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D n: Gii tch B1: www.itspiritclub.

net

Vit bi: shinichi_kudo509

CC TR A PHNG
nh l: Cho hm s f xc nh trn D R2, X0 D.
+ f (X0) l cc tr a phng ca f r > 0, X B (X0, r), f (X) f (X0) gi nguyn mt du
nht nh hay = 0.
+ f (X0) l cc i a phng ca f r > 0, X B (X0, r), f (X) f (X0) 0.
+ f (X0) l cc tiu a phng ca f r > 0, X B (X0, r), f (X) f (X0) 0.
Mt s mnh ph nh:
+ f (X0) khng l cc tr a phng ca f
r > 0, X1r, X2r B (X0, r), (f (X1r) f (X0)). (f (X2r) f (X0)) < 0.
+ f (X0) khng l cc i a phng ca f r > 0, X B (X0, r), f (X) f (X0) > 0.
+ f (X0) khng l cc tiu a phng ca f r > 0, X B (X0, r), f (X) f (X0) < 0.
Cc bc khi lm bi tm cc tr a phng:
1. Tm im dng bng cch gii h phng trnh:
D1f = 0.
D2f = 0.
2
2
2. Tnh 3 o hm ring: A = D1 f ,
C = D2 f,
B = D1D2f
ri p dng cho mi im dng => B2 AC = T.
+ T < 0 => l cc tr a phng. (Nu A > 0 l cc tiu, A < 0 l cc i)
+ T > 0 => khng l cc tr a phng.
+ T = 0 => xt du trc tip.
VD1: Tm cc tr a phng ca hm s f (x, y) = x4 + y4 2 (x y)2
Gii:
D = R2 (ghi nh vy l )
(Di dng hn: Ta c f l hm s a thc bc 4 theo 2 bin x, y => f c o hm ring mi cp
cng l a thc, vy lin tc trn R2.
1. Tm im dng: gi X0 l im dng, vy X0 l nghim ca h
D1f = 4x3 4 (x y) = 0
D2f = 4y3 + 4 (x y) = 0
Nhn xt: nu thay cp x, y = cp y, x th pt1 thnh pt2 v ngc li, h khng i, ngha
l nu cp (x, y) l nghim th (y, x) cng l nghim.
H D1f D2 f = 4 [(x3 y3) 2 (x y)] = 4 (x y) (x2 + y2 + xy 2) = 0
D2f + D1 f = 4 (x3 + y3) = 0
x y = 0 hay x2 + y2 + xy 2 = 0
y3 = -x3 = (-x)3
x=y
hay
x2 + y2 + xy 2 = 0
y = -x
y = -x
x=0
hay
x = 2
hay
x = -2
y=0
y = -2
y = 2

D n: Gii tch B1: www.itspiritclub.net

Vit bi: shinichi_kudo509

2. D12 f =12x2 4
D22 f = 12y2 4
D1D2f = 4
a. im dng X0 = (0, 0):
D12 f (0, 0) = -4 = A
D22 f (0, 0) = -4 = C
D1D2f (0, 0) = 4 = B
B2 AC = 0
Kho st trc tip f(X) f(X0)
1 1

+ Xt Xn = ( , )

(n R)

r > 0, n ln Xn B (X0, r), khi : f(Xn) f(X0) =

1
1
2
+ 4 + 0 0 = 4 > 0.
4
n
n
n

f (X0) khng l cc i a phng ca f.


1

+ Xt Xm = ( , 0)

(m R)

1
2
1 2m 2
r > 0, m ln Xm B (X0, r), khi : f(Xm) f(X0) = 4 - 2 =
m
m
m4

1 2m 2
< 0.
m4
f (X0) khng l cc tiu a phng ca f.
b. Ti im dng X = (2, 2):
D12 f (X) = 20 = A
Ta chn c m ln

D22 f (X) = 20 = C
D1D2f (X) = 4 = B
B2 AC = -384 < 0
Ta li c A = 20 > 0
f (X0) l cc tiu a phng ca f.
Vd2: f (x, y) = x2 + xy + y2 3x 6y
Vd3: f (x, y) = 3x2 x3 + 2y2 + 4y
Vd4: f (x, y) = x2 + 3xy + 3y2 6x + 3y 6
Vd2: f (x, y) = x3 + 3xy2 - 15x 12y
My v d ny u tng t, cc bn t gii nha! Nu bn khng gii c xin post thc mc ln
blog ca ITSpiritClub. Tks cc bn!

D n: Gii tch B1: www.itspiritclub.net

Vit bi: shinichi_kudo509

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