MC LC mc Trang

LI TA ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Mc Lc ............................................................................................................ 1 GII THIU V M UN ................................................................................. 3 Bi 10. NHNG KIN THC C BN CA THY LC HC ....................... 5 A. TNH LC HC CHT LNG ..................................................................... 5 10.1. NHNG TNH CHT VT L CA CHT LNG .................................... 5 10.2. PHNG TRNH C BN CA TNH LC HC CHT LNG ........... 8 B. NG LC HC CA CHT LNG ........................................................ 13 10.3. NHNG KHI NIM .............................................................................. 13 10.4. PHNG TRNH DNG LIN TC ..................................................... 18 10.5. PHNG TRNH BERNULLI................................................................ 19 10.7. TR LC TRONG NG DN CHT LNG ........................................ 23 10.8. CU HI V BI TP ........................................................................... 25 10.9. THC HNH ......................................................................................... 31 Bi 11. VN CHUYN CHT LNG .............................................................. 32 11.1. CC THNG S C TRNG CA BM .......................................... 32 11.2. BM TH TCH ..................................................................................... 36 11.3. BM LY TM ........................................................................................ 43 11.4. CC LOI BM KHC ......................................................................... 51 11.5. SO SNH V CHN BM .................................................................... 52 11.6. CU HI V BI TP ........................................................................... 53 11.7. THC HNH ......................................................................................... 57 Bi 12. VN CHUYN V KH NN .............................................................. 60 12.1. MY NN PITTNG ............................................................................ 62 12.2. MY NN V THI KH KIU RTO ................................................... 68 12.3. QUT ..................................................................................................... 70 Bi 13. PHN RING BNG PHNG PHP LNG ................................... 72 13.1. LNG TRONG TRNG TRNG LC ............................................... 72 13.2. THIT B LNG ..................................................................................... 76

13.3. LNG TRONG TRNG LC LY TM ............................................... 80 13.4. CU HI V BI TP ........................................................................... 87 Bi 14. PHN RING BNG PHNG PHP LC ..................................... 95 14.1. PHNG TRNH LC .......................................................................... 96 14.2. THIT B LC ........................................................................................ 98 14.3. CU HI V BI TP ......................................................................... 100 14.4. THC HNH ....................................................................................... 103 Bi 15. KHUY TRN CHT LNG ............................................................ 105 15.1. KHUY TRN BNG C KH ............................................................ 105 15.2. CU TO CNH KHUY .................................................................... 108 15.3. KHUY BNG KH NN...................................................................... 111 15.4. CU HI .............................................................................................. 113 15.5. THC HNH ....................................................................................... 113 Bi 16. P NGHIN SNG VT RN ................................................. 114 16.1. P NGHIN ...................................................................................... 114 16.2. PHN LOI VT LIU......................................................................... 129 16.3. THC HNH ....................................................................................... 136 16.4. CU HI TRC NGHIM.................................................................... 137 THUT NG CHUYN MN ....................................................................... 140 TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................. 141

GII THIU V M UN
V tr, ngha, vai tr m un Trang b cho sinh vin v cc c s cc qu trnh v thit b thy lc nh bm, qut, my nn, phn ring h khng ng nht. Ngoi ra cn cp n kin thc v c hc vt liu ri nh p, nghin sng v vn chuyn vt liu ri trong ngnh cng ngh ho hc v thc phm Mc tiu ca m un Hc xong mun ny, hc sinh cn phi: Gii thch c tt c cc qu trnh v cc thit b trong cng ngh ha hc, nht l cc thit b trong ha du. Vn hnh c cc thit b thng dng. Tnh ton cn bng vt cht, cn bng nhit lng cc qu trnh. Tnh ton cc thng s c bn ca thit b.trong chng trnh dy ngh.

Mc tiu thc hin ca m un Khi hon thnh mun ny, hc sinh c kh nng: M t l thuyt v qu trnh thu lc, c hc. Nguyn l hot ng ca cc thit b. Tnh ton cn bng vt cht (CBVC), cn bng nhit lng (CBNL) trong mt s thit b phn ng Tnh ton kch thc thit b S dng cc thit b trong phng th nghim (PTN), c bit l thit b ha du. Thc hin cc th nghim trong PTN. Vai tr ca cc qu trnh trong cng ngh ha hc Cc qu trnh thu lc. Cc qu trnh nhit. Tnh ton CBVC, CBNL. Tnh kch thc thit b. Mun gm 7 bi: BI 10. Nhng kin thc c bn ca thy lc hc
3

Ni dung chnh/cc bi ca m un

BI 11. Vn chuyn cht lng BI 12. Vn chuyn cht kh BI 13. Phn ring h kh khng ng nht BI 14. Phn ring h lng khng ng nht BI 15. Khuy trn BI 16. p-nghin-sng vt liu rn

Bi 10 NHNG KIN THC C BN V THY LC HC M s: QTTB10

Gii thiu Trong cc qu trnh sn xut ha hc, vt liu c ch bin dng lng hoc hi (kh). Cc qu trnh vn chuyn, qu trnh khuy trn, lng, lc, ly tm u lin quan n chuyn ng dng v tun theo cc nh lut thy lc hc. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc sinh c kh nng: M t phng trnh c bn tnh lc hc. Vit c phng trnh cn bng thy tnh. Vit c phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht lng. Tnh c tr lc trong ng dn.

A. TNH LC HC CHT LNG Nghin cu cc nh lut cn bng ca cht lng v tc ng ca n ln cc vt th rn trng thi ng yn khi tip xc vi n. Khi nghin cu cc qu trnh thy lc, ngi ta dng khi nim cht lng l tng l cht lng hon ton khng chu nn p, khng c lc ma st ni gia cc phn t cht lng. 10.1. NHNG TNH CHT VT L CA CHT LNG 10.1.1. Khi lng ring L khi lng ca 1 n v th tch lu cht

lim
v

m , kg/m3 V

(10.1)

Trong : -khi lng ring lu cht, kg/m3 (h SI) m khi lng lu cht trong th tch V 10.1.2. Th tch ring L th tch ca lu cht trong mt n v khi lng. v=1/ , m3/kg (10.2)

10.1.3. Trng lng ring L trng lng ca mt n v th tch

P V
Trong :

mg V

.g , N/m3

(10.3)

P Trng lng ca lu cht, N V Th tch lu cht, m3 g- Gia tc trng trng, m/s2 m-Khi lng ca lu cht. 10.1.4. T trng L t s gia trng lng ring cht lng so vi trng lng ring ca nc. Trng lng ring k hiu d.

chat long

chatlong g nc g

chatlong nc
(10.4)

nc

10.1.5. Khi lng ring kh l tng L khi lng ca mt n v th tch khi kh. Phng trnh trng thi pV=nRT hay Trong : p p sut khi khng kh tc ng ln thnh bnh,at R-hng s, ph thuc vo cht kh (R=0.082 l.at/mol.) V-Th tch khi kh, l 10.1.6. Cc loi p sut p sut l i lng vt l biu th lc tc dng ln mt n v din tch. Nu lc tc dng c phn b u trn din tch b mt th p sut c tnh theo cng thc:

m V

pM , kg/m3 RT

(10.5)

p
Trong :

S F

, N/m2

(10.6)

S lc tc dng, N; F din tch b mt chu lc, m2

6

Trong k thut ngi ta thng phn bit cc loi p sut sau: p sut kh quyn: bng 0 nu tnh theo p sut d hoc p sut chn khng, bng 1at nu tnh theo p sut tuyt i. p sut d: l p sut so vi p sut p sut kh quyn v c tr s ln hn p sut kh quyn p sut chn khng: l p sut so vi p sut kh quyn v c tr s nh hn p sut kh quyn. p sut tuyt i: l p lc ton phn tc ng ln b mt chu lc. p sut tuyt i lun c gi tr bng 0 Quan h gia cc loi p sut c biu din nh hnh 1.1. Cn lu rng, p sut chn khng v p sut d so vi p sut kh quyn v lc ny p sut kh quyn qui c bng 0

Pd Pkq = 0 (theo ap suat d) Pck Pt Pkq = 1 (theo ap suat tuyet oi) Pt Pkq = 1 (theo ap suat tuyet oi) Pkq = 0 (theo ap chan khong)

Pt = 0 Bieu dien ap suat d

Pt = 0 Bieu dien ap suat chan khong

Hnh 10.1: Quan h gia cc loi p sut n v ca p sut theo h SI l N/m2. Ngoi ra cn c mt s loi p sut khc: mmHg, mH2O,at, kG/cm2, Pa, bar, Psi. Quan h gia cc n v ny nh sau: 1atm (tmospher vt l)=760 mmHg=10,33 mH2O=1,033 kG/cm2 1at (tmospher k thut) =735,5mmHg =10mH2O =10kG/cm2 =14,22Psi 1bar=9,81.104 N/m2 =9,81.104Pa V d: p k bn trong mt thit b ch p sut l 12at. Tnh p sut tuyt i
7

theo n v (at), (N/m2). Gii p k ch p sut d vy p sut tuyt i bn trong thit b l: p=pa + pd=12+1=13at=13*9.81*104 N/m2 10.2. PHNG TRNH C BN CA TNH LC HC CHT LNG Khi nghin cu tnh lc hc ca cht lng, ngi ta coi cht lng trng thi yn tnh tng i ngha l khi cht lng trong mt khng gian c gii hn cng chuyn ng vi bnh cha n, cn cc phn t trong khi th khng c chuyn ng tng i vi nhau. 10.2.1. p sut thy tnh Khi cht lng trng thi tnh chu hai lc tc dng: lc khi lng v lc b mt. Khi =const th lc khi lng t l thun vi th tch khi cht lng v tc dng ln mi phn t ca th tch khi cht lng . Lc tc dng ln b mt khi cht lng gi l lc b mt. Xt mt nguyn t b mt F trong cht lng, th b mt nguyn t s chu mt p lc ca ct cht lng cha n l P theo phng php tuyn. Khi p sut thy tnh s l:

pt

lim

P 0 F

(10.7)

p sut thy tnh c c im: Tc dng theo phng php tuyn v hng vo trong cht lng. V nu theo phng bt k v c lc ko ra pha ngoi th s lm cht lng chuyn ng, tri vi iu kin cn bng tnh ca cht lng. Ti mt im bt k trong cht lng c gi tr bng nhau theo mi phng. L hm s ca ta p=(x, y, z) nn ti nhng im khc nhau trong cht lng th c gi tr khc nhau. Ngoi ra p sut thy tnh cn ph thuc vo nhng tnh cht vt l ca cht lng nh khi lng ring v gia tc trng trng 10.2.2. Phng trnh c bn ca tnh lc hc cht lng

p g

const

(10.8)

Phng trnh (10.8) c gi l phng trnh c bn ca tnh lc hc cht lng. N c dng xc nh p sut thy tnh trong khi cht lng ti
8

nhng im khc nhau v ch r trong khi cht lng ng nht trng thi tnh th mi im cng nm trn mt phng nm ngang u c cng mt p sut thy tnh. Trong phng trnh (10.8): i lng z c trng chiu cao hnh hc ti im ang xt so vi mt chun v c n v l m. p/ g c trng chiu cao p sut thy tnh ti im ang xt hay chiu cao pezomt: Chiu cao pezomt l chiu cao ca ct cht lng c kh nng to ra mt p sut bng vi p sut ti im ang xt. Xt im A trong bnh kn cha nc c p sut trn b mt pB>pA. ng kn u c ht chn khng nn p0=0. Chiu cao ct nc trong ng ha c gi l chiu cao pezomt ng vi p sut tuyt i v lc ny ang so vi p sut chn khng tuyt i p0=0: pA= gha Cn ng h u c p sut l pa (p sut kh quyn) nn chiu cao ca ct nc l l chiu cao pezomt ng vi p sut d ti im A v lc ny ang so vi p sut kh quyn: pd=pA pa= ghd Nh vy, hiu s chiu cao pezomt ng vi p sut tuyt i v p sut d chnh bng chiu cao ng vi p sut kh quyn tc l Pa/ g 10mH2O

Hnh 10.2: Chiu cao ct p thy tnh Tm li tng chiu cao hnh hc v chiu cao pezomt h ng vi p sut tuyt i mi im bt k trong cht lng l mt hng s. Do , tt c cc ng pezomt h u (p sut kh quyn) u c cng chung mc cht lng. Mc cht lng trong ng kn u (chn khng tuyt i) cng nm trn mt
9

mt phng. Hai mc cht lng ny chnh nhau mt on tng ng Pa/ g hiu r hn phng trnh (10.8) ta c th lin xem hnh 10.3. Mt khi cht lng c khi lng ring ng yn trong bnh cha. Vit phng trnh (10.8) cho 2 im bt k A, B trong khi cht lng ta c:

PA g PB g ZA + PA g A Z B + PB g

ZA

B ZB Mat chuan Z = 0

Hnh 10.3: Biu din phng trnh (10.8) zA + pA/ g=zB + pB/ g Khi i t A n B th zA tng, zB gim nhng pA/ g gim v pB/ g tng nn tng ca hai i lng ny l khng thay i. 10.2.3. ng dng ca phng trnh c bn tnh lc hc cht lng a. nh lut Pascal Trong cht lng khng b nn p trng thi tnh nu ta tng p sut p0 ti z0 ln mt gi tr no , th p sut p mi v tr khc nhau trong cht lng cng tng ln mt gi tr nh vy. V d: xt my p thy lc nh hnh 10.4. Dng bm 1 c tit din xilanh f1 to 1 lc S1, cht lng trong bm chu p lc P1 bng:

p1

S1 f1

(10.9)

Theo nh lut pascal, p lc p1 truyn qua cht lng sang pittng 3 ca my p c tit din f2 v to ra mt lc G2 bng: S2=p2.f2 hay p2=S2/f2 Nh vy, p1=p2 tc S 2 (10.10) (10.11)

f2 S1 f1

10

Qua (10.11) ta thy t l f2/f1 cng ln th lc S2 cng ln. iu ny c ngha l nu tit din f2 ln hn f1 bao nhiu ln th lc S2 cng ln hn S1 by nhiu ln.

Hnh 10.4: My p thy lc b. S cn bng ca cht lng trong bnh thng nhau

Hnh 10.5. Bnh thng nhau Trng hp 1: mt cht lng thng nhau hai bnh kn c mc chnh lch mt thong ca cht lng trong cc bnh t l thun vi mc chnh lch p sut trong cc bnh bnh A: p1=p01 + gz1 bnh B: p2=p02 + gz2 Theo nh lut c bn ca tnh lc hc cht lng th p1=p2 tc l

11

z1

z2

p02 g

p01

p g

(10.12)

Trng hp 2: Nu p sut trn 2 b mt cht lng bng nhau th z1=z2 nh vy mc cht lng trong cc bnh nm trn cng mt phng. Trng hp 3: trng hp mt bnh kn c p sut p01 > pa l p sut kh quyn, cn bnh kn h c p sut p02=pa th chnh lch chiu cao mc cht lng trong hai bnh bng chiu cao pzomt ng vi p sut d. c. p lc ca cht lng ln y bnh v thnh bnh p sut trn thnh bnh thay i theo chiu su ca cht lng cha trong bnh v c tnh theo cng thc: (xem hnh 10.6) pA=p0 + ghA (10.13) Trong po l p sut tc dng t bn ngoi vo mt thong cht lng.

P0

hA A
Hnh 10.6: p sut thy tnh ti im A Do , lc tc dng ln thnh v y bnh khng ph thuc vo hnh dng v th tch ca bnh m ch ph thuc vo su ca mc cht lng trong bnh v din tch tc dng. S=p.F=(p0 + gh)F (10.14) Trong F l din tch thnh hoc y bnh chu tc dng ca p lc. T cng thc (10.14) ta thy, p lc chung ca cht lng tc dng ln thnh bnh c hp bi 2 lc: Lc do p sut bn ngoi p0 truyn vo cht lng n mi im trong bnh vi tr s nh nhau Lc do p sut ca ct cht lng hay p sut d gh gy ra th thay i theo chiu cao thnh bnh, cng su tr s cng ln.
12

B. NG LC HC CA CHT LNG ng lc hc ca cht lng c nhim v ch yu l nghin cu cc qui lut v chuyn ng ca cht lng, m trc ht l nghin cu cc i lng c trng c bn cho chuyn ng ca cht lng nh vn tc ca dng v p sut trong dng. T a ra nhng ng dng ca chng trong sn xut thc t. 10.3. NHNG KHI NIM 10.3.1. Lu lng v vn tc chuyn ng ca cht lng Lu lng l lng lu cht chuyn ng qua mt tit din ngang ca ng dn trong mt n v thi gian. C hai loi lu lng: lu lng th tch v lu lng khi lng Lu lng th tch: Q=F.w, m3/s (n v trong h SI) (10.15) Trong : F tit din ngang ca ng, m2. Nu ng c tit din hnh trn th tit din c tnh theo cng thc:

D2 4

(10.16)

w vn tc ca dng lu cht chuyn ng trong ng, m/s T cng thc (10.15) v (10.16) ta c cng thc tnh vn tc ca dng lu cht chuyn ng trong ng c tit din hnh trn:

4V ,m/s D2

(10.17)

Lu : Cng thc (10.17) ch c tnh khi dng lu cht chon y ht ng dn. Tc ca cc phn t cht lng trn tit din ngang ca ng th khc nhau. tm ng tc ln nht wmax, cng gn thnh tc gim dn v st thnh ng tc bng khng do ma st.

Hnh 10.7: Phn b vn tc trong ng bn knh r0

13

Khi tnh ton ngi ta ly vn tc trung bnh. C th xem gn ng vn tc trung bnh c gi tr:

4Q D2

wmax 2

(10.18)

Lu lng khi lng: Gm= .Q= .F.w, kg/s Trong : -khi lng ring ca lu cht, kg/m3 10.3.2. nht v cc yu t nh hng ln nht a. nht

Hnh 10.8: Lc ma st ni Khi cht lng thc chuyn ng s xy ra qu trnh trt gia cc lp cht lng v c lc ma st ni. Lc ma st ny gy ra sc cn ca cht lng i vi chuyn ng tng i ca cc phn t cht lng. Tnh cht ny ca cht lng c gi l nht. Xt chuyn ng ca hai lp cht lng nh hnh 1.8, lp A chuyn ng vi vn tc v, lp B chuyn ng vi vn tc v + dv. Hai lp chuyn ng song song nhau, vn tc tng i ca lp sau so vi lp trc l dv, khong cch gia hai lp l dn. Theo nh ngha ca Newton v lc ma st bn trong ca cht lng theo chiu dc th T l thun vi gradien vn tc dw/dn T l thun vi b mt tip xc gia hai lp Khng ph thuc vo p sut m ch ph thuc vo tnh cht vt l ca cht lng do ph thuc vo nhit .

S ms

dw dn , N

(10.19)
14

Trong : Sms lc ma st bn trong cht lng, N F din tch mt tip xc gia cc lp cht lng, m2 dw/dn gradien vn tc -h s t l, ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cht lng, gi l nht ng lc

S ms dw , Ns/m2 F dn

(10.20)

nht ng lc c tnh bng lc c gi tr l 1 N lm chuyn ng hai lp cht lng c din tch tip xc l 1 m2 cch nhau 1 m vi vn tc 1 m/s Ngoi ra n v ca nht ng lc cn c tnh theo: kg/m.s, P (poaz), cP (centipoaz). Chng c mi quan h nh sau: 1 Ns/m2=1 kg/ms=10 P=1000 cP Nu lp t s gia nht ng lc hc v khi lng ring ca cht lng ta c gi tr gi l nht ng hc, k hiu = / , m2/s 1 St (stoke)=1 cm2/s. b. nh hng ca nhit v p sut n nht V nht ph thuc vo lc ma st gia cc phn t ca cht lng khi chuyn ng nn ph thuc vo cu to v s phn b gia cc phn t. Do s thay i nhit v p sut c nh hng trc tip n nht. (10.21)

Hnh 10.9: S nh hng ca nhit n nht

15

Qua hnh 1.9 ta thy, khi nhit tng th: Vi cht lng th nht gim Vi cht kh th nht tng ln S thay i p sut ch nh hng n nht trong phm vi p lc cao. Trong phm vi p lc nh nh hng khng ng k. Nh du bin th 200C c nht p sut 3400at gp 6500 p sut 1at. Nhng p sut 100at th n ch tng ln 10% so vi p sut 1at. Do p sut thp c th xem nht khng ph thuc vo p sut i vi hn hp lng nhiu cu t th nht c tnh theo cng thc: lg
hh=m1lg 1

+ m2lg

+ + milg

(10.22)

vi mi l phn trm cu t i trong hn hp 10.3.3. Ch chuyn ng ca cht lng Th nghim Reynolds nghin cu ch chuyn ng ca dng lu cht, Reynolds tin hnh th nghim nh hnh 1.10. Bng cch iu chnh van 1, vn tc lu cht trong ng thy tinh s thay i v Reynolds nhn thy, khi vn tc nh, dng mc chuyn ng trong ng thy tinh nh mt si ch xuyn sut trong ng. Tip tc tng vn tc ti mt lc no , dng mc bt u gn sng. Nu tip tc tng vn tc lu cht th dng mc ha trn hon ton trong nc, ngha l khng cn nhn thy dng mc na.
Nc vao Bnh cha mc mau

Nhiet ke

Chay tran

Van 1

Ong thuy tinh Van 4 Bnh gop

Van 2

Van 3

Hnh 10.10: Th nghim Reynolds Hin tng ny c Reynolds gii thch nh sau, khi vn tc lu cht
16

cn nh, cht lng chuyn ng theo tng lp song song nhau nn dng mc cng chuyn ng theo ng thng. Trng hp ny Reynolds gi l ch chy tng (chy dng). Khi vn tc tng n mt gii hn no , cc lp cht lng bt u c hin tng gn sng (chuyn ng theo phng vung gc) do dng mc cng b dao ng tng ng v ch ny gi l chy qu . Tip tc tng vn tc lu cht th cc lp cht lng chuyn ng theo mi phng do dng mc b ho trn hon ton trong lu cht. Trng hp ny gi l ch chy xoy. Vi vic nghin cu dng mc chuyn ng trong ng khi thay i vn tc ca nc (nh hnh 10.9) Reynolds tm ra mt chun s v th nguyn c trng cho ch chuyn ng ca dng lu cht v c gi l chun s Reynolds

.w.d Re
Trong :

td

w.d

td

(10.23)

-khi lng ring lu cht, kg/m3 - nht ng lc hc lu cht, kg/ms - nht ng hc, m2/s w vn tc dng lu cht chuyn ng trong ng, m/s dtd ng knh tng ng, m Reynolds chng minh c rng nu: Re < 2320: lu cht chy tng Re=2320 10000: lu cht chy qu Re > 10.000: lu cht chy xoy Trong cng thc (10.23) th dtd c tnh theo cng thc:

d td
Trong :

4f U

(10.24)

f tit din ng, m2 U chu vi thm t ca ng, m Nu ng trn c ng knh D: th tit din f= D2/4 v chu vi thm t U= D. Nh vy dtd=4f/U=D

17

Nu ng c tit din hnh ch nht c cnh a, b: tit din f=a.b v chu vi thm t U=2(a + b). Nh vy ng knh tng ng ca ng c tit din hnh ch nht l

d td

4f U

2ab a b

(10.25)

Nu ng c tit din hnh vung cnh a th dt=a 10.4. PHNG TRNH DNG LIN TC Cht lng chy trong ng tho cc iu kin sau: Khng b r r qua thnh ng hay ch ni ra ngoi Cht lng thc khng chu nn p ngha l =const khi nhit t=const. Cht lng chy chon y ng, khng b t on, khng c bt kh

Khi ta xt on ng nh hnh 10.11 c tit din thay i 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, bn trong c cht lng chy qua vi vn tc w thay i do tit din thay i, nhng theo nh lut bo ton vt cht th: lng vt cht chy qua mi tit din ct ngang f ca ng trong mt n v thi gian l khng i, ngha l: Q1=Q2=Q3=const Hay Hay f1w1=f2w2=f3w3 =const (10.26) (10.27) (10.28)

f1 f2

w2 w1

Hnh 10.11: Dng lin tc Trong trng hp ng c chia nhnh, th lng cht lng chy qua ng chnh trong mt n v thi gian bng tng lng cht lng chy trong cc ng nhnh. Hnh 10.12 biu th ng c chia nhnh. Lng cht lng chy qua cc tit
18

din l Q1, Q2, Q3. Q1=Q2 + Q3 hay f1w1 1=f2w2

2

+ f3w3

(10.29)

Hnh 10.12: ng chia nhnh 10.5. PHNG TRNH BERNULLI

p g

w2 2g

const

(10.30)

y l phng trnh Bernulli cho cht lng l tng, chuyn ng n nh khng c ma st ngha l khng b mt mt nng lng. Trong phng trnh (10.30) th: z Chiu cao hnh hc c trng, m. p/ g c trng cho p sut thy tnh, m. w2/2g c trng cho p sut ng, m. Nh vy trong chuyn ng, tng nng lng ring c th bin i nhng tng ca chng lun khng i

Hnh 10.13: M t phng trnh Bernulli

19

Xt 2 mt ct I-I v II-II nh hnh 10.13, ti 2 mt ct ny c gn ng pitt o p sut. Chiu cao cht lng trong ng ngn o p sut tnh p/ g, ng di o p sut ton phn (p/ g + w2/2g), hiu hai chiu cao ny o p sut ng w2/2g. Khi i t mt ct I sang mt ct II th chiu cao hnh hc tng dn ti cht lng phi tiu tn thm nng lng thng li chiu cao ny nn p sut ng gim nhng tng 3 i lng: chiu cao hnh hc z, p sut thy tnh v p sut ng cng phi tha phng trnh (10.30) ngha l

w2
1

2g

p
2

w2
2

2g

(10.31)

Trong thc t thng gp cht lng thc, nn khi chuyn ng xut hin lc ma st do nht ca cht lng. Do thng tr lc ny, cht lng phi tiu tn thm mt phn nng lng c trong n. Khi phng trnh Bernulli c dng:

z
p

p g
1

w2 2g
1

const
w2
2

(10.32)

Hay

w2 2g

p
2

2g

h m

(10.33)

Trong : hm l nng lng tiu tn thng li tr lc ny. 10.6. NG DNG PHNG TRNH BERNULLI 10.6.1.ng pit

a Hnh 10.14: ng pit

20

Ti mt im bt k trong cht lng, ta c: pTP=pT + p (10.34)

pTP

p g

w2 ,m 2g

hay

pTP

pT

w2 , N / m2 2

(10.35)

Trong : pTP p sut ton phn pT p sut thy tnh p p sut ng -Khi lng ring lu cht Dng ng pit ta c th o c p sut ton phn pTP v p sut tnh pT, t c th xc nh c p sut ng

pTP
w

pT
2 PTP

w2 2
Pt
(10.36)

Cch o ny dn n sai s kh ln nu ng knh ng ln v c s khc nhau kh ln gia p sut tnh ti im o p sut ton phn v p sut tnh ti thnh ng. khc phc nhc im ca cch o trn, cn b tr im tip nhn p sut tnh cng mt v tr. Nhng trong thc t khng th b tr u tip nhn p sut tnh v u tip nhn p sut ton phn ti cng mt im m phi cch nhau mt khong nh v hai im ny phi nm trn cng mt ng thng trng vi hng dng chy (hnh 10.14b). 10.6.2. Mng chn v Ventury

Hnh 10.15. Ventury

21

Mng chn v ventury l hai dng c dng o lu lng da vo nguyn tc khi dng lu cht qua tit din thu hp t ngt th xut hin chnh p sut trc v sau tit din thu hp.

Hnh 10.16: Qu trnh tit lu qua mng chn Trn hnh10.16 l s n gin v s tit lu ca dng lu cht qua thit b tit lu. Ti tit din hp ca thit b tit lu, vn tc dng chy tng ln, mt phn th nng bin thnh ng nng. p sut tnh ti tit din thu hp tr nn nh hn p sut tnh ca dng lu cht trc khi tit lu tc c s chnh lch p sut p. Vit phng trnh Bernulli cho 2 mt ct I-I v II-II:

pI

wI2

p II

2 wII

2
wI.fI=wII.fII

2
(10.38)

(10.37)

Mt khc theo phng trnh dng lin tc: T (10.37) v (10.38) ta c:

wII
1

1 d D 4

pI

p II

(10.39)

Lu lng th tch c tnh

Q w f
II

.d 2
II

p d 4

II

(10.40)

22

t K
8 1

.d 2 d D
4

, khi phng trnh (10.40) tr thnh:

(10.41)

Trong thc t ngi ta thng thm vo h s Cm hoc Cv c trng cho tng loi mng chn hoc ventury. Cng thc (10.41) vit li thnh:

Q CK

(I0.42)

Hnh 10.16: Tit lu qua ventury 10.7. TR LC TRONG NG DN CHT LNG Ta bit rng khi cht lng thc chuyn ng trong ng ng th mt phn th nng ring b tn tht do ma st gy ra to nn tr lc ng ng. Vic nghin cu k cc yu t nh hng ln tr lc ng ng s gip ta xc nh c cc thng s v ch lm vic thch hp gim ti a tr lc nhm lm gim tiu tn nng lng khi vn chuyn cht lng l t nht. C hai loi tr lc: 10.7.1. Tr lc do ma st L tr lc do cht lng chuyn ng ma st vi thnh ng gy ra. Tr lc ma st c k hiu hms v c tnh theo cng thc:

hms
Trong :

L w2 ,m D 2g

(10.42)

-h s ma st L chiu di ng dn, m
23

D ng knh ng dn, m w- vn tc lu cht, m/s 10.7.2. Tr lc cc b L tr lc do cht lng thay i hng chuyn ng, thay i vn tc do thay i hnh dng tit din ca ng dn hay chy qua vt cn nh: t thu, t m, ch cong (co), van, khp ni Tr lc cc b c k hiu: hcb v c n v l m

h cb
Trong : ni
i

w2 i i 2g

(10.43)

h s tr lc cc b do co, van, t thu, t m, khp

Nh vy: tng tr lc trn on ng c ng knh nh nhau l:

hf

L D

w2 2g

(10.44) tng ng vi
L . D

T cng thc (10.44) ta d dng nhn thy ngay

Nh vy ta c th chuyn tr lc cc b thnh tr lc theo chiu di v chiu di gi l chiu di tng ng L/

L/ D
Khi cng thc (10.44) tr thnh

hf

L w2 td D 2g

L L' w 2 D 2g

(10.45)

Vi w

4Q th hms D2

L w2 D 2g

8 w2
2

gD5

(10.46)

T (10.46) ta c nhn xt sau: khi

khng i th sc cn thy lc do ma

st theo chiu di ng t l nghch vi ly tha bc 5 ca ng knh ng dn, tc l khi tng ng knh gp i th tr lc gim 25=32 ln.

24

Hnh 10.17. Cc tr lc cc b 10.8. CU HI V BI TP 10.8.1. Cu hi 1 Khi lng ring l g? a. Khi lng ca mt n v th tch lu cht. b. Th tch ca mt n v khi lng lu cht c. Th tch ca mt n v khi lng d. Khi lng ca mt n v th tch. 2 Th tch ring l g? Khi lng ca mt n v th tch Th tch ca mt n v khi lng lu cht Th tch ca mt n v khi lng Khi lng ca mt n v th tch lu cht. 3 Trng lng ring l g? a. Trng lng ca mt n v th tch lu cht, kg/m3 b. Trng lng ca mt n v th tch lu cht, N/m3 c. Khi lng ca mt n v th tch lu cht, kg/m3 d. Khi lng ca mt n v th tch lu cht, N/m3 4 T trng l g? a. T s gia khi lng ring cht lng so vi khi lng ring ca nc b.T s gia trng lng ring cht lng so vi trng lng ring ca nc c. T s gia khi lng ring ca nc so vi khi lng ring ca
25

cht lng d. T s gia trng lng ring ca nc so vi trng lng ring ca cht lng 5 Phn tr s cao hn ca p sut tuyt i so vi p sut kh quyn l p sut g? a. p sut ton phn b. p sut d c. p sut tuyt i d. p sut chn khng 6 n v o p sut trong h SI l: a. Pa b.at c.atm d.mmHg 7 Hai bnh A-B cha cht lng thng nhau, c p sut trn b mt thong nh nhau, vi za, zb l chiu cao mc cht lng trong hai bnh th: a. za > zb 8 chn khng l a. pck=ptuyt i pkh quyn c.pck=ptuyt i b. pck=pkh quyn ptuyt i d. pck=pd b. za < zb c. za=zb d. khng xc nh

9 Khi lng cht lng 123kg cha y bnh th tch l 90lt nh vy khi lng ring ca cht lng l: a.1230 kg/m3 c.1366,7kg/m3 b.1365,8kg/m3 d.1376,7kg/m3

10 ng Pito l dng c o vn tc dng chy thng qua vic o hiu p sut: a. P -Pt b. Pt-P c. Ptp -Pt d. Ptp-P 11 Mng chn v Ventury l dng c o: a. Lu lng da vo s chnh lch p sut trc v sau tit din thu hp b. Vn tc da vo s chnh lch p sut trc v sau tit din thu hp c. Lu lng da vo s chnh lch vn tc trc v sau tit din thu hp

26

d. p sut da vo s chnh lch vn tc trc v sau tit din thu hp 12 p sut l lc tc dng ln mt n v din tch, 1at l 735,6mmHg nh vy 1,3at l a.882,72mmHg b.760mmHg c.1,258atm d. 10mH2O 13 ng h o p sut ch 2,5at. p sut kh quyn l 1,05at. p sut tuyt i trong trng hp ny l a. 3,5at b. 1,5at c. 1,48at d. 3,55at 14 Chn khng k ch 0,6at. p sut kh quyn l 1at.p sut tuyt i trong trng hp ny l a. 0,4at b. 40 mH2O c. 3,924N/m2 d. tt c u ng 15 Trong khi cht lng ng nht trng thi tnh th p sut ti mi im trn mt phng nm ngang u a. khc nhau b. bng nhau v mt phng gi l mt ng p c. tt c u sai 16 Phng trnh thy tnh c bn c dng a. z1 + p1 g=z2 + p2 g c. z1 + p1/ =z2 + p2/ b. z1 + p1/ g=z2 + p2/ g d. tt c u sai

17 Nguyn nhn gy ra nht v xy ra i vi cht lng a. s trt gia cc lp cht lng v i vi cht lng thc b. s trt gia cc lp cht lng v i vi cht lng l tng c. ma st vi thnh ng v i vi cht lng thc d. ma st vi thnh ng v i vi cht lng l tng 18 nht cht lng ph thuc vo a. bn cht ca cht lng 19 Khi nhit tng th a. nht ca cht lng tng c. nht khng i a. kg/cm2 b. nht ca cht lng gim d. tt c u sai c. m2/s b.vn tc chy ca cht lng c. khi lng ring ca cht lng d. tt c u sai

20 n v nht ng hc trong h SI l g? b. Pa.s d. kg.m/s

27

21 n v nht ng lc l g? a. N.s/m2 a. Qu trnh c c b. Qu trnh truyn nhit ca lu cht c. Ch chuyn ng ca lu cht d. Khng c trng cho qu trnh no 23 Ch chy gi l chy dng hay chy tng khi: a. Re < 2320 b. Re > 2320 c. Re > 10000 d. Re < 0 24 Ch chy gi l chy chuyn tip hay qu khi: a. Re<10000 b. Re>2320 d.2320 Re 10000 c.Re>10000 25 Ch chy gi l chy ri hay chy xoy khi: a. Re<2320 b. Re<10000 c. Re>10000 d. Re>2320 26 Gim tn tht ma st trong ng ng khi a. tng vn tc chuyn ng cht lng b. gim ng knh ng c. gim chiu di ng ng d.tng chiu di ng ng 27 Ch chy c xc nh bng chun s Reynolds gm cc yu t: a.Vn tc, ng knh, khi lng ring, nht b.Vn tc, ng knh, khi lng ring, th tch c.Vn tc, ng knh, chiu di, nht. d. Vn tc, ng knh, lu lng, nht 28 n v ca chun s Reynolds l: a. N b. kg/ms c. khng th nguyn d. N/m2 29 Khi dng lu cht c lu lng khng i i qua mt tit din thu hp t ngt th a. vn tc tng, p sut gim c. vn tc gim, p sut gim a. do nht b. vn tc tng, p sut tng d. vn tc gim, p sut tng b. Pa/s c. m2/s d. kg.m/s 22 Chun s Reynold l chun s c trng cho:

30 Khi chuyn ng tn tht nng lng ca cht lng

28

b. ch do ma st cht lng vo thnh ng c. ch do tr lc cc b do cht lng thay i hng chuyn ng d. do c b v c 31 Mt cht kh i trong ng dn vi lu lng 1620 m3/h, vn tc trong ng c ng knh 100mm l a. 57,325 m/s b. 57,325 m/h c. 0,206 m/s d. tt c u sai d. tt c u sai 32 Vi d kin nh cu 31, vn tc trong ng c ng knh 50mm l a. 229,3 m/h b. 0,642 m/s c. 229,3 m/s 33 Cng thc tnh tr lc ma st khi dng cht lng chuyn ng trong ng ng l: a. H ms c. H ms
L w2 ,m D 2g

b. H ms d. H ms

D w2 ,m L 2g L w2 ,m D g

L w ,m D 2g

34 Tr lc trong ng ng l ch do a. s ma st gia lu cht v thnh ng b. do cc van, co, khc ni c. do t thu, t m d. tt c u ng 35 Nguyn nhn gy tr lc cc b l do a. Ma st gia cc lp cht lng b. Ma st gia cht lng vi thnh ng ngay ti khc cong c. Vn tc dng chy thay i khi chy qua ng c hnh dng thay i d. Ma st gia cht lng khi chy qua cc van, khp ni, co ni, 10.8.2. Bi tp 1. Mt chn khng k t trn ng ht ca bm ch chn khng c gi tr bng 440 mmHg. Mt p k t trn ng y ch p sut d l 1,5at. p sut kh quyn o c l 1,03at. Xc nh p sut tuyt i ca cht lng trong ng ht v ng y tnh bngat, kg/cm3, N/m2. 2. Xc nh khi lng ring ca khng kh (gm 79% nit v 21% oxi theo th tch) trong chn khng 440 mmHg v nhit -400C. Cho bit p sut kh quyn ch 750mmHg.
29

3. Hy tm khi lng mol v khi lng ring ca hn hp kh iu kin nhit 900C v p sut tuyt i 11,772.104Pa. Thnh phn ca hn hp kh:H2-50%, CO-40%, N2-5%, CO2-5% theo th tch. 4. Xc nh kh lng ring ca kh CO2-50% iu kin nhit 850C v p sut tuyt i 19,62.104Pa. cho bit p sut kh quyn l 760 mmHg. 5. Thnh phn sn phm chy 1kg nhin liu l CO 2 -1,45kg, N2-8,74kg, H2O-1,92kg. Xc nh thnh phn th tch ca sn phm. 6. Mt cht lng cha trong bnh c khi lng ring 1200kg/m3. Mt p k c gn vo thnh bnh ch p sut d 0,5at. Tnh chiu cao mc cht lng t mt thong n im t p k. 7. Mt l t c trang b ng khi chiu cao H. Khi lng ring khng kh mi trng xung quanh
k

cn khi lng ring

Hnh 10.18 Cho bi tp 6

ca khi l l . Hy tnh quan h p sut trong l l hot ng tt. 8. Chn khng k o chn khng trong thit b ngng t ch p sut 600mmHg. p sut kh quyn l 748mmHg. Cn xc nh: a. b. Chiu cao H ca nc trong thit b ngng t? (bazomt) p sut tuyt i trong thit b ngng t?

9. Mt p k ch U thy ngn c gn vo hai im ca ng dn nm ngang c chnh mc thy ngn H =26mm. Tnh chnh lch p sut(N/m 2)khi dng kh chuyn ng trong ng l nc v khng kh c nhit 200C p sut kh quyn. Cho khi lng ring ca thy ngn l 13600kg/m3.

Hnh 10.19. Cho v d 9

30

10. Trong mt nh my sn xut axt H2SO4 o c p sut l750mmHg c mt thp sy (tch m) lm vic p sut thp v p sut ny o c bng p k ch U cha H2SO4 vi khi lng ring 1800kg/m3. Hy xc nh p sut tuyt i trong thp sy nu chnh lch trn nhnh ch U l 3cm. 11 Mt bnh cha c np chung ni trong nc ng knh 6m khi lng 2900kg. Bn trong np chung cha kh N2. Xc nh p sut d ca kh N2 np chung v tr cn bng (B qua phn np chung nhng trong nc). 12. Mt vt trong khng kh c khi lng 50kg, khi nhng vo nc nng 28kg. Hy xc nh th tch v t trng ca n. 10.9. Thc hnh Xc nh ch chy ca cht lng Dng c v ha cht Thit b th nghim Reynold Nhit k. My o nht Mc mu. Cho nc vo y b cha v mc mu vo bnh cha mc. Van 4 m cho ng chy chn. Van 2 x y. Van 1 v 3 dng iu chnh t dng chy. Quan st ch chuyn ng trong ng thy tinh vi mu trong dung dch. Bit ng kinh ng v lu lng nc chy c s tnh c vn tc.

Vn hnh

Kt qu Quan st ch chy v so snh vi cng thc tnh Re tm ch chy ca cht lng.

31

Bi 11 VN CHUYN CHT LNG

M s: QTTB 11

Gii thiu Bm l loi thit b c ng dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip, dng vn chuyn cht lng chuyn ng trong ng. Bm l thit b chnh cung cp nng lng cho cht lng thng tr lc trong ng ng khi chuyn ng, nng cht lng ln cao no , to lu lng chy trong thit b cng nghip Vai tr ca bm trong h thng thit b cng ngh l v cng quan trng, do h thng cng ngh hot ng c tt, mt trong nhng vn quan trng l bit phng php tnh ton v chn nhng thng s ca bm cho ph hp vi iu kin k thut, lp t v vn hnh bm ng yu cu k thut. Phn loi bm Da vo nguyn l lm vic ngi ta chia bm thnh nhiu loi: Bm th tch: Vic ht v y cht lng ra khi bm nh s thay i th tch ca khng gian lm vic trong bm. Do th tch v p sut cht lng trong bm s thay i v cung cp nng lng cho cht lng. Bm ly tm: Nh lc ly tm to ra trong cht lng khi gung quay m cht lng c ht v y ra khi bm. Khi cnh qut quay, ng nng ca n s truyn vo cht lng to nng lng cho cht lng. Bm t bit: Nh bm tia, bm sc kh, thng nn cc loi bm ny thng khng c b phn dn ng m dng dng kh hay hi lm ngun ng lc y cht lng. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc sinh c kh nng M t nguyn l lm vic ca bm. Tnh cng sut bm Chn bm thch hp.

11.1. CC THNG S C TRNG CA BM 11.1.1. Nng sut ca bm L th tch cht lng c bm cung cp trong mt n v thi gian.
32

K hiu Q, n v: m3/s 11.1.2. Hiu sut ca bm L i lng c trng cho s dng hu ch ca nng lng c truyn t ng c n bm. K hiu 11.1.3. Cng sut ca bm c tnh bng nng lng tiu tn bm lm vic. Ni cch khc l nng lng tiu hao to ra lu lng Q v chiu cao ct p H. K hiu N, n v KW hoc Hp (house power) gi l sc nga. 1Hp=0.7457 KW Cng sut ca bm c xc nh theo cng thc:

N
Trong :

gQH , KW 1000

(11.1)

-Khi lng ring ca lu cht, kg/m3 Q Lu lng ca bm, m3/s H Ct p ca bm (chiu cao ct p ton phn hay p sut ton phn ca bm), m -hiu sut ca bm 11.1.4. p sut ton phn ca bm a. Chiu cao ht Chiu cao ht ca bm ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh sau p sut tc dng ln cht lng b ht. Nu l b h th p sut ny bng p sut kh quyn. Tn tht tr lc ng ht. Tn tht do s bay hi cht lng nu p sut trong ng ht t gi tri n bay hi nhit tng ng v cht lng tng ng, Hb. Nu l nc ph thuc nhit nh sau: 0 0.05 10 0.12 20 0.24 30 0.43 40 0.75 50 1.25 75 4 100 10.33

t, 0C Hb, m -

Do lc ca cht lng.

33

b. Chiu cao y L i lng c trng cho nng lng ring do bm truyn cho mt n v trng lng cht lng. V n c tnh bng chiu cao nng 1 kg cht lng nh nng lng do bm truyn cho nn n khng ph thuc vo nht v khi lng ring ca cht lng. Gi: p1-p sut mt thong b cha s 1. p2-p sut mt thong b cha s 2. Hh chiu cao ht H chiu cao y H chiu cao ct p ton phn z=Hh + H khong cch 2 mt thong z1 khong cch t mt ct 1-1 n mt chun z2 khong cch t mt ct 2-2 n mt chun z=z2 z1 khong cch 2 mt thong h khong cch gia p k v chn khng k ph, p p sut trong ng ng ht v ng y
P2 2
Ap ke

2/ 2/ Z h

Chan khong ke

Z 1/ 1/ Hh Zh

Z2

P1 1 Z1 1

Mat chuan Z = 0

Hnh 11.1: S h thng bm

34

Trng hp 1: i vi bi ton thit k hoc chn bm thch hp, ta tin hnh vit phng trnh Bernulli cho 2 mt ct 1-1 v 2-2:

z1

p1 g

w2
1

2g

z2

p2 g

w2
2

2g

hf

(11.2)

Trong : -khi lng ring ca dng lu cht, kg/m3 H chiu cao ct p ton phn, m hf= hms + hcb tng tr lc trn ng ng ht v y, m

( z2

z1 )

p2 g

p1

w2
2

w2
1

2g

hf

(11.3)

Trong phng trnh (2.3) th: (z2 z1)=z nng lng (ct p) dng khc phc chiu cao nng hnh hc
p2 g p1

-nng lng dng thng li s chnh lch p sut 2 mt

thong, m
2 w2

w12 2g

-nng lng dng khc phc ng nng gia ng y v ng

ht, m hf nng lng do bm to ra thng li tng tr lc trn ng ng, m Trng hp 2: i vi bi ton th li bm ( c bm) th ta tin hnh vit phng trnh Bernulli cho hai mt ct 1/-1/ v 2/-2/:

zh

ph g

2g

2 1

p g

2g

2 2

(11.4)

(z zh)=h nng lng (ct p) dng khc phc chiu cao gia 2 p k
p2 g p1

-nng lng dng thng li s chnh lch p sut ng ht v

y
w2
2

w1

2g

-nng lng dng khc phc ng nng gia ng y v ng

35

ht, m Lu : trong trng hp ny i lng hf=0 v s tn tht nng lng trn ng ng c o hiu 2 p sut trn hai p k. 11.2. BM TH TCH 11.2.1. Bm pittng tc dng n

Hnh 11.2: Cu to bm pittng Bm pittng tc dng n gm cc b phn chnh sau: Xi lanh hnh tr, trong c pittng chuyn ng tnh tin qua li nh c cu truyn ng tay quay thanh truyn. Pha u xi lanh c 2 xupp ht v y.

Hnh 11.3: Nguyn tc hot ng bm pittng Khi pittng chuyn ng t tri qua phi, p sut trong xi lanh s gim xung nh hn p sut kh quyn. Di tc dng ca p sut kh quyn, xupp ht
36

s m ra nc trn vo xi lanh v ng thi xupp y b ng li. Khi pittng chuyn ng ngc li t phi sang tri, p sut trong xi lanh s tng ln, khi xupp ht s ng li v xupp y s m ra v nc c y ra ngoi. Nh vy trong mt chu k chuyn ng ca pittng qu trnh ht v y cht lng c thc hin mt ln. Theo hnh 11.3, khi trc quay t B A, pittng di chuyn t tri sang phi, nc c ht vo cha trong xi lanh. Th tch nc ht vo ng bng th tch ca xilanh
.D 2 s . Khi trc quay na vng cn li (t A B) th 4

pittng di chuyn t tri sang phi v y lng nc trong xi lanh ra ngoi. Nh vy, khi trc quay 1 vng th lng nc do bm pittng tc dng n cung cp l cung cp l n
.D 2 s . Khi bm quay n vng/pht th lng nc do bm 4

.D 2 s , m3 / pht. 4

Vy, nng sut ca bm pittng tc dng n c tnh theo cng thc: Q= .F.s.n, m3/ph Trong : F= D2/4 tit din ca pittng, m2 D ng knh pittng, m s khong chy ca pittng, m n-s vng quay ca trc, v/p -hiu sut th tch, v trong qu trnh lm vic 1 phn th tch lu cht b r r qua cc van, ch ni, khong cht. (11.5)

Hnh 11.4: th cung cp bm pittng tc dng n S bin i lng cht lng do bm pittng tc dng n cung cp c m t trn hnh 11.4. Khi trc quay na vng u tin (t 0 1800), lng cht lng ra bng khng. Na vng tip theo (180 3600), lng cht lng do
37

bm cung cp c dng parabol. Nh vy, nhc im ln nht ca bm pittng tc dng n l lu lng khng u. 11.2.2. Bm pittng tc dng kp Nh ni trn, i vi bm pittng tc dng n, trong mt chu k chuyn ng ca pittng qu trnh ht v y cht lng ch c thc hin mt ln, nh th lu lng ra khng u. khc phc nhc im ny, ngi ta to ra bm tc dng kp.

Hnh 11.5: Bm pittng tc dng kp Khc vi bm pittng tc dng n, bm pittng tc dng kp c 2 pittng v hai xilanh. Khi pittng chuyn ng v pha phi, th tch khong trng trong xi lanh bn tri tng, p sut gim nn cht lng c ht vo bung xi lanh bn tri qua xupp 1, ng thi khi th tch khong trng trong xilanh bn phi gim, p sut tng, y cht lng cha trong xi lanh bn phi qua xupp 4 vo ng y. Tng t, khi pittng chuyn ng v phi tri, cht lng c ht vo bung xi lanh bn phi qua xupp 2 v ng thi y cht lng cha trong xi lanh bn tri qua xupp 3 vo ng y. Khi trc quay na vng, pittng chuyn ng t tri sang phi, bm ht vo mt lng F .s
D2 s v y ra mt lng F .s 4

f .s

.D 2 4

.d 2 .s ( .s 4

l th tch cn pittng ng knh d chim ch). Nh vy, khi trc quay 1 2 F f .s . Khi trc vng, lng cht lng do bm cung cp: F .s F .s f .s quay n vng/pht lng cht lng bm cung cp n. 2 F ca bm tc dng kp s l:
38

f .s . Do , nng sut

Q= .n.(2F-f).s, m3/pht Trong :

(11.6)

f= .d2/4 din tch tit din cn pittng, m2 d ng knh cn pittng, m thy r hn s khc nhau lng cht lng c cung cp bi bm pittng tc dng n v tc dng kp ta xem hnh 2.6. Khi trc quay na vng (1800), bm cung cp c cht lng.
Q

1800

3600

Hnh 11.6a: th cung cp ca bm pittng tc dng kp Bm pittng tc dng 3 cng tng t nh bm pittng tc dng kp nhng lng nc cung cp s u hn (hnh 11.6b).

Hnh 11.6b: Bm pittng tc dng 3 11.2.3. Cc loi bm th tch khc Ngoi bm pittng (loi tnh tin), cn c loi quay trn, nh bm rng kha (bm bnh rng), bm cnh trc, bm trc vt, v.v Loi ny lm vic tun theo nguyn tc ht v y cht lng nh s thay i th tch thng qua cc b phn nh cnh trc, rng kha, v.v
39

Loi ny c u im hn so vi bm pittng l khng c van l b phn d h hng, khng c bu kh v lm vic n nh hn, c th vn chuyn c cht lng nht nh: cc loi du nhn hoc cht lng p sut cao. a. Bm bnh rng C cu to nh hnh 11.7a: gm 2 bnh rng 1 v 2 quay ngc chiu nhau, n khp nhau v nm kht trong v 3. S rng trn bnh rng thng vo khong 8 20. Cc rnh rng thc hin chc nng ca xi lanh, cn rng thc hin chc nng ca pittng. Nh vy khi bm quay s lin tc ht v y cht lng. S rng cng ln th lu lng cng u. Bm bnh rng thng c nng sut nh, thng t 0,3 2 l/s, p sut t 100 200mH2O. Nu coi th tch ca rnh rng bng bng th tch ca rng th nng sut ca bm c xc nh nh sau:

Hnh 11.7a: Cu to bm bnh rng 1, 2 bnh rng ; 3 v bm ; 4, 5 ng ht v y

Q
Trong :

.b.n 2 (D 240 1

D 2 ). , m3/s
2

(11.7)

b chiu rng bnh rng, m n s vng quay ca bnh rng, vng/pht D1, D2 ng knh nh v chn rng, m -hiu sut th tch, =0,7 0,8

40

Hnh 11.7b: Bm bnh rng loi 3 rng

Hnh 11.7c: Cu to mt loi bm bnh rng khc b. Bm cnh trt C cu to nh hnh 11.8a: Gm v 1, bn trong trc 2 c s rnh theo hng bn knh. Trong rnh c t cnh trt 3. Khi trc quay, do lc ly tm nn cc cnh trt vng ra pha ngoi v p st vo v bm, chia thn bm thnh hai vng ht v y.

41

Hnh 11.8a: Cu to cnh trt

1 V bm 2 Trc 3 Cnh trt e lch tm

Hnh 11.8b: Cu to bm cnh trt Nng sut ca bm c xc nh theo cng thc:

Q
Trong :

b.n.e.(2 R s.z ) 30

, m3/s

(11.8)

b chiu rng rto, m e khong cnh lch tm, m n s vng quay ca rto, vng/pht s chiu dy cnh trt, m z s cnh trt R bn knh v my (R=r + e), m r bn knh rto, m -hiu sut th tch Bm cnh trt c th to ra p sut ti 70at v lu lng ti 3,5l/s.

42

11.3. BM LY TM 11.3.1. Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng Trc khi hot ng, bm cn c mi y nc trong bnh gung. Khi bnh qung quay, di tc dng ca lc ly tm cht lng trong bnh gung s chuyn ng theo cnh hng dng t tm bnh gung ra mp v i theo v bm ra ngoi.

1 gung 2 v bm 3 ng ht 4 ng y 5 xupp (li lc)

Hnh 11.9a: Cu to bm li tm

Hnh 11.9b: Cu to cnh v bnh gung

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V bm c cu to theo hnh xon c, c tit din ln dn, c tc dng lm gim bt vn tc ng thi tng p lc dng chy. Khi cht lng trong bnh gung chuyn ng ra ngoi, di tc dng ca lc ly tm, s to ra p sut chn khng ti tm bnh gung. Do s chnh lch p sut bn ngoi (p sut kh quyn) v tm bnh gung cht lng s theo ng ht chuyn ng vo bnh gung, to thnh dng cht lng chuyn ng lin tc trong bm.

Hnh 11.9c: Cu to bm lytm u ng ht c lp li lc 5 (xupp 5) ngn khng cho rc v cc vt rn khc theo cht lng vo bm gy tc bm v ng ng ng thi gi mc cht lng trong ng ht khi bm ngng. Trn ng y c lp van 1 chiu trnh cht lng khi bt ng dn v bm gy ra va p thy lc c th lm hng cnh gung v ng c in do bm bt ng ngng hot ng. Khc vi bm pittng, bm ly tm lc khi ng khng c kh nng ht cht lng v lc ly tm xut hin khi gung quay cha ui ht khng
44

kh ra khi bm v ng ht to ra chn khng cn thit. Chiu cao ht ca bm ly tm ph thuc vo vn tc chuyn ng ca cht lng, tr lc trong ng ht v nhit cht lng. Do mun tng chiu cao ht ca bm phi gim tr lc trong ng ht v m bo kn ca ng trnh khng khng kh lt vo. Hnh Bng 11.1: Chiu cao ht ca bm ph thuc nhit Nhit , 0C Chiu cao ht, m 10 6 20 30 40 50 60 5 4 3 2 1 65 0

11.3.2. Hin tng xm thc v cch khc phc Cht lng chuyn ng vo ming bm ly tm do p sut y thp hn p sut kh quyn, iu ny to iu kin cho cc kh ha tan c trong cht lng bc hi to ra cc bt kh ming ht ca bm. Cc bt kh ny cng cht lng s chuyn ng trong cnh gung. Khi p sut li tng ln, kh li ho tan ngc li vo cht lng. Do qu trnh bay hi-ngng t-ha tan kh xy ra rt nhanh, th tch bt kh tng ln v gim t ngt dn n p sut trong cc bt kh tng ln rt ln. Hin tng to ra s va p thy lc, bo mn cc kt cu kim loi, to ra s rung ng v ting n. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng xm thc. trnh hin tng xm thc, ngi ta cn tng p sut cht lng ca vo ca bm bng cch gim chiu cao ht nh t bm thp hn mc cht lng trong b ht. 11.3.3. nh lut t l Khi s vng quay thay i trong qu trnh lm vic th nng sut v p sut cng thay i theo. Quan h l thuyt gia cc i lng: lu lng Q, ct p H, cng sut N, khi s vng quay thay i th hin theo t l nh sau:
Q1 Q2 n1 n2

H1 H2

n1 n2

N1 N2

n1 n2

(11.9)

Tuy nhin trong thc t quan h gia cc i lng khng ng hon ton theo t l nh trn m n thay i khi mt trong cc thng s ca bm thay i. 11.3.4. c tuyn ca bm ly tm Mi mt my bm khi xut xng u ghi y nng sut Q, ct p H,

45

s vng quay n, v cng sut tiu th N l nhng gi tr ng vi hiu sut cao nht ca bm. Tuy nhin trong thc t s dng, nng sut ca bm thay i, hay p sut ca cht lng thay i v vy cc i lng khc cng thay i theo. V l thuyt, ta c th tm c mi quan h gia cc i lng Q, H, N v n theo nh lut t l, nhng trong thc t khng hon ton ng nh vy. Do ngi ta phi da vo thc nghim bng cch thay i m ca van trn ng y, o thay i ca nng sut Q, p sut P, cng sut N v tnh ra hiu sut tng ng vi tng s vng quay. Kt qu ta lp c quan h QN, Qtrn th. Nhng ng cong biu din quan h ny gi l c tuyn ca bm (hnh 11.10).

Hnh 11.10: c tuyn bm ly tm Khi bit c c tuyn ca bm ta c th chn c ch lm vic thch hp trong iu kin nht nh. Trn hnh 2.10 ta thy, vi s vng quay n=970 vng/pht, bm lm vic vi hiu sut > 0,75 th lu lng c th thay i trong khong Q=600 1200l/s, v p sut tng ng H=85 60 m. Nh vy t quan h QH r rng s vng quay khng i th Q tng khi H gim, tr giai on u l giai on lm vic khng n nh th H v Q cng tng. Nu ta lm th nghim vi s vng quay khc, th ta s nhn c mt dy cc ng cong khc nh hnh 11.11
46

Qua th ta thy, mi vng quay ca bm c mt gi tr hiu sut cao nht ng vi mt im trn ng QH. Khi lch khi im ny v bt k pha no ca ng cong u cho ta hiu sut thp nht.

Hnh 11.11: c tuyn chung ca bm Ni nhng im c hiu sut bng nhau ca cc ng Q-H li (ng vi s vng quay khc nhau) ta c nhng ng c hiu sut =const. th biu din quan h ny gi l ng c tuyn chung ca bm. Dng th c tuyn chung ca bm ta d dng thit lp gii hn s dng bm c hiu qu cao nht v chn ch lm vic thch hp cho bm. V d: vi n=1000 th Q=105l/s ; H=12,5m. 11.3.5. c tuyn mng ng v im lm vic ca bm Khi chn bm v iu kin lm vic, ngoi c tuyn bm ta cn phi da vo c tuyn mng ng. Nh vy bm c chn phi thch hp vi tr lc ca ng ng ng c tuyn mng ng biu th mi quan h gia lu lng ca cht lng chuyn ng trong v p sut cn thit. p sut c tnh bng tng ca chiu cao hnh hc m cht lng cn c a n z, tng tr lc trong ng ng hf, v chnh lch p sut hai u ng ht v ng y (p2p1)/ g
47

Vy H Vi w

p2 g

p1

Ltd w2 D 2g

(11.10)

4Q th phng trnh (11.10) tr thnh D2

z
p2 g

p2 g
p1

p1

Ltd D
K

16 Q2 4 D 2g
2

(11.11)

t: C

Ltd D

16 D 4 2g

Phng trnh (11.11) tr thnh: H=C + KQ2 (11.12) Phng trnh (11.12) gi l ng c tuyn ca mng ng. N c dng parabol v khng i qua gc to . Nu ta biu din chung hai ng c tuyn ca bm v c tuyn mng ng trn cng mt th (hnh 11.12) th chng s ct nhau ti im M l im lm vic ca bm i vi mng ng cho v ng vi nng sut Q1 cao nht m bm c th t c. Nu tng nng sut ca bm ln Q3 > Q1 th p sut do bm to ra s nh hn p sut cn thit bm phi t c thng tr lc mng ng. Do bm khng lm vic c.

Hnh 11.12: im lmvic ca bm Nu gim nng sut xung Q2 < Q1 th bm s to ra p sut ln hn tr lc ca mng ng. Cc van trn ng ng c ng bt tng tr lc, nu khng bm s t ng tng Q v H n im M.

48

11.3.6. Ghp bm song song v ni tip a. Ghp bm song song Ghp bm song song khi cn gi nguyn ct p v tng lu lng, lc ny cht lng cng y vo mt ng ng. c tuyn chung ca c 2 bm nhn c bng tng nng sut (cng honh ) ca tng bm ring bit.

Hnh 11.13: c tuyn bm khi ghp song song Kt hp c tuyn tng ca bm vi c tuyn mng ng trn cng ta ta thy rng (hnh 11.13): im B l im lm vic ring l ca tng bm ng vi lu lng QI=QII im A l im lm vic ca 2 bm khi mc song song vi lu lng QI-II Nh th QI-II > QI nhng nh hn 2QI Nh vy ta thy cch ghp song song cng bt li khi tr lc ng ng cng ln. Do cch ghp song song ch nn p dng i vi cc mng ng n gin (tr lc nh) lc ng c tuyn mng ng l ng nt t th nng sut QI-II s tng ln. b. Ghp bm ni tip Ghp bm ni tip khi cn gi nguyn lu lng v tng ct p. Trong trng hp ny nng sut chung ca bm ging nh nng sut tng bm cn

49

p sut th tng gp i bng tng p sut tng bm to ra.

Hnh 11.14: th khi ghp bm ni tip Kt hp c tuyn 2 bm mc ni tip vi c tuyn mng ng trn cng th, ta thy: im B l im lm vic ca tng bm ring l ng vi ct p H1 v lu lng Q1 im A l im lm vic khi bm mc ni tip ng vi ct p H v lu lng Q Thc t khi ghp bm ni tip th lu lng cng tng t Q1 ln Q tuy nhin khng ng k v ct p tng t H1 ln H nhng H1 < 2H

50

11.4. CC LOI BM KHC 11.4.1 . Bm sc kh Loi bm ny lm vic theo nguyn tc bnh thng nhau. Kh nn qua ng 2 thi vo ng 1 lm cho cht lng trong ng 1 si bt to thnh hn hp lng kh c
hh

<

nn hn hp ny dng ln qua np 4 vo b cha.

1 ng dn 2 ng dn kh nn 3 bnh gim p 4 b cha

Hnh 11.15: Bm sc kh Phng hn hp kh lng 4 phi t cao hn ca ht cht lng ng 1 khong 1 1,5 m gi cho kh nn khng b pht ra ngoi. Bm sc kh c u im l n gin, khng c b phn truyn ng, c th lm vic nhit cao khi bm li tm khng ht c. Nhc im l hiu sut thp (25 35%), nng sut nh. Cn c trm nn kh v phi duy tr ct cht lng nht nh m bo nhng su ca ng 1. 11.4.2. Bm tia (Eject) Khi dng lu cht (lng, kh hoc hi) chuyn ng vi vn tc ln i qua tit din thu hp t ngt 1 (ca tht) th vn tc tng ln nhanh chng ko theo p sut trong phng ha trn 2 gim xung nh ht cht lng t ngoi vo. Cht lng ht vo c ha trn vi dng lng hay hi ban u vo ng 3 c tit din m rng dn nn vn tc hn hp gim dn lm tng p lc y cht lng ra ngoi.

51

Hnh 11.16: Bm tia (eject) 1 khe hp ; 2 phng ha trn ; 3 tang p u im ca bm tia l n gin, khng cn ng c, c kh nng kt hp vic ht cht lng v ha trn nn c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip. Nhc im l ch bm c cht lng no cho php trn ln vi cht lng i qua. Hiu sut thp. 11.5. SO SNH V CHN BM Trong cng nghip ha cht v thc phm, loi bm c s dng ph bin nht l bm ly tm, v so vi bm pittng n c cc u im sau: To c lu lng u n, p ng c yu cu k thut ca nhiu ngnh sn xut khc nhau. S vng quay ln, c th truyn ng trc tip t ng c in. C cu to n gin, gn, chim t din tch xy dng v khng cn kt cu nn mng vng chc. Do gi thnh ch to, lp t v vn hnh r. C th dng bm nhng cht lng bn, v khe h gia cnh gung v thn bm tng i ln, khng c van l b phn d h hng v tc do bn gy ra. Nh ci tin kt cu cnh gung m bm ly tm hin nay

52

bm c c dung dch huyn ph c nng pha rn ln. C nng sut ln v p sut tng i nh nn ph hp vi yu cu k thut ca hu ht cc qu trnh ha hc v thc phm Hiu sut thp hn bm pittng t 10

Tuy nhin bm ly tm cng tn ti nhiu nhc im: 15 % Kh nng t ht km, nn trc khi bm cn phi mi cht lng cho bm v ng ht khi bm t cao hn b cha. Nu tng p sut th nng sut gim nhanh c dng trong trng hp cn nng sut thp, nhng p sut cao. Dng bm pittng tit kim hn v nng lng v vn xy dng do c hiu sut cao hn bm ly tm. 11.6. CU HI V BI TP 11.6.1 Cu hi trc nghim 1 Cng sut ca bm c tnh theo cng thc a. N = c. N =
gHQ ,W 1000

i vi bm pittng

gHQ b. N = 1000 , kw
d. N =
HQ ,W 102

gHQ , kw 100

2 Cng sut ca bm tng do a. tng nng sut c. tng hiu sut ca bm a. 4 ln b.3 ln b.gim chiu cao ton phn ca bm d. tng chiu cao v nng sut c.2 ln d. 1,5 ln b. lu lng khng ln d. tt c u ng

3 Nu tng s vng quay bm ly tm ln hai ln th nng sut s tng ln 4 Nhc im ca bm li tm l a. lu lng khng u c. khi ng bm phi mi cht lng

5 i vi bm ly tm trc khi khi ng ta cn mi cht lng vo bm v: a. p sut chn khng trong ng y cha ln b. p sut d trong ng y cha ln c. p sut chn khng trong ng ht cha ln

53

d. tt c u sai 6 Nhim v ca bu kh trong bm pittng l a. tng vn tc chuyn ng ca cht lng b. tng nng sut c. gim tn tht p sut d. gim cng sut 7 Tng nng sut ca bm pittng th phi a.gim s vng quay c.gim hiu sut nng sut a.la chn bm b. chn nng sut ca bm c.chn ch lm vic hp l nht ca bm d. tm cng sut 9 My nn dng a.tng p sut c. tng th tch a. tng chiu cao ht c.tng vn tc quay ca gung 11 Hin tng xm thc to nn: a. s va p thu lc c. s rung ng v ting n b. gim tui th ca bm d. tt c u ng b.tng nhit d. gim p sut b. gim cng sut d.gim vn tc quay ca gung b.tng ng knh pittng d.gim khong chy

8 ng c tuyn ca bm dng

10 Mun tng chiu cao y ca bm ly tm ta cn

12 khc phc hin tng xm thc ca bm li tm a.tng p sut ti ca vo, gim chiu cao ht v nhit cht lng b. gim p sut ti ca vo c.tng chiu cao ht d. tng nhit ca cht lng 13 Ghp bm song song khi cn a. tng chiu cao ct p b. gim chiu cao ct p

54

c. tng lu lng d. a v b u ng 14 Ghp bm ni tip khi cn a. tng chiu cao ct p b. gim chiu cao ct p c. tng lu lng d. a v b u ng 15 Bm pittng thuc loi bm: a. Bm th tch c. Bm Kh ng b. Bm ng lc d. Bm c bit

16 Bm th tch l bm m trong vic ht v y cht lng nh: a. Thay i th tch ca khng gian lm vic b. Thay i th tch cht lng c. Thay i p sut cht lng d. Thay i vn tc cht lng 17 Bm ly tm l bm m trong vic ht v y cht lng nh: a. Lc ly tm to ra khi cht lng chuyn ng tinh tin b. p lc to ra khi cht lng chuyn ng tinh tin c. Lc ly tm to ra trong cht lng khi gung quay d. p lc to ra khi cht lng chuyn ng quay 18 Trong bm bnh rng th: a. Rnh rng thc hin chc nng nh pittong, rng thc hin chc nng nh xilanh b. Rnh rng thc hin chc nng nh xilanh, rng thc hin chc nng nh pittong c. C rnh rng v rng u thc hin chc nng nh pittong d. C rnh rng v rng u thc hin chc nng nh xilanh 19 Nguyn nhn gy hin tng xm thc: a. Do s va p thy lc, bo mn cc kt cu kim loi b. Do s tng gim t ngt ca p sut c. Do s tng gim t ngt ca th tch cht lng d. Do s tng gim t ngt ca th tch bt kh
55

20 Cng sut ca bm l: a. Nng lng tiu tn bm lm vic b. Nng lng tiu tn bm y cht lng c. Nng lng tiu tn bm ht cht lng d. Nng lng tiu tn bm to ct p H 11.6.2 Bi tp 1. Mt bm li tm dng bm dung dch mui n c khi lng ring l 1273kg/m3. Nng sut ca bm l 20tn/h. Dung dch c bm t thng cha p sut thng vo thit b c p sut d 0,5at. Chiu cao hnh hc nng ln l 18m. Tn tht gy ra do ng ht v ng y l 50m. ng knh ng ht bng ng knh ng y. Tnh p lc ton phn v cng sut ng c bit hiu sut tng l 0,5 2. Mt bm ly tm dng bm nc c nng sut l 15m3/h. Bm t mt b cha p sut thng ln mt thit b c p sut l 2,5at. Chiu cao hnh hc nng ln l 16 m. Chiu di ng tnh ra l 100m. H s ma st ng ng l 0,03. H s tr lc cc gy ra ng ht v y l 9,5. ng ht v y c ng knh l 74x2mm. Xc nh cng sut ca ng c bit hiu sut tng l 0,6. 3 Mt bm ly tm dng bm dung dch c t trng 0,92 c nng sut l 5lt/giy. Bm t mt b cha p sut thng ln mt thit b c p sut d l 1,3at. Chiu di ng tnh ra l 120m. (Chiu di thc t k c chiu di do tr lc cc b gy ra). H s ma st l 0.027. ng c ng knh l 70x5mm. Chiu cao hnh hc nng ln l 17 m. Xc nh cng sut ca ng c bit hiu sut l 0,65. 4. Mt bm pittng tc dng n dng bm mt dung dch c t trng so vi nc l 0,93. ng knh pittng ca bm l 160mm, bn knh tay quay 100mm. S vng quay 126vng/pht. Khi hot ng bm c 27m3/h. Tnh hiu sut nng sut ca bm. 5. Mt bm tc dng n c khong chy l 180mm, ng knh ca pittng l 140mm. Dng bm ny bm mt cht lng c t trng l 0,85 t mt b cha di p sut thng vo mt thit b c p sut d l 2,1at. Nng sut ca bm l 7 lt/giy. Chiu cao hnh hc l 20m. Chiu di ng tnh ra l 100m (Chiu di thc t k c chiu di do tr lc cc b gy ra). ng knh trong ca ng l 50mm H s ma st l 0,03. Hiu sut nng sut ca bm l

56

0,85. Hiu sut tng l 0,7. Tnh s vng quay ca bm v cng sut ca m t. 6. Mt bm ly tm dng bm nc c nng sut l 280lt/pht. Bm t mt b cha p sut thng ln mt thit b c p sut d l 1at. Chiu cao hnh hc nng ln l 12 m. Chiu di ng tnh ra l 130m(Chiu di thc t k c chiu di do tr lc cc b gy ra). H s ma st l 0,03. ng c ng knh trong l 70mm. Xc nh cng sut ca ng c bit hiu sut l 0,6. 7. Mt bm pittng tc dng kp, c ng knh pittng l 120mm, ng knh cn pittng l 20mm, vi khong chy 140 mm bm380 lt/pht dung dch c khi lng ring 930 kg/m3, t mt b cha vi p sut kh quyn ln mt thit b c p sut d l 3,2 kg/cm2, vi chiu cao cn bm l 20m, ng knh ng ht bng ng knh ng y. Cho tng tn tht p sut trn ng ng ht v ng y l 12 m,v hiu sut nng sut nng sut l 0,8, hiu sut chung ca bm l 0,72. Xc nh: S vng quay ca bm? p sut ton phn ca bm to ra? Xc nh cng sut thc t ca bm?

11.7. Thc hnh 11.7.1. Bm 1 Cch vn hnh bm 1 Bt cng tc tng, bt tip nt khi ng bm 1. Thit b vn hnh, ta iu chnh cc van sau vn hnh bm 1. ng cc van: van 2; van 4; van 5; van 6; van 7 v van x. M cc van: van 1; van 3. Dng van 3 chnh lu lng cc ch khc nhau. ng vi mi ch lu lng ta ghi p sut u y khc nhau.

Tnh ton v v th V ng c tuyn mng bm H=f(Q), N=f(Q) v ng c tuyn mng ng Hmo=f(Q) Tm im lm vic ca bm.

11.7.2. Bm 2 Cch vn hnh bm 2

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Bt cng tc tng, bt tip nt khi ng bm 2. Thit b vn hnh, ta iu chnh cc van sau vn hnh bm 2. ng cc van: van 1; van 2; van 5; v van x. M cc van: van 3; van 6; van 7. Dng van 3 chnh lu lng cc ch khc nhau. ng vi mi ch lu lng ta ghi p sut u y khc nhau.

Tnh ton v v th V ng c tuyn mng bm H=f(Q), N=f(Q) v ng c tuyn mng ng Hmo=f(Q). Tm im lm vic ca bm.

17.7.3. Bm 1 mc song song bm 2 Cch vn hnh Bt cng tc tng, bt tip nt khi ng bm 1 v bm 2. Thit b c vn hnh, ta iu chnh cc van sau vn hnh bm 1 mc song song vi bm 2. ng cc van: van 2 v van x. M cc van: van 1; van 3; van 5; van 6; van 7. Dng van 3 chnh lu lng cc ch khc nhau. ng vi mi ch lu lng ta ghi p sut u y khc nhau.

Tnh ton v v th V ng c tuyn mng bm H=f(Q), N=f(Q) v ng c tuyn mng ng Hmo=f(Q). Tm im lm vic ca bm.

11.7.4. Bm 1 mc ni tip bm 2 Cch vn hnh: Bt cng tc tng, bt tip nt khi ng bm 1 v bm 2. Thit b c vn hnh, ta iu chnh cc van sau vn hnh bm 1 mc ni tip vi bm 2. ng cc van: van 1; van 4; van 5; van 6; van 7 v van x. M cc van: van 2; van 3.

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Dng van 3 chnh lu lng cc ch khc nhau. ng vi mi ch lu lng ta ghi p sut u y khc nhau.

Tnh ton v v th: V ng c tuyn mng bm H=f(Q), N=f(Q) v ng c tuyn mng ng Hmo=f(Q). Tm im lm vic ca bm. Nhn xt cc ng c tuyn. Nhn xt v mc tin cy ca kt qu v cc nguyn nhn sai s. Da trn ng c tuyn ta c nhn xt g v im lm vic ca bm. Nu ng dng ca bm ly tm trong i sng v trong cng nghip.

11.7.5. BN LUN

Hnh 11.17: Th nghim bm song song v ni tip

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Bi 12 VN CHUYN V KH NN

M s: QTTB 12

Gii thiu Hin nay my nn hay thi kh c dng ph bin trong nhiu ngnh kinh t quc dn, th d nh trong ngnh xy dng, ch to my luyn kim, khai thc m Trong cng nghip ha cht nh tng hp NH3 phi nn H2 v N2 ti 200at, 350at hay 500at. Trong mt s qu trnh nh c c, sy, chng luyn chn khng v.vngc li phi duy tr p sut thp ti 0,2 0,4at. Ngoi ra thng gi, khuy trn, phun bi, vn chuyn vt liu ngi ta cng dng kh nn. Tt c cc qu trnh trn u phi tin hnh nn, thi hoc ht chn khng. Khi nn hoc ht chn khng th c s thay i th tch km theo s thay i p sut v nhit ca kh. i vi kh l tng quan h gia th tch, p sut v nhit c trng bng phng trnh trng thi: PV=GRT P p sut ca kh, N/m2; V th tch kh, m3; G khi lng ca kh, kg; T nhit tuyt i ca kh, K; R hng s kh bng

8314 ; J/kg M

M khi lng phn t ca kh, kg/kmol Theo l thuyt v nhit ng hc th nn hoc ht kh c th tin hnh theo cc qu trnh sau y: Qu trnh ng nhit: khi nn gi cho nhit kh khng i bng cch cho trao i nhit vi bn ngoi. Qu trnh on nhit: khi nn khng trao i nhit vi bn ngoi, ton b nhit lng ta ra khi nn cn nm li trong kh do lm tng nhit ca kh ln. Qu trnh a bin: Trong thc t khng th tin hnh nn ng nhit hay
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on nhit mt cch tuyt i c m thng xy ra ng thi c to nhit ra ngoi v tng nhit ca kh gi l nn a bin. Cng nn a bin s ln hn so vi nn ng nhit v nh hn so vi nn on nhit. Trong k thut hin i ngi ta phi nn v vn chuyn nhng cht kh c tnh cht vt l v ho hc rt khc nhau, lu lng t mt vi mt khi n vi vn m3/h v p sut t chn khng cao (p sut tuyt i ~10-7 n 10-11mmHg) n p sut ln ti hng nghnatm. Do nhng iu kin nh vy nn ngi ta phi dng cc loi my nn v ht kh khc nhau v cu to, v nng sut cng nh v p sut, v do v phn loi chng cng c rt nhiu cch khc nhau, c th phn loi theo nguyn tc lm vic hay theo t s p sut u v cui. Theo cu to v nguyn tc lm vic th ngi ta chia ra: My nn pittng cu to gn ging nh bm pittng c pittng chuyn ng tnh tin qua li trong xilanh v kh c nn nh gim th tch ca bung lm vic. My nn loi quay trn: nh mt rto quay trn m kh c ht vo nn li trong my v y ra p sut cao hn. My nn tucbin (thuc loi ly tm): c trng bng chuyn ng quay lin tc ca bnh gung v nh tc dng ca lc qun tnh ly tm m kh c nn li. My nn loi phun tia: nguyn tc lm vic v cu to ging nh bm tia, kh c nn do thay i vn tc khi chuyn qua ng loa hnh nn ct. Theo t l gia p sut u v cui (cn gi l nn) chia ra: My nn kh:

p2 =3 1000 (hay ln hn) p1

My thi kh:

p2 =1,1 3 vi p sut cui trong khong 1,1 3atm p1

p2 - Qut kh: =1 1,1 vi p sut cui khng qu 1,12atm. p1

Trong : p2,p1 l p sut ban u v cui ca qu trnh nn. to chn khng thp ngi ta dng qut hay my thi kh, lp ng ht vo khng gian cn to chn khng, ng y x ra ngoi. Nu mun to chn khng ln hn th dng cc loi bm pittng, bm rto, bm vng nc, bm tia v nguyn tc lm vic khng khc g my nn. Cc loi bm

61

ny to c p sut thp t 0,05at ( chn khng 95%) n 0,0004at ( chn khng 99,96%). Mc ch thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc sinh c kh nng M t c nguyn l hot ng ca cc thit b vn chuyn kh Tnh ton c cng sut bm v my nn

12.1. MY NN PITTNG 12.1.1. Nguyn tc lm vic

8 1 4 2 9 3 6

Hnh 12.1. S cu to ca my nn pittng Cu to ca my nn pittng rt ging bm pittng tc dng n hay tc dng kp, ngha l kh c ht vo, nn li v y ra nh chuyn ng tnh tin ca pittng t trong xylanh. Ta xt mt my nn pittng tc dng kp (hnh12.1). Trong xylanh 1 c pittng 2 chuyn ng tnh tin, trn pittng c lp mt vi vng m kht (xcmng) 3, mi u xylanh c hai hp van. Khi pittng chuyn dch sang tri th trong khong xylanh bn phi to ra chn khng, van 4 v 7 m, van 6 v 9 ng, khi qua ng ht 5 vo bn phi pittng cng lc trong khong xylanh bn tri kh c nn li n p sut cn thit y van 7 m ra, kh c y vo ng y 8. Khi pittng chuyn dch theo chiu ngc t tri sang phi th van 7 v van 4 ng li, van 6 v van 9 m ra, phn xylanh bn tri ht kh vo, cn phn xylanh bn phi y kh ra. Nh vy sau mt vng quay ca trc, pittng chuyn dch sang tri mt ln v sang phi mt ln, kh c ht vo nn v y ra hai ln. V tr bin

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ca pittng hai u xylanh gi l v tr cht v khong khng gian gia pittng khi v tr cht v np xylanh gi l khong hi, tr s ca khong hi ny cn ph thuc vo cu to ca cc van v c nh hng quan trng trong qu trnh lm vic ca my nn. So snh vi cu to ca bm pittng th trong my nn pittng xylanh, cc hp van can phi m bo kn, kht, v do khi b nn kh ta nhit nn phi t thm b phn lm ngui, nht l trong trng hp nn nhiu cp.

V2' V2' D C1 C C2

A P1 V2 V1

Hnh 12.2 Biu lm vic l thuyt ca my nn tc dng n 12.1.2. Qu trnh nn l thuyt v thc t Ta biu din qu trnh lm vic ca my nn tc dng n trn th p V. Khi pittng v tr bn tri a (hnh 12.2) chuyn v bn phi th kh c ht vo xylanh theo ng AB vi p sut p1. Khi pittng chuyn n v tr cht bn phi b th xylanh ht c mt th tch V1 vi p sut p1 v nhit t1. Khi pittng bt u chuyn v pha tri th van ht ng li p sut kh trong
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xylanh tng ln theo ng BC theo qu trnh a bin (nu l qu trnh ng nhit th theo ng BC1, cn nu l qu trnh on nhit th theo ng BC2). Khi pittng n v tr C (hay C1 hoc C2) th p sut ca kh trong xylanh t ti tr s p2 bng p sut trong ng v van m ra, sau khi xylanh tip tc chuyn ng v pha tri th kh c vo ng vi p sut khng i p2 theo ng CD. l qu trnh nn l thuyt, khng c khong hi. Trong thc t qu trnh nn kh xy ra phc tp hn nhiu do nhng nguyn nhn sau nay: Do c khong hi nn khi pittng n v tr cht bn tri a trong xylanh vn cn li mt lng kh vi th tch bng th tch khong hi v p sut bng p sut nn p2. Khi pittng chuyn dch sang pha phi th do lng kh trong khong hi gin ra cho n khi t ti p sut p1 (theo ng DA) (hnh 12.2) th van ht mi m ra c v xylanh mi bt u ht lng kh mi. Kt qu l lng kh ht thc t nh hn th tch l thuyt ca xylanh. Do nh hng ca lc l cc van ht v nn nn thc t phi nn ti p sut cao hn p2 mt cht v phi h p sut xung thp hn p1 mt cht th cc van mi m ra c (im C v A trn hnh 12.2). Ngoi ra cn do nh hng ca sc cn thy lc trn ng ng v cc van ht do khi nn nhit kh tng ln, do m ca khng kh, do van, xylanh v pittng khng tht kn v.vnn th ca qu trnh nn thc t khc nhiu vi nn l thuyt. 12.1.3. My nn nhiu cp Khi nn mt cp p sut cui b gii hn trong khong 6 8at, v khi p sut cui qu trnh nn cao qu th nhit ca thnh xylanh cng tng ln qu mc cho php. Ngoi ra khi tng nn ln s gim hiu sut th tch 0 . Do mun t c p sut cao ngi ta tin hnh nn nhiu cp c lm lnh khi trung gian. Nguyn tc lm vic ca my nn hai cp. S my nn pittng hai cp m t hnh 12.3. My nn gm xylanh p sut thp 1 v xylanh p sut cao 2. Khi pittng chuyn ng sang tri kh c xylanh 1 qua van 3; khi pittng chuyn ng theo chiu ngc li, kh c nn li v y ra khi bc p sut thp qua van 4, i qua b phn lm ngui trung gian 5 ri c xylanh p sut cao 2 qua 6. Sang chu k chuyn ng sau ca pittng, xylanh 1 ht m kh mi, xylanh 2 nn kh n p sut cao v y qua van 7 vo ng y.

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Hnh 12.3. S my nn nhiu cp th lm vic ca my nn ba cp l thuyt m t trn hnh 12.3 Qu trnh ht bc 1 biu din bng on thng ab cn qu trnh nn t p1 n p2 on cong bc. Lm ngui sau bc 1 p sut khng i p2 c biu din bng on thng cd. Tng t nh vy i vi cc bc 2,3 ta cng c nhng on biu din, tng ng cui cng ta c ng gy khc a b c d e f g h i biu din cho qu trnh nn trong my nn ba cp. th ch cho ta thy rng trong my nn nhiu cp cng tiu tn nh hn trong trng hp mt cp rt nhiu nu cng mt gii hn p sut. Lng cng tit kim c khi nn nhiu cp so vi nn mt cp c biu th bng din tch gch cho trn th. Do tin hnh lm ngui trung gian sau mi cp nn qu trnh gn vi qu trnh ng nhit (ng cong bh) v cng nhiu cp cng tit kim c nhiu cng, nhng nu tng s cp ln qu nhiu th thit b rt phc tp v t nn trong thc t s cp khng vt qu 6. T s nn trong mt cp ca my nn nhiu cp. S cp ph thuc vo t s nn p, nu ta bit tr s p sut p1 v pn v chp nhn tn tht p sut gia cc bc bng nhau th ta c th tm c t s nn trong mi cp bng:

x
Trong :
1,1 .. 1,15

pn p1
h s tn tht p sut gia cc bc;

Pn, p1 p sut cui v p sut u Khi cho trc gi tr ca x v th t phng trnh ta tm c s cp bng:

lg p n lg p1 lg x lg
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C th chp nhn x=2,5 3,5 Trong thc t s cp ca my nn ph thuc vo t s

pn v bng: p1

pn : 5 10 80 120 T s nn p1
S cp my nn 1 2 3 4

>120 5 6

Nng sut v cng sut ca my nn. Nng sut ca my nn mt cp trong mt pht bng:

VM

d2 i sn, [m3/s]; 4

d- ng knh ca pittng, m; s- chiu di khong chy ca pittng, m; n- s vng quay ca trc trong mt pht, Vg/s; i- s ln ht sau mt vng quay ca trc Cng sut tiu th ca my nn tc dng n: Tnh cng sut l thuyt ca my nn tc dng n theo cng thc:

GL , 1000

[KW];

Trong : G lng kh c ht, kg/s; L cng l thuyt nn 1kg khi tnh theo mt trong cc cng thc trn, J/kg. 12.1.3. Cu to my nn pittng C th phn loi my nn pittng theo nhiu cch: Theo s cp phn chia ra: mt cp, hai cp, nhiu cp Theo cch sp xp v tr ca trc xylanh: nm ngang, thng ng, ch V, W, hnh sao Theo cu to ca xylanh: tc dng n hay kp. Theo phng php dn ng: dng ng c in hay my hi nc. Theo nng sut: c nh di 10m3/ph, c trung bnh 10 30m3/ph, c ln trn 30m3/ph.
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Theo p sut nn: p sut thp di 10at, p sut trung bnh 10 80at, p sut cao trn 80 100at Theo mc ch s dng: my nn khng kh, xy, NH3 Cu to my nn mt cp. Loi ny dng cung cp kh hay khng kh

vi mt lng ln v p sut tng i nh (5 7at) cu to c th l loi tc dng n hay kp t nm ngang hay thng ng.

1, 7 van ht ; 2,4 van y ; 3,8 ca y v ca ht ca bm ;5. cn pittong; 6.hp chn Hnh 12.4 S my nn tc dng kp Loi tc dng n nm ngang truyn ng bng c cu tay bin quay (hnh 12.4). Cu to gn ging nh bm pittng, cng gm mt xylanh trong c pittng chuyn ng qua li v mt van ht, mt van y. Khc vi bm pittng l xylanh c v bc ngoi lm ngui bng nc hay du hoc v c gn lm ngui bng khng kh. My nn tc dng kp loi nm ngang thng c nng sut t 10 60 m /ph, cn vi nng sut ln hn t 60 100m3/ph th dng my nn tc dng kp loi nm ngang (hai xylanh b tr song song nhau), s vng quay ca loi nm ngang thng nh, ch khong 100 200vng/pht. My nn tc dng n loi thng ng c th c t mt n bn xylanh c nng sut t 0,5 40 m3/ph. Loi thng ng thng c s vng quay ln hn (n=200 500vng/pht) kch thc gn gng hn loi nm ngang, bo mn do ma st ca pittng vi xylanh t v u n mi pha hn. V vy loi thng ng ngy cng c dng ph bin hn.
3

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Trong cc my nn pittng tc dng kp chng nh hng ca khong hi c th dng phng php cn bng. Theo phng php ny cc v tr cht hai u xylanh ngi ta c nhng rnh nh thng hai pha ca xylanh vi nhau. Khi p sut hai pha ca xylanh cn bng nhau v do th tch khong hi nh so vi th tch xylanh nn sau khi cn bng p sut trong khong hi h xung gn bng p sut ht, khi p sut bn pha ht tng ln khng ng k.

1.xylanh p sut thp; 2.xy lanh p sut cao; 3,6 van ht; 4,7 van y; 5.lm lnh trung gian Hnh 12.5 S my nn nhiu cp Cu to my nn nhiu cp. My nn nhiu cp c th c nhiu cch b tr cc xylanh: hoc b tr trn mt trc hoc b tr cc xylanh song song nhau. My nn nhiu cp nm ngang thng chuyn ng chm (s vng quay n=80 300vng/pht) v c ni vi ng c in bng b truyn day ai. My nn thng ng chuyn ng nhanh hn (n=300 350vng/pht hay hn na) hoc lp trc tip vi ng c in hoc dng dy ai. Trong cng nghip ho hc dng kh ph bin loi my nn nhiu cp nm ngang vi p sut cao(> 300at v nng sut kh ln ~10000m3/h). Cc xylanh c b tr thnh dy cn i, gia l b phn dn ng, mi xylanh u c thit b lm ngui bng nc. 12.2. MY NN V THI KH KIU RTO Do my nn pittng c nhc im l pittng chuyn ng tnh tin, c lc qun tnh hn ch vn tc chuyn ng ca pittng cng nh s vng quay, do khng cho php lp trc tip vi ng c in. Ngoi ra my nn
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pittng cng knh i hi nn mng chc, li cung cp khng u nn ngi ta nghin cu ch to cc loi my nn khc trnh c nhng nhc im trn nh my nn v thi kh kiu rto c tm trt, kiu rto c pittng cht lng kiu gung quay v.v cc loi my ny cng nh my nn pittng u thuc loi my nn th tch. Nguyn tc chung cho cc loi ny l c nhng rto quay to thnh nhng khong khng gian kn trong c khu vc ht kh vo v nn kh ra. Trong thi gian gn y cc loi my ny c dng rng ri trong cng nghip ho hc cung cp v nn khng kh, cc kh khc vi nng sut n 100m3/ph, p sut ti 4at, nu nn hai cp c lm ngui trung gian th c th t ti 8at. My nn v thi kh kiu cnh trt: Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic ging bm cnh trt, ch khc ch c v nc lm ngui (hnh 16.6). Gm rto hnh tr 1 lp lch tm trong v 2 c nc lm ngui. Trn rto c nhiu rnh cc tm 3 chuyn ng t do theo phng bn knh. Khi rto quay cc tm ny trt theo rnh v qut trn mt trong ca v to thnh nhng bung knh c th tch thay i: lc u ln dn ln ht kh qua ng ht ri nh dn i nn kh li v y kh vo ng y 5. Loi ny c nng sut ti 160 4000m3/h vi p sut t 5 15at. u im l cu to gn, lm vic u n nhng yu cu ch to chnh xc, kh thao tc, tn tht p sut ln do cc b phn khng kht.

Hnh 12.6. My nn v thi kh kiu cnh trt 1. rto; 2. v; 3. tm trt; 4. ca kh vo; 5.ca kh ra

Hnh 12.7 My nn v thi kh kiu 2 gung quay 1. v; 2. gung

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My thi kh kiu hai gung quay: Nguyn tc gn ging nh bm rng kha. Gm v gang 1 trong c hai gung bng gang hnh c lc 2 quay trn hai trc t song song(hnh 12.7). Khi quay hai gung tip xc st nhau v st vo v, to thnh nhng khong khng gian kn, qua ht v y kh. u im loi ny l cu to n gin, nng sut c th thay i trong gii hn rng t 2800m3/ph, p sut t 0,8at. Ni chung cc loi my nn v thi kh kiu rto c u im l cung cp kh u n, khng ph thuc s thay i tr lc trong mng ng, thay i nng sut bng cch thay i s vng quay, khng c van, cu to gn, gi thnh ch to v chi ph vn hnh nh. Nhc im l phi lp rp tht chnh xc v vn hnh cn thn. 12.3. QUT Qut l thit b vn chuyn kh trc tip t ni ny n ni khc c p sut nh nhau theo cc ng dn hay cc ng dn. C 2 loi qut chnh: qut ly tm v qut hng trc (hay chong chng). Trong cng nghip c s dng rt nhiu trong vic thng gi, hp thu 12.3.1. Qut ly tm Qut ly tm thng c s dng ht v y mt lng ln khng kh vi p sut thp.

1.v; 2.gung; 3.ca kh vo; 4.ca kh ra Hnh 12.8 Qut ly tm Qut ly tm c s dng rng ri l loi Xirocco (hnh 12.8) c cu to gm x c dng xon c 1 lm bng thp v gung ng 2 quay trong v. Gung ng gm nhiu cnh ngn un cong, mt u cnh c hn vo a gn vi bc ca gung ng, u kia hn vo vng ngoi v ni vi a bng
70

cc thanh dng tng thm cng cho kt cu. Kh c ht qua ng 3 v y ra xa vi p sut b qua ng y 4. Da vo p sut ta chia qut ly tm thnh 3 loi: Qut ly tm p sut thp: 6 100mmH2O Qut ly tm p sut va: 100 200mmH2O Qut ly tm p sut cao: 200 1000mmH2O v cao hn. Khi vn chuyn cc kh c tnh hot ng ha hc th cc b phn ca qut thng c bo v bng lp ph c bit nh lt ch hoc ch to qut bng cc vt liu bn vi axit. 12.3.2. Qut hng trc (chong chng)

Hnh 12.9. Qut hng trc Qut hng trc thng c dng trong trng hp vn chuyn m lng ln kh c p sut rt nh (<25mmH2O). Cu to qut hng trc gm gung ng lm bng mt s cnh gn vo bc theo phng hng tm v v bao ly gung ng. Gung ng thng c gn trc tip vi ng c.

71

Bi 13 PHN RING BNG PHNG PHP LNG

M bi: QTTB 13

Gii thiu Trong sn xut thng gp cc h khng ng nht (bi, huyn ph, nh tng, v.v) i hi phi x l phn ring. Tch ring tng pha t cc h khng ng nht c th tin hnh bng nhiu phng php khc nhau. Trong chng ny cp n phng php lng. Bi l h c pha phn tn l rn (ht bi), pha lin tc l kh. Nh tng l h c pha phn tn l lng khng tan ln cn pha lin tc l lng. Cc nh tng thng c kch thc rt nh (d 0.4 0.5 m). H nh tng thng gp nhiu trong qu trnh sn xut nh: trong ch bin du m, tng hp hu c, khai thc ch bin du thc vt, tinh du, dc liu v dc phm, m phm. Huyn ph l h c pha phn tn l rn, pha lin tc l lng. Cc huyn ph c kch thc ht rn d 100 m c gi l huyn ph th; d=0.5 100 m gi l huyn ph mn; d=0.5 0.1 m l nc c. Lng l phng php phn ring da vo s khc nhau v khi lng ring v kch thc ca hai pha di tc dng ca trng lc. Trong sn xut ngi ta thng p dng cc trng lc nh: trng trng lc, trng lc li tm, trng tnh in. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny sinh vin c kh nng M t nguyn l hot ng ca thit b lng. Thc hin c mt qu trnh lng

13.1. LNG TRONG TRNG TRNG LC 13.1.1. Xc nh tc lng Lng t do ca mt tp hp ht ng nht, n nh l trong qu trnh lng cc ht cn khng thay i hnh dng, kch thc, khng va chm vo nhau, vo thnh bnh. t trng cho s lng ca cc ht cn trng thi ny, ta nghin cu qu trnh ri ca mt ht cn hnh cu. Trong mi trng lu cht tnh, ti thi im ban u tc ri ca ht bng khng. Di tc dng ca trng lc P ht ri xung vi tc tng dn, ng thi lc bt u xut
72

hin lc cn S2 ca mi trng vi b mt ca ht. Xt mt ht hnh cu c khi lng m, ng knh ht l d nh hnh H.3.1, chuyn ng trong mi trng lu cht. Ht chu tc dng bi cc lc nh sau: Trng lc: P= h.Vh.g Lc y Arsimet: SA= .Vh.g Lc cn:

FA F2

S2

w2 .F 2

F1
(13.1)

P
Hnh 13.1: Ht hnh cu

Trong :
h,

Khi lng ring ca ht v lu cht, kg/m3

Vh th tch ca ht, m3 -h s tr lc, ph thuc vo ch chy v hnh dng ht F tit din ln nht ca ht theo phng vung gc vi hng chuyn ng, m2 w vn tc ca ht, m/s Ti thi im ban u, ht cha chuyn ng th tr lc bng khng S2=0. Lc S1=P SA=Vh( h- k)g (13.2) 0 v Vi ht cn c kch thc khng i, tc ri ca ht s bin i theo thi gian tnh t thi im ht bt u ri. Khi ht chuyn ng, S2 tng dn n khi S2=S1 th ht t trng thi cn bng: w=w0=const. Lc ht lng xung vi tc khng i l w0 gi l vn tc lng. Giai on t lc ht bt u ri ti lc c vn tc lng khng i xy ra rt nhanh (0.2 0.5 giy) v c coi nh khng ng k so vi tng thi gian lng. Vi ht hnh cu th: V h tr thnh:
d3 ; F 6 d3 6

d2 . Phng trnh (13.1) v (13.2) 4

S2

.d 2

S1

F1=F2 v =w0 suy ra

73

w0

4 gd h 3

, m/s

(13.3)

y l cng thc tng qut xc nh tc lng ca ht. y cn phn bit tc lng w0 v tc cn bng wC: tc lng l tc ri u ca ht trong mi trng lu cht ng yn, cn tc cn bng l tc chuyn ng ca dng lu cht a ht vo trng thi l lng. Tc lng ph thuc vo kch thc v c tnh lu cht cng nh ph thuc vo ch chy. Ch chy c c trng bng chun s Reynolds

Re
Trong :

.w0 .d

w0 .d

(13.4)

-khi lng ring mi trng lu cht, kg/m3 , - nht ng lc hc v nht ng hc ca lu cht i vi ch lng dng: Re < 0,2;
24 , th sc cn ca mi trng tun Re

theo nh lut Stoke, nn ngi ta gi l qu trnh lng theo Stoke. Thay =24/Re v cng thc (13.4) vo phng trnh (13.3) ta c cng thc tnh tc lng:

w0

d2

18

, m/s

(13.5)

i vi ch lng qu : 0,2 < Re < 500, trnh Alen:

18,5 , ta c phng Re 0,6

w0

d 1,14 0,152 0, 43 0, 28 g .

0, 71 h

(13.6)

i vi ch chy ri: 500 < Re < 150.000, =0,44=const, khi tc lng c tnh theo cng thc:

w0

0.33

(13.7)

13.1.2. Xc nh nng sut ca thit b lng Xt mt khng gian kn ca khi lp phng c chiu di L, chiu rng B v chiu cao H, th tch l L.B.H. Dng chy ca hn hp vo thit b vi tc dng wd. Gi s mt phn t ca pha phn tn cng chuyn ng theo
74

dng vi cng vn tc

d.

Khi vo khng gian kn, vi gi tr thch hp ca tc dng wd th phn t ht chu tc dng ca lc trng trng v ri vi tc w0. Kt qu l cc phn t pha phn tn chuyn ng vi tc w. Do , khi dng chy i ht chiu di L, th ht cng ri ht chiu cao lng H v lng li trn din tch F=B.L gi l b mt lng ng thi pha lin tc i thng ra khi phng lng.
d d

w0 1 2

Hnh 13.2: Ht hnh cu lng trong phng lng Thi gian ht i ht chiu di L ca phng lng c gi l thi gian lu v c xc nh theo cng thc:
L wd

(13.8)

Thi gian ht i ht chiu cao H (chiu cao lng) ca phng lng gi l thi gian lng, c xc nh theo cng thc:
0

H w0

(13.9)

qu trnh lng xy ra, ngha l pha phn tn phi nm li trn b mt lng (qu o s 1) th iu kin cn thit l:
H w L 0 w d
0

hay (13.10)

Nh vy iu kin ti thiu xy ra qu trnh lng l (qu o s 2): =

0

hay
H w0 L wd
H L w0 wd

Gi Q (m3/s) l nng sut thit b lng. Khi :

75

Q=B.H.wd=B.L.w0=F.w0

(13.11)

Nh vy, nng sut thit b lng ch ph thuc vo din tch lng F v vn tc lng w0 m khng ph thuc vo chiu cao lng H. Trn y ta mi ch nghin cu hin tng lng t do ca mt ht hnh cu trng thi tnh. S lng ca mt tp hp ht ng nht, n nh ch khc trn l c nhiu ht cng lng. Do cc ht ng nht nn tc lng ca cc ht l nh nhau v khng i trong qu trnh lng (b qua s va chm gia cc ht). Vi cch lp lun trn th mi tnh ton qu trnh lng mt tp hp ht tng t qu trnh lng ca mt ht. 13.2. THIT B LNG Ch to cc thit b lng l to cc iu kin thun li cc phn t pha phn tn chuyn ng nhanh hn v tch ra khi pha lin tc. gim thi gian lng, ngi ta thng kt hp cc phng php sau: Cho dng chy chuyn ng vi mt vn tc thch hp v nu yn dung dch huyn ph trng thi tnh, di tc dng ca trng lc cc ht rn chuyn ng xung di vi vn tc lng w0 do nng sut thp, thi gian lu, thit b kng knh chim nhiu din tch. Thay i hng cng nh phng ca dng chy nhm lm tng thi gian lu ca pha phn tn trong thit b cng nh to ra lc qun tnh tng cng qu trnh lng. Gim chiu cao lng l phng n quan trng nht gim thi gian lng v tng tc lng Trong qu trnh thit k th phi lun ch trng n khu ly bn. 13.2.1. Thit b lng h bi (kh bi) Hn hp kh bi chuyn ng vo thit b, sau khi i ht qung ng L, kh tr nn sch hn v c tho ra ngoi cn bi c tho ra bn di.
Hon hp kh bui Kh sach

Bui

Bui

Hnh 13.3: Thit b lng h bi

76

Thit b ny kt hp vic thay i hng ca dng chy tng thi gian lu, to lc qun tnh. y l thit b c nng sut ln, n gin, tho cn d nhng kng knh, hiu sut thp. khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta to ra thit b lng nhiu ngn nh hnh 13.3. Thit b ny c mt u im rt ln l gim c chiu cao lng. Nu khng c tm ngn th chiu cao lng l H, ngha l ht rn phi i ht chiu cao H mi ng sn lng. Trong khi khi c tm ngn th chiu cao lng l khong cch gia hai tm ngn, gim i rt nhiu so vi khi cha c tm ngn. Thit b ny c nhc im l vic tho cn kh khn. tho cn, ngi ta dng kh vi p lc ln thi ngc li (ng van u vo) v thu bi bn hng nh hnh 13.4.
Hon hp bui Kh sach

h Thu bui

Hnh 13.4: Thit b lng h bi nhiu tng 13.2.2. Thit b lng huyn ph (h lng-rn) a. Thit b lng bn lin tc Cc khu nhp liu v tho nc trong u c thc hin lin tc cn ly cn th c ly ra theo chu k. Ngi ta a huyn ph vo thit b, bn trong thit b c t cc tm ngn nm nghing mt gc khong 45 600 nhm lm gim chiu cao lng, tng thi gian lu, to lc qun tnh, ng thi gip vic tho cn c n gin hn. Thit b gin on bt li, nng sut thp, thi gian lu v thit b chim nhiu din tch.

77

Hnh 13.5: Tm nghing trong thit b lng bn lin tc Thit b hnh 3.6 c u im l nng sut ln, thit b gn hn, chim t din tch. B mt lng c to ra bng cch xp cc tm nghing hnh chp chng ln nhau. Huyn ph vo trong thit b theo cc rnh gia hai chp, lc ny chiu cao lng gim i ng k v pha phn tn lng trn b mt chp v trt xung di. Nc trong theo ng tm i ra ngoi.

Hnh 13.6: Thit b lng huyn ph loi ng Hnh 13.7 cng l thit b lng bn lin tc nhng vic tho cn c dng kh nn nn d dng hn. Tuy nhin phng php ny tn nhiu chi ph hn (chi ph u t ban u v chi ph vn hnh). Cc thit b ny vn cn mt nhc im l vic tho cn vn cn gin on.
78

Hnh 13.7: Thit b lng tho cn bng kh nn b.Thit b lng lin tc

Hnh 13.8a: Thit b lng nhiu tng lm vic lin tc Trong trng hp ny vic nhp liu, thu nc trong v tho cn c thc hin mt cch lin tc. Nh vy so vi cc thit b bn lin tc, ngi ta c gii ha vic tho cn bng cch dng co gt ly bn ra. Thit b lng lin tc nhiu tng l thit b hnh tr. Huyn ph c nhp liu vo trung tm su t 0,3 1m so vi mt thong cht lng. B lng xung sn ca mi tng c co dn vo tm v cha trong hp ng b nh b phn cnh gt bn chuyn ng thng qua mt. Nc trong c ly ra t nh ca mi tng.
79

Hnh 13.8b: Thit b lng nhiu tng lm vic lin tc 13.3. LNG TRONG TRNG LC LY TM 13.3.1. Trng lc ly tm v tc lng Mt vt khi lng m, quay quanh tm 0 vi tc gc khong r th sinh ra mt lc ly tm: C=m.
2

v cch 0 mt

.r

(13.12)

Hnh 13.9: Nguyn tc to lc ly tm Trong k thut phn ring, ngi ta thng s dng 2 phng php to trng lc ly tm: Cho dng chy ca hn hp quay xung quanh ng tm c nh, theo phng php ny ngi ta to ra thit b gi l cycln.
80

Cho thng hnh tr quay xung quanh ng tm ca n, theo phng php ny thit b lng gi l my ly tm. Qu trnh lng phn ring c quyt nh bi ln ca tc lng. nh gi ln ca trng lc ly tm, ngi ta so snh lc ly tm vi lc trng trng, t s gi l chun s Frude:

Fr
Trong :

C G

m 2r mg

(13.13)

G=mg l trng lc -yu t phn ly =2 n vn tc gc, rad/s wt= .r vn tc tip tuyn, m/s n s vng quay, vng/giy Tc lng trong trng lc ly tm bng tc lng trong trng trng lc nhn vi yu t phn ly. Theo cng thc (13.5), ta c w=w0. =

d2

18

.r g

(13.14)

13.3.2. Thit b lng nh trng lc ly tm a. Cyclone lng Cyclone c cu to bao gm: ng tm, v tr thc hin lng, y nn thu cn, ca vo tit din hnh ch nht, ca tho cn. H bi theo ng dn vo ca cyclone theo phng tip tuyn vi vn tc t 20 25 m/s. Dng hn hp quay trn trong rnh gia ng tm v v tr. Di tc dng ca lc ly tm, cc ht rn vng ra thnh v lng xung y, cn kh sch theo ng tm ra ngoi. Cn lng xung di v nh van gi a ra ngoi Cyclone l loi thit b c chun ha cc nc trn th gii. Mi hng sn xut u c nhng qui nh c th cho dy kch thc v s ph thuc ca hiu sut qu trnh phn ring. Bng 3.1 l tiu chun ca mt s loi cyclone theo tiu chun.

81

Hnh 13.10a: Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic cyclone

82

Hnh 13.10b: Cu to cyclone lng Bng 13.1: S liu ca mt cyclone tiu chun Kch thc ng knh cyclone, m Chiu rng ca vo, m Chiu cao ca vo, m ng knh ng tm, m Chiu cao phn tr, m Chiu cao phn nn, m b. My ly tm My ly tm l thng hnh tr quay xung quanh ng tm ca mnh vi tc gc . Thng quay t thng ng gi l my ly tm ng, cn t K hiu D B H d0 H1 H2 SKKB b 5,7b b 2b 3,7b 5,7b 4,3b D D 0,175D 0,35D 0,65D D 0,755D

83

nm ngang gi l my ly tm ngang. Khi roto quay vi tc gc cht lng l ng parapol v vi cht lng song song vi thnh roto. trong my ly tm ng, b mt thong ca ln th c th xem b mt thong ca

Hnh 13.11: Nguyn tc lm vic my ly tm Mi phn t cht lng trong roto u chu tc dng ca p sut thy tnh do trng lc v lc ly tm gy ra. Tc dng ca lc ly tm l rt ln so vi trng lc nn p lc ng k l lc ly tm tc dng ln thnh roto, do ta b qua lc trng trng. Lc tc dng ln mt phn t cht lng c tnh theo biu thc
dp dr
2

w2 r

(13.15)

Trong : w= .r l tc di ca phn t cht lng ang xt, m/s Tt c cc phn t nm trong khi cht lng c b dy dr u c p sut nh nhau v mt tr ny gi l mt ng p. p sut trong khi cht lng s thay i t mt thong c bn knh R0 n b mt st thnh roto c bn knh R. Tch phn phng trnh (13.15) ta c:

1 2 1 2

R2

R0 2

(13.16)

Nh vy p sut ln nht tc dng ln thnh roto l

Pmax

(R 2

R0 2 )

(13.17)

84

Trong :

R0

R 1

=h/H h s cha y h chiu cao ban u ca cht lng, m H chiu cao roto, m thi im ban u, khi cha ln th cht lng c dng hnh phu. Hin tng to phu lm gim phn cha cht lng ca roto li c th lm tro cht lng ra ngoi. trnh hin tng ny, cc my ly tm thng c g chng trn. Tuy nhin bin php ch yu l nh mc cht lng cho va. Trong thc t thng np liu vi th tch huyn ph khng ln hn mt na th tch ca roto. My ly tm ng

Hnh 13.12: Cu to my li tm ng y l loi my ly tm ng dng phn ring cc cht lng c khi lng ring khc nhau hoc cc huyn ph. Vic phn tch hai cht lng trong trng hp ny da vo nguyn tc cht lng c khi lng ring nh hn s di chuyn ln trn ng vi cng mt lc li tm. Vic phn tch huyn ph cng tng t nh phn tch hai cht lng. Nhng y ch c mt cht lng ra, cht rn c cha trong khong gia v phn cui gia hai a, khong trng gia roto v a. My ly tm ngang hnh 13.13 l kiu my ly tm c piston y c dng phn tch

85

huyn ph. Nhp liu c a vo phu hnh nn s 2. Cht rn di chuyn khng lin tc dc theo b mt ca roto nh a 5 thng qua piston 4. B dy lp cht rn hnh thnh khng vt qu khong cch gia roto v mp phu. Cht lng c y qua cc l trn roto nh lc ly tm. Cht rn c lm sch nh vi phun s 6

1 Mng nhp liu; 2 Phu hnh nn 3 Roto; 4 piston; 5 a y; 6 vi ra phun Hnh 13.13: My ly tm ngang

Hnh 13.14. S my ly tm

86

My ly tm ba chn Cu to ca my ly tm ba chn (hnh 13.15) gm thng 1, thn my 2 c gn cht vo v 3, vo thng v b phn truyn ng. Thn my c treo nh cc thanh thng ng 4 c u hnh cu t trn ban chn 5 lch nhau mt gc 120o. ng c in 7 c lp trn gi ca thn my hoc lp trc tip vo v ca b phn truyn ng pha di thng. Thng ly tm quay c l nh truyn ng qua dy ai hnh thang. Trn my lya tm c lp tay phanh 6 dng dng my sau khi tt ng c. Ngi ta dng my ly tm ba chn tch cht lng khi hn hp c hc, phn ly huyn ph trung bnh v huyn ph th i hi thi gian ly tm ko di. My ly tm ba chn c c im l chiu cao khng ln lm v n nh kh cao, nhng nhc im ch yu ca n l tho b bng tay pha trn. 1. Thng my 2. V 3. Thn my 4. Thanh treo 5. Chn
6. L xo

Hnh 13.5. My ly tm ba chn My ly tm kiu treo u trn ca trc ni vi mt in qua trc. trc ny gn cht trn khung, thng t trong v, y thng c cc cnh ta, gia cc cnh c khe tho b xung, cc khe ny lc lm vic c che kn bng chp. Khi ly b nng chp ln v ly tay y b ri xung. u im ca my ly tm treo l bi v b truyn ng khng b cht lng n mn; b tho tng i nhe nhng; lm vic chc chn; thng quay c th dao ng t do c.
87

Hnh 13.6: My ly tm kiu treo My ly tm co b t ng A. ng nhp liu B. Dao co b C. ng thu trong nc

Hnh 13.7: My ly tm co b t ng
88

Thit b bao gm c thng nm trn trc nm ngang, huyn ph theo ng i vo thng, ng m huyn ph vo mt van c iu chnh bng b phn t ng, trong thng c dao co b, nng v h dao cng nh b phn t ng thy lc, b b cao ri xung mng ri ra ngoi. u im ca loi my ly tm ny l rt ngn thi gian v nng lng tiu hao t, khng phi ngng my co b, qu trnh hon ton t ng. Khuyt im: b bi nt khi co My ly tm y b bng pittng Kiu my ly tm ny c piston y c dng phn tch huyn ph. Nhp liu c a vo phu hnh nn s 2. Cht rn di chuyn khng lin tc dc theo b mt ca roto nh a 5 thng qua piston 4. B dy lp cht rn hnh thnh khng vt qu khong cch gia roto v mp phu. Cht lng c y qua cc l trn roto nh lc ly tm. Cht rn c lm sch nh vi phun s 6.

1 Mng nhp liu; 2 Phu hnh nn; 3 Roto 4 piston; 5 a y; 6 vi ra phun Hnh 13.8: My ly tm y b bng pittng My ny c u im l hiu qu phn ly cao, do thi gian ly tm di. B chuyn t thng n sang thng kia nn b ti ra do lm tng hiu qu lm kh b. Mt khc nc lc v nc ra b tch ring khng trn ln vi nhau. My ly tm vt xon nm ngang N gm hai thng, thng ngoi l hnh nn ct, thng trong rng c c cc l huyn ph i ra, trn b mt thng c vt xon y b. Thng quay trn hai trc rng, huyn ph theo ng nm trc thng vo thng. Do
89

lc ly tm nhng ht rn lng trn b mt bn trong thng, thng trong c vt xon quay chm hn thng ngoi do b c vt xon ti ra ngoi, cn nc trong chuyn ng ngc li qua ca np thng ngoi. Ngi ta c th iu chnh ch lm vic ca my ly tm bng cch iu chnh tm che ca hoc thay i s vng quay ca thng.

Hnh 13.9: My ly tm vt xon nm ngang My ly tm ny c u im: nng sut cao, tin li dng phn ring huyn ph ng knh nh v nng cao, c th dng phn loi cc ht rn theo kch thc hoc trng lng ring. Nhc im: tiu hao nng lng ln, b b nghin nh, nc trong vn b c bi cc ht nh. My phn ly cao tc loi ng Dng phn ring huyn ph mn, huyn ph nht, nh tng bn vng, Loi ny c bn knh nh nhng s vng quay li rt ln, t 14000 n 45000 vng/pht. Cu to: gm ng c ng knh khong 200mm, chiu di ng gp 5 7 ln ng knh, ng t trong v hnh nn, dung dch cho vo qua ng dn. ng quay c, u trn ca ng ni vi trc do c dy ai ni vi mt truyn ng, u di ca ng lp vo quay n nh v kh rung ng. Khi mun dng my th tt ng c, dng tay hm hm my. Mun dung dch khi b trt khi ng quay v hng cht lng chuyn ng ln pha trn, bn trong ng ngi ta c lp 3 hoc 4 cnh hng tm chy dc
90

gn sut ng.

B truyn ng

Mng tho

ng quay Khong trng Pha nh Pha rn Pha nng Phanh

Nhp liu

Hnh 13.10: My ly tm co tc loi ng Ty theo nhim v ca my ly tm dng lng trong hay dng phn ring m cu to u ng c khc nhau. Nu dng lng trong th u trn c mt l dn cht lng trong ra ngoi, nu dng phn ring th u trn c lp mng chia lm 2 l, 1 l dn pha nh, 1 l dn pha nng. iu chnh b dy ca lp pha nng bng mng, mng c lp cng vo ng. u im: phn ring rt ln, lm vic chc chn, cu to gn gng. Nhc im: Lm vic gin on, dung tch nh, nu ly tm huyn ph th phi tho b bng tay.

91

13.4. CU HI V BI TP Cu hi trc nghim 1 Lng l phng php phn ring da vo a. S khc nhau v khi lng ring v cng kch thc ca hai pha di tc dng ca trng lc b. S khc nhau v kch thc v cng khi lng ring ca hai pha di tc dng ca trng lc c. S khc nhau v khi lng ring v kch thc ca hai pha di tc dng ca trng lc d. S ging nhau v khi lng ring v kch thc ca hai pha di tc dng ca trng lc 2 Trng lc trong qu trnh lng thng l a. Trng trng lc c. Trng tnh in a. Tng dn c. Khng i 4 Tc cn bng l a. Tc ca dng lu cht a ht vo trng thi l lng b. Tc lng c. Tc cn bng d. Tc ri ca ht 5 Ch lng gi l lng dng khi: a. Re < 2320 b. Re < 0,2 c. Re > 0,2 d. Re < 0 6 Ch lng gi l lng qu khi: a. Re < 0,2 v Re > 500 c. Re 500 7 Ch lng gi l lng ri khi: a. Re < 2300 c. 500 < Re < 150000 b. Re < 10000 d. Re > 2300 b. 0,2 < Re < 500 d. Re 0,2 b. Trng ly tm d. C 3 loi b. Gim dn d. Thay i khng theo qui lut

3 Vn tc lng s bin i nh th no trong qu trnh lng

92

8 Gi tr chun s Reynolds l Re=0,15, qu trnh lng ch lng g? a. ch lng dng c. ch lng ri lng ch lng g? a. ch lng dng c. ch lng ri b. ch lng qu d. Khng xc nh b. ch lng qu d. Khng xc nh

9 Gi tr chun s Reynolds ca dng chy trong ng l Re =200, qu trnh

10 Gi tr chun s Reynolds ca dng chy trong ng l Re=15200, qu trnh lng ch lng g? a. ch lng dng c. ch lng ri b. ch lng qu d. Khng xc nh

11 Nng sut thit b lng ph thuc: a. Din tch b mt lng F, chiu cao lng H b. Vn tc lng wo, chiu cao lng H c. Din tch b mt lng F, vn tc lng wo, chiu cao lng H. d. Din tch b mt lng F, vn tc lng wo 12 gim thi gian lng ta thng: a. Khng thay i hng, phng dng chy, tng chiu cao lng b. Khng thay i hng, phng dng chy, gim chiu cao lng c. Thay i hng, phng dng chy, tng chiu cao lng d. Thay i hng, phng dng chy, gim chiu cao lng 13 Lng trong thit b m dng hn hp chuyn ng quanh mt ng tm c nh l: a. My ly tm b. Cyclon c. Lng nhiu tng lm vic bn lin tc d. Lng nhiu tng lm vic lin tc 14 Lng trong thit b m dng hn hp c cho vo mt thng quay quanh trc c nh a. My ly tm b. Cyclon c. Lng nhiu tng lm vic bn lin tc

93

d. Lng nhiu tng lm vic lin tc 15 Chun s Frude c trng cho s nh gi: a. ln ca trng lc ly tm b. ln ca trng trng lc c. ln ca trng lc tnh in d. Khng c trng lc no 16 ng lng v phng lng l cc phng php lng nh: a. lc li tm c.chuyn ng ca cc ht. a. tng chiu cao lng c. gim chiu cao lng 18 Bi l h c a. Pha phn tn l cht lng, pha lin tc l cht rn b. Pha phn tn l cht lng, pha lin tc l cht kh c. Pha phn tn l cht rn, pha lin tc l cht lng d. Pha phn tn l cht rn, pha lin tc l cht kh 20 Thit b lng lin tc huyn ph l cc thit b a. thit b lng hnh phu v rng co c. thit b lng c tm chn nghing b. thit b lng hnh nn d. c a v b u sai. b.trng lc d.nh lc qun tnh b. tng din tch b mt lng d. gim din tch b mt lng

17 tng nng sut ca thit b lng ta phi

94

Bi 14 PHN RING BNG PHNG PHP LC

M s: QTTB14

Gii thiu Lc l mt qu trnh c thc hin phn ring hn hp nh vch ngn xp. Vch ngn xp c kh nng cho mt pha i qua cn gi pha kia li nn c gi l vch ngn lc. Cho huyn ph vo mt bn vch ngn ri to ra trn b mt lp huyn ph p sut p1. Di tc dng ca p sut, pha lin tc xuyn qua cc mao dn trn vch ngn chy qua pha bn kia gi l nc lc, cn pha phn tn b gi li trn gi l b lc.

Hnh 14.1: Nguyn tc chung ca qu trnh lc Chnh lch p sut gia hai bn vch lc p=p1 p2 gi l ng lc qu trnh lc. C th tng ng lc qu trnh lc bng hai cch: Tng p1 bng cch dng chiu cao ct p thy tnh, dng bm hay my nn a huyn ph vo. Dng phng php ny gi l lc p lc. Gim p2 bng cch dng bm chn khng ht khng kh trong thit b. Dng phng php ny gi l lc chn khng.

Mc tiu mn hc Hc xong bi ny hc sinh c kh nng: M t nguyn l hot ng ca thit b lc Thc hin c mt qu trnh phn ring bng phng php lc
95

14.1. PHNG TRNH LC 14.1.1. Tc lc v cc yu t nh hng n thi gian lc Lng nc lc thu c trn mt n v din tch b mt vch ngn lc trn mt n v thi gian gi l tc lc.

W
Trong :

dV ,m/ s Fd

(14.1)

V Th tch nc lc thu c, m3 F Din tch b mt vch lc, m2 -thi gian lc, s Qu trnh lc huyn ph ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: Tnh cht huyn ph: nht, kch thc v hnh dng pha phn tn; ng lc qu trnh lc; tr lc b v vch lc; din tch b mt vch lc. Theo DAKSI, tc lc c th biu din di dng phng trnh sau

W
Trong :

dV Fd

P R b Rv

(14.2)

- nht ca pha lin tc, Ns/m2 Rb= pb tr lc ca b lc (tn tht p sut qua lp b), 1/m Rv= pv tr lc ca vch lc (tn tht p sut qua vch lc), 1/m Gi: r0 tr lc ring theo th tch ca b lc (1/m2): l tr lc ca lp b dy 1 m h0 chiu dy lp b lc, m

X0
Vy: Rb

Va - t s gia th tch b m thu c v lng nc lc V

r0 .h0 r0 . Va F r0 . X 0 . V F
(14.3)

Thay (4.3) vo phng trnh (4.2) ta c:

dV

p.F V r0 . X 0 . F

d Rv

(14.4)

96

Khi nghin cu qu trnh lc, n gin ngi ta ch tin hnh hai ch l lc vi p sut khng i v lc vi tc lc khng i 14.1.2. Lc vi p sut khng i, p=const Gi q=V/F lng nc lc ring: l lng nc lc thu c trn 1 m2 b mt vch lc, m3/m2 T phng trnh (14.4), vi iu kin b lc v vch lc khng chu nn p ngha l: r0=const v Rv=const, bin i v tch phn hai v phng trnh trn ta c:
V

(
0

.r0 . X 0 .VdV F

Rv dV )
0

F . p.d

(14.5) (14.6)

Hay: .r0.X0.V2 + 2. .Rv.F.V=2.F2. p.

2

Chia hai v phng trnh (4.6) cho .r0.X0 /F2 ta c

V F

2Rv V . r0 . X 0 F

2. p .r0 . X 0
(14.7)
2. p l cc hng s lc, c trng cho .r0 . X 0

q2 + 2.C.q=K y lphng trnh lc vi p sut khng i Trong :

C Rv r0 .X 0

;K

mt qu trnh lc xc nh. Vi phn hai v phng trnh (14.7) theo dq ta c:

2q d dq 2C 2 .q K k. d dq 2C K

(14.8)
q l ng

T phng trnh (5.8) ta nhn thy: mi quan h gia

thng c h s gc l 2/K v tung gc l 2C/K. Nh vy khi lm th nghim lc, dng th mi quan h gia hai i lng ny, nu quan h ny l ng thng th kt lun c rng y l qu trnh lc vi p lc khng i ng thi ta cng xc nh c cc hng s lc C v K. 14.1.3. Lc vi tc lc khng i Do tc lc l khng i nn s bin thin th tch nc lc trong mt n v thi gian l hng s. Do phng trnh (14.4) c vit di dng

97

V F.

p V r0 X 0 . F

(14.9)
Rv

Bin i tng t ta c phng trnh lc vi tc lc khng i: q2 + Cq= Trong : C

Rv r0 .X 0

K 2
;
K 2. p .r0 . X 0

(14.10)

Ly vi phn hai v phng trnh (14.10) theo q ta c:

dq d 4 .q K 2C K

(14.11)

Nhn thy rng p= pb + pv= .r0.X0.W2. + Rv.W 14.2. THIT B LC 14.2.1. Thit b lc khung bn y l loi thit b lc p lc lm vic gin on ngha l nhp liu vo lin tc, nc lc ly ra lin tc nhng b c tho ra theo chu k. Thit b lc khung bn c cu to ch yu l khung v bn. Khung gi vai tr cha b lc v l ni nhp huyn ph vo. Bn to ra b mt lc vi cc rnh dn nc lc.

Hnh 14.2: M hnh cu to thit b lc khung bn

98

Khung v bn thng c ch to c dng hnh vung v phi c s bt kn tt khi ghp khung v bn. Khung v bn c xp lin tip nhau trn gi . Gia khung v bn l vch ngn lc. p cht khung v bn nh c cu ai vt xon nh tay quay. L dn huyn ph nhp liu ca khung v bn c ni lin to thnh ng dn nh ra ghp vi h thng cp liu. Nc lc chy ra t bn qua h thng ng ng v ly ra ngoi. B c gi li trn b mt vch ngn lc v c cha trong khung. Khi b trong khung y th dng qu trnh lc tin hnh ra v tho b.

Hnh 14.3: Cu to khung v bn 14.2.2. Thit b lc thng quay

Hnh 14.4: S h thng thit b lc thng quay

99

Lc chn khng thng quay l thit b lm vic lin tc vi ng lc qu trnh c to ra bng bm chn khng. Thng quay c t trong b cha huyn ph vi nhng su c nh theo mc cht lng khng i. Thng thng ngi ta chia ra 6 khu vc theo chu vi ca thng. Thng quay dng tr, trn thn c l, bn ngoi ph vch ngn lc. Bn trong phn ra 12 ngn ring bit, mi ngn c ng ng ni vi trc rng ti tm thng quay. H thng ng ng cng vi trc rng to thnh ng ht chn khng v dn nc lc. Khu vc lm ro b c h tr c cu bng ti p bt nc lc v nc ra. Tho cn bng nhiu cch: bng dao co, con ln, bng ti hoc kt hp cc loi trn.

Hnh 14.5: Cu to thng quay 14.3. CU HI V BI TP 14.3.1. Cu hi trc nghim 1 My lc kh bng vi lc a. nng sut cao v hiu sut thp b.c hiu sut cao nhng hay hng vi v d b tc nu lm sch kh m c. nng sut cao, d s dng thao tc d. nng sut cao v hiu sut thp 2 My lc khung bn khi hot ng, dung dch

100

a.chy vo khung v ra bn. c. chy vo cc ng rnh. 3 Huyn ph l h c

b.chy vo bn v ra khung. d. chy vo bn

a. pha phn tn l rn, pha lin tc l kh b. pha phn tn l lng khng ha tan, pha lin tc l lng c. pha phn tn l rn pha lin tc l lng d. tt c u sai 4 Nh tng l h c a. pha phn tn l rn, pha lin tc l kh b. pha phn tn l lng khng ha tan, pha lin tc l lng c. pha phn tn l rn pha lin tc l lng d. tt c u sai 5 Khi tng ng lc qu trnh lc i vi b lc chu nn p th a. tng tc lc c. gim thi gian lc b. tng tr lc ca b lc d. tt c u ng

6 Thit b lc khung bn l thit b lc a. p lc v lm vic gin on b. chn khng v lm vic gin on c. p lc v lm vic bn lin tc d. chn khng v lm vic lin tc 7 Thit b lc thng quay l thit b lc a. p lc v lm vic gin on b. chn khng v lm vic gin on c. p lc v lm vic lin tc d. chn khng v lm vic lien tc 8 Lc l g? Phn ring hn hp qua vch ngn Phn ring hn hp qua b mt ngn cch Phn ring hn hp qua vch ngn xp Phn ring hn hp qua li ngn

101

9 ng lc qu trnh lc l a. S chnh lch v m b. S chnh lch v nng c. S chnh lch v p sut d. S chnh lch v khi lng 10 Trong qu trnh lc a. Pha lin tc l nc lc, pha phn tn l b lc b. Pha lin tc l b lc, pha phn tn l nc lc c. Pha lin tc l nc lc, pha phn tn cng l nc lc d. Pha lin tc l b lc, pha phn tn cng l b lc 11 Tng ng lc qu trnh lc bng cch: a. Tng p sut trc vch ngn lc hoc tng p sut sau vch ngn lc b. Gim p sut trc vch ngn lc hoc gim p sut sau vch ngn lc c. Tng p sut trc vch ngn lc hoc gim p sut sau vch ngn lc d. Gim p sut trc vch ngn lc hoc tng p sut sau vch ngn lc 12 Qu trnh gi l lc p lc khi a. Gim p sut trc vch ngn lc bng cch dng bm chn khng b. Tng p sut trc vch ngn lc bng cch dng bm hay my nn c. Gim p sut sau vch ngn lc bng cch dng bm chn khng d. Tng p sut sau vch ngn lc bng cch dng bm hay my nn 13 Qu trnh gi l lc chn khng kh a. Gim p sut trc vch ngn lc bng cch dng bm chn khng b. Tng p sut trc vch ngn lc bng cch dng bm hay my nn c. Gim p sut sau vch ngn lc bng cch dng bm chn khng d. Tng p sut sau vch ngn lc bng cch dng bm hay my nn 14.3.1. Bi tp 1. Mt my nn pittng hai cp. My nn kh etylen t p sut 1at ln 10at. Nhit ban u ca kh etylen l 200C. Nng sut ca my nn l 600m3/h

102

iu kin chun. Hiu sut ca my nn l 0,7. Qu trnh nn l on nhit. Xc nh cng sut tiu hao ca my nn. 2. Mt my nn pittng mt cp c ng knh pittng l 250 mm, qung ng i c ca pittng l 275mm, th tch khong hi bng 5% th tch pittng i c, s vng quay ca my nn l 300vng/pht. My nn khng kh t p sut 1at ln 4at. Nhit ban u ca khng kh l 250C. Hiu sut tng ca my nn l 0,7. Qu trnh nn l on nhit. Xc nh nng sut v cng sut tiu hao ca my nn. 3. Khi lc huyn ph bng my lc th nghim c b mt lc l 900 cm 2 vi p lc l 5,3at th thu c kt qu sau Thi gian k t khi bt u lc, pht 11,7 35,5 Xc nh cc h s lc K v C. 4. Tm vn tc lng ca mnh than ch hnh tr c khi lng ring l 1400 kg/m3 trong nc nhit 200C. ng knh tng ng ca mnh than ch l 2mm 5. Khi lc huyn ph bng my lc th nghim c b mt lc l 900 cm2 vi p lc l 7,0at th thu c kt qu sau: Thi gian k t khi bt u lc, pht 11,3 32,8 Xc nh cc h s lc K v C. 6. Tm vn tc lng ca ht ct hnh cu c khi lng ring l 2580kg/m3 trong nc nhit 350C. ng knh ht l 500 m. 14.4. Thc hnh Dng c v ha cht. H thng lc khung bn. Dung dch cn lc, vi lc. Vn hnh: Kim tra h thng in nc v chun b vn hnh. H thng van kha v m chun b lc Kt qu: Xc nh tc lc theo thi gian. Sau khi lc tnh lng dung dch lc v
103

Th tch cht lc thu c, lt 2,0 3,5

Th tch cht lc thu c, lt 2,1 3,6

lng b thu c. so snh vi lng b v nc cho vo lc u. v th tc lc theo thi gian.

a-bn; b-khung; c-m t dng trong my lc Hnh 14.6. S my lc khung bn

104

Bi 15 KHUY TRN CHT LNG

M s: QTTB 15

Gii thiu Khuy trn trong mi trng lng thng c ng dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip ha cht v thc phm to dung dch huyn ph, nh tng, tng cng qu trnh ha tan, truyn nhit, chuyn khi v qu trnh ha hc Ngi ta c th khuy trn cht lng bng c kh, bng kh nn, bng tit lu hay tun han cht lng. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong mn ny sinh vin c kh nng: M t c bn cht ca phng php khuy trn Vn hnh c thit b khuy trn in hnh trong ha hc

15.1. KHUY TRN BNG C KH 15.1.1. Khi nim Khuy trn cht lng bng c kh ngha l dng cnh khuy Cnh khuy c nhiu loi Cnh khuy mi cho: khuy trn cht lng c nht nh.Thng dng ha tan cht rn, c khi lng ring khng ln lm. Cnh khuy chn vt (chong chng):dng iu ch dung dch huyn ph nh tng. Khng th dng cnh khuy chn vt khuy cht lng c nht cao hoc khuy cht lng trong c cc ht rn c khi lng ring ln. Cnh khuy tuabin: Dng khuy cht lng c nht cao n 5.105cp, iu ch huyn ph mn, ha tan cc cht rn nhanh hoc khuy ng cc ht rn lng cn c nng pha rn n 60% Cnh khuy c bit: Dng trong trng hp khng th dng c cnh khuy mi cho, chong chng, tuabin. Thng dng khuy bn nho hoc khuy cht lng c nht rt cao.

c trng ca qu trnh khuy trn l cng khuy v nng lng tiu hao.
105

Cng khuy trn l cht lng ca kt qu khuy theo thi gian. Cng khuy trn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t v cho n nay vn cha c phng php tnh ton no c th tin cy xc nh cng khuy trn. Theo Prngnpski v niclaep cng khuy trn c th xc nh bng nng lng tiu hao ca mt n v cht lng khuy trn trong mt n v thi gian. Cng khuy trn c c trng bi ch chuyn ng ca cht lng ngha l c trng bi chun s Re. Nu ng dng khuy trn to huyn ph th hiu sut khuy c c trng bi s phn b ng u ca cc pha. Hnh (15.1) m t cnh khuy cha lm vic, cc ht cn nm di y thit b to thnh mt lp c b dy khng i. Hnh (15.2) my khuy lm vic u hon ton, ngha l bt k im no trong cht lng nng pha rn XC u nh nhau, v bng:

Xc
Trong :

100 .V x. x % khi lng V1. 1 Vr r

(15.1)

Vr _ th tch pha rn, m3 V1 _ th tch pha lng, m3

r

_khi lng ring pha rn, kg/m3; khi lng ring pha lng, g/m3.

1_

Hnh 15.1 Cnh khuy mi cho

Hnh 15.2 Chiu chuyn ng ca dng lng

Nu qu trnh khuy trn cha t ti s phn b ng u, th nng x im bt k no c th ln hn hoc nh hn xc (xem hnh 6-2). T s ca hiu s x= x-xc v 100-xc c trng cho s phn b ng u ca pha rn im m ta xt. Th d ta ly m mu c tr s dng
106

( x1 =x1-xc, ( x1= x1 xc,

m 1

x2= x2 xc, x3=x3 xc,, xm=xm xc) x2=x2 xc, x3 =x3 xc,, xn=xn xc)

ng thi c n mu c tr s m phn b u ca qu trnh khuy c th tnh theo cng thc:

x 100 xc m n

x' xc

(15.2)

theo phng trnh th phn b ng u I c gi tr thay i t 0 n 1. nu khuy trn t ti s phn b u hon ton th I=1 15.1.2. Cng sut khuy trn a. Cng sut lm vic Khi my khuy lm vic th nng lng tiu hao dng khc phc ma st ca cnh khuy vi mi trng. Theo Newton, mt vt th chuyn ng trong mi trng, th lc ma st c th tnh theo cng thc sau:

S
Trong :

w2 , [N] 2

(15.3)

_ h s cn(ma st) ph thuc vo ch chuyn ng ca mi trng ; F _ din tch tit din hnh chiu ca vt chuyn ng ln mt phng thng gc vi phng ca tc chuyn ng, m2; w- tc chuyn ng ca vt th trong mi trng, m/s;
1-

khi lng ring ca mi trng, kg/m3. Np=K

3 5 1n d ,

Cng sut lm vic: [W] (15.4) Trong K=3.87 a t K =

M

Np
M 1

n3d 5

(15.5)

Trong : n- s vng quay ca cnh khuy, vng/s;

107

1-

khi lng ring ca mi trng,kg/m3

d- ng knh cnh khuy, m; Np- cng sut lm vic,W;

M-

l hng s tm bng thc nghim, n ph thuc vo hnh dng

M=

cnh khuy, thng khuy v vo chun s ReM f(ReM) Trong ReM chun s Reynolds ca trng hp khuy

Re M

nd 2
(15.6)

n- s vng quay ca cnh khuy, vng/s; d- ng knh cnh khuy,m; - nht ca cht lng, Ns/m2 Do ta c:

Np
M 1

n3d 5

nd 2

hay

A Re m M

A v m l hng s xc nh bng thc nghim. b. Cng sut m my Khi m my nng lng tiu hao dng khc phc lc ca cht lng t trng thi ng yn sang trng thi chuyn ng v khc phc lc ma st vi khng kh 15.2. CU TO CNH KHUY 15.2.1. Loi mi cho Cnh khuy loi mi cho cu to rt n gin, gm c hai tm phng gn cht vo trc thng, trc quay nh b phn truyn ng t ng c. ng knh ca mi cho thng vo khong 0.7 ng knh thit b. Nu s vng quay nh th cht lng s chuyn ng vng trn trn mt phng nm ngang trng vi mt phng ca cnh khuy, v khng c s khuy trn cht lng cc lp khc. Khi khuy trn mnh s xut hin dng chuyn ng ph, khi cht
108

lng chuyn ng xoy. Dng chuyn ng ph ny xut hin do lc li tm gy nn lm cho cht lng vng t tm ca thit b ra ngoi thnh, ng thi p sut tm s gim xung v ht cht lng nm bn trn v bn di cnh khuy. Do trong cht lng xut hin dng tun hon theo mi tn ch ca hnh 15.2. Dng chuyn ng ph lm tng cng ca khuy trn. Cng khuy cng tng khi tng s vng quay, nhng ng thi nng lng tiu hao cng tng. Khi cht lng chuyn ng vng th do tc dng ca lc li tm nn trn b mt ca cht lng c c dng hnh phu (xem hnh 15.2). Chiu su ca phu cng tng khi s vng quay tng. S xut hin phu cht lng s dn ti lm gim th tch s dng ca thit b. Do trong trng hp c th, bng thc nghim ngi ta c th tm s vng quay thch hp cho khuy trn. Nu tng qu s vng quay th nng lng tiu hao s tng ln.

Hnh 15.3 Cnh khuy mi cho hnh khung

tng s khuy trn cht lng thng ngi ta dng cnh khuy mi cho hnh khung (Hnh 15.3), loi mi cho ny c phn y cong tng ng vi bn knh cong ca y thit b. i khi ngi ta gn vo thnh thit b cc tm ngn lm tng s xo trn cht lng. Loi cnh khuy mi cho c u im: cu to n gin d gia cng, thch hp vi cht lng c nht nh. Nhc im: hiu sut khuy thp i vi cht lng nht, khng thch hp vi cc cht lng d phn lp. 15.2.2. Cnh khuy loi chn vt (chong chng)

Hnh 15.4 Cnh khuy chn vit

109

 tng s tun hon cht lng ngi ta thng dng cnh khuy loi chn vt (chong chng) loi ny thng gm ba cnh (hnh 15.4), mi cnh un cong mt gc , gc ny thay i dn t 00 trc n 900 cui cnh. Cnh khuy gn trn trc, s chong chng trn trc c th nhiu t khc nhau ph thuc iu kin khuy trn v chiu su mc cht lng khuy. B mt cnh khuy nghing bn phi, trc quay theo chiu kim ng h, cht lng chuyn ng dc theo trc theo hng t di ln, tun hon nh hnh v (hnh bn phi). Nu cnh khuy nghing bn tri, th trc quay theo chiu ngc kim ng h. ng knh cnh khuy chong chng vo khong 0.250.3 ng knh thit b, s vng quay vo khong 2001500 vng/pht. tng s khuy trn ngi ta lm thm b phn hng cht lng, b phn ny c th l ng hnh tr hay hnh nn ct, trong t cnh khuy. Ngoi ra nu th tch thit b khuy ln ngi ta c th t cnh khuy lch tm hoc nghing mt gc 10200 so vi trc thng ng. Cnh khuy chong chng c u im: cng khuy ln, nng lng tiu hao nh k c khi s vng quay ln, gi thnh h. Nhc im: khi khuy cht lng nht cao th hiu sut thp, th tch cht lng c khuy mnh lit b hn ch. 15.2.3. Cnh khuy tuabin Cnh khuy tuabin lm vic ging nh bm ly lm, ngha l cng c gung quay, ty theo cu to ca gung ngi ta phn ra loi cnh khuy tuabin h hay kn. Cnh khuy tuabin h gung ng c nhng cnh thng (hnh 15.5a) hoc cnh cong (hnh 15.5) lm vic nh cnh khuy mi cho.

Hnh 15.5 Cnh khuy tuabin h

110

Cnh khuy tuabin kn (hnh 15.6) gung ng gm hai hnh vnh khn, c ni vi nhau bng nhng cnh nh, gia hai cnh to thnh rnh. Gung ng thng t trong mt b phn hng cht lng ng yn. Khi cnh khuy tuabin kn lm vic cht lng i vo theo l tm ca gung, chuyn ng theo rnh trong gung, ri ra ngoi theo hng tip tuyn vi cnh gung. Ta thy cht lng chuyn ng t Hnh 15.5 Cnh khuy tuabin kn khi gung vi tc ln. Trong mt n v thi gian lp i lp li nhiu ln nh th lm cho cht lng b khuy mnh lit ton b th tch cht lng trong thng. Loi cnh khuy tuabin ng knh d ph thuc vo ng knh ca thit b D. Nu ng knh D<1.6m, i vi thit b c dung tch nh hn 0.75m3 th d=0.5-0.33D. Khi D>1.6m, i vi thit b dung tch ln hn 0.75m3, th d= 0.25-0.33D. Loi cnh khuy tuabin c u im: hiu sut cao, ha tan nhanh, thun tin cho qu trnh lin tc. Loi ny c nhc im l cu to phc tp, gi thnh t. 15.2.4. Cnh khuy c bit thng khuy Thng khuy gm c mt thng c cnh khuy, trng ging nh lng sc. Loi ny dng to huyn ph nh tng, hoc tng phn ng ha hc gia kh v lng. Thng thng khuy s dng trong trng hp t l ng knh ca thng khuy v ca thit b t
1 4
. .

hng thng ng n hng nm ngang theo bn knh v ra

1 v t s chiu cao mc cht 6

lng vi ng knh thng khuy khng nh hn 10. 15.3. KHUY BNG KH NN Khuy bng kh nn dng khuy cht lng c nht thp. Kh nn thng l khng kh c nn qua mt ng cc l nh. ng ny t tn y thit b. Khng kh chui qua l to thnh nhng bt nh, ri qua lp cht lng
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lm cho cht lng b khuy. khuy c u ngi ta lm ng ng kh thnh vng, hoc xon c, i khi lm mt dy ng thng t song song nhau (hnh 15.7).

Hnh 15.7 Khuy bng kh nn Khi tnh thit b khuy bng kh nn cn phi tnh p sut ca kh, p sut ny dng khc phc tr lc cc b, tr lc do ct cht lng trong thit b v to p sut trong ng. p sut ny c th tnh theo cng thc

H 1g

kk

w2 1 2

po ,

[N/m2]

H chiu cao ct cht lng trong thit b, m:

1, kk

khi lng ring ca cht lng v ca khng kh, kg/m3; 20 40 m/s ;

w tc khng kh trong ng, thng

-tng h s tr lc ma st v tr cc b Trong trng hp chiu di ng ng dn kh khng bit trc th c th coi mt mt p sut trn ng ng bng 20% tr lc ca ct cht lng, v c th tnh theo cng thc: p=1,2h 1g + p0 Lng khng kh tiu hao xc nh theo cng thc thc nghim V=Kfp, [m3/h] f- b mt cht lng yn lng trong thit b trc khi khuy, m2; p0- p sut khng kh, N/m2; K- h s thc nghim, K=2.4 6.0

112

15.4. CU HI 1. Mc ch ca khuy trn l a. tng nhit b. tng khi lng ht c. to s ng u v vt cht v nhit 2. Khuy trn l qu trnh a. cht lng chuyn ng b. cung cp nng lng to dng chy trong thit b c. t cung cp nng lng 3. tng cng khuy trn vi my khuy mi cho, ngi ta phi a. vn tc quay gim xung b. tng vn tc, lm dng hnh khung c.tng ng knh thit b 15.5. Thc hnh Dng c v ha cht. H thng khuy. Dung dch cn khuy v cc cnh khuy dng chn vt v mi cho. Vn hnh: Kim tra h thng in nc v chun b vn hnh. Kt qu: Xc nh nng ca dung dch khi khuy bng cnh khuy dng mi cho v chn vi khi cho khuy thn cng mt dung dch. So snh cng sut ca hai lai trong cng tc quay. So snh trong hai trng hp c tm chn v khng c tm chn.

Hnh 15.8 Khuy bng cnh chn vt

113

Bi 16 P NGHIN SNG VT RN

M s: QTTB 16

Gii thiu Vn tc phn ng, vn tc ha tan vt rn vo trong lng, hiu sut v cng ca nhiu qu trnh ha hc .u ph thuc vo kch thc v b mt ring ca ht. V vy trong cng nghip ha cht v thc phm ngi ta thng tin hnh qu trnh p-nghin sng t c nguyn liu c kch thc ht mong mun. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc sinh c kh nng. M t bn cht qu trnh p nghin, sng. M t nguyn l vn hnh ca thit b p nghin, sng. Vn hnh c thit b in hnh.

16.1. P NGHIN 16.1.1. Khi nim c bn p nghin l qu trnh tc dng c hc lm cho kch thc ca vt rn nh li, tng b mt ring ca n. Qu trnh p nghin c p dng rng ri trong cc ngnh ho hc v thc phm lm tng qu trnh ho tan, qu trnh ho hc, qu trnh chy to sn phm ng nht v.v Th d trong sn xut xi mng, c lanh ke t l nung ra phi cho vo nghin. Qu trnh p nghin c trng bng nghin i l t s gia ng knh D ca vt liu trc khi nghin vi ng knh d ca ht sau khi nghin.

D d

(16.1)

Nhng thng kch thc ca vt liu khng c hnh dng xc nh, v vy kch thc ca ht c tnh bng kch thc l sng khi phn loi vt liu nghin. Ty theo kch thc ca ht trc v sau khi nghin m ngi ta phn loi cc my nghin ra lm my nghin th, trung bnh, nh, mn v my nghin keo.
114

Bng 16.1. Bng phn loi my nghin Dng my nghin Nghin th Nghin trung bnh Nghin nh Nghin mn Nghin keo D (mm) 1500 250 25 10 12 150 40 3 1 0,1 1 0,075 d (mm) 250 40 6 40 6 1 0,075 1.10-4 3 4 5 i 5 5 6

n 100 n 1000

Khi nghin th v trung bnh thng nghin kh, cn nghin nh v mn th c th nghin kh hay nghin t t to thnh bi trong qu trnh nghin v kch thc ca ht sau khi nghin ng u hn, d dng ly sn phm ra hn. Ngi ta c th tin hnh nghin theo cc phng thc sau y: 1 Chn p ; 2- ch st ;3 p; 4-b (xem hnh 16.1)

Hnh 16.1 Tc dng p nghin gia hai b mt La chn phng thc no tu thuc to nh v cng ca vt liu. Theo gii hn bn ca vt liu (tnh bng MN/m2) ngi ta phn vt liu ra cc loi: Loi cng, gii hn bn bng 750 ( iabaz) Loi trung bnh, gii hn bn bng 10 50 ( vi, than ) Loi mm, gii hn bn 10 (t st)

Trn thc t ngi ta dng phng thc tng hp cc loi phng thc trn, th d: va chn p, va p hoc va ch st va p v.v ty theo tnh cht ca vt liu.
115

Bng 16.2 Tng hp cc loi my nghin th

Bng 16.3. Bng phn loi phng php nghin Vt liu nghin Cng v dn Cng do Phng php nghin chn p, p chn p
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Vt liu nghin Dn, cng trung bnh Do, cng trung bnh 16.1.2. C s vt l v p nghin

Phng php nghin p, ch st ch st, p

Trong qu trnh p nghin phi tiu tn cng bn ngoi to thnh cc b mt mi, khc phc lc ma st bn trong ca vt th, khc phc lc ma st bn ngoi gia vt liu nghin v b phn lm vic ca my. xc nh cng tiu tn trong qu trnh p nghin ngi ta da trn hai gi thuyt. Gi thuyt b mt: Cng tiu tn trong qu trnh nghin t l vi b mt mi c to thnh sau khi nghin. Th d: ta c cc vt liu hnh hp mi cnh l D cm, khi nghin vt liu b v theo tt c cc b mt song song vi cc mt cnh. Gi nghin l i th s b mt mi c to thnh bng 3 (i 1) v tng s din tch b mt mi c to thnh bng: F=3 (i 1). D2. cm2 (16.2) to thnh 1cm b mt mi phi tiu tn mt cng mt cng l a(J/cm2) khi cng tiu tn cho qu trnh p nghin xc nh theo cng thc: A=3aD2 (i 1) J Trng hp nghin rt ln th (i 1) tn nghin t l thun vi nghin. Trn thc t vt em nghin khng phi l hnh hp m c hnh dng bt k khng xc nh, cho nn ta phi tnh thm h s iu chnh K, h s ny ph thuc vo tnh cht vt l ca vt liu v vo phng php nghin. A=3aKD2 (i 1) J (16.4) Gi thit rng sau khi nghin cc vt liu c cc cnh l d cm, nghin th cng tiu tn nghin 1cm3 vt liu s bng:
A 3aKD 2 ( D 1 1) 3 d D 3aK ( 1 d 1 2 ) J/cm D

(16. 3) i khi c th coi cng tiu

(16. 5)

Nu khi lng ring ca cc vt liu l p, kg/cm3 th cng tiu tn nghin 1 kg vt liu l:

117

aK p

1 d

1 J / kg D

(16.6)

Trong K l h s iu chnh tm bng thc nghim, thng K=1,2 1,7. Cng tiu tn to thnh 1cm2 b mt mi, cng tm bng thc nghim. Gi thuyt th tch: Cng cn thit p nghin t l vi s bin i th tch ca vt liu, cch xc nh ging nh cng n hi ca vt liu, xc nh theo nh lut Hc.

V 2E
2

N .cm

(16.7)

y: ng xut ph v vt liu khi bin dng, N/cm2. V-hiu s th tch vt liu trc v sau khi nghin, cm3 E M-un n hi ca vt liu, N/cm2. Phng trnh (16.7) ch s dng trong trng hp ng xut ca vt liu khng ln hn gii hn n hi ca n, nhng khi p nghin vt liu khng nhng ng xut ca n ln hn gii hn n hi m cn ln hn c gii hn bn do phng trnh (16.7) p dng khng c chnh xc na. Theo gi thuyt th tch cng cn thit p nghin t l vi th tch ca vt th. Do nu nghin hai vt th ng dng, v kch thc hnh hc c th tch V1 v V2 th ta c:

A1 A2

V1 V2

(16.8)

Mt khc cng c th tnh bng lc tc dng p nhn vi t l chiu di l ca vt liu: A=P.a.l (a h s t l). Th tch vt th cng t l vi kch thc hnh hc V=C.l3 (C l h s t l).

A1 A2
P1 P2

P1b.I 1 P 2b.I 2
I2 1 2 I2

3 C.I 1 3 C.I 2

(16.9)

Phng trnh (16-8a) cho ta thy lc tc dng p nghin t l bc hai vi chiu di hay t l vi b mt ca vt th, cn cng p nghin th t l
118

vi th tch. Ta thy rng hai gi thuyt trn cha phn nh ng hon ton cho tt c cc trng hp, thuyt b mt ch ng cho nghin nh hay nghin mn cn thuyt th tch ch ng cho nghin th v nghin trung bnh, c hai thuyt ch gn ng vi thc t v h tr cho nhau. Theo ngh ca Rbine th cng p nghin trong trng hp chung th bng tng s cng tnh theo hai gi thuyt trn. A= . F I. V (16.10) l nng lng tiu hao ring (nng lng S hng u bn v phi ca phng trnh ny l nng lng tiu hao to thnh b mt mi trong tiu hao i vi mt n v b mt vt th). F b mt mi c to thnh. S hng th hai l nng lng tiu hao vt th bin dng, bng cng bin dng n hi I trn mt n v th tch ca vt th nhn vi th tch b n hi V. Phng trnh (16.10) l biu thc ton hc ca nh lut bo ton nng lng. Theo nh lut ny trong qu trnh p nghin nng lng c chuyn t dng ny sang dng khc. Ngha l trc khi ph v, vt liu c mt th nng, di tc dng ca lc bn ngoi vt th dng bin dng n hi, sau khi b ph v th th nng bin thnh ng nng ng thi nng lng bin dng bin thnh nhit nng v ta ra mi trng bn ngoi. Khi nghin th, b mt mi c to thnh nh, v cc vt liu ln nn i lng I. V ln hn i lng F do nng lng tiu hao p F nghin gn nh t l vi th tch vt th. Khi nghin mn b mt mi c to thnh rt ln, nn i lng ln hn i lng I V rt nhiu, do nng lng tiu hao p nghin gn nh t l vi b mt mi c to thnh. Gi thuyt ca Rbine ph hp vi thc nghim hn. 16.1.3. Cu to my p nghin Khi cu to cc loi my nghin phi tha mn cc yu cu sau y: Kch thc ca ht sau khi nghin phi ng u; Khi nghin xong ht phi c mang ra ngay khi my nghin. t to thnh bi; C th t ng ha v lin tc np liu c; C th iu chnh c nghin;
119

C th thay th mt cch nh nhng v nhanh chng cc b phn hng; Nng lng tiu hao ring (tiu hao trn mt n v thnh phm) phi nh; Khi lng my phi nh. My nghin th My nghin trung bnh v nh My nghin mn v nghin keo. My p m Trong my p m vt liu a vo my b chn p mt cch chu k bi

Hin nay ngi ta phn loi my nghin ra lm cc loi sau y:

a. My nghin th

hai m nn v ra, ri xung pha di ri ra ngoi. S tc ng qua li ca m chuyn ng c th theo cc phng thc sau. (hnh 16.2)

Hnh 16.2 S chuyn ng ca m p M chuyn ng c trc treo bn trn (hnh 16.2 a) M chuyn ng trc treo bn di (hnh 16.2b) M chuyn ng ng u (hnh 16.2c).

S my p m c trc treo bn trn din t trn hnh 16.3. Cu to ca n gm m khng chuyn ng c lp tm 1, lm bng cc vt liu chng bo mn, tm 3 lp trn m chuyn ng 2, trc treo ca m chuyn ng 4. M dao ng qua li nh c tay bin lp trn trc lch tm 5, tay bin 6 ni vi m chuyn ng bng thanh truyn 7. Thanh ko 8 v l so 9 gi cho m 2 lun c xu hng m. c 10 dng iu chnh nghin.
120

Hnh 16.3 S c cu tay bin my m p My p m c u im l: Cu to n gin v chc chn; Phm vi s dng rng ri (thng dng p vt liu c cc ln v cng cao); Lm vic chc chn; Thao tc nh nhng. Nhc im: Tc dng c chu k vt liu; Vt liu cho vo my khng u nn dn n s va p v rung ng v vy my phi lp trn b nng.

My nghin hnh nn ct

1. nn rng; 2.nn c; 3.trc; 4. trc; 5.cc lch tm; 6.tm lt Hnh 16.4 S my nghin hnh nn ct
121

Trong my nghin hnh nn ct vt liu nghin lin tc b chn p v b gy bi hnh nn t quay lch tm trong thn cng hnh nn (hnh 16.5), b mt ca hai hnh nn ny lm nhn hay nhm ty theo tnh cht ca vt liu nghin. Vt liu nghin a vo khong khng gian gia hai hnh nn (khng gian hnh phu) Vt liu b nghin gia b mt trong ca hnh nn ngoi v b mt ngoi ca hnh nn trong. Nn trong quay nh con lc hnh nn, nghin cc cc vt liu nh bng p lc (p), cn nghin cc cc vt liu ln bng va p va b gy. Nh s dng lc b gy m nng lng tiu hao gim, l u im ca loi my ny, mt khc loi my nghin ny sn phm t c cc ht kch thc nh v t to thnh bi. S my nghin hnh nn ct biu din hnh (16.4). Cu to gm hnh nn c 2 t lch tm trong hnh nn rng 1, trc 3 treo trn mt trn 4, ny gn cht vi thn hnh nn. Nng trc ln hay th xung nh c mt ci cu iu chnh khe tho ca my. u di ca trc t t do trong cc lch tm 5. Cc quay nh b truyn ng bnh rng hnh nn. So snh vi my p m, my nghin hnh nn c cc u im sau: Nng sut ln do nghin lin tc vt liu v va chn p va b gy; Nng lng tiu hao nh Lm vic iu ho do my khng cn phi c bnh v b iu chnh Np liu d dng Nhc im: Cu to phc tp iu chnh chiu rng khe h kh khn Khng nghin c vt liu do Thao tc kh khn My nghin trc: My nghin trc gm c hai trc hnh tr t song song v quay tri chiu nhau. Vt liu b nghin ch yu do lc chn p. Cu to ca my nghin trc gm c hai trc 1 v 2 (hnh 16.5). Trc 1 lp trn trc c th di ng c. Trc 2 lp trn trc c nh. Trc 1 b gi
122

b. My nghin trung bnh v nh

 v tr c nh, do h thng l xo 3. Vt liu nghin a t trn xung gia hai trc, do s ma st vt liu b ko vo khe h gia hai trc v b p li, sau khi nghin vt liu ri xung di v c a ra ngoi.

1,2. trc quay; 3. l xo Hnh 16.5 My nghin trc Nu cc vt liu to hay cng qu, l xo b nn li, khe h gia hai trc rng ra. Cc vt liu s ri xung di, sau l xo y trc v v tr c. Trn b mt trc lm nhn hay nhm, nu nghin vt liu dn, c cng trung bnh th ngi ta lm trc c rng, nghin ca my ny vo khong i=10 15. My nghin trc thng nghin vi, than , cc mui, phn, sa mt v cc vt liu c cng trung bnh hoc nh. u im: Cu to n gin, chc chn Lm vic tin cy c Nhc im: Vt liu sau khi nghin thnh cc cc dt (i vi my nghin trc nhn); Khng thch hp khi nghin cc vt liu c cng cao. My nghin qu ln My nghin qu ln gm c a 1, trn a c 2 hoc 3 qu ln 2. Qu ln t quay xung quanh trc ca n do ma st ca qu ln vi a, (hnh 16.6). Vt liu nghin c a vo a. Loi ny c th c hai loi
123

1. a; 2.qu ln Hnh 16.6 My nghin qu ln Loi qu ln quay, a ng yn - Loi a quay, qu ln ng yn Loi th nht qu ln quay xung quanh trc thng ng nn gy ra lc ly tm ln, lm gim lc ly tm ngi ta phi gim s vng quay, lm cho nng sut gim. Loi th hai cho php s vng quay ln, nng sut cao hn. So snh hai loi trn ta thy lai a quay c u im: Lp rp qu ln n gin v chc chn hn Tho vt liu nh nhng hn Khng c lc ly tm do qu ln quay My nghin ba My nghin ba dng nghin s b v nghin nh ln cui cng cc vt liu c m khng qu 15%. Cu to ca n gm c v my 1 bng gang hay thp (hnh 16.7). Trn trc nm ngang 5 c gn a 2, trn a gn cc ba 3, ba c th lp cng hoc lp ng, ba thng lm bng thp cng. Vt liu a vo my qua ca 4. Khi trc quay, ba dang thng v p
124

mnh vo vt liu lm cho n v nh ra. Vt liu sau khi nghin tho qua sng 6, sng ny c th iu chnh c l to nh iu chnh nghin. Nu nghin mn th khng tho vt liu qua sng m dng qut ht.

1. v my; 2. a quay; 3.ba; 4. ca vt liu vo; 5.trc quay; 6.li Hnh 16.7. My nghin ba Khi nghin mn, vt liu b nghin khng nhng do va p ca ba m cn do s ma st ca ht vi nhau cng nh ma st vi thn my. My nghin ba thng c s vng quay ca trc khong 500 800vg/ph i vi my nghin th, nghin mn khong 1000 1500vg/ph. nghin t 10 th v 20 40 i vi nghin mn. Nng sut my nghin ba c th tnh theo cng thc: 15 i vi nghin

KD 2 Ln 2 , tn/h 3600 .(i 1)

D ng knh a (rto), m; L chiu di rto, m; N s vng quay ca rto trong mt pht i nghin K h s thc nghim ph thuc vo cu to my nghin v cng ca vt liu (thng K=4,0 6,2) Cng sut tiu hao ca my nghin ba: N=(0,1 + 0,15) i Q, kW
125

My say (zintegrato)

Hnh 16.9 My nghin a Hnh16.8 My say 1,2 a; 3,4. trc; 3,6. bng ai; 7.thanh; 8.phu np niu Cu to ca n gm hai a 1 v 2 (hnh 16.8) c gn trn hai trc 3 v 4, trn trc c gn bnh ai 5 v 6 ni vi m t truyn ng bng dy ai. Trc quay tri chiu nhau. Trn a lp cc thanh 7, cc thanh b tr theo dy hnh trn, mi dy thanh ca a ny cch dy ca a kia mt khe h. Vt liu cho vo phu 8, khi a quay vt liu b cc thanh p nh. Sau khi nghin, vt liu ri xung phu 9 ri c a ra ngoi. Tc quay ca a khong 200 1200vng/pht. Nng sut dao ng 0,5 20 tn/h Loi my ny c u im: Cu to n gin, gn Nng sut v nghin cao Lm vic chc chn, tin tng Nhc im: Cc chi tit my b bo mn nhanh Nhiu bi
126

Tiu hao nng lng ln. My nghin a

My nghin a dng nghin nh cc loi ht, cc loi kh du v.v... trong k thut thc phm. Cu to ca n gm c a 1 khng chuyn ng, a 2 quay nh gn vo mt ci trc nm ngang 3. a 2 c th iu chnh qua li c nh c b phn iu chnh (hnh v khng ch) nh ngi ta c th iu chnh c nghin (hnh 16.9) Tc vng ca a vo khong 7 8 m/s khi nghin cc loi ht. c. My nghin mn Trong my nghin mn vt liu b nghin do ch st hay va p va ch st. Loi ph bin thng c dng rng ri l loi thng quay, trong thng t cc bi hnh cu hay hnh tr hoc nhng thanh di. My nghin bi: Cu to ca my nghin bi gm c mt ci thng bn trong cha mt phn bi bng kim loi hoc bng s. Khi thng quay, cc vin bi do ma st vi thnh my nn n b nng ln mt an theo hng quay, khi gc nng ln hn gc ri t nhin th b trt xung pha di. Nu nng tc quay th lc ly tm tng v gc nng cng tng, khi lc trng lng ln hn lc ly tm th s ri xung di theo ng parabol (hnh 16.10). Tip tc tng quay, lc ly tm rt ln so vi lc trng lng, bi b quay trn theo my, vt liu khng c nghin na. Do cn xc nh tc lm vic thch hp bi c chiu cao ri v tc ri ln nht. My nghin bi c th phn loi nh sau: Phn loi theo cu to ca thng c cc loi hnh tr, hnh nn ct Phn loi theo phng php tho sn phm, c loi tho qua trc rng, tho qua sng chn ngang thng, tho qua sng hnh tr v loi my nghin km theo thit b phn loi t ring bit bn ngoi.

Hnh 16.10 biu din my nghin bi hnh nn ct. N gm hai hnh nn ct gn vo hai u ca thn hnh tr ngn. Cu to nh th c li l: Vn tc vng ca thng my gim dn t thn hnh tr n ca tho vt liu, theo hng gc nng ca bi cng c gim dn, ng nng ca chng cng gim. Kch thc ca vt liu nghin cng gim dn do nng lng tiu tn gim dn xung.

127

Hnh 16.10. My nghin bi Trong my nghin hnh nn, bi c kch thc ln nht c xp thn hnh tr, kch thc bi gim dn n ca tho vt liu. d dng tho vt liu ngi ta t my nghin nghing i mt gc. Loi my nghin ny c th nghin kh hoc nghin t. Khi nghin kh my lm vic trong mt chu trnh kn. Khi nghin t qu trnh tho vt liu tin hnh theo nguyn tc gn. My nghin thanh My nghin thanh gm c mt ci thng ngn, trong cha cc thanh, ng knh khong 40=100mm. Vi s vng quay khng ln lm (12 30 vng/pht) thanh khng b nng ln v rt xung m ch xoay chung quanh n, do vt liu s b nghin. y vt liu nghin tip xc vi thanh theo ng thng ch khng phi theo tng im ring bit nh nghin bi, do trong my nghin thanh cc ht vt liu to bo v cc ht vt liu nh nn kch thc ca cc ht sn phm ng u hn. Loi my nghin ny thng nghin t. My nghin rung Trn hnh 16.11 l s my nghin rung. Cu to ca n gm thn hnh tr hoc hnh mng 3 trong c trc khng cn bng nm ngang 4, trn trc c b phn chng cn bng 5, t lch tm so vi trc quay. Thn my t trn b g bng hay b lp ng bi h thng l xo 7, bi v vt liu cha khong 80 90% th tch my. Trc ni vi mt 1 qua trc n hi 2.

128

1.ng c; 2.trc n hi; 3.thn thng; 4.trc khng cn bng; 5. b phn chng cn bng; 6. bi; 7. l xo Hnh 16.11 My nghin rung Khi trc quay thn my nhn c mt chn ng vng, thnh my truyn cho vt nghin mt xung ng lin tc, do bi v vt liu chuyn ng phc tp trong my. Khi tn s chn ng nh th bi v vt liu em nghin ch chuyn dch trong mt gii hn nht nh. Khi tng tn s ln n mt gi tr gii hn, vt nghin v bi chuyn ng rt phc tp nh tung ln cao, quay, va p v phn chung quanh tm ca thn my, do vt liu nghin s trng thi mi, d ph v. Trong my nghin rung, nng lng tiu hao khi nghin phn ln bin thnh nhit nng, do nhit my nghin tng cao, mt vi loi vt liu mang nghin khng cho php v vy cn phi lin tc lm ngui my bng nc v ngoi ca my. My nghin rung c th nghin kh hoc nghin t, nu nghin t th th tch bi v vt liu nghin khng qu 0,25 th tch my. Ngoi ra, my nghin c th lm vic theo phng thc lin tc hay gin on. ng knh vt liu nghin cho vo my khng ln hn 1 ca trc, dao ng khong 1000 ln hn 2 4mm 16.2. PHN LOI VT LIU 16.2.1. c trng ca vt liu ri Ht vt liu ri c c trng bng kch thc v khi lng ring ca chng. Vi cc ht hnh cu hay hnh khi th vic xc nh kch thc v hnh dng tng i d dng, nhng i vi ht bt k (nh ct, mnh mica,) th
129

2mm, ng knh ht sau khi

nghin n 60 . Tn s dao ng ca my nghin rung bng s vng quay 3000vng/pht, bin giao ng khng

kch thc v hnh dng khng r rang v ch c xc nh mt cch tng i. Hnh dng ht c biu din bng i lng gi l tha s hnh dng c lp vi kch thc ht. Tha s hnh dng lin h n kch thc nh ngha chnh ca ht gi l ng knh tng ng. i vi ht hnh khi c chiu di cnh chnh l ng knh tng ng, i vi ht hnh cu c ng knh chnh l ng knh tng ng. Bng 16.4. Bng tha s hnh dng mt s vt liu S th t 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vt liu Hnh cu, hnh khi, hnh tr ngn (L=D) Ct trn Bi than Ct c gc cnh Thy tinh nghin Vy mica 1 1,2 1,4 1,5 1,5 3,6

Theo qui c, ng knh ht c biu din theo cc n v khc nhau ty thuc vo c ht. Vi ht th l cm. Vi ht mn l kch thc ry. i vi ht rt mn theo micron hoc milimicron. i vi ht siu mn thng c biu din theo din tch b mt cho mt n v khi lng ht, m2/g.

Ry c lm bng cc si an v c tiu chun ha, thng dng t mesh ch s l trn chiu di l 1inch. V d ry 10mesh ngha l s c 10 l trn chiu di 1inch v ng knh l ry s bng 0,1inch tr i ng knh si an. S mesh ch l kch thc danh ngha ca mt ry, n khng cho bit kch thc tht ca l ry nu khng bit ng knh si an ca nh sn xut. H ry chun mt chui cc ry k tip nhau c kch thc l ry l cp s nhn vi h s l

2 . Nu mun c kch thc ry gn hn th ta them

130

vo gia cc ry chun trn cc ry sao cho kch thc l ry to thnh cp s nhn c h s l

4

2.

16.2.2. Phn loi vt liu ri Qu trnh phn ring cc ht rn hay vt liu ri c kch thc gn ging nhau c da trn c s s khc nhau v kch thc, khi lng ring hay tnh cht vt l khc ca vt liu nh tnh dn in, mu sc,. Cc qu trnh phn ring thng c thc hin theo mt s phng php sau: Phn ring da trn s khc nhau v kch thc ca vt liu: Phng php sng: i vi cc ht c Dh 1mm. Phng php sng: i vi cc ht c Dh < 1mm. Phng php thy lc: cc ht c kch thc ht khc nhau b phn loi nh c tc ri khc nhau trong mi trng (nc hoc khng kh). Phng php phn loi bng kh ng. Phng php tuyn ni. Phng php sng thng c p dng rng ri nht, n c th phn loi cc ht c ng knh t 250 1mm. Cn phng php thy lc th cc ht phn ring khng ln hn 2mm. 16.2.3. Khi nim v sng sng cc vt liu ngi ta thng dng sng bng cc tm li kim loi hay nhng tm kim loi c l trn hoc vung. Ngi ta thng k hiu mt sng theo cc s, ch s thng ch chiu di cnh ca l, biu din bng mm. Th d mt sng No.5 l mt sng c l hnh vung mi cnh l 5mm. phn loi cc ht c kch thc khc nhau c th dng h thng mt sng, kch thc l ca cc mt sng ny nh dn t mt sng trn xung mt sng di, t l l sng trn vi l sng di c mt gi tr khng i v gi l mun.

Phn ring da trn s khc nhau v khi lng ring ca vt liu: -

Phn ring theo tnh dn in.

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Hnh 16.12. C cu sng Cht lng ca qu trnh sng c biu din bi hiu sut sng. vt liu n sng gm cc ht kch thc khc nhau, n gm cc ht c kch thc c th lt qua sng v cc ht khng th lt qua sng. Sau khi sng thu c sn phm nm di sng gm cc ht lt qua li, v sn phm nm trn sng gm cc ht khng th lt qua mt sng. Thc t khi sng khng phi cc ht c kch thc nh hn l sng u lt qua, nn lng ht di sng bao gi cng nh hn lng ht c kch thc lt qua mt sng. 16.2.4. Hiu sut sng Lng ht lt qua sng vi lng ht c th lt qua sn ta gi l hiu sut sng tnh bng phn trm M khi lng vt liu ban u cho vo sng, kg M1 Khi lng sn phm di sng, kg a khi lng ht c th lt qua sng lc ban u, % Hiu sut sng c th tnh theo cng thc:

E 100

M1 % M .a

Ty thuc kiu v cu to sng, hiu sut thng thay i trong khong 60 75%, ti a 90%. Nhng yu t nh hng n hiu sut sng: Hnh dng v kch thc l sng, hnh dng vt liu sng Chiu dy lp vt liu trn sng m vt liu Vn tc v c trng chuyn ng trn sng
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16.2.5. Cu to sng Ngi ta c th phn loi sng theo cc cch sau y: Theo cch lm vic, chia ra loi sng ng yn v loi sng chuyn ng Theo hnh dng ca li, chia ra loi hnh phng, loi hnh thng Theo l li, chia ra loi rnh v loi l.

a. Sng ng yn Thc t t dng v nng sut thp, cu to gm tm thp c cc rnh t dc mt gc 20 25%. Vt liu c vo li trn sng, cc cc nh i qua l xung di cn cc to trt theo mt sng i ra mt pha. u im ca loi sng ny l r, cu to v vn hnh n gin. b. Sng chuyn ng C loi a, loi trc ln, loi thng, loi xch - Sng a: Hnh 16.13 m t loi sng a sng cc cc vt liu tng i ln. Sng gm mt dy a 1 lp trn trc nm ngang 2, sao cho gia cc a to thnh khe h cc cc vt liu i qua khi a quay. Kch thc ca cc cc vt liu lt qua sn tng ng vi khong cch gia cc a,

1. a; 2.trc; 3.phu tho sn phm; 4. mng dn sn phm trn sng Hnh 16.13 Sng a - Sng xch: Dng phn chia mt lng ln cc vt liu c kch thc ln, ch yu dng trong khai thc qung. Cu to gm nhiu xch chuyn

133

ng theo trc ln. Vt liu i vo khe h gia cc mt xch. Nhng cc ln khng i qua khe h v c a v u sng. - Sng hnh thng c kiu hnh tr t lch mt gc 2 9o, c kiu hnh nn., trong vt liu chuyn ng theo dc ca hnh nn, c kiu hnh lng tr su hay tm cnh. Sng ny c th lp li c l khc nhau v lp theo hai cch: Cch th nht lp ni tip theo chiu di ca phng, u thng t li c l b nht, cui thng lp li c l ln nht. Cch th hai lp ng tm, vt liu i vo thng trong cng c l ln nht, sau khi qua l vt liu i vo sng ng tm c ng knh ln hn, ngn hn v l nh hn, c tip tc nh th ra n ngoi. Hnh 16.15 m t sng hnh thng lp ni tip. Sng hnh thng c nhc im l l phn loi vt liu km hn loi sng rung hay sng lc nn n khng dng phn loi ht nh, ngoi ra n cn c nhc im l khng s dng ht b mt sng, nng, n o v to nhiu bi.

Hnh 16.14 Sng hnh thng Sng lc: l loi rt ph bin, cu to ca n gm c mt hp ch nht trong lp li l. Sng chuyn ng giao ng nh bnh xe lch hay c cu cam. Sng t nghing mt gc khong t 7 14o. Hnh 16.16 m sng lc phng, hp sng 1 c lp li, hp t trn bn hay su thanh n hi 3, sng chuyn ng nh c cu lch tm 4 v tay bin 5. S vng quay trong mt pht ca sng ny vo khong 300 500. Sng c th lm vic theo phng php kh hay t. u im: nng sut cao so vi sng hnh thng, chc chn, s dng v lp ghp d dng, vt liu t b p nh. Nhc im: cu to khng cn bng nn lm rung chuyn nn nh v

134

th loi sng ny khng t cc tng trn.

1. hp sng; 2. li; 3.thanh n hi; 4. c cu lch tm; 5. tay bin Hnh 16.16. Sng lc Sng rung: l loi sng dn dn c thay th cho sng hnh thng. sng c th lp phng hay nghing i mt gc, Sng rung nh c cu c bit. S ln rung ca sng khong 900 1500 trong 1 pht (i khi n 3600), bin giao ng khong 0,5 13mm. Do khng b gi cng hon ton hay mt phn cc b phn ca sng, nn s dao ng cc im trn b mt sng khng ng nht v ph thuc vo tc gc ca trc, vo s n hi ca l xo, vo s chuyn ng ca sng v vt liu v.v...

1.hp sng; 2.li; 3.l so; 4 trc; 5.bnh ; 6.b phn chng cn bng

Hnh 16.17.Sng rung Hnh 16.17 m t s sng rung. Hp sng 1 v li 2 t trn h

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thng l xo 3, trc 4 quay trong cc bi, trn trc c lp hai bnh 5 c mang b phn chng cn bng 6. Khi bnh ai quay gy ra lc ly tm, di tc ng ca lc hp sng b rung ng. i vi sng rung yu phi cung cp u vt liu. 16.2.6. Thit b phn ring in t tch cc vt liu bng thp, gang ln vo trong vt liu nghin c th gy hng my, ngi ta dng mt thit b phn ring in t thit b ny t u bng ti vt liu. Thit b ny l mt ci thng bng ng thau trong t lch tm mt nam chm in c nh, dng dng in mt chiu i qua c trc ca chng. Khi quay, b mt sng st cc ca nam chm in, st vn trong vng t trng mnh s b gi li trn b mt thng, vt liu khng c t tnh ri xung thng cha. Khi phn b mt ca thng ra khi tc dng ca in t nhng cc st khng b ht na nn ri xung di bn ngoi thng cha v c ly ra ngoi. 16.3. Thc hnh Thit b v ha cht. Thit b nghin bi v nghin ba. Go cha qua nghin. Vn hnh: Cho go vo mi lai my nghin vi mt lng nh nhau. Nghin trong thi gian sau em qua my ry phn lai. Kt qu: Xc nh khi lng thu c ca tng lai my nghin v so snh.

Hnh 16.18 My nghin ba v nghin bi

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16.4. CU HI TRC NGHIM P NGHIN 1 Qu trnh nghin l phn ring hn hp ht nh a. kh ng b. lc c hc c. lc ly tm d. lc ma st 2 Qu trnh nghin l qu trnh a. phn ring h khng ng nht c. thay i hnh dng ht 3 Mc ch qu trnh p nghin a. phn loi hn hp khi ht c. tng b mt ring s nghin bng a. D/d b. (D d) c. b. gim b mt ring d. d vn chuyn, lm vic. b. gim ng knh ht d. gim kch thc ht

4 D kch thc ht trc khi nghin, d kch thc ht sau khi nghin. T

1 d

1 D

d.

1 d

1 D

5 Nu mc nghin i=70; D=1mm, thuc loi qu trnh a. nghin th c. nghin mn a. nghin th c. nghin mn 7 My nghin my p c a. mt m c nh, hai m chuyn ng b. hai m c nh, mt m chuyn ng c. mt m c nh, mt m chuyn ng d. hai m c nh, hai m chuyn ng 8 Trong mt chu k lm vic my nghin m p thc hin 2 qu trnh a. nhp liu tho liu c. nhp liu nghin. b. nhp v tho liu nghin d. tho liu nghin b. nghn trung bnh d. nghin nh b. nghn trung bnh d. nghin keo

6 Nu mc nghin i=200; D=1mm, thuc loi qu trnh

9 Nhc im chnh ca my nghin m p a. khng lm c vi vt liu cng cao b. lm vic vi vt liu kch thc nh

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c. s rung ng mnh d. cu to phc tp 10 B phn lp trn trc lch tm ca my nghin m p l a. tay bin c. m c nh 11 Vai tr trc lch tm a. truyn ng t ng c n m chuyn ng b. bin t chuyn ng trn sang chuyn ng ln-xung c. bin t chuyn ng ln xung sang chuyn ng trn d. thay i khong cch gia m c nh v my chuyn ng 12 Chn cu pht biu sai: a. my nghin ba thc hin c qu trnh nghin th b. my nghin ba thc hin c qu trnh nghin trung bnh c. my nghin ba thc hin c qu trnh nghin mn d. my nghin ba iu chnh c kch thc sn phm 13 iu no sau y l nhc im chnh ca my nghin ba a. Cu to phc tp c. nng sut thp b. nhiu bi d. khng tin hnh nghin t c b. thanh truyn d. m chuyn ng

14 Qu trnh nghin trong my nghin ba l do a. s va p v ch st ca cc ba nghin vi nhau b. s va p v ch st vi thn my c. s quay ca ba d. s ma st ca cc ht SNG RY 1 Qu trnh sng l phn ring hn hp ht nh a. khng kh c. lc ly tm b. lc c hc d. lc trng trng

2 Qu trnh sng da phn ring trn s khc nhau v a. kch thc v khi lng ring b. kch thc v hnh dng c. hnh dng v khi lng ring d. lc ht tri t

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3 Theo hot ng sng c chia lm: a. sng ng yn v sng chuyn ng b. sng hnh thng v hnh phng c. sng dng rnh v dng l d. sng lc v sng rung 4 Theo l li sng c chia lm: a. sng ng yn v sng chuyn ng b. sng hnh thng v hnh phng c. sng dng rnh v dng l d. sng lc v sng rung 5 Theo hnh dng li sng c chia lm: a. sng ng yn v sng chuyn ng b. sng hnh thng v hnh phng c. sng dng rnh v dng l d. sng lc v sng rung 6 Yu t no khng lm nh hng n hiu sut qu trnh sng a. kch thc ht c. m ht a. lc n hi ca l xo b. khi lng ht d. hnh dng ht b. trng lc hp sng d. lc quay ca trc

7 Sng rung thc hin c qu trnh rung l do c. lc ly tm khi bnh quay 8 Nhc im chnh ca sng rung a. nng sut thp c. cung cp u vt liu b. cu tp phc tp d. ch lp mt sng

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THUT NG CHUYN MN
Lu cht: ch cht lng hoc kh H SI: H thng n v o lng quc t. Chiu cao pezomt: l chiu cao ca ct cht lng c kh nng to ra mt p sut bng vi p sut ti im ang xt. Tit lu: Tit din thay i t ngt Chun s: L s c trung cho mt s tnh cht ca lu cht. V d: Re chun s xc nh ch chy ca cht lng

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. [2]. [3]. Trn Xoa, Nguyn Trng Khung-S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha hc. Tp 1-NXB khoa hc v k thut. H ni 1992 Nguyn Bin. Tnh ton qu trnh, thit b trong cng ngh ha cht v thc phm. NXB khoa hc v k thut. 1999. Phm Vn Bn, Hong Minh Nam, V B Minh. Qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha hc-V d v bi tp. Trng i hc bch khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh. [4]. Trng i, Nguyn Trng Khung,-C s qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha hc. Tp1,2. NXB i hc v trung hc chuyn nghip. H Ni 1974 [5]. [6]. [7]. [8]. [9]. Hong Minh Nam, V B Minh-C hc vt liu ri-NXB khoa hc v k thut. 1998. Nguyn Vn La-Cc qu trnh v thit b c hc NXB i hc Quc gia TP.HCM 2002. Phm Vn Vnh. C hc cht lng ng dng. NXB gio dc. 2000. Don W. Green, Don NGINEERSHANDBOOK W. Green. PERRYSCHEMICAL

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