi c lm sch nhiu ln chy ln mt li . Trn li ny phn ln nc chy thot i v cu trc ca t giy bt u thnh hnh. Bn di li c t my ht nc gip thot nc. Giy sn xut cng nghip c hai mt: mt li v mt lng, cc si giy hu nh u hng v mt chiu: chiu chy ca li. Sau giy c p ri a qua phn sy tip theo l c p lng v cun trn. Cht n Ngoi si cellulose ra bt giy cn c trn thm n 30% cc cht n:

 Cao

lanh (China clay) bt fixe

Tinh

Blanc

ixt titan Phn

Cc cht n lm y phn khng gian gia cc si giy v lm cho giy mm mi v c b mt lng hn. Thnh phn ca cht n s quyt nh trong sut hay m c ca giy. chng khng lem mc phi cn n keo. Giy, c ngun gc t Trung Quc, l mt vt liu t cc x (di t vi mm cho n vi cm), thng c ngun gc thc vt, c to thnh mng li bi lc lin kt hir khng c cht kt dnh. Thng thng giy c s dng di dng nhng lp mng nhng cng c th dng to hnh cc vt ln. Trn nguyn tc giy c sn xut t bt g hay bt giy. Thnh phn chnh ca giy l xenluloza, mt loi polyme mch thng v di c trong g, bng v cc loi cy khc. Trong g, xenluloza b bao quanh bi mt mng lignin cng l polyme. Ngi ta c th sn xut giy t ngun nguyn liu mi l g, hoc cng c th s dng giy s dng lm nguyn liu. Trong sn xut mi, nguyn liu chnh lm giy l si cellulose t g hoc rm r. Ngoi ra cn cn dng n keo v cc cht n :Cao lanh (China clay), Tinh bt, Blanc fixe, ixt titan, Phn. Cc cht n lm y phn khng gian gia cc si giy v lm cho giy mm mi v c b mt lng hn. Thnh phn ca cht n s quyt nh trong sut hay m c ca giy. chng khng lem mc phi cn n keo. Giai on thi mng :gc ct thnh cc mnh nh u nhau. Giai on nu bt giy :Cc mnh g nh ny c nu vi NaOH nhit cao tch lignin (cht keo t nhin gn kt cc si g vi nhau) t xenlul trong bt giy. Cht thi lng hay dch en c thu hi tn thu cc ha cht s dng v t to hi v cp in.Giai on lm sch :Bt giy cha qua ty c lc qua my ra v cc mng lc. Bt giy c ty qua cc cng on x l ko di 15 gi. Quy trnh ty ECF s dng O2, ClO2, v H2O2 lm trng giy. Giai on trn nc,ha cht, phm :Bt giy c ty trng sau c trn ln vi cc ph gia v ha cht. - Lc v trng: t st, CaCO3 (phn) v Tian oxit c b sung tng chn sng, trng v phng, mn ca giy. - Cc tc nhn khc: h, nha thng, phn, gilatin hoc latex c s dng tng chng thm, chng mc nho v gim bi t si c th gy tr ngi cho qu trnh in. - Cht dit khun sinh hc: ngn nga s pht trin ca vi khun trong bt giy v cc sn phm t giy -Giai on sy v ra thnh phm :Bt giy t sau trn c chy qua mt vnh chuyn ng an bng li nylon dng mt co to thnh tm giy dy. Tip theo tin hnh nn lin tc kh nc v p mng t giy. Thit b sy kh bng hi s lm kh giy.Giy c cun trn thnh kin, c phun h t mn, bng. Sau a qua my cn to dy nh nhau. Cc cun giy trng c ct cng kch c. NHIM MI TRNG TRONG SN XUT GIY

trong qu trnh sn xut giy, hu nh tt c lng nc a vo s dng s l lng nc thi ra, trong nhng yu t gy nhim chnh l: - pH cao do kim d gy ra l chnh. - Thng s cm quan (mu en, mi, bt) ch yu l do dn xut ca lignin gy ra l chnh. - Cn l lng (do bt giy v cc cht n nh cao lin gy ra). - COD & BOD do cc cht hu c ha tan gy ra l chnh, cc cht hu c y l lignin v cc dn xut ca lignin, cc loi ng phn t cao v mt lng nh cc hp cht c ngun gc sinh hc khc, trong trng hp dng clo ty trng c thm dn xut hu c c cha clo khc

THC TRNG NGNH CNG NGHIP SN XUT GIY VIT NAM Hin nay ngnh cng nghip giy ang tng trng nhanh chng v ng gp vo tin trnh pht trin chung ca nn kinh t x hi. Mc d nng cp cng ngh nhng so vi nhiu ngnh cng nghip sn xut khc, ngnh giy c mc nhim cao v d gy tc ng n con ngi v mi trng xung quanh do nhim t ngun nc thi x l khng t yu cu. Cng ngh sn xut giy Vit Nam cn rt lc hu. sn xut ra mt tn giy thnh phm, cc nh my VN phi s dng t 30-100 m3 nc Cc nh my giy hin i ca th gii ch s dng 7-15 m3 /tn giy.

S lc hu ny gy
+ lng ph ngun nc ngt, + tng chi ph x l nc thi, + a ra sng, rch lng nc thi khng l Theo thng k, c nc c gn 500 doanh nghip sn xut giy, trong ch c khong 10% doanh nghip t tiu chun mi trng cho php, cn hu ht cc nh my u khng c h thng x l nc thi hoc c nhng cha t yu cu Trong cc c s cng nghip giy v bt giy, nc thi thng c + pH trung bnh 9 - 11, + BOD, COD cao, c th ln n 700mg/l v 2.500mg/l. + Hm lng cht rn l lng cao gp nhiu ln gii hn cho php (nc c cha c kim loi nng, lignin (dch en), phm mu, xt, cc cht a vng thm Clo ho lng nc thi ny khng c x l m trc tip vo sng. Ngoi ra, trong cng nghip xeo giy, to nn mt sn phm c th hoc nhng tnh nng c th cho sn phm, ngi ta cn s dng nhiu ha cht v cht xc tc. nh hng ca sn xut bt v giy n mi trng ch yu hai cng on: nu bt giy v ty trng bt giy. Qu trnh nu bt giy (bng phng php sunfit hay sunfat) thi ra cc hp cht ( dng lng) cha lu hunh, kh SO2, H2S, cc mercaptan, cc sunfua... Qu trnh ty trng bt giy gy nhim mi trng nhiu nht v c s dng ti clo v cc hp cht ca n nh hypoclorit, clo ioxit. ty trng 1 tn bt giy cn 100kg clo v cc hp cht ca n (trong khong 50% l clo phn t). V mt cng ngh sn xut, trong qu trnh ty trng bt giy, a bao nhiu hp cht clo vo th li thi ra by nhiu. Hin nay trn th gii cng cha c cng ngh ti s dng clo trong khu ty trng bt giy. TC NHN GY NHIM

Nc thi Cc ngun in hnh

B phn Sn xut bt giy Hi ngng khi phng bt Dch en b r r hoc b trn Nc lm mt cc thit b nghin a Ra bt giy cha ty trng Phn tch loi c cha nhiu s, sn v ct Phn lc ra khi lm c bt giy Nc ra sau ty trng c cha chlorolignin Nc thi c cha hypochlorite

Chun b phi R r v trn cc ho cht / ph gia liu Ra sn bt Xeo giy Phn tch loi t my lm sch ly tm c cha x, sn v ct Cht thi t h li c cha x Dng trn t h bm qut Phn nc lc ra t thit b tch nc c cha x, bt v cc cht h Nc Nc Nc Nc x y ngng t cha c thu hi thi hon nguyn t thp lm mm lm mt my nn kh

Khu vc ph tr

Thu hi ha cht

Nc ngng t t my ha hi Dch long t thit b ra cn Dch long t thit b ra bn Nc bn ngng ng Nc ngng t t thit b lm mt v t hi nc

Xeo giy

Phn tch loi t my lm sch ly tm c cha x, sn v ct Cht thi t h li c cha x Dng trn t h bm qut Phn nc lc ra t thit b tch nc c cha x, bt v cc cht h Nc Nc Nc Nc x y ngng t cha c thu hi thi hon nguyn t thp lm mm lm mt my nn kh

Khu vc ph tr

Thu hi ha cht

Nc ngng t t my ha hi Dch long t thit b ra cn Dch long t thit b ra bn Nc bn ngng ng Nc ngng t t thit b lm mt v t hi nc

Xeo giy

Phn tch loi t my lm sch ly tm c cha x, sn v ct Cht thi t h li c cha x Dng trn t h bm qut Phn nc lc ra t thit b tch nc c cha x, bt v cc cht h Nc Nc Nc Nc x y ngng t cha c thu hi thi hon nguyn t thp lm mm lm mt my nn kh

Khu vc ph tr

Thu hi ha cht

Nc ngng t t my ha hi Dch long t thit b ra cn Dch long t thit b ra bn Nc bn ngng ng Nc ngng t t thit b lm mt v t hi nc Gi tr

nhim ca nh my giy v bt giy in hnh ti Vit Nam Thng s

Lu lng (m3/t) BOD5 (kg/t) COD (kg/t)

150-300 90- 330 270- 1200

SS (kg/t) + KH THI -

30-50

Ch yu bao gm cc hp cht ca S,H2S, CH3SCH3, oxit cu S Clo phn t cng b r r theo lng nh trong qu trnh ty Cc loi bi

+ CHT THI RN -Bn, tro , cht thi g, tp sng ,x than, du thi Vit Nam khi sn xut ra 1 tn giy s sinh ra mt lng cht thi rn khong t 4585 kg. HU QU

-Trong cc c s cng nghip giy v bt giy, nc thi thng c pH trung bnh 9 - 11, ch s nhu cu xy sinh ho (BOD), nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD) cao, c th ln n 700mg/l v

2.500mg/l. Hm lng cht rn l lng cao gp nhiu ln gii hn cho php -c bit nc c cha c kim loi nng, lignin (dch en), phm mu, xt, cc cht a vng thm Clo ho l nhng hp cht c tnh sinh thi cao v c nguy c gy ung th, rt kh phn hu trong mi trng. C nhng nh my giy, lng nc thi ln ti 4.000 5.000m3/ngy, cc ch tiu BOD, COD gp 10 18 ln tiu chun cho php; lng nc thi ny khng c x l m trc tip vo sng. nhim mi trng khng kh Cc cht thi dng lng cha lu hunh, ng thi thi ra kh SO2, H2S, cc mercaptan, cc sunfua... ty trng 1 tn bt giy cn ti 100kg clo v cc hp cht ca n (trong khong 50% l clo phn t). nhim do rc thi gm v cy,mn tre na, x than, t si, bn vi =>X l s si tc ng n mi trng t, nc, khng kh xung quanh gy nhiu hu qu nghim trng nh gy dch bnh, mi kh chu, lm mt m quan -Tc ng n kinh t - x hi Gim hiu qu kinh t nh hng n cht lng cuc sng -Ngoi ra, trong cng nghip xeo giy, to nn mt sn phm c th hoc nhng tnh nng c th cho sn phm, ngi ta cn s dng nhiu ha cht v cht xc tc. Nhng cht ny nu khng c thu hi hoc x l m x thng ra sng ngi th vn nhim l khng trnh khi, lm mt cn bng sinh thi trong mi trng nc. BIN PHP + Bt giy sunfat thng c tytrng bng clo,v th m nc thi s nhim cc hp cht cacbon ca clo.Nu thay th clo bng hidroroxit hay bng oxi(si giy s km bn hn ty bng clo) nhng thn thin vi mi trng hn + Phng php organocell sn xut bt giy khng c lu hunh thn thin vi mi trng hn:cc mnh g c nu vi hn hp nc v mtanol (methanol) c cho thm dung dch kim qua nhiu giai on di p sut v nhit n 190C. Qua linhin v hemicellulose c ha tan ra. Sau phi ra sch qua nhiu giai on ri ty v tho nc. + Phng php thu hi kim theo cng ngh tin tin nht nhng nm gn y, tuy nhin hiu qu khng cao v vn u t qu ln +Phng php x l sinh ha bng h thng x l nc thi, cng i hi k thut cao v s chnh xc tuyt i +Phng php th ba l thay i tnh cht ca lignin trong dch en +Phng phap UASB y l mt cng ngh x l chu c ti COD rt ln v thch hp vi nc thi cc nh my giy. Trong thit b ny th nc thi th c bm t pha di ca thit b qua lp m bn (gm cc sinh khi dng ht). S x l xy ra khi nc thi n v tip xc vi cc ht sinh khi v sau i ra khi thit b t pha trn ca thit b Trong sut qu trnhny th sinh khi vic tnh lng cao s c duy tr trong thit b. Mt trong nhng b phn quan trng ca thit b UASB l b phn tch kh - lng - rn pha trn ca thit b Trong qu trnh x l nc thi, lng kh to ra ch yu l CH4 v CO2 to nn s lu thng bn trong gip cho vic duy tr v to ra ht sinh hc. Cc bt kh t do v ccht khi thot ln ti nhca b tch khi cc htrn v i vo thit b thu kh.