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Mc lc
1. Tng quan v gii thut di truyn v cc ng dng.......................................3
1.1. Gii thut di truyn................................................................................3
1.2. S thc hin gii thut di truyn.......................................................3
1.3. Gii thut di truyn so vi cc phng php truyn thng ....................4
1.4. Cc ng dng ca gii thut di truyn....................................................5
1.4.1. Ti u ho v my hc:...................................................................5
1.4.2. Ghi nh y hc vi gii thut di truyn.............................................6
1.4.3. Mt s ng dng khc.....................................................................6
2. Thc hin gii thut di truyn.......................................................................6
2.1. Biu din cc c th................................................................................6
2.1.1. Biu din nh phn .........................................................................7
2.1.2. Biu din s dng hon v...............................................................7
2.1.3. Biu din bng gi tr......................................................................7
2.1.4. Biu din theo cy...........................................................................7
2.2. Hm mc tiu (Fitness)..........................................................................8
2.3. Ton t ti to (Reproduction)...............................................................8
2.3.1. Chn lc dng bnh xe Roulette.....................................................8
2.3.2. Chn lc Stochastic universal sampling........................................10
2.3.3. Chn lc ln cn a phng........................................................10
2.3.4. Chn lc loi b............................................................................10
2.4. Ton t lai ghp (Crossover)................................................................10
2.4.1. Ton t lai ghp trong biu din nh phn.....................................10
2.4.2. Ton t lai ghp trong biu din bng hon v..............................11
2.4.3. Ton t lai ghp trong biu din bng gi tr.................................11
2.4.4. Ton t lai ghp trong biu din theo cy.....................................11
2.5. Ton t t bin (Mutation).................................................................11
2.6. Cc thng s c bn ca gii thut.......................................................12
3. C s ton hc ca gii thut di truyn.......................................................13
Gii thut di truyn
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
biu din khc nhau sao cho ph hp, thun li khi gii ton. Trong c hai cch
biu din thng dng nht l biu din nh phn v biu din s dng cc hon v.
2.1.1. Biu din nh phn
Mi c th tng ng vi mt chui bao gm cc bit 0 v 1, ngha ca cc
bit ny ph thuc vo tng tnh hung c th. y l cch biu din n gii nht
v l cch thng dng nht trong cc cch biu din.
V d trong bi ton ci ti: c n vt vi trng lng v gi tr c cho
trc v mt ci ti c trng lng bit. Hy chn ra cc vt cho vo ti
sao cho tng gi tr cc vt trong ti l ln nht?
y, vt c nh s t 1 n n, mi c th c biu din bng mt
xu nh phn di n. Trong , bit th i bng 1 c ngha l vt th i c cho
vo ti, bng 0 th b li.
2.1.2. Biu din s dng hon v
Mi c th tng ng vi mt hon v ca tp n k hiu no . Chng hn
cch biu din ny c p dng cho bi ton ngi du lch :
Mt thng gia phi i qua nhiu thnh ph (n). Hy vch l trnh i qua tt
c cc thnh ph sao cho qung ng i l ngn nht. Bit rng mi thnh ph
ch i qua mt ln.
K hiu cc thnh ph l T1, T2, ..., Tn mi c th - s m ho ca li gii - s
l mt danh sch hon v ca T1, T2, ..., Tn biu din l trnh m ngi thng gia
i qua. Th d T8T5T9T3..... s l k hiu ca hnh trnh t T8 T5 T9 T3...
Nh vy mi chui con s biu din cho mt nh ca khng gian tm kim
v qua th hin c cch tr li c th c ca bi ton. Sau ny mi chui
nhim sc th s c gii m li tr v cc thng s ban u ca bi ton.
2.1.3. Biu din bng gi tr
Biu din gi tr trc tip c th c dng trong cc bi ton c cha nhng
gi tr phc tp, chng hn nh s thc. Nu dng biu din nh phn cho loi bi
ton ny th rt phc tp. Trong m ha gi tr, mi nhim sc th l mt chui cha
nhng gi tr no . Nhng gi tr ny c th c dng bt k lin quan n bi ton,
t s nguyn, s thc, k t cho n cc i tng phc tp hn.
Mt v d cho cch m ha ny l bi ton tm trng s mng nron.
2.1.4. Biu din theo cy
M ha theo cy c dng ch yu cho cc chng trnh (hoc biu thc)
tin ha, cho lp trnh gen. Trong m ha theo cy mi nhim sc th l mt cy
Gii thut di truyn
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
Cc bc thc hin:
Tr v s c th u tin ca mt dn s mi , da vo gi tr mc tiu ca
n .
Chui
01110
11000
00100
10010
01100
00010
Hm mc tiu
10
12
5
8
9
6
T l %
20
24
10
16
18
12
Total
8
22
27
35
44
50
Bng 1
Bnh xe trng s c th hin trong hnh nh sau :
12%
20%
18%
24%
16%
10%
Hnh 1
Sau ta s to cc s ngu nhin trong khong t (0, 50) tng ng vi vic
quay vng trn bnh xe , i vi mi s, k thut chn la trn vng trn bnh xe
s c p dng chn mt chui nhim sc th u tin vi gi tr hm mc tiu
ln hn hay bng s ngu nhin . By s ngu nhin c to ra cng vi cc chui
c chn c th hin trong bng 2 :
S ngu nhin
Chui NST
26
3
16
2
46
6
30
4
5
1
18
2
Bng 2
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
10
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
Hnh 3
Qu trnh ti to v lai ghp lm tng thm sc mnh cho gii thut di truyn
bi vic trc tip tm kim nhng thng tin tt hn s dng nhng thng tin tn ti
bit .
11
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
12
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
10101
10011
10001
13
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
Tt c cc lc khng c to nn mt cch ng u, c mt s lc
c bit hn nhng ci khc . V d,lc 011*1* * l mt th hin xc nh
hn v s tng ng quan trng so vilc 0* * * * * * . Hn na, mt lc
no c th tri rng vi chiu di chui nhiu hn cc lc khc. V d, lc
1* * * *1* s tri mt phn ca chui rng hn lc 1*1* * * *.
nh gi nhng tng ny, chng ta cn gii thiu v hai c trng ca
lc : bc (other) ca lc v di nh ngha (defining length) ca lc
.
Bc ca lc H , k hiu l O(H), l s cc v tr xc nh (trong b k t
nh phn, chnh l tng s cc bit 1 v 0 c trong mu.
V d: bc ca lc 011*1* * l 4 (k hiu O(011*1**) = 4) cn bc ca
lc 0* * * * * * l 1.
di ca lc H, k hiu l (H), l khong cch gia v tr c nh u
tin v v tr c nh cui cng.
V d:
(1 * * 1 * 0 * * 0 * * *) = 9 -1=8
(0 * * * * * * * *) =1-1=0
Lc v nhng c trng ca n l nhng cng c k hiu thch hp
tho lun v phn loi chnh xc cc s tng ng ca chui .Hn th na chng
cung cp cc phng tin c s phn tch hiu qu rng ca vic sinh sn v cc
thao tc di truyn trn cc khi gch xy c cha bn trong dn s .Chng ta hy
xem xt hiu qu ring v hiu qu phi hp ca vic ti to, ghp cho v t bin,
trn lc c cha trong qun th ca cc chui.
3.2. Hiu qu ca s ti to
Chng ta nh gi hiu qu ca s ti to (Reproduction) thng qua s lc
c chn trong tp hp cc lc trc . Gi s rng bc chn lc th t,
ta nhn c m xu ca lc H trong tp hp A(t). K hiu: m=m(H, t).
Gi Pj l xc sut chn xu Aj trong tp A(t) , Pj =fj /S fj (fj : gi tr ca hm f
ng vi xu j).
Sau ln ti to th t ta nhn c tp xu A (t+1) c s chui ca lc H l
m(H,t+1)
m(H, t+1) = m(H, t)*n*f(H) / f.
Trong n l s xu trong tp A(t). (n=| A(t)|)
Gii thut di truyn
14
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
t suy ra:
m( H, t + 1) = m( H, t )
f (H)
f
m( H, t + 1) = m( H, t )
( f + cf )
= (1 + c).m( H, t )
f
15
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
H2 = *** ***0
Kh nng lc H1 b loi b (dng ca lc ny khng c tp hp Di
Truyn k tip) l ln, v v tr hon v c nhiu kh nng ri vo v tr cc k t (*)
lin tip (on "v tr c nh ph"): (1 v 5). kho st nhn xt ny ta ch rng
(H1) =5. Kh nng chn v tr hon v trong L-1 = 7-1 = 6 v tr c th. Nn xc
sut lc 1 b loi b l: Pd (Probability Detroy) = (H1)*(L-1) = 5/6.
Xc xut tn ti l Ps (Probability Stay) = 1 - Pd = 1/6.
Tng qut:
Mt lc tn ti nu im hon v nm ngoi on "v tr c nh". Kh
nng tn ti l:
ps 1 pc .
( H )
l 1
f (H)
( H )
1 pc .
f
l 1
Nh vy kh nng tn ti ca mt lc ph thuc :
- Lc c gi tr cao hn hay thp hn gi tr trung bnh ca tp hp.
- V tr hon v nm trong hay ngoi on "v tr c nh ph".
T y ta d hiu rng nhng lc no c gi tr hm mc tiu trn trung
bnh v c gi tr d(H) nh th t l tn ti vn tng theo hm m.
16
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
m( H, t + 1) m( H, t ).
f (H)
( H )
p
o( H ).p m
c
f
l 1
4.1. La chn cc lc
Vic chn lc cc lc c s dng trong GAs chun l la chn trn
vng trn roulette. Nhng lc ny l nhng thnh vin tt nht nhng c th
tht bi trong cc ln sinh k tip v c th dn n nhng li ngu nhin. ci
thin iu ny, mt vi phng php ci tin c lin kt cng vi vic chn la
trn bnh xe roulette c tin hnh.
17
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
Hnh 4
18
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
f ( xi )
n
s(d ( x , x ))
j =1
Cng thc trn cho thy, khi c nhiu c th gn nhau, chng lm gim
thch nghi ca nhau. Ton t v m c s dng khc phc hn ch ny.
19
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
thut hin ti. V vy, i vi cc bi ton ti u ho, khi c nhiu gii thut ti u
ho mt cch c hiu qu, th c th s dng n cho vn ti u. Mt gii thut di
truyn c th ghp vi nhiu k thut tm kim khc nhau, ta ra mt dng lai
ghp m khai thc c vic tm kim ton cc v c tm kim cc b.
C rt nhiu k thut o hm v khng o hm c sn cho vic tm kim
ti u ha cc b trong cc hm tnh ton quen thuc. Mc d khng c nhng hm
tnh ton quen thuc, vn lun lun c nhng s tm kim ti u cho bi ton
c bit. Trong mt s trng hp, s k tha lai ghp a ra vic biu din tt
cng nh k thut tt trong vic s dng.
20
Bi tp ln tr tu nhn to
21