Th.s.

NGUYN CH NGN

Th nghim CAD
(Computer-Aided Design)

c bin son trong khun kh d n ASVIET002CNTT

Tng cng hiu qu o to v nng lc t o to ca sinh vin
khoa Cng ngh Thng tin - i hc Cn th

I HC CN TH - 12/2003

Gio trnh th nghim CAD

Li ni u
Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca my tnh, CAD (Computer-Aided
Desgin) c xy dng ngy cng hon thin v ng dng trong hu ht cc lnh vc
khoa hc k thut. i vi chuyn ngnh in t, nhiu phn mm CAD cho php
thit k mch, m phng v v mch in mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu nh
OrCAD/Pspice, Multisim (Electronics WorkBench), MicroSim, ExpeditionPCB,
Tuy nhin, y l cc phn mm ng gi ch c ng dng trong chuyn mn
hp l in t, n khng cho php lp trnh m phng cc h thng ng (Dynamic
systems) bt k khc. V vy, chng trnh o to mn CAD cho sinh vin in t
chuyn ngnh Vin thng v T ng ha hng ti phn mm Matlab. y l
mt ngn ng lp trnh cp cao dng ngun m, n h tr rt nhiu th vin chc nng
chuyn bit t Ton hc, Kinh t, Logic m, Truyn thng, iu khin t ng,
n iu khin phn cng cho cc thit b. ng thi, n cho php ngi s dng b
sung cc cng c t to lm phong ph thm kh nng phn tch, thit k v m phng
cc h thng ng lin tc v ri rc, tuyn tnh v phi tuyn bt k. Vi nhng u
im ni bc ca mnh, Matlab c nhiu trng i hc hng u trn th gii p
dng v ging dy.
Tham vng th nhiu nhng trong phm vi 30 tit thc hnh, chng ta ch c th
cp n nhng vn c bn nht. Hy vng t sinh vin t nghin cu, hc hi
c th thit k v m phng cc m hnh H thng Vin thng hay cc H iu
khin t ng. ng thi cng nm s lc v cc phn mm m phng mch v v
mch in nh Multisim, OrCad,
Gio trnh ny gm 7 bi, mi bi 5 tit. Sinh vin chn 6 bi thc tp:
1. Thao tc trong ca s lnh ca Matlab.
2. Hm v Script files.
3. Symbolic v Simulink.
4. M hnh h thng Vin thng.
(sinh vin chuyn ngnh VT)
5. M hnh h thng iu khin t ng. (sinh vin chuyn ngnh KT)
6. To giao din trong Matlab.
7. Thit k - M phng v v mch in (cc sinh vin khng chn bi 4 hoc 5)

Mc d ht sc c gng, song do trnh hn ch ca ngi vit m nhiu vn

chc cha c trnh by tt cng nh cha b cc hp l. Xin chn thnh cm n
mi kin ng gp ca sinh vin v cc bn ng nghip.
TcAD, thng 11 nm 2003
Nguyn Ch Ngn
a ch lin h:

B mn Vin thng v T ng ha
Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, i hc Cn th
01 L T Trng, Tp. Cn th, tnh Cn th
Tel: (71) 831301
Fax: (71) 830841
Email: ncngon@ctu.edu.vn
URL: http://www.cit.ctu.edu.vn/department/ac/ncngon.html
TcAD - 2003

Gio trnh th nghim CAD

Mc lc
Li ni u

Mc lc

BI 1: THAO TC TRONG CA S LNH CA MATLAB

I. Mc tiu....................................................................................................................5
II. Tham kho...............................................................................................................5
III. Thc hnh ..............................................................................................................5
III.1 Ma trn ..........................................................................................................5
III.2 Vect .............................................................................................................6
III.3 Cc a thc....................................................................................................7
III.4 ha ...........................................................................................................7
IV. T chn................................................................................................................12
BI 2: HM V SCRIPT FILES

13

I. Mc tiu..................................................................................................................13
II. Tham kho.............................................................................................................13
III. Thc hnh ............................................................................................................13
III.1 Script files ...................................................................................................13
III.2 S dng cc hm xy dng sn...................................................................15
III.3 Xy dng hm.............................................................................................17
IV. T chn................................................................................................................21
BI 3: SYMBOLIC V SIMULINK

22

I. Mc tiu..................................................................................................................22
II. Tham kho.............................................................................................................22
III. Thc hnh ............................................................................................................22
III.1 Symbolic ......................................................................................................22
III.2 Simulink.......................................................................................................24
IV. T chn................................................................................................................30
BI 4: M HNH H THNG VIN THNG

32

I. Mc tiu..................................................................................................................32
II. Tham kho.............................................................................................................32
III. Thc hnh ............................................................................................................32
III.1 H thng thng tin lin tc (Analog Communications) ..............................34
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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

III.2 H thng thng tin ri rc (Digital Communications).................................36

IV. T chn................................................................................................................37
BI 5: M HNH H THNG IU KHIN T NG

38

I. Mc tiu..................................................................................................................38
II. Tham kho.............................................................................................................38
III. Thc hnh ............................................................................................................38
III.1 Hm truyn v phng trnh trng thi ca h thng ..................................39
III.2 B iu khin PID........................................................................................42
III.3 Hiu chnh thng s ca b iu khin PID ................................................45
IV. T chn................................................................................................................47
BI 6: TO GIAO DIN TRONG MATLAB

49

I. Mc tiu..................................................................................................................49
II. Tham kho.............................................................................................................49
III. Thc hnh ............................................................................................................49
IV. T chn................................................................................................................55
BI 7: THIT K M PHNG MCH V V MCH IN

57

I. Mc tiu..................................................................................................................57
II. Tham kho.............................................................................................................57
III. Thc hnh ............................................................................................................57
III.1 Multisim.......................................................................................................57
III.2 OrCAD.........................................................................................................59
IV. T chn................................................................................................................64

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

BI 1
THAO TC TRONG CA S LNH
CA MATLAB
I. Mc tiu
Bi th nghim ny gip sinh vin lm quen nhanh vi Matlab 6.5 bng
cc thao tc n gin trn ma trn, vect, biu thc ton hc, cc lnh
ha, , thc hin ngay trn ca s lnh (command window) ca Matlab.

II. Tham kho

[1]. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang, Bi ging mn CAD, B mn Vin thng &
T ng ha, khoa Cng ngh thng tin, i hc Cn th, 2001.
[2]. The Mathworks Inc., Matlab Notebook Users Guide, 2003.
[3]. Nguyn Hoi Sn - Thanh Vit - Bi Xun Lm, ng dng
MATLAB trong tnh ton k thut, Tp 1, NXB HQG Tp. HCM, 2000
[4]. Nguyn Hu Tnh - L Tn Hng - Phm Th Ngc Yn - Nguyn Th
Lan Hng, C s Matlab & ng dng, NXB KH v K thut, 1999.
[5]. http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/maneval/help211/exercises.html
[6]. http://www.glue.umd.edu/~nsw/ench250/matlab.htm

III. Thc hnh

T ca s lnh ca Matlab, sinh vin ln lt thc hin cc thao tc sau:

III.1 Ma trn
to ma trn trong Matlab ta ch cn lit cc phn t ca ma trn trong
cp du ngoc vung ([]). Cc phn t trn cng hng c phn bit
bi du phy (,) hoc khong trng (space). Cc hng ca ma trn, phn
cch nhau bi du chm phy (;). V d, nhp ma trn A c 4 hng, 4 ct
nh sau:
>> A=[16 3 2 13; 5 10 11 8; 9 6 7 12; 4 15 14 1]
>> size(A)

truy xut n tng phn t ca ma trn ta dng ch s phn t tng

ng. V d, phn t hng th 2, ct th 3 ca A l A(2,3).
>> A(2,3)

c Cho ma trn A=[2 4 1; 6 7 2; 3 5 9], sinh vin dng cc lnh cn thit :

a. Ly dng u tin ca ma trn A.
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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

b. To ma trn B bng 2 dng cui cng ca A.

c. Tnh tng cc phn t trn cc ct ca A. (gi : tnh tng cc phn

t trn ct 1: sum(A(:,1))).
d. Tnh tng cc phn t trn cc dng ca A.
d Cho ma trn A=[2 7 9 7; 3 1 5 6; 8 1 2 5], sinh vin gii thch kt qu ca
cc lnh sau:
a. A'
b. A(:,[1 4])
c. A([2 3],[3 1])
d. reshape(A,2,6)
e. A(:)
f. [A A(end,:)]
g. A(1:3,:)
h. [A ; A(1:2,:)]
i. sum(A)
j. sum(A')
k. [ [ A ; sum(A) ] [ sum(A,2) ; sum(A(:)) ] ]

1 0 1
1

e Gii h phng Ax=b, vi: A= 2 5 3 v b= 1 . Gi : x=A\b.

3 1 0
2

III.2 Vect
Vect thc cht cng l ma trn c kch thc (n x 1) hay (1 x n), nn ta
c th to ra vect nh cch to ra ma trn. Ngoi ra, c th dng mt s
cch sau:
>>x=0:0.1:1
>>y=linspace(1, 10, 20) % vecto 20 phan tu cach deu nhau tu 1 den 10
>>z=rand(10,1)

c Cho vect x = [3 1 5 7 9 2 6], gii thch kt qu ca cc lnh sau:

a. x(3)
b. x(1:7)
c. x(1:end)
d. x(1:end-1)
e. x(6:-2:1)
f. x([1 6 2 1 1])
g. sum(x)

d Sinh vin hy to mt vect x c 100 phn t, sao cho:

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

xn =

(1) n +1
.
(2n 1)

Gi : To vect n c 100 phn t t 1 n 100, dng ton t du chm

(.) xc nh x.

III.3 Cc a thc
Cc a thc trong Matlab c m t bng cc vect hng vi cc phn
t ca vect chnh l cc h s ca a thc, xp theo th t s m gim
dn. V d, a thc m = s4-s3+4s2-5s-1 c biu din l:
>>m=[1 -1 4 5 -1]

xc nh gi tr ca a thc, ta dng lnh polyval. V d, xc nh gi

tr ca a thc ti im s=2:
>>polyval(m,2)

xc nh nghim ca a thc, ta dng lnh roots. V d:

>>roots(m)

c Cho phng trnh x2-4x+5=0, gii phng trnh theo 2 cch, cch 1
tnh delta theo phng php c in, cch 2 dng hm roots, hy so
snh kt qu.
a. Cch1:
>>a=1;
>>b=-4;
>>c=5
>>x1=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a)
>>x2=(-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a)

b. Cch 2:
>>m=[a b c];
>>x=roots(m)

Hy thay i cc gi tr khc nhau ca a, b v c tng ng trong 2 cch gii

trn. So snh kt qu v nhn xt.

d Gii phng trnh x3- 2x2+4x+5=0. Kim chng kt qu thu c bng

hm polyval. Sinh vin c nhn xt g v kt qu kim chng.
e Lp li cu d cho phng trnh x7-2=0.
f Sinh vin th dng hm poly to a thc t cc nghim cho trc.
>>help poly

III.4 ha
Matlab h tr ch ha rt mnh, bao gm ha 2D v 3D, vi
cc trc ta tuyn tnh v phi tuyn bt k.

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

III.4.1. ha 2 D
ha 2D ch yu da trn lnh plot. c gip , ta g:
>>help plot

c V th hm s y1=sinx.cos2x v hm s y2=sinx2 trong [0-2], trn

cng h trc ta , ta ln lt thc hin nh sau:
>>x=0:0.01:2*pi;
>>y1=sin(x).*cos(2*x);

%nhan tuong tung tung phan tu

>>plot(x,y1)
>>grid on

%hien thi luoi

Sau khi thu c th hm y1, v y2 trn cng th, ta thc hin:

>>hold on

%giu hinh, mac nhien la hold off

>>y2=sin(x.^2);

%luy thua tung phan tu

>>plot(x,y2,k)

%duong ve co mau den

>>axis([0 4*pi 1.25 1.25])

%dinh lai toa do hien thi

Ta c th t nhn cho cc trc cng nh tiu cho th:

>>xlabel(Time)
>>ylabel(Amplitude)
>>title(y1=sinx.cos2x and y2=sin(x^2))
>>legend(sinx.cos2x,sinx^2)
y1=sinx.cos2x and y2=sinx 2
sinx.cos2x
sinx 2

Amplitude

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0

3
Time

Hnh 1.1 Biu din th cc hm s trn cng h trc ta

d Matlab h tr rt nhiu thuc tnh ha, c th kim sot cc thuc

tnh ny ta cn dng n th ha. V d:
>>close all
>>x=[0 1 2 3];
>>y=[0 4 1 5];
>>h=plot(x,y)

h chnh l th ha ca hm plot, thy cc thuc tnh ho, ta

dng lnh:

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

>>set(h)

By gi ta th t mt s thuc tnh ha cho h.

>>set(h,Color, r)

%dat lai mau do

>>set(h,'LineWidth',6)

%dat do rong duong

>>set(h,'Marker','v','MarkerSize',6)
5
4
3
2
1
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Hnh 1.2 Thay i thuc tnh ng biu din

D liu dng v c t trong XData v YData.

>> set(h,'XData',[0 1 1 3])
>>set(h,'YData',[0 3 5 1])

T kt qu ny, ta nhn thy nu d liu trong XData v YData bin

thin theo thi gian, th trn ca s ha (figure) ta s thy hnh nh
sinh ng kiu animation.
5
4
3
2
1
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Hnh 1.3 - Thay i d liu trong ca s ha

e Tng t nh hm plot, sinh vin th dng cc hm semilogx, semilogy

v loglog cho trng hp trc ta phi tuyn.
f Ngoi cc lnh biu din ng cong trong ta Descartes, Matlab
cng h tr vic v th hm s trong h ta cc bng hm polar.
>>theta=0:0.05:2*pi;
>>r=sin(5*theta);
>>polar(theta,r)

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

90 1

120

60

0.5

150

30

180

210

330
240

300

270

Hnh 1.4 Biu din th hm s trong h ta cc

III.4.2. ha 3 D
Matlab cung cp nhiu hm v th 3D, chng hn: plot3 - dng v
cc ng trong khng gian 3 chiu; mesh v surf - dng v vt th
3D (g help mesh v help surf bit thm cc hm 3D c lin quan).
c V th 3D bng hm plot3:
>>t=0:pi/50:10*pi;
>>x=sin(t);
>>y=cos(t);
>>z=t;
>>subplot(121), plot3(x,y,z)

%ve tren o thu nhat

>>grid on
>>subplot(122), plot3(x,y,t.^2)

%ve tren o thu hai

>> grid on

40

1000

20

500

0
1
0
-1 -1

0
1
0
-1 -1

Hnh 1.5 V th 3D bng hm plot3

d V mt paraboloid z=x2+y2 trong khng gian 3 chiu:

>>close all
>>t=-5:0.1:5;
>> [x,y]=meshgrid(t);

%dinh luoi ve

>>z=x.^2+y.^2;
>> subplot(2,2,1), mesh(z)
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%ve mat luoi 3D

10

Gio trnh th nghim CAD

>> title('mesh(z)')
>> subplot(2,2,2), meshc(z)

%giong mesh nhung co them duong vien

>> title('meshc(z)')
>> subplot(2,2,3), meshz(z)

%co them luoi tren mat x,y

>> title('meshz(z)')
>> subplot(2,2,4), waterfall(z) %chi ve luoi theo 1 huong
>> title('waterfall(z)')

Hnh 1.6 - V mt paraboloid

sin x 2 + y 2

e V mt z =

x 2 + y2

) trong khng gian 3 chiu:

>>x=-8:0.5:8;
>>y=x;
>>[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y);
>>r=sqrt(x.^2+y.^2);
>>z=sin(r)./r;
>>surf(x,y,z)
1
0.5
0
-0.5
10

10

0
-10

-10

Hnh 1.7 Mt biu din th 3D khc

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11

Gio trnh th nghim CAD

f Sinh vin th v mt tr z = x 4 + y 2 bng hm mesh v hm surf.

IV. T chn
c Gii h phng trnh sau:
2x1 + 4x2 + 6x3

2x4

= 0

x3 + 2x4

= 1

2x2 + 4x3 + 2x4

= 2

x1 + 2x2 +

3x1 -

x2

+ 10x4

= 10.

d Chng t rng (A+B)C=AC+BC, vi:

10 2
3 1
3 4

A= 20 4 , B= 10 2 v C=
.

6 1

3
0
6
5

e Sinh vin th v hnh sau (Hnh 1.8):

(Hnh 1.8)

f T ca s lnh ca Matlab, nhp: demos. Chn MATLAB Graphics

3D-plots. Chy chng trnh demo ny.

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12

Gio trnh th nghim CAD

Bi 2
HM V SCRIPT FILES
I. Mc tiu
Bi th nghim ny gip sinh vin tip cn vi k thut lp trnh trong
Matlab thng qua vic s dng cc hm c sn, xy dng cc hm mi
da trn cc cu trc if - for - while v tm hiu cch xy dng script
files, lm c s cho vic lp trnh m phng cc h thng Vin thng v
T ng cc bi sau.

II. Tham kho

[1]. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang, Bi ging mn CAD, B mn Vin thng &
T ng ha, khoa Cng ngh thng tin, i hc Cn th, 2001.
[2]. The Mathworks Inc., Matlab Notebook Users Guide, 2003.
[3]. Nguyn Cng nh, Phn tch v tng hp cc h thng iu khin bng
my tnh, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2002.
[4]. Nguyn Hu Tnh - L Tn Hng - Phm Th Ngc Yn - Nguyn Th
Lan Hng, C s Matlab & ng dng, NXB KH v K thut, 1999.
[5]. http://www.mines.utah.edu/gg_computer_seminar/matlab/
[6]. http://www.glue.umd.edu/~nsw/ench250/matlab.htm

III. Thc hnh

Hm v Script files trong Matlab u c qun l di dng cc tp tin
c phn m rng .m, thng c son tho bi Matlab Editor. Khi
ng Matlab Editor bng mt trong cc cch sau:
1. Nhp chut vo biu tng

trn menu bar ca ca s lnh.

2. File New M-file

3. Nhp vo biu tng Matlab Editor trn desktop (nu c).

Chng ta ln lt kho st qui cch xy dng cc hm v script file. Sinh

vin c v thc hnh ln lt theo cc phn sau.

III.1 Script files

Tp hp cc dng lnh ca Matlab c sp xp theo mt cu trc no
v lu thnh file c phn m rng *.m c gi l script file (file kch
bn, file chng trnh). Ta c th chy file ny t ca s lnh ging ht
nh cc lnh ca Matlab. Cu trc ca mt script file nh sau:

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

% -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------% Phn vit sau du % y dng cho lnh help

% Thng thng phn ny m t chc nng, cch s dng,
% v d minh ha hay nhng lu c bit m tc gi mong mun tr
% gip cho ngi s dng.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[global tnbin1, tnbin2, ]
% Khai bo bin ton cc
% (nu c)
<cc cu lnh>

% phn trnh by cu lnh

c Hy khi ng Matlab Editor v to mt script file c tn bai21.m, vi

ni dung nh sau:
% Doan script file nay hien thi loi chao trong 2s. Sau do
% hien thi logo cua matlab mot cach sinh dong roi thoat
close all
% ---------------------- Tao mot cua so do hoa -------------------------------figure('Color',[0 0 0],...
'Name','Welcome to Matlab Experiments',...
'NumberTitle','off',...
'MenuBar','none');
% ----------------------- Hien thi loi chao ---------------------------------------text( 'String','Welcome to MATLAB',...
'Color',[.25 .25 .25],...
'Position',[0.01 .501],...
'Fontsize',32,...
'FontAngle','italic');
text( 'String','Welcome to MATLAB',...
'Color','w',...
'Position',[0 .5],...
'Fontsize',32,...
'FontAngle','italic');
axis off;
pause(2);

% dung trong 2 giay

% ---------------------- Hien thi logo cua Matlab -----------------------------logospin

% ---- Thoat - xoa cac bien trong workspace va dong cua so lai ----clear
close
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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

% ket thuc script file

Sau khi lu file ny, t ca s lnh ca Matlab, sinh vin hy nhp:

>>help bai21

thi hnh script file va son, hy nhp:

>>bai21

d Son tho script file c tn bai22.m lp biu tng s sinh vin

in T - Tin hc tt nghip ti khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, i hc Cn
th t nm 1996 n 2001 vi d liu nh sau:
Nm
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001

K s in t
38
33
36
31
60
70

K s Tin hc
48
54
120
92
110
131

Ni dung ca script file nh sau:

%
% Lap bieu do tong so sinh vien Dien tu Tin hoc tot nghiep ti
% Khoa Cong nghe Thong tin, Dai hoc Can tho, tu 1996-2001
%
svdt=[38 33 36 31 60 70];

% sinh vien Dien tu

svth=[48 54 120 92 110 131];

%sinh vien Tin hoc

nam=1996:2001;
subplot(211), bar(nam,svdt);
title('Sinh vien Dien tu tot nghiep tu 1996-2001');
subplot(212), bar(nam,svth);
title('Sinh vien Tin hoc tot nghiep tu 1996-2001');
Colormap(cool);
%

Thi hnh file ny t ca s lnh. Sinh vin c th dng lnh help bar
bit cc thng s ca hm ny v hiu chnh (ty thch) mt s chc
nng hin th ca hm bar trong file bai22.m.
e Sinh vin hy to mt script file c tn bai23.m v cc th trn
hnh 2.1.

III.2 S dng cc hm xy dng sn

Matlab h tr mt th vin hm rt phong ph, xy dng trn cc gii
thut nhanh v c chnh xc cao. Ngoi cc hm c bn ca Matlab,
tp hp cc hm dng gii quyt mt ng dng chuyn bit no gi

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15

Gio trnh th nghim CAD

l Toolbox, v d: X l s tn hiu (Digital Signal Processing), iu

khin t ng (Control), Mng Nron nhn to (Neural networks),
Sinh vin xem li gio trnh bit thm v cc hm. Ngoi ra, c th
dng lnh help bit chc nng ca toolbox v hm cng nh cch
thc s dng chng.
help <ten toolbox>

% chuc nang toolbox

>>help control

% liet ke ham cua control toolbox

help <ten ham>

% chuc nang ham

>>help plot

% chuc nang ham plot

Ta c th tm kim cc hm lin quan bng cch cung cp cho hm

lookfor ca Matlab mt t kha:
lookfor <tu khoa tim kiem>
>>lookfor filter

% tm cc hm lin quan n mch lc

(Hnh 2.1 dng cho cu III.1.3)

c Hm [Y I]=max(X) cho bit phn t ln nht ca vect (mng) X vi ch

s tng tng I.
>>help max
>> x=[1 5 9 7 6 4];
>> [y,i]=max(x)
y=
9
i=
3
Ngha l phn t th i=3 ca vect x c gi tr ln nht, y=9.
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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

d Hm Y=exp(X), tnh eX, kt qu tr v cho Y.

>>help exp
>>x=0:0.05:1;
>>y=exp(x);
>>stem(x,y)

% giong ham plot nhung ve cho tin hieu roi rac

e Gi s ta mun iu ch bin sng mang c truyn hai bng cnh

(Double sideband transmission carrier Amplitude Modulation) vi:
- Tn hiu iu ch X=0.2*sin(2*pi*t) vi t:0:0.01:10
- Tn s sng mang fc=620KHz

Sinh vin hy tm hm thch hp v v tn hiu thu c sau khi iu

ch, c dng nh hnh 2.2:
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4

10

Hnh 2.2 Tn hiu thu c sau khi iu ch bin

III.3 Xy dng hm
Vic xy dng hm cng c thc hin tng t nh script file. Tuy
nhin, i vi hm ta cn quan tm n cc tham s truyn cho hm v
cc kt qu tr v sau khi thc hin. C 3 im cn lu :
- Tn hm phi c t trng vi tn file lu tr.
- Phi c t kha function dng u tin.
- Trong mt hm c th xy dng nhiu hm con (iu ny khng c
trong script file). Kt thc hm con phi c t kha end (iu ny
khng cn trong hm cha).

Qui cch xy dng hm c m t nh sau:

function [out1,out2,]=tenham(in1,in2,)
% --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%
Phn ny s hin th khi ngi s dng dng lnh help tenham
% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[global <tnbin1, tnbin2, >] %khai bo bin ton cc (nu c)
<Cc cu lnh thc hin hm>
out1=kt qu1
out2=kt qu2

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%kt qu tr v ca hm

17

Gio trnh th nghim CAD

% Cc hm con (nu c)
[ function [subout1,subout2,]=tenhamcon(subin1,subin2,)
<Cc cu lnh ca hm con>
end ]
%t kha end khong can doi voi Matlab Version 6.x

c Xy dng hm gptb2 gii phng trnh bc hai ax2+bx+c=0. Ni

dung hm nh sau:
function [x1,x2]=gptb2(a,b,c)
% Giai phuong trinh bac hai ax^2+bx+c=0
%
[x1,x2]=gptb2(a,b,c)
% Trong do: x1,x2 nghiem thuc hoac phuc
%
a,b,c la 3 he so cua phuong trinh
%
% Vi du: [x1,x2]=gptb2(1,-3,2)
%
% Copyright 2003 Nguyen Chi Ngon TcAD - CIT - Cantho University
% Email: ncngon@cit.ctu.edu.vn
if nargin<3
error('Vui long nhap du 3 he so cua phuong trinh')
elseif a==0
x1=-c/b;
x2=[];
else
D = b^ 2 - 4*a*c;
x1 = (-b+sqrt(D))/(2*a);
x2 = (-b-sqrt(D))/(2*a);
end

Sau khi lu file ny vi tn gptb2.m, sinh vin th kim chng kt qu:

>>help gptb2
>>[x1,x2]=gptb2(1,6,-7)
>>[x1,x2]=gptb2(2,7,14)
>>[x1,x2]=gptb2(0,4,3)
>>[x1,x2]=gptb2(1,6)

9 Cho bit ngha ca t kha nargin?

9 Sinh vin hy vit li hm ny kt qu ch tr v nghim s thc.
d Xy dng hm vdcongdb(a,m,method) v mt s ng cong c
bit trong h ta cc, vi a l bn knh v m l s ng cong v trn
cng trc ta . Trng hp ny hm khng tr v gi tr nn ta khng
cn bin ng ra.
Tu theo gi tr ca tham s method m ta v th tng ng:
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18

Gio trnh th nghim CAD

Nu method = Becnulli: V ng Lemniscat Becnulli: r = a 2 cos 2

Nu method = Astroit: V ng Astroit: r = a 1

sin 3
4

Nu method = Xoanoc: V ng xon c: r = cos + 1

Ni dung hm nh sau:
function vdcongdb(a,m,method)
% Ve duong cong trong toa do cuc: vdcongdb(a,m,method)
% method = 'Becnulli' - Ve duong Lemniscat Becnulli:
%
r=a*sqrt(abs(2*cos(2*theta)))
%
'Astroit' - Ve duong Astroit:
%
r=a*sqrt(abs(1-sin(3*theta)/4))
%
'Xoanoc' - Ve duong xoan oc:
%
r=a*cos(theta)+1
% Voi: a-ban kinh; m-so duong cong ve tren cung he truc
% Vi du: vdcongdb(0.5, 4, 'Becnulli')
%
% Copyright 2003 Nguyen Chi Ngon, TcAD - CIT - CTU
% Email: ncngon@cit.ctu.edu.vn
if nargin<3
error('Vui long nhap du 3 thong so cua ham')
else
theta=0:0.01:2*pi; method=upper(method);
switch method
case 'BECNULLI'
r=a*sqrt(abs(2*cos(2*theta)));
case 'ASTROIT'
r=a*sqrt(abs(1-sin(3*theta)/4));
case 'XOANOC'
r=a*cos(theta)+1;
otherwise
error('Chon: ''Becnuli'', ''Aristod'' hoac ''Xoanoc''')
end
% end of switch
% ve do thi
close all; figure('Color','w');
for k=1:m
hold on
r1=r*k;
mau=[rand(1,1) rand(1,1) rand(1,1)];
h=polar(theta,r1);
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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

set(h,'color',mau,'LineWidth',2);
axis equal;
end
% end of for
hold off;
axis off
end
% end of if
Sinh vin hy kim chng li hot ng ca hm, v d:
>>help vdcongdb
>>vdcongdb(1,5,Becnulli)
>>vdcongdb(1,5, Astroit)
>>vdcongdb(1,5,Xoanoc)
>> vdcongdb(1,5,saikieu)
>> vdcongdb(5,becnulli)
>> .

e Xy dng hm dudoan() d on kt qu sau mi ln tung mt xc

xc ng nht, 6 mt. Ni dung hm nh sau:
function dudoan()
% Du doan ket qua sau moi lan tung ngau nhien mot xuc xac 6 mat
% Chuong trinh lap lai cho den khi nguoi su dung khong doan tiep
%
% Copyright 2003, Nguyen Chi Ngon TcAD - CIT, Cantho University
% Email: ncngon@ctu.edu.vn
tiep = 'y'; sai=0; dung=0;
disp('Chao mung ban den voi Casino nay!')
while(lower(tiep)=='y')
doan=input('Moi ban du doan ket qua (1-6):');
kqua=tungxx;
if (doan ~= kqua)
disp('Xin loi, ban da doan sai!')
sai=sai+1;
else
disp('Xin chuc mung!')
dung=dung+1;
end
tiep=input('Ban muon choi tiep(''y''/''n''):');
end
disp(['Dung ' num2str(dung) ' trong tong so ' num2str(sai+dung) ' lan doan'])

% subfunction -------------function mat = tungxx()

mat=floor(6*rand(1,1))+1;
% end

Sinh vin th s dng hm ny v cho bit s khc nhau gia script file
v hm khng c tham s vo.

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

IV. T chn
c Vit chng trnh tm nghim thc ca phng trnh bc 2.
d Vit chng trnh in tam gic Pascal n dng trong mn hnh ha vi n
c nhp t bn phm.

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

Bi 3

SYMBOLIC V SIMULINK
I. Mc tiu
Hiu mt cch c bn v hai cng c mnh v hu hiu ca Matlab, l
Symbolic v Simulink, t sinh vin c th t mnh pht huy cc
chc nng cao hn ca hai cng c ny trong tnh ton v m phng h
thng.

II. Tham kho

[1]. The Mathworks Inc., Matlab Notebook Users Guide, 2003.
[2]. Nguyn Hoi Sn - Thanh Vit - Bi Xun Lm, ng dng
MATLAB trong tnh ton k thut, Tp 1, NXB HQG Tp. HCM, 2000
[3]. Nguyn Ch Ngn, Bi th nghim K thut m phng trong iu khin
t ng, B mn Vin Thng & T ng ha, khoa Cng ngh thng tin,
i hc Cn th, 2002.
[4]. Nguyn Cng nh, Phn tch v tng hp cc h thng iu khin bng
my tnh, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2002.
[5]. http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/programs/Matlab/Symbolic.html

III. Thc hnh

Symbolic v Simulink u cha th vin chc nng rt phong ph, bi
th nghim ny ch c th cp n nhng g gi l c bn nht. T ,
sinh vin c th t mnh nghin cu v pht trin tip.

III.1 Symbolic
Phin bn mi nht ca Symbolic toolbox c Mathworks gii thiu
trong Matlab 6.5 vo thng 6-2003. l mt th vin ton hc kiu k
t, c pht trin t Symbolic Maple ca trng i hc Waterloo,
Canada. c ci nhn tng qut v cc chc nng ca Symbolic, sinh
vin hy g:
>>help symbolic

Mt s hm thng dng ca Symbolic:

Tn hm

TcAD - 2003

Chc nng

Tn hm

Chc nng

diff

o hm

fourier

Bin i Fourier

int

Tch phn

ifourier

Bin i Fourier ngc

taylor

Khai trin Taylor

laplace

Bin i Laplace

det

nh thc ca ma trn

laplace

Bin i Laplace ngc

22

Gio trnh th nghim CAD

numden

T v mu ca phn s

ezplot

V hm, plot

subs

Thay bin sym bng tr s

ezpolar

V hm, ta cc polar

dsolve

Gii phng trnh vi phn

ezmesh

V mt li mesh

solve

Gii phng trnh i s

ezsurf

V mt surf

bin i mt s, mt bin hay mt i tng no thnh kiu

Symbolic ta c th s dng mt trong cc cch sau:
>>s=sym(A)
>>x=sym(x)
>>syms x y z

% khai bo kt hp x, y v z l bin symbolic

c Tnh o hm bng hm diff ca symbolic: Nu S l biu thc symbolic

th:
diff(S)
diff(S,v)
diff(S,v,n)

o hm ca S theo bin t do
o hm ca S theo bin v
o hm cp n ca S theo v.

V d: Tnh o hm ca y = sinx3.
>> syms x

% khai bao x la bien kieu symbolic

>> y=sin(x^3);
>> z=diff(y)

% dao ham cua y

z=
3*cos(x^3)*x^2

% sinh vien kiem tra ket qua

>>pretty(z)

% hien thi dang quen thuoc

3 cos(x3) x2
>>ezplot(x,y)

% ve y theo x
x = x, y = sin(x 3 )
1

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0

3
x

Hnh 3.1 V th hm symbolic

d Tnh vi phn bng hm int - Nu S l biu thc Symbolic th:

int(S)

tch phn khng xc nh ca S theo bin mc nhin (mun

bit bin mc nhin ny ta dng hm findsym).
int(S,v)
tch phn khng xc nh ca S theo v.
int(S,a,b)
tch phn xc nh ca S trn cn [a,b]
int(S,v,a,b) tch phn xc nh ca S theo v trn cn [a,b]

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

1

V d: Tnh

(
(

2x 2 19 + 12x 2
0 7 x 2 + 1 dx

>>syms x
>>S=2*x^2*(19+12*x^2)/(7*(x^2+1))
>>y=int(S,x,0,1)
% tch phn S theo x trn cn [0,1]
>>subs(y)
% i sang kiu s

e Gii h phng trnh bng hm solve:

>>help solve
>>syms x y
>>[x,y]= solve('x^2*sin(x^2)-3*y=7','x+y=1')

Sau khi thu c nghim x v y, sinh vin hy thay vo 2 phng trnh

trn v nhn xt kt qu.
f V mt 3D bng hm ezsurf: V d v mt S = f ( x , y) =

y
1+ x + y2
2

trn

min xc nh: -5<x<5; -2<y<2.

>>syms x y
>>S=y/(1+x^2+y^2)
>>ezsurf(S, [-5 5 2*pi 2*pi])

Hnh 3.2 V th 3D cho hm s symbolic

III.2 Simulink
Simulink 5.0 (Simulation and Link - R13) c MatWorks gii thiu vo
thng 6 nm 2003. N cho php phn tch, m hnh ha v m phng cc
h thng ng tuyn tnh v phi tuyn, lin tc v ri rc mt cch trc
quan trong mi trng giao tip ha, bng cc thao tc chut n
gin. C th ni, khng tn dng c Simulink l mt thit thi ln cho
ngi lm cng tc m phng!
Khi ng Simulink bng mt trong cc cch sau:
nhp: >>simulink
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24

Gio trnh th nghim CAD

hoc nhp chut vo

trn menubar ca Matlab

Th vin simulink hin ra nh hnh 3.3:

Trc tin, sinh vin hy nhp chut vo cc thanh cun ca th vin
c ci nhn thn thin v simulink.
T y, c th to m hnh bng simulink, hy:
nhp chut vo biu tng ca th vin simulink
chn: File New Model trong Menu ca th vin Simulink
chn: File New Model trong ca s lnh ca Matlab

Hnh 3.3 Ca s chnh ca th vin Simulink

Hnh 3.4 Mi trng son tho ca Simulink

Ca s ny (hnh 3.4) cho php ta nhp - ko - th vo tng khi chc

nng trong th vin simulink. V d, t vo y khi Sine Wave trong
ca
(hnh 3.5):
th vin

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

Hnh 3.5 Ly mt khi t th vin

Sau khi t tt c cc khi cn thit ca m hnh, ta ni chng li bng

cch nhp - gi v ko mt ng t ng ra ca khi ny n ng vo
ca khi khc ri th phm tri chut, mt kt ni s c thit lp.
c Xy dng m hnh h thng xe ti:

Hnh 3.6 M hnh xe ti

dv 1
dv
cho bi phng trnh: m = u bv hay
= (u bv) .
dt
dt m

Trong m l khi lng xe, u l lc tc ng ca ng c (ng vo ca

m hnh), b l h s ma st v v l vn tc t c (ng ra ca m
hnh).
Xut pht im ca vic xy dng cc m hnh h thng t cc phng
trnh vi phn tng ng l cc khi tch phn (Integrator). Nu trong
phng trnh m t h thng c vi phn bc n th ta s t vo m hnh
n khi tch phn, do quan h

dv

dt

= v.

M mt ca s m hnh mi.
t vo m hnh khi Integrator t th vin Continuous v k cc
ng thng ni n ng vo v ng ra ca khi ny.
t nhn vdot (dv/dt) cho cho ng ni n ng vo v v cho
ng ni n ng ra bng cch nhp p chut ngay pha trn
cc ng ny.

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

T phng trnh h thng ta thy dv/dt (vdot) bng tch ca thnh phn
(1/m) v thnh phn tng (u-bv), nn ta thm khi 1/m ngay trc khi
tch phn:
t vo khi Gain trong th vin

Nhp p chut vo khi ny thay i li thnh 1/m.

t nhn inertia cho khi ny tng trng cho qun tnh ca xe
(nhp p vo nhn Gain bn di khi).

By gi ta t khi tng vi 2 ng vo +-, ng vo + s c ni vi

u, ng vo - s c ni vi thnh phn bv c (u-bv)
t vo khi Sum trong th vin
Nhp p vo khi ny i ng vo t ++ sang +-

c thnh phn bv ta ch cn t thm khi Gain vi li b:

t khi Gain c li b
t nhn l damping tng trng cho thnh phn lc cn ca xe.

n y vic xy dng m hnh xe ti vi ng vo u v ng ra v coi nh

hon thnh. Tuy nhin, m phng m hnh ny, ta cn t thm khi
Step vo u v hin th v trn khi Scope
t khi Step trong th vin
t khi Scope trong th vin

TcAD - 2003

bin u ngay ng vo.

ngay ng ra v.

27

Gio trnh th nghim CAD

Nh rng m, b v u l cc bin cn c gn tr trc khi m phng.

>>m=1000
>>b=50
>>u=500

Thi gian m phng h thng ty thuc vo thng s Stop time trong

menu SimulationSimulation paramrters, gi s t 120 (Hnh 3.7).
chy m phng, ta c th thc hin bng 1 trong cc cch:
nhp chut vo biu tng

trn menubar ca m hnh

chn: Simulation Start

Ctrl-T

Nhp p vo Scope xem kt qu m phng.

Hnh 3.7 Thay i thng s m phng

d Xy dng m hnh h thng iu khin v tr motor DC cho bi phng

trnh vi phn sau:
d 2 1
d
= K ti b
2
J
dt
dt
di 1
d
= Ri + V K e

dt L
dt

Trong :
J = 0.01 Kgm2/s2
b = 0.1 Mms
K = Ke = Kt = 0.01 Nm/A
R = 10 ohm
L = 0.5 H
TcAD - 2003

l moment qun tn ca rotor

l h s ma st ca cc b phn c kh
l hng s sc in ng
l in tr dy qun
l h s t cm
28

Gio trnh th nghim CAD

l in p t ln cun dy ca motor
l v tr trc quay (ng ra ca m hnh)
l dng in chy trong cun dy ca motor.

Hnh 3.8 M hnh ton h iu khin v tr motor DC

Quan st tng phng trnh m t h thng ta thy cu trc ca chng

cng tng t nh phng trnh ca cu c. Sinh vin ln lt thc hin
trn tng phng trnh c (hnh 3.9):

(Hnh 3.9)

Kt hp 2 phng trnh:

(Hnh 3.10)

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29

Gio trnh th nghim CAD

t vo m hnh khi Step lm tn hiu tham kho, khi Scope

quan st p ng. Sinh vin hy gn tr cho tt c cc thng s ca m
hnh, thc hin m phng v quan st p ng (Hnh 3.11).
Hy thay i ng vo m hnh bng khi to xung vung. M phng,
quan st kt qu v nhn xt.

IV. T chn
c Sinh vin hy tnh o hm cp 2 ca hm y = xe (1 x ) bng tay v kim
chng kt qu bng symbolic.
2

d Tnh tch phn sau v kim chng kt qu bng symbolic: e x

Hnh 3.11 - M hnh Simulink hon chnh ca h iu khin v tr motor DC

e Xy dng m hnh h thng xe la cho bi phng trnh:

d 2 x1
dx
= F k ( x 1 x 2 ) M 1g 1
2
dt
dt
2
d x2
dx
M2
= k ( x 1 x 2 ) M 2 g 2
2
dt
dt
M1

(Hnh 3.12 Photo courtesy: Dr. Howard Blackburn)

Trong cc thng s tng trng nh sau:

M1=1 kg
M2=0.5 kg
TcAD - 2003

l khi lng toa ko;

l khi lng toa khch;
30

Gio trnh th nghim CAD

k=1 N/sec
F=1 N
=0.002 sec/m
g = 9.8 m/s^2
x1, x2

l cng l xo kt ni gia 2 toa;

l lc tc ng ca u my (ng vo m hnh);
l h s ma st ln;
l gia tc trng trng
v tr 2 toa (ng ra).

Hnh 3.13 M hnh ton ca h thng xe la

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

BI 4
M HNH H THNG VIN THNG
I. Mc tiu
Bi th nghim ny tm hiu phng php m hnh ha mt h thng
thng tin n gin nh hnh 4.1:

Hnh 4.1 - Mt m hnh truyn tin tiu biu

Chng ta s x l tn hiu ngun (m ha, kim sot li, iu ch) v

truyn qua mt knh truyn c nhiu sau khi phc tn hiu nhn
c (gii iu ch, gii m) v xc nh xc sut li tn hiu.

II. Tham kho

[1]. The Mathworks Inc., Matlab Users Guide Communications Toolbox,
2003.
[2]. Nguyn Hu Tnh - L Tn Hng - Phm Th Ngc Yn - Nguyn Th
Lan Hng, C s Matlab & ng dng, NXB KH v K thut, 1999.
[3]. http://murray.newcastle.edu.au/uers/staff/eemf/ELEC352/notes.htm

III. Thc hnh

c th thc tp tt bi th nghim, sinh vin cn c kin thc v X
l s tn hiu (Digital Signal Processing), Truyn d liu (Data
transmittion) v C s Vin thng. Do , bi th nghim ny khng bt
buc i vi sinh vin chuyn ngnh Tin hc (nu c) v sinh vin in
t hng KT. Trong trng hp , sinh vin c th chn bi 5 hoc
bi 7 thc tp.

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

Xy dng m hnh h thng thng tin ni chung l mt vic rt ln, vi

nhiu vn cn gii quyt. Do trong phm vi bi th nghim ny
chng ta ch c th kho st mt s khu trong tng th ca mt h thng
truyn thng.

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

III.1 H thng thng tin lin tc (Analog Communications)

Trong phn ny chng ta s tm hiu cc phng php iu ch v gii
iu ch tn hiu lin tc (Analog Modulation and Demodulation).
c iu ch bin sng mang b nn hai bng cnh (Double-Sideband
Suppressed Carrier Amplitude Modulation DSB-SC): Phng php
iu ch ny da theo cng thc sau:
y(t) = m(t)cos(2fct+c)

Trong : m(t) l tn hiu h tn (thng tin) dng iu ch sng mang

tn s cao c(t) = cos(2fct+c) thu c tn hiu iu ch y(t).

Hnh 4.2 Nguyn tc iu ch bin

Ta c th thc hin phng php iu ch ny trong Matlab nh sau

(sinh vin nn ghi trong file .m thun tin cho vic s dng li cc
cu sau):
>>Fc=10;

% tn s sng mang [Hz]

>>Fs=60;

% tn s ly mu m phng

>>Fm=1;

% tn s tn hiu h tn

>>t=[0:1/Fs:3];

% time window

>>c=cos(2*pi*Fc*t);

% tn hiu sng mang

>>m=sin(2*pi*Fm*t);

% tin hiu h tn 1Hz

>>subplot(311), plot(t,m)

% v tn hiu h tn

>>subplot(312), plot(t,c)

% v sng mang

>>y=m.*c;

% iu ch

>>subplot(312), plot(t,y)

% v tn hiu iu ch

>>z=abs(fft(y));

% ph tn hiu iu ch

>>z=z(1:length(z)/2+1);

% ly 1/2

>>frq=[0:length(z)-1]*Fs/length(z)/2;

% frequency window

>>figure

% new figure

>>plot(frq,z);

% v ph

9 Sinh vin hy quan st ph tn hiu iu ch, v hy so snh vi tn s

sng mang.
9 Th dng hm amod ca Communications toolbox thc hin cng
vic trn.
>>help amod
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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

>>Y=amod(m, Fc, Fs, 'amdsb-sc');

% iu ch

>>subplot(313),plot(t,Y)

1
0
-1

0.5

1.5

2.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

0
-1

1
0
-1

Hnh 4.3 Tn hiu iu ch bin

9 Tng t nh trn, sinh vin hy thc hin iu ch bin sng

mang b nn n bng cnh (Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
Amplitude Modu-lation SSB-SC). So snh vi phng php iu ch
bin DSB-SC.
d Gii iu ch bin : C nhiu phng php gii iu ch bin .
y ta xt phng php gii iu ch ng b (Synchronous
Demodulation), p dng cho phng php iu ch bin vi sng
mang b nn SC (Suppressed Carrier) v phng php iu ch bin
vi sng mang c truyn TC (Transmission Carrier), theo m hnh
sau:

Hnh 4.4 Nguyn tc gii iu ch bin

Thc hin gii iu ch nh sau (phi m bo rng tn hiu iu ch y

cn trong WorkSpace ca Matlab):
>>y_mix=y.*c;

% trn tn hiu iu ch vi sng mang

>>[num,den]=butter(3, (Fc/2)/(Fs/2)); % low-pass filter tn s ct Fc/2

>>m_r=filter(num,den,y_mix);

% cho tn hiu trn qua b lc

>>close all

>>plot(t,m)

% v tn hiu h tn ban u

>>hold on

>>plot(t,m_r,'r')

% v tn hiu h tn va hi phc

9 Gii thch v sao ta dng b lc thng thp vi tn s ct Fc/2.

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

9 Sinh vin hy quan st v so snh s khc bit gia tn hiu gii iu

ch v tn hiu h tn ban u. Gii thch.
9 Th dng hm ademod ca Communications toolbox gii iu
ch:
>>help ademod
>>M_R=ademod(y,Fc,Fs,'amdsb-sc'); % gii iu ch
>>plot(t,M_R,'g')

III.2 H thng thng tin ri rc (Digital Communications)

Trong phn ny, chng ta s thc hin m hnh mt h thng truyn
thng ri rc nh s sau:

Hnh 4.5 M hnh mt h thng truyn tin ri rc

Sinh vin cn c phn help ca tng lnh hiu v bit cch s dng.
c To tn hiu ngun:
>>clear
>>close all
>>K=11;

% chiu di t tin (message length)

>>msg=randint(K*2,1);

% to tn hiu ngun (digital message)

>>subplot(411),stem(msg,.)

% v tn hiu ngun

>>ylabel(digital message)

d M ha BCH:
>>N=15;

%chiu di t m (codeword length)

>>code = encode(msg,N,K,'bch');

%m ha BCH

>>subplot(412), stem(code,.)
>>ylabel(BCH)

e iu ch QASK: S dng b iu ch s M-QASK vi M=16 (sinh vin

cn xem li l thuyt v b iu ch ny)
>>M=16;

% multiple number

>>Fd=1;

% tc ngun tin

>>Fc=10;

% tn s sng mang

>>Fs=30;

% tn s ly mu

>>modu = dmod(code,Fc,Fd,Fs,'qask',M);

% iu ch M-QASK

>>subplot(413),plot(modu)

% v tn hiu iu ch

>>ylabel(QASK)

f Knh truyn c nhiu: Tn hiu sau khi iu ch c truyn trn knh

truyn c nhiu trng Gaussian cng sut 0.1W.
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>>std_value=0.1;
% cong suat nhieu
>>modu_noise = modu+randn(length(modu),1)std_value; % add noise

g Gii iu ch QASK:
>>demo = ddemod(modu_noise,Fc,Fd,Fs,'qask', M); % gii iu ch

h Gii m BCH:

Trans. msg

>>msg_r = decode(demo,N,K,'bch');
>>subplot(414), stem(msg_r,.)
>>ylabel(received message)
1
0.5
0
1
BCH

% tn hiu thu
% v tn hiu s thu c

10

15

20

25

0.5
0

QASK

10

15

20

25

30

0
-2

Rec. msg

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0.5
0
0

10

15

20

25

Hnh 4.6 So snh tn hiu truyn/nhn

i Xc nh li:
>>rate=biterr(msg,msg_r,M)

j Sinh vin hy dng hm channel ca Communications toolbox m

hnh ha knh truyn bc f. Lp li cc qu trnh gii iu ch v
gii m, so snh kt qu (lu : bng thng ca knh truyn phi ln).

IV. T chn
c Thc hin iu ch v gii iu ch tn s FM vi Fm, Fc, Fs cu
III.1.c.
d Thc hin m hnh Digital Communications nh hnh sau:
msg

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M ha
Hamming

iu ch
FSK

Knh truyn

Gii iu ch
FSK

Gii m
Hamming

msg_r

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Bi 5
M HNH H THNG
IU KHIN T NG
I. Mc tiu
Trong bi th nghim ny chng ta s tm hiu phng php m hnh ha
mt h iu khin t ng, bao gm:

Hm truyn v phng trnh trng thi ca h thng

p ng vng h v p ng vng kn ca h thng
Xy dng b iu khin PID
Chnh nh thng s ca b u khin v kho st p ng ca h
thng.

Hnh 5.1 Mt m hnh h thng iu khin tiu biu

II. Tham kho

[1]. The Mathworks Inc., Matlab Notebook Users Guide Control toolbox,
2003.
[2]. Phm Vn Tn, Bi ging mn C s T ng hc, B mn Vin Thng
v T ng ha, khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, i hc Cn Th, 2001.
[3]. Nguyn Cng nh, Phn tch v Tng hp cc h thng iu khin
bng my tnh, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2002.
[4]. http://www.engin.umich.edu/group/ctm
[5]. http://www.shu.ac.uk/schools/eng/teaching/rw/pidtutorial.htm

III. Thc hnh

c th thc hin tt bi th nghim, sinh vin cn nm vng cc kin
thc c bn v iu khin t ng (C s t ng hc). Do , bi ny
khng bt buc i vi cc sinh vin Tin hc (nu c) v cc sinh vin
in t theo hng Vin thng. Trong trng hp , c th sinh vin
thc tp bi 4 hoc sinh vin c th chuyn sang bi 7.
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III.1 Hm truyn v phng trnh trng thi ca h thng

Trong iu khin t ng, ngi ta thng biu din mt h thng vt l
bng hm truyn (transfer function) hay phng trnh trng thi (statespace equation) ca n (i vi cc h phi tuyn, t c iu ny,
ngi ta phi dng phng php tuyn tnh ha tng on).
Gi s c h thng iu khin tc motor DC nh hnh v 5.2 [4].
Trong :
J = 0.01 kgm2/s2
b = 0.1 Nms
K=Ke=Kt=0.01 Nm/Amp
R = 1 ohm
L = 0.5 H
I:
V:
:

l moment qun tnh ca rotor

h s ma st
cc hng s sc in ng
in tr
in cm
dng in chy trong cun dy ca motor
in p trn hai u cun dy motor ng vo
v tr trc ng ra

Hnh 5.2 M hnh ton mt h iu khin tc motor DC

Phng trnh vi phn m t h thng nh sau:

d 2
d
+b
= Ki
2
dt
dt
di
d
L + Ri = V K
dt
dt

c Hm truyn: Bin i Laplace 2 v ca phng trnh trn ta c:

s( Js + b)(s) = KI(s)
( Ls + R )I(s) = V Ks(s)

K
=
Suy ra: (Ls + R )(Js + b) + K s = KV hay
V (Ls + R )(Js + b) + K 2
2

Biu din hm truyn ny trong Matlab ta thc hin nh sau (sinh vin
nn lu thnh file.m):
>>J=0.01;
>>b=0.1;
>>K=0.01;
>>R=1;
>>L=0.5;
>>num=K;
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% t s ca hm truyn
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>>den=[(J*L) ((J*R)+(L*b)) ((b*R)+K^2)];

>>hamtruyen = tf(num,den)

% mu s hm truyn

9 p ng bc vng h:
>>step(num,den)
>>step(hamtruyen)

% hoac
Step Response

0.1

Amplitude

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

2.5

Time (sec)

9 p ng xung vng h:

>>impulse(hamtruyen)
Impulse Response
0.14
0.12

Amplitude

0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0

0.5

1.5

Time (sec)

d Phng trnh trng thi: Dng tng qut:

X = AX + BU
Y = CX + DU
vi X l vct trng thi, U l vct tn hiu vo v Y l vct tn hiu ra.

9 Bin trng thi v phng trnh trng thi: T phng trnh vi phn

m t h thng, nu t x 1 = v x 2 = i , ta c:

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b
K
x 1 = x 1 + x 2 + 0V
J
J

K
R
1
x 2 = x1 x 2 + V
L
L
L
Y =
x1 + 0 x2 + 0 V

K
b
0
J
J X + 1 V
X=
K
R
L

L
L
Y = [1 0]X

hay

9 Biu din phng trnh trng thi trong Matlab nh sau:

>>J=0.01;
>>b=0.1;
>>K=0.01;
>>R=1;
>>L=0.5;
>>A = [-b/J K/J; -K/L -R/L];
>>B = [0;1/L];
>>C=[1 0];
>>D=0;

9 p ng bc vng h:
>>step(A,B,C,D)

9 p ng xung vng h:
>>impulse(A,B,C,D)

e Ta c th chuyn i qua li gia hm truyn v phng trnh trng thi

bng lnh sau:
>>[num,den]=ss2tf(A,B,C,D)

% t PT trng thi sang hm truyn

>>[A,B,C,D]=tf2ss(num,den)

% t hm truyn sang PT trng thi

f Kho st p ng vng h ca h thng i vi tn hiu bt k

(Hnh 5.3)

Phi m bo rng trong Workspace cn bin hamtruyen ca cu c,

sinh vin c th dng lnh lsim kho st p ng ca h i vi tn
hiu bt k. Gi s l tn hiu sin:
>>close all
>>t=0:0.1:2*pi;
>>u=sin(pi/4*t);
>>lsim(hamtruyen,u,t) % mo phong dap ung voi tin hieu vao u
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Linear Simulation Results

0.1

Amplitude

0.05

-0.05

-0.1
0

Time (sec)

III.2 B iu khin PID

Cu trc mt h thng iu khin PID nh hnh sau:

Hnh 5.4 S khi h iu khin PID

K
K s 2 + K Ps + K I
Trong hm truyn ca khu PID l: K P + I + K D s = D
s
s

vi:

KP l li ca khu t l (Proportional gain)

KI l li ca khu tch phn (Integral gain)
KD l li khu vi phn (Derivative gain)

Vic hiu chnh ph hp 3 thng s KP, KI v KD s lm tng cht lng

iu khin. nh hng ca 3 thng s ny ln h thng nh sau:

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. ng vng kn
(C.L. response)

T. gian tng
(Rise time)

Vt l
(Overshoot)

T. gian qu
Sai s xc lp
(Settling time) (Steady-state err.)

KP

Gim

T ng

t thay I

T ng

KI

Gim

Tng

Tng

Khng xc nh

KD

t thay i

Gim

Gim

Thay i t

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Step Response
1.5

Overshoot
1.05
0.95

0.90

S-S error
settling time

0.5

rise time
0.1

0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Time (sec)

c B iu khin t l P:

Hnh 5.5 B iu khin t l P

9 Thc hin trong Matlab: Ta c hm truyn ca motor DC nh III.1.c:

>>J=0.01;
>>b=0.1;
>>K=0.01;
>>R=1;
>>L=0.5;
>>num=K;
>>den=[(J*L) ((J*R)+(L*b)) ((b*R)+K^2)];

Khi thm vo khu t l P, ta c hm truyn vng h:

>>Kp=100;
>>numa=Kp*num;
>>dena=den;

Xc nh hm truyn vng kn ca h thng ta dng lnh cloop:

>>[numac,denac]=cloop(numa,dena)
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p ng Step vng kn ca b iu khin t l nh sau:

>>t=0:0.01:2;
>>step(numac,denac)
Step Response
1.4
1.2

Amplitude

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

0.5

1.5

Time (sec)

9 Sinh vin hy so snh vi p ng ca h khi cha c b iu khin t

l, cu III.1.c (lu n cc thng s: thi gian ln, vt l, thi
gian qu ).
9 Tng t, sinh vin hy so snh vi p ng xung.
d B iu khin Vi tch phn t l PID:

Hnh 5.6 B iu khin PID

Khi thm b iu khin PID, hm truyn h ca h thng l:

>>Kp=100;
>>Ki=1;
>>Kd=1;
>>numc=[Kd, Kp, Ki];
>>denc=[1 0];
>>numa=conv(num,numc);

% tch chp t s

>>dena=conv(den,denc);

% tch chp mu s

Hm truyn vng kn hi tip m n v:

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>>[numac,denac]=cloop(numa,dena);

p ng Step ca h iu khin PID:

>>step(numac,denac)

9 Sinh vin so snh vi p ng ca b iu khin t l P cu c, nhn

xt.
9 Da vo bng tng kt nh hng ca KP, KD v KI i vi h thng
iu khin, sinh vin hy thay i 3 thng s ny v kim chng p
ng ca h thng.
Step Response
1

Amplitude

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Time (sec)

III.3 Hiu chnh thng s ca b iu khin PID

Mt phng php c in nhng n gin v hiu qu chnh nh 3
thng s KP, KI v KD ca b iu khin PID l phng php ZieglerNichols (Ziegler Nichols Tuning Method). Th tc chnh nh nh sau:
1. Ch iu khin h thng bng b iu khin t l KP (t KI=KD=0).
2. Tng KP n gi tr KC m h thng bt u bt n (bt u xut
hin s giao ng - im cc ca hm truyn kn nm trn trc o j).
Xc nh tn s c ca giao ng va t.
T 2 gi tr KC v c va t, cc thng s s KP, KI v KD c xc
nh nh bng sau:
B iu khin
P

(t l)

KP

KI

KD

0.5 KC

PI (tch phn t l)

0.45 KC

0.191KPc

PID (vi tch phn t l)

0.6 KC

0.318KPc 0.785KP/c

PID vi mt t vt l

0.33 KC

0.318KPc

2.07KP/c

PID khng vt l

0.2 KC

0.53KPc

3.14KP/c

3. Tinh chnh li 3 thng s ny t c p ng nh mong mun.

c V d: Gi s cn thit k b iu khin PID cho h thng sau:

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9 Bc 1: iu khin h thng ch vi b iu khin t l:

9 Bc 2: Xc nh KC v c m h thng bt u giao ng dng hm rlocus ca Matlab (sinh vin nn lu thnh file .m hoc thao
tc trong Matlab Editor sau copy v dn vo Workspace c on lnh
d dng cho vic hiu chnh cc thng s phn sau):
>>close all
>>num=5;
>>den=[1 10 100 0];
>>[numc,denc]=cloop(num,den);
>>htkin=tf(numc,denc)
% ham truyen vong kin
>>rlocus(htkin);
%ve qui dao nghiem
>> axis([-10 10 -15 15])
Root Locus
15
10

Imag Axis

5
0
-5
-10
-15
-10

-5

10

Real Axis

Xc nh Kc v c bng hm rlocfind:
>>[Kc,Omegac] = rlocfind(htkin)

Nhp chut vo im giao nhau gia qu o nghim v trc o ca

th, trong WorkSpace ta c:
Kc =
199.5793
Omegac =
-10.0145
0.0072 +10.0072i
0.0072 - 10.0072i

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Nh vy ta c KC=200 v c = 10. Suy ra thng s ca b iu khin

PID:
KP = 0.6KC = 120
KI = 0.318KPc = 381.6
KD = 0.785KP/c = 9.4

Th p ng ca h:
>>Kp=120; Ki=381.5; Kd=9.4;
>>numc=[Kd, Kp, Ki];
>>denc=[1 0];

% ham truyen cua PID

>>[numac,denac]=cloop(conv(num,numc),conv(den,denc))
>>step(numac,denac)

9 Bc 3: Thc hin tng t nh III.2.d, sinh vin hy iu chnh mt

lng nh 3 thng s KP, KD v KI c p ng tt hn.
Step Response

Amplitude

1.5

0.5

0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

T im e (sec)

d Sinh vin hy thit k b iu khin PID cho h thng sau:

IV. T chn
c Sinh vin hy thit k b iu khin Vi phn t l (ProportionalDerivative controller):

d Sinh vin hy thit k b iu khin Tch phn t l (ProportionalIntegral controller):

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Bi 6
TO GIAO DIN TRONG MATLAB
I. Mc tiu
Bi th nghim ny trang b cho sinh vin mt s kin thc c bn xy
dng giao din ngi dng trong mi trng Matlab, nhm hon thin
mt chng trnh ng dng nht nh.

II. Tham kho

[1]. The Mathworks Inc., Matlab Notebook Users Guide, 2003.
[2]. Nguyn Hu Tnh - L Tn Hng - Phm Th Ngc Yn - Nguyn Th
Lan Hng, C s Matlab & ng dng, NXB KH v K thut, 1999.
[3]. Nguyn Hoi Sn - Thanh Vit - Bi Xun Lm, ng dng
MATLAB trong tnh ton k thut, Tp 1, NXB HQG Tp. HCM, 2000
(trang 328-344).

III. Thc hnh

Cng nh cc ngn ng cp cao khc, Matlab h tr nhiu cng c chc
nng cho php lp trnh to giao din s dng p v nhanh chng. V
d, cc dng nt n, ca s son tho, cc dng menu, nh hnh 6.1.

Hnh 6.1 Cc cng c h tr giao din

Trong bi th nghim ny, sinh vin ln lt thc hin cc bc c

nu ra c mt giao din n gin nh hnh v 6.2. Trong mi bc
thc hnh, sinh vin hy quan st k p ng ca chng trnh, t t
mnh rt ra kinh nghim v vic iu chnh cc thuc tnh ho ca
Matlab.
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c To ca s chnh figure Welcome to User Interfaces Giude theo

cch sau:
M Matlab Editor
Nhp ni dung sau:
% User Interface's Guide
%
% Matlab Experiments 2003
% TcAD, CIT, Cantho University
% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------% Initialize whole figure...
namefig = 'Welcome to User Interface''s Guide';
figpos = get(0,'DefaultFigurePosition'); % lay vi tri mac nhien
figpos(1)= figpos(1)-10;

figpos(2)= figpos(2)-10;

figpos(3)= figpos(3)+10;

figpos(4)= figpos(4)+10;

% Tao figure
fig=figure( ...
'Name', namefig, ...
'NumberTitle','off', ...
'Position',figpos);

Hnh 6.2 Mt giao din n gin

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Lu thnh file giaodien.m

>>giaodien <>

% thi hanh

Quan st kt qu trn hnh 6.3 (Lu cc thuc tnh: Name, Position)

(Hnh 6.3)
>>set(fig)

% xem thuc tnh ca figure trong ca s lnh

d Thm vo figure mt axes cho php hin th ha:

Nhp tip ni dung sau vo file giaodien.m
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------% main axes
axs=axes('Position',[0.05 0.4 0.65 0.55]);
Lu v thi hnh file ny.

(Hnh 6.4)

e Hin th dng Matlab Experiments bn di axes:

Nhp tip ni dung sau vo file giaodien.m

% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------% text
txtpos=[10 50 425 50];
txt=uicontrol(...
'Style','text',...
'BackgroundColor',[0.8 0.8 0.8],...
'ForegroundColor',[0.4 0.5 0.3],...
'String','Matlab Experiments',...

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

'Position',txtpos,...
'Fontname','Courier',...
'FontWeight','Bold',...
'FontSize',26);
Lu v thi hnh file ny.

(Hnh 6.5)

f To mt frame c shadow bn phi figure t cc nt chc nng:

Nhp tip ni dung sau vo file giaodien.m

% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------% Console frames
p1=0.755; p2=0.05; p3=0.2; p4=0.90;
frm1pos = [p1 p2 p3 p4];
frm2pos = [p1-0.005 p2+0.005 p3 p4];
% shadow frame
frm1=uicontrol( ...
'Style','frame', ...
'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',frm1pos, ...
'ForegroundColor',[0.4 0.4 0.4],...
'BackgroundColor',[0.4 0.4 0.4]);
% main frame
frm2=uicontrol( ...
'Style','frame', ...
'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',frm2pos, ...
'ForegroundColor',[0.7 0.7 0.7],...

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'BackgroundColor',[0.65 0.65 0.65]);

Lu v thi hnh file ny.

(Hnh 6.6)

g To nt Close c chc nng ng ca s figure hin hnh:

Nhp tip ni dung sau vo file giaodien.m
% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------% Close button
closeHndl=uicontrol(...
'Style','pushbutton', ...
'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',[p1+0.01 p2+0.05 p3-0.025 0.05], ...
'String','Close', ...
'Foregroundcolor','b',...
'Fontsize',9,...
'Callback','close');

Lu v thi hnh file ny.

Vn quan trng nht i vi mt nt chc nng l thi hnh cng vic

tng ng khi ngi s dng thao tc. Thuc tnh CallBack cho php:
thi hnh mt lnh ca Matlab di dng chui (bao gm lnh gi hm,
script file, biu thc ton, ). Sinh vin th thay lnh close bng mt
lnh khc, chng hn demos v quan st p ng.
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h To nt Sphere v mt hnh cu 3D:

Nhp tip ni dung sau vo file giaodien.m
% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------% Sphere button
sph=uicontrol( ...
'Style','pushbutton', ...
'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',[p1+0.01 p4-0.05 p3-0.025 0.05], ...
'String','Sphere', ...
'Foregroundcolor','b',...
'Fontsize',9,...
'Callback',['[x,y,z]=sphere(35);', 'surfl(x,y,z);', 'axis equal']);
Lu v thi hnh file ny.

(Hnh 6.7)

i To nt Picture hin th nh mu:

Nhp tip ni dung sau vo file giaodien.m
% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------% Picture button
pic=uicontrol( ...
'Style','pushbutton', ...
'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',[p1+0.01 p4-0.125 p3-0.025 0.05], ...
'String','Picture', ...
'Foregroundcolor','b',...
'Fontsize',9,...
'Callback',['imshow(imread(''flowers.tif''))']);
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Lu v thi hnh file ny.

(Hnh 6.8)

Sinh vin lu cch biu din nhiu lnh dng chui cho CallBack.
Trong trng hp c qu nhiu lnh phc v chc nng ny, ta nn a
chng vo mt script file hoc mt hm khc. Ngoi ra, nu ta to giao
din di dng mt hm (function) th thuc tnh CallBack cho php
gi mt hm con c vit ngay trong file ny.
j Sinh vin hy to thm nt About sao cho khi ngi s dng n nt s
m ca s mi nm ngay gia mn hnh 6.9.

(Hnh 6.9)

IV. T chn
Sinh vin hy xem mt s file to giao din demo ca cc toolbox trong
Matlab chng hn: graf3d.m trong \toolbox\matlab\demos, tham
kho cch xy dng giao din theo dng hm. Vi cch ny, thuc tnh
CallBack trong uicontrol cho php gi trc tip mt hm m hm
c xy dng ngay trong file giao din (ngha l khng cn to mt file
*.m khc phc v cho CallBack).
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Th sa li giao din ca bi th nghim ny theo dng trn.

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BI 7
THIT K M PHNG MCH V
V MCH IN
I. Mc tiu
Gip sinh vin bc u lm quen vi cc phn mm sau: Multisim
V6.20 (Electronics WorkBench) dng m phng cc mch tng t
v mch s; OrCAD Release 9 dng v Schematic, m phng v v
mch in (PCB).

II. Tham kho

[1]. OrCAD Inc., Users Guide - Capture, 1998.
[2]. OrCAD Inc., Users Guide - Layout, 1998.
[3]. http://www.electronicsworkbench.com/tutorial/
[4]. http://www.rit.edu/~labeee/

III. Thc hnh

Mc d Multisim v OrCAD/Pspice l cc phn mm rt ln vi nhiu
tnh nng p dng mnh v phc tp, nhng sinh vin chuyn ngnh
in t hon ton c th t nghin cu c. Do , bi th nghim ny
l khng bt buc i vi tt c sinh vin (c bit l sinh vin Tin hc,
nu c).
Trong trng hp sinh vin khng chn bi th nghim ny th c th
chn Control System Toolbox (i vi sinh vin KT) hoc
Communications Toolbox (i vi sinh vin Vin Thng) hoc Image
Processing Toolbox (i vi sinh vin Tin hc) ca MATLAB kho
st.
Bi th nghim ny tng i di, sinh vin cn sp xp thi gian hp l
thc hin cc cng vic sau:

III.1 Multisim
Trong phn ny, chng ta s lm quen vi Multisim 6.20 (hin c
Multisim 2001 hon thin hn), y l Version mi ca Electronics
WorkBench 5.x, n cho php s dng kt hp th vin linh kin Analog
v Digital vi nhiu cng c thn thin, h tr tuyt vi cho vic m
phng cc mch in t.
c Khi ng Multisim:
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Chy file Multisim.exe t Start menu ca Windows

Nhp vo biu tng

trn Desktop.

d Sinh vin hy nhp chut vo cc th vin linh kin ca Multisim trn

Menu bn tri ca ca s chnh c ci nhn tng qut v cc linh kin
chc nng.
Khi mun t linh kin no vo khng gian thit k, ch cn nhp
chut vo linh kin , ri chn thng s ph hp v t vo v tr
mong mun.
to mt kt ni gia 2 im, ch cn nhp chut vo im th nht
ri ko n im th hai v nhp chut ln na.

Hnh 7.1 Giao din chnh ca MultiSIM

e Sinh vin hy v v m phng mch in sau:

Hnh 7.2 Mt mch in in hnh

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Dng Osilsoscope quan st dng tn hiu chn 2-6 v chn 3 ca

LM555.
Hy c lng tn s giao ng v chu k thao tc ca mch.

Kinh nghim: i lc Multisim a ra bng thng bo li trong qu trnh

m phng hay hiu chnh thng s ca cc linh kin. Trng hp , ta
g b khi Osilloscope, hiu chnh v m phng vi ln ri gn
Osilloscope tr li quan st dng tn hiu. Ngoi ra, nu trong mch
c s dng cc IC s (74xxx, 40xxx, ) ta phi c ngun Vcc=5V nh
hnh v trn.

III.2 OrCAD
Cc chc nng chnh ca OrCad gm: V s mch (OrCAD Capture),
m phng mch (OrCAD Pspice) v v mch in (OrCAD Layout). Tuy
nhin, trong phn th nghim ny chng ta khng cp n OrCAD
Pspice (y l mt trong nhng chc nng rt mnh ca OrCAD phin
bn 9.0 tr ln, ngh sinh vin t nghin cu).

III.2.1 V s mch (Schematic)

c Khi ng OrCAD Capture bng mt trong cc cch sau:
Chn Capture CIS t Start Menu ca Window
Nhp vo biu tng

trn desktop

to mt Project mi cho vic v s mch ta thc hin:

Chn File New Project hoc nhp vo icon

trn Menu bar

Khi hp thoi New Project xut hin: Chn Schematic v t tn

project trong menu Name (gi s l BaiTN7). C th chn th mc
lu project ny trong menu Location.

Mi trng v mch xut hin khi ta nhp p vo PAGE1 (hnh 7.3).

T y ta ln lt t cc linh kin vo v kt ni c s mong
mun.

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Hnh 7.3 Mi trng v mch in ca OrCAD

S dng Menu tt sau:

(Hnh 7.4)

d Sinh vin hy v s mch nh hnh sau. Trong cc th vin linh

kin c s dng nh sau:
Discrete:

R, Capacitor Pol, Capacitor Non-Pol, Resistor Var, Photo

PNP v Speaker.

Opamp:

TL082

Amplifier:

LM386

Lu Schematic va v vi tn BaiTN7.
-9V

+9V

+9V

+9V

R3 10K

.1

1K

Q1

+
-

U2
LM386

C3

C4

C5

.1

.1

.1

C2
5

6
1
3
7
2

1
1

U1A
TL082

R2

C1

R1
220

220 uF

LS1

+9V
SPEAKER

TcAD

VR
10K

4
8

(Hnh 7.5)
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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

III.2.2 To Netlist
Sau khi lu s va v, to Netlist phc v cho vic v mch in ta
thc hin nh sau:
ng ca s Schematic1:Page1, quay v Project Management
BaiTN7

(Hnh 7.6)
Chn Tools Annotate nh s th t cho linh kin.
Chn Tool Create Netlist. to Netlist.
Khi ca s Create Netlist xut hin, ta chn layout Tab (file d liu
netlist l BaiTN7.MNL), OK.

Nu m bo rng c file BaiTN7.MNL trong th mc hin hnh th

thot khi OrCAD Capture chun b cho vic v mch in.
Lu : Trong phn trn chng ta khng cp n chc nng Kim tra
mch ca OrCAD v mt s chc nng h tr khc.

III.2.3 V mch in (Printed Circuit Board-PCB)

c Khi ng OrCAD Layout bng mt trong cc cch sau:
Chn Layout Plus trong Start Menu ca Window
Nhp vo biu tng

trn desktop.

Chn File New to mt PCB layout mi

Sau thao tc ny, ca s Load Template File xut hin, ta cn t

ng
dn
ch
n
file
DEFAULT.tch
trong
OrCAD/Layout_plus/DATA. Sau thc hin np file Netlist va to
bc III.3.2 (v d: BaiTN7.MNL).
d t footprint cho cc linh kin:
Nu trong qu trnh v Schematic ta khng chn footprint cho cc linh
kin mi khi t vo th bc ny OrCAD s yu cu chn kiu chn
cho cc linh kin theo menu sau:

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

(Hnh 7.7)

Nhp vo menu Link existing footprint to component , chn la

kiu chn ph hp cho tng loi linh kin. bc ny, kiu chn linh
kin cn chn ng kch thc (c th phi to cc footprint mi). i
vi bi th nghim ny, sinh vin c th tham kho bng sau:
Linh kin

Footprint

Th vin

Jumper600

JUMPER

CPCYL1/D.200/LS.100/.031

TM_CAP_P

Photo NPN

TO92

TO

TL082, LM386

DIP.100/8/W.300/LS.100/.425

DIP100T

VR

VRES1

VRES

Speaker

CYL/D.150/LS.100/.31

TM_CYLND

e Sp xp linh kin: Quan st menu bar, chn chc nng thch hp v sp

xp cc linh kin trn board mch. bc ny, nu cn thit ta c th
a vo thm cc linh kin mi, chng hn cc l (hold) bt c cho
board mch.

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

(Hnh 7.8)

f t kch thc cc ng mch v khai bo s lp:

Chn Options Global Spacing t khong cch gia Track, Via
v Pad:

(Hnh 7.9)
Chn Options Jumper Settings , OK hoc View SpreadSheet
Layer bo s lp v. Trong bi th nghim ny, ta v board mch 2
lp, nn ch c TOP v BOTTOM l Routing.

(Hnh 7.10)
Chn View SpreadSheet Nets t kch thc cc ng mch:

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

(Hnh 7.11)

g V mch: OrCAD h tr nhiu nhiu chin lc v mch. khai thc

tt cc chin lc ny i hi phi c mt s kinh nghim nht nh.
Thng thng, ngi ta hay v cc ng Ngun Mass vi cc t lc
ngun thch hp trc, sau thc hin v t ng tng phn v cui
cng kt ni cc phn va v. Nn nh rng, ch v t ng ch gip
gim thi gian, khng c phn mm no v mch t ng tt hn t duy
ca con ngi.

(Hnh 7.12)

Mt s thng s cn lu (p dng cho cc sinh vin v v thu gia cng

mch Lun vn tt nghip ti mt s c s Tp. HCM):
ng knh ti thiu ca cc l chn cm v cc via xuyn mch: 55
mils (1000 mils=1 inches). Cc l chn linh kin nn t thnh hnh
oval.
rng ti thiu ca cc ng mch (track width): 15 mils (hin nay
ti Tp. HCM mt s cng ty c th thc hin mch vi rng ng
6 mils).
Khong cch Track to Track nn >15 mils
c th v xuyn qua gia 2 chn IC, phi t khong cch Track
to Pad thch hp, nn 12 15 mils.

IV. T chn
c T thit k v m phng mt mch in t bng Multsim
d V mch in cho mch va thit k bng OrCAD.

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Gio trnh th nghim CAD

Nguyn Ch Ngn, ThS., Ging vin

B mn Vin Thng - T ng ha
Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, i hc Cn th
Email: ncngon@ctu.edu.vn
Mobile Tel: 0913199766

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