w w w .i t spi r i t cl ub.

net shi ni chi _kudo509

1

NH L SVAC
nh l: Nu hm s f c D
1
f, D
2
f, D
1
D
2
f, D
2
D
1
f lin tc trn 1 tp m D ca R
2
th
D
1
D
2
f = D
2
D
1
f.
Vd1: Cho hm s f trn R
2
nh sau:
f (0, 0) = 0
(x, y) (0, 0), f (x, y) =
2 2
2 2
) (
y x
y x xy

1. f c kh vi lin tc trn R
2
khng?
2. Tnh D
1
D
2
f v D
2
D
1
f ri so snh chng c bng nhau khng? Gii thch kt qu?
Gii:
1. f c kh vi lin tc trn R
2
khng?
a. Trn R
2
\ {0

}:
f l hm hu t trn R
2
\ {0

} m
c D
1
f, D
2
f cng l hu t
D
1
f, D
2
f lin tc trn R
2
\ {0

}
f kh vi lin tc trn R
2
\ {0

} v c s vi phn ton phn l:

df (X) = D
1
f (X)dx + D
2
f (X)dy
X 0

, D
1
f (X) =
2 2 2
3 3 2 2 3 2
) (
) 2 )( ( ) )( 3 (
y x
x xy y x y x y y x

=
2 2 2
3 2 4 3 2 5 3 2 4
) (
2 2 3 3
y x
y x y x y x y y x y x

=
2 2 2
4 5 3 2
) (
4
y x
y x y y x

=
2 2 2
4 4 2 2
) (
) 4 (
y x
x y y x y

X 0

, D
2
f (X) =
2 2 2
3 3 2 2 2 3
) (
) 2 )( ( ) )( 3 (
y x
y xy y x y x x y x

=
2 2 2
4 2 3 2 3 4 2 3 5
) (
2 2 3 3
y x
xy y x y x x y y x x

=
2 2 2
4 2 3 5
) (
4
y x
xy y x x

=
2 2 2
2 2 4 4
) (
) 4 (
y x
y x y x x

b. Ti X
0
(x
0
, y
0
) = 0

:
Tnh gradf (0

): cho x 0
Cho h
1
= x x
0
= x 0
Lp:
( x,0) ( 0,0 )
x
=
00
x
= 0 x
l i m
x0
(
( x,0) ( 0 ,0)
x
) = 0
D
1
f (0

) = 0.
w w w .i t spi r i t cl ub.net shi ni chi _kudo509
2

Tng t: D
2
f (0

) = 0.
gradf (0

) = 0

.
Cho H = X X
0
= X 0

Ta tm e(H) vi e(H) c cho bi:
f (X
0
+ H) f (X
0
) = gradf (X
0
).H + ||H||. e(H)
f (X) f (0

) = 0

.X + ||X||. e(X)
e(X) =
( X)
| | X| |
=
|| || ). (
) (
2 2
2 2
X y x
y x xy

=
3
2 2
|| ||
) (
X
y x xy

t x = ||X||cos t, y = ||X||si n t.
e(X)=
3
2 2 4
|| ||
) sin (cos cos sin || ||
X
t t t t X
= ) sin (cos cos sin || ||
2 2
t t t t X =
1
4
||X||sin4x
0 | ( X) |
1
4
||X||
Cho X -> 0

th ||X|| -> 0
e(X)-> 0
l i m
X0
( X) = 0
f kh vi ti 0

v c s vi phn ton phn l: df (0

) = 0dx + 0dy = 0
Vy f kh vi lin tc trn R
2
.
2. Tnh D
1
f v D
2
f:
a. Trn R
2
\ {0

}:
D
1
f, D
2
f, D
1
D
2
f, D
2
D
1
f cng l hm hu t => lin tc trn R
2
\ {0

}.
p dng nh l SVAC:
X 0

, D
1
D
2
f (X) = D
2
D
1
f (X) =
3 2 2
6 4 2 2 4 6
) (
9 9
y x
y y x y x x

b. Ti X
0
= (x
0
, y
0
) = 0

,
+ Tnh D
1
D
2
f (0

): Cho x 0
Cho h
1
= x x
0
= x 0
Lp
x
f D x f D ) 0 , 0 ( ) 0 , (
2 2

=
x
x
x x
0
) 0 (
) 0 0 (
2 2 2
4

=
5
5
x
x
= 1 x
l i m0
x
f D x f D ) 0 , 0 ( ) 0 , (
2 2

= 1
D
1
D
2
f (0

) = 1.
+ Tnh D
2
D
1
f (0

): Cho y 0
Cho h2 = y y
0
= y 0
Lp
y
f D y f D ) 0 , 0 ( ) , 0 (
1 1

=
y
y
y y
0
) 0 (
) 0 0 (
2 2
4

=
5
5
y
y
= -1 y
l i m0
y
f D y f D ) 0 , 0 ( ) , 0 (
1 1

= 1
D
2
D
1
f (0

) = -1.
w w w .i t spi r i t cl ub.net shi ni chi _kudo509
3

Phn chng: Nu D
1
D
2
f, D
2
D
1
f cng lin tc ti 0

chng lin tc trn R
2

p dng nh l SVAC => D
1
D
2
f (0

) = 1 = D
2
D
1
f (0

) = -1 (SAI)
Vy D
1
D
2
f v D
2
D
1
f khng lin tc ti 0

Kim chng s lin tc ca D
1
D
2
f, D
2
D
1
f ti 0

t: x = ||X||cos t, y = ||X||si n t (vi X 0

)
Ta co: D
2
D
1
f (X) = D
1
D
2
f (X) =
3 2 2
6 4 2 2 4 6
) (
9 9
y x
y y x y x x

=
6
6 4 2 2 4 6 6
|| ||
) sin sin cos 9 sin cos 9 (cos || ||
X
t t t t t t X

= ) sin (cos cos sin 9 ) cos sin sin )(cos sin (cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
t t t t t t t t t t
= ) cos sin 10 1 ( 2 cos
2 2
t t t X
Do : l i m
X0

1

2
( X) = l i m
X0

2

1
( X) = ) cos sin 10 1 ( 2 cos
2 2
t t t
Ta hon ton c th chn c t ) cos sin 10 1 ( 2 cos
2 2
t t t D
2
D
1
f (0

) = -1
) cos sin 10 1 ( 2 cos
2 2
t t t D
1
D
2
f (0

) = 1
C th t =

4
, khi ) cos sin 10 1 ( 2 cos
2 2
t t t = 0
Do khi X hi t v 0

, D
2
D
1
f (X) v D
1
D
2
f (X) khng hi t v D
2
D
1
f (0

) = -1 v
D
1
D
2
f (0

) = 1.
Vy D
2
D
1
f (X) v D
1
D
2
f (X) khng lin tc ti X
0
= 0

C ngay dy X
n
= (
1
n
,
1
n
) 0

Ta c: l i m
n
X
n
= 0
D
1
D
2
f (X
n
) = D
2
D
1
f (X
n
) = 0
)
1 1
(
1 1 1
9
1 1
9
1
3
2 2
6 4 2 2 4 6

n n
n n n n n n
n
Do : l i m
n

2
( X
n
) = l i m
n

1
( X
n
) = 0 D
2
D
1
f (0

) = -1

D
1
D
2
f (0

) = 1