ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 2/2011

MATH IN CAKE BAKING

NAME:

NG CHI SAN

NRIC:

941021-14-5896

TEACHER:

PN. ONG KAH YAN

CONTENTS

Appreciation

Introduction

Objectives

PART I

PART II

PART III

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Further Exploration

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Conclusion

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Reflection

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APPRECIATION

First and foremost, I would like to manifest my appreciation in given an opportunity to carry out such a challenging project work. A very special thank you to Puan Ong Kah Yan, our Additional Mathematics teacher for her guidance in helping me to finish this project. Furthermore, a high gratitude to my parents who have given me the support in both emotion and finance.

Thank you Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider the person which invented the internet, without the help of internet I will not be able to finish this project. Id also like to express my thanks to all my fellow friends especially the 5 Arts 1 students. They are my classmates who involved in this project as we work together as a secondary family. We do practice teamwork.

Not forgetting those people who had helped me with or without my knowledge or even by coincidences.

Thank you.

INTRODUCTION

In the course of this project, the below mathematical principles explained will be applied. A volume is the amount of 3-dimensional space enclosed by a closed boundary, usually, the space that a substance or shape occupies or contains. The volume of a container is generally taken as the capacity of the container, or the inner dimensions of the container. In Mathematics, a geometric progressions is also known as a geometric sequence. A geometric progression is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a number which is not zero. That number is referred to as the common ratio of the sequence. We use geometric progressions to calculate a value in a specific sequence. For example, if a ball is dropped from 100cm, what will the height of the ball be at the 5th bounce if the second bounce is of the first bounce and so on? From this, the total vertical distance can also be calculated. Similarly, linear equations are also greatly used in application of mathematics. A linear equation is an algebraic equation where each term is a constant, or a product of constant, and the first power of a single variable. Linear equations are very useful as many non linear equations can be reduced to linear equations, which will form a straight line on a Cartesian plane. Differentiation is a branch of Calculus that uses derivatives to measure how a function changes as its input changes. Differentiation is commonly taken as the inverse of integration. Differentiation is used in industry to calculate the maximum amount or quantity required as a means of maximizing efficiency and goods production.

OBJECTIVES

This project will serve as a training stage for me to prepare myself for the demands for my future undertakings in the university and work life. I will apply mathematics in everyday situations and situations and appreciate the importance and beauty of mathematics. I aim to improve my problem solving skills, thinking skills, reasoning and mathematical communication skills. This project shall stimulate a learning environment which enhances effective learning, inquiry-based and teamwork. This project will develop my mathematical knowledge such that it increases my interest and confidence.

PART I Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and etc. Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating. Find out how mathematics is used in cake baking and cake decorating and write about your findings. Answer: One very important aspect of cake baking is the amount of ingredients required. This is because a cake should be of reasonable pricing, at the same time, beauty is also a priority. In cake baking, ingredients must not be wasted unnecessarily. Therefore, Calculus can be applied in cake baking. Particularly, the second derivative is greatly used. This is because the second derivative allows bakeries to calculate the maximum or minimum amount of ingredients needed to increase profit and efficiency. This allows positive growth in business. At the same time, the bakeries can avoid under-order, or over-order the ingredients. Cake decorating is an art. Many bakeries strive to produce cakes of beauty and of substance. In art, geometry is given importance. Geometry allows cakes of many interesting shapes and sizes to be created. Geometry also defines the ideal dimensions of a cake to be baked in ovens. Geometry will determine the popularity of the cake besides the price. We calculate the surface area and volume of the cake to determine the price per kilogram and also the area available for decorating and writing words. In the baking of more complex cakes, such as multi-storey cakes or multilayered cakes, progressions are applied. Progressions allow us to calculate the size or volume of a subsequent layer. Also, it allows us the estimate the quantity of ingredients needed. Usually, geometric progressions are used. Lastly, ratios are used in cake baking. More often than not bakers need to estimate the amount of ingredients used or substitute the ingredient with another if that ingredient is not available. For example, we often use cookbooks guiding us to use 3 parts of water for 1 part of flour. This is ratio of water to flour 3:1, allows us to bake a cake of different sizes. Although we may bake a smaller or larger cake, the flour and water used still obeys the proportion set. We are then allowed to creatively bake cakes. 6

Numerous shapes of cakes by using Geometry skill:

Half Sphere-shaped Other shapes :

Round-shaped

Square-shaped

Multi-storey cakes design by using the Progressions method:

PART II Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers Day celebration. (Diagram 11)

d Diagram 11 1) If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 3800 , and the height of the cake is to be 7.0cm, calculate the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school. [Use = 3.142]

Answer: Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake ( rh)

3800 x 5 = (3.142)( ) x 7

(3.142) = ( )

863.872 = ( )

= 29.392

d = 58.7834 cm

2) The cake will be baked in an oven with inner dimensions of 80.0 cm in length, 60.0 cm in width and 45.0 cm in height.

a) If the volume of cake remains the same, explore by using different values of heights, hcm, and the corresponding values of diameters of the baking tray to be used, d cm. Tabulate your answers

Answer: First, form the formula for d in terms of h by using the above formula for volume of cake, V = 19000, that is: 19000 = (3.142)(d/2)h


= d

d=

Height, h (cm) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

Diameter, d(cm) 155.5263 109.9737 89.7931 77.7631 68.5535 63.4833 58.7834 54.9868 51.8421 49.1817

(b) Based on the values in your table, (i) State the range of heights that is NOT suitable for the cakes and explain your answers. 9

Answer: h< 7cm is NOT suitable, because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore, the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive.

(ii) Suggest the dimensions that you think most suitable for the cake. Give reasons for your answer. Answer: h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm, because it can fit into the oven, and the size is suitable for easy handling.

(c) (i) Form an equation to represent the linear relation between h and d. Hence, plot a suitable graph based on the equation that you have formed. [You may draw your graph with the aid of computer software.] Answer: 19000 = (3.142)( )h 19000/(3.142)h = = d d= d= log d =  log d =

log h + log 155.53

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Log h Log d

0 2.19

1 1.69

2 1.19

3 0.69

4 0.19

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(ii) (a) If Best Bakery received an order to bake a cake where the height of the cake is 10.5 cm, use your graph to determine the diameter of the round cake pan required. Answer: h = 10.5cm, log h = 1.021, log d = 1.680, d = 47.86cm

(b) If Best Bakery used a 42 cm diameter round cake tray, use your graph to estimate the height of the cake obtained. Answer: d = 42cm, log d = 1.623, log h = 1.140, h = 13.80cm

3) Best Bakery has been requested to decorate the cake with fresh cream. The thickness of the cream is normally set to a uniform layer of about 1cm. (a) Estimate the amount of fresh cream required to decorate the cake using the dimensions that you have suggested in 2(b)(ii). Answer: h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm Amount of fresh cream = VOLUME of fresh cream needed (area x height) Amount of fresh cream = Vol. of cream at the top surface + Vol. of cream at the side surface Vol. of cream at the top surface = Area of top surface ( r2) x Height of cream = (3.142)( = 2375 cm ) x 1

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Vol. of cream at the side surface = Area of side surface x Height of cream = (Circumference of cake x Height of cake) x Height of cream = 2(3.142)(54.99/2)(8) x 1 = 1382.23 cm Therefore, amount of fresh cream = 2375 + 1382.23 = 3757.23 cm (b) Suggest three other shapes for cake, that will have the same height and volume as those suggested in 2(b)(ii). Estimate the amount of fresh cream to be used on each of the cakes. Answer:

1 Rectangle-shaped base (cuboid)

19000(V) = base area x 8 (h) base area = length x width = 2375 By trial and improvement, 2375 = 50 x 47.5 (length = 50cm, width = 47.cm5, height = 8cm) Therefore, volume of cream = 2(Area of left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + 2(Area of front/back side surface)(Height of cream) + Area of top surface(Height of cream) = 2(8 x 50)(1) + 2(8 x 47.5)(1) + 2375(1) = 3935 cm

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2 Triangle-shaped base

19000(V) = base area x 8 (h) base area = base area = 2375 x length x width = 2375 length x width = 4750 By trial and improvement, 4750 = 95 x 50 (length = 95cm, width = 50cm, height = 8cm) Slant length of triangle = (95 + 25)= 98.23 Therefore, amount of cream = Area of rectangular front side surface(Height of cream) + 2(Area of slant rectangular left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + Area of top surface(Height of cream) = (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98.23 x 8)(1) + 2375(1) = 4346.68 cm

1 Pentagon-shaped base (cube)

19000 = base area x height base area = base area = 2375 = area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon

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therefore: 2375 = 5(length x width) 475 = length x width By trial and improvement, 475 = 25 x 19 (length = 25cm, width = 19cm, height = 8cm) Therefore, amount of cream = 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + Area of top surface(Height of cream) = 5(8 x 19) + 2375(1) = 3135 cm (c) Based on the values that you have found which shape requires the least amount of fresh cream to be used? Answer: Pentagon-shaped cake, since it requires only 3135 cm of cream to be used.

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PART III Find the dimension of a 5 kg round cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate. Use at least two different methods including Calculus.State whether you would choose to bake a cake of such dimensions. Give reasons for youranswers. Answer:

Method 1: Differentiation Use two equations for this method: the formula for volume of cake (as in Q2/a), and the formula for amount (volume) of cream to be used for the round cake (as in Q3/a). 19000 = (3.142)rh (1) (2) V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)rh From (1): h = Sub. (3) into (2): V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)r( V = (3.142)r + ( )

(3)

V = (3.142)r + 38000r-1

( ) = 2(3.142)r ( 0 = 2(3.142)r (

) =0

) -->> minimum value, therefore

= 2(3.142)r = r

6047.104 = r r = 18.22 Sub. r = 18.22 into (3): h= h = 18.22 therefore, h = 18.22cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44cm 16

Method 2: Quadratic Functions Use the two same equations as in Method 1, but only the formula for amount of cream is the main equation used as the quadratic function. Let f(r) = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake: 19000 = (3.142)rh From (2): f(r) = (3.142)(r + 2hr) -->> factorize (3.142) = (3.142)[ (r + ) ( ) ] -->> completing square, with a = (3.142), b = 2h and c = 0 (1) (2) f(r) = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)hr

= (3.142)[ (r + h) h ] = (3.142)(r + h) (3.142)h (a = (3.142) (positive indicates min. value), min. value = [f(r) = (3.142)h], corresponding value of x = [r = -h] Sub. r = -h into (1): 19000 = (3.142)(-h)h h = 6047.104 h = 18.22 Sub. h = 18.22 into (1): 19000 = (3.142)r(18.22) r = 331.894 r = 18.22 therefore, h = 18.22 cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44 cm

I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable (the height is too high) and therefore less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle.

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FURTHER EXPLORATION
Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2. The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is 10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on.(a) Find the volume of the first, the second, the third and the fourth cakes. By comparing all these values, determine whether the volumes of the cakes form a number pattern? Explain and elaborate on the number patterns. Answer: height, h of each cake = 6cm radius of largest cake = 31cm radius of 2nd cake = 10% smaller than 1st cake radius of 3rd cake = 10% smaller than 2nd cake 31, 27.9, 25.11, 22.599 a = 31, r = V = (3.142)rh Radius of 1st cake = 31, volume of 1st cake = (3.142)(31)(6) = 18116.772 Radius of 2nd cake = 27.9, vol. of 2nd cake = 14674.585 Radius of 3rd cake = 25.11, vol. of 3rd cake = 11886.414 Radius of 4th cake = 22.599, vol. of 4th cake = 9627.995

18116.772, 14674.585, 11886.414, 9627.995,

a = 18116.772, ratio, r = T2/T1 = T3 /T2 = = 0.81 18

(b) If the total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg, calculate the maximum number of cakes that the bakery needs to bake. Verify your answer using other methods. Answer: Sn =
     

Sn = 57000, a = 18116.772 and r = 0.81 57000 =

   

1 0.81n = 0.59779 0.40221 = 0.81n lg0.81 0.40221 = n

  

n=

n = 4.322 Therefore, n 4

Verifying the answer: When n = 5, S5 = S5 = S5 = 62104.443 cm3 Given 1kg = 3800 cm3 62104.443 = 62104.443 3800 = 16.3433 kg Therefore, n=5 is not suitable as the mass has exceeded 15kg. 19
   

When n = 4, S4 = S4 = S4 = 54305.7669 cm3 Given 1kg = 3800 cm3 54305.7669 = 54305.7669 3800 = 14.2910 kg
   

Therefore, n=4 is suitable as the mass is less than 15kg.

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, cake baking required a lot of mathematical knowledge including geometry, calculus, ratios and progressions in order to produce a cake in a systematic way. Those skills are important especially for pastry industry so that the cake produced can be unified with the same quality. Without it, the outlook of the cakes will be less attractive. So, I should be thankful of the people who contribute in the idea of geometry, calculus, ratios and progressions. Those mathematical theories make daily problems easier to be solved. From this project I have learned the importance of perseverance as time will be invested to ensure the completion and excellence of this project. Similarly, I have learned the virtue of working together as I have help and receive help from my fellow peers in the production of this project as sharing knowledge is vital achieving a single goal. Also, I have learned to be thankful and appreciative. This is because I have been able to apply my mathematical knowledge in daily life and appreciate the beauty of mathematics.

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REFLECTION
During the period of completing the project work, I had discovered that additional mathematics have multi-uses especially in pastry industry. The inventions of different mathematics theorem are to solve daily problems and even make our works more efficient. Furthermore, this project also encourages knowledge transfer as students practice what they had learnt and found out the information they dont know. I also had experienced team work, patience and creative thinking while
conducting the project. Personally, Calculus used to be a very confusing and difficult topic for me. But after applying it in this project, I have built a deeper understanding toward Differentiation and Integration. The poem below is what I feel about Additional Mathematics :-

ADD MATH, A well known taught subject. Perhaps theres a concept, That I wouldnt able to accept. Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division, Miraculously transform to Differentiation, Then followed by Integration. Yet, I never fail to figure out the solution, But it always ends up with correction! To my surprise, Cake baking requires geometry to apply, In determine its shape and size. If I have been wise, And listen to Calculuss advice, Baking will never fail once or twice... Add Math used to be my pain, But if I do practice again and again, Works will never be in vain...

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