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N TP VT L 9

PHN L THUYT CHNG I: IN HC

Review PHYSICAL 9

I- NH LUT M IN TR CA DY DN 1- nh lut m: Cng dng in qua dy dn t l thun vi hiu in th t vo hai u dy v t l nghch vi in tr ca dy U - Cng thc: I = Trong : I:Cng dng in (A), R U Hiu in th (V) R in tr ( ) - Ta c: 1A = 1000mA v 1mA = 10-3A Ch : th biu din s ph thuc ca cng dng in vo hiu in th gia hai du dy dn l ng thng i qua gc ta (U = 0; I = 0)
U1 R1 = U2 R 2

- Vi cng mt dy dn (cng mt in tr) th:


2- in tr dy dn:
U

- Tr s R = I khng i vi mt dy dn c gi l in tr ca dy dn . - n v: . 1M = 103k = 106 - K hiu in tr trong hnh v: hoc (hay


Ch : - in tr ca mt dy dn l i lng c trng cho tnh cn tr dng in ca dy dn . - in tr ca dy dn ch ph thuc vo bn thn dy dn. II- NH LUT M CHO ON MCH C CC IN TR MC NI TIP

1/ Cng dng in v hiu in th trong on mch mc ni tip - Cng dng in c gi tr nh nhau ti mi im: I=I1=I2==In - Hiu in th gia hai u on mch bng tng hiu in th gia hai u mi in tr thnh phn: U=U1+U2++Un 2/ in tr tng ng ca on mch ni tip a- in tr tng ng (Rt) ca mt on mch l in tr c th thay th cho cc in tr trong mch, sao cho gi tr ca hiu in th v cng dng in trong mch khng thay i. b- in tr tng ng ca on mch ni tip bng tng cc in tr hp thnh: Rt=R1+R2++Rn 3/ H qu:Trong on mch mc ni tip (cng I) hiu in th gia hai u mi in tr t l thun vi in tr in tr
U1 R1 = U2 R 2

III- NH LUT M CHO ON MCH C CC IN TR MC SONG SONG 1/ Cng dng in v hiu in th trong on mch mc song song - Cng dng in trong mch chnh bng tng cng dng in trong cc mch r: I=I1+I2++In - Hiu in th hai u on mch song song bng hiu in th hai u mi on mch r. U=U1=U2==Un 2/ in tr tng ng ca on mch song song - Nghch o in tr tng ng ca on mch song song bng tng cc nghch o in tr cc on mch r:
1 1 1 1 = + +...+ R td R1 R 2 Rn

3/ H qu

- Mch in gm hai in tr mc song th:

R .R R td = 1 2 R1+ R 2
I1 R 2 = I2 R1

- Cng dng in chy qua mi in tr (cng U) t l nghch vi in tr :


IV- IN TR DY DN PH THUC VO CC YU T CA DY
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N TP VT L 9

PHN L THUYT Review PHYSICAL 9 in tr dy dn t l thun vi chiu di ca dy, t l nghch vi tit din ca dy v ph thuc vo vt liu lm dy dn

Cng thc tnh in tr ca dy dn (in tr thun): R =

l S

Trong :

l chiu di dy (m)

S tit din ca dy (m2) in tr sut ( m) R in tr ( ). * ngha ca in tr sut - in tr sut ca mt vt liu (hay mt cht liu) c tr s bng in tr ca mt on dy dn hnh tr c lm bng vt liu c chiu di l 1m v tit din l 1m2. - in tr sut ca vt liu cng nh th vt liu dn in cng tt. * Ch : - Hai dy dn cng cht liu, cng tit din: R = l 2 2 - Hai dy dn cng cht liu, cng chiu di: R = S 2 1 - Hai dy dn cng cht liu: R = l . S 2 2 1
R1 l1 S2 2 S1 = d1 S2 d 2 2 R1 S2 R1 l1

- Cng thc tnh tit din ca dy theo bn knh (R) v ng knh dy (d): S=R 2 = d - i n v: 1m = 100cm = 1000mm 1mm = 10-1cm = 10-3m 1mm2=10-2cm2=10-6m2

V- BIN TR IN TR DNG TRONG K THUT 1/ Bin tr - c dng thay i cng dng in trong mch. - Cc loi bin tr c s dng l: bin tr con chy, bin tr tay quay, bin tr than (chit p).Bin tr l in tr c th thay i tr s v dng iu chnh cng dng in trong mch - K hiu trong mch v: hoc hoc hoc 2/ in tr dng trong k thut - in tr dng trong k thut thng c tr s rt ln. - c ch to bng lp than hoc lp kim loi mng ph ngoi mt lp cch in - C hai cch ghi tr s in tr dng trong k thut l: + Tr s c ghi trn in tr. + Tr s c th hin bng cc vng mu sn trn in tr (4 vng mu). VI- CNG SUT IN 1) Cng sut in: Cng sut in trong mt on mch bng tch hiu in th gia hai u on mch vi cng dng in qua n. Cng thc: P = U.I , Trong : P cng sut (W); U hiu in th (V); I cng dng in (A) n v: Ot (W); 1MW=1000kW=1.000.000W 1W=103kW=10-6MW 2) H qu: Nu on mch cho in tr R th cng sut in cng c th tnh bng cng thc: P = I2.R hoc P =
U2 R

hoc tnh cng sut bng P =

A t

3) Ch - S ot ghi trn mi dng c in cho bit cng sut nh mc ca dng c , ngha l cng sut in ca dng c khi n hot ng bnh thng. - Trn mi dng c in thng c ghi: gi tr hiu in th nh mc v cng sut nh mc. V d: Trn mt bng n c ghi 220V 75W ngha l: bng n sng bnh thng khi c s dng vi ngun in c hiu in th 220V th cng sut in qua bng n l 75W.

- Trong on mch mc ni tip (cng I) th:


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P R1 1= P2 R 2 (cng sut t l thun vi in tr)

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N TP VT L 9

PHN L THUYT
P R2 1= P2 R1 (cng sut t l nghch vi in tr)

Review PHYSICAL 9

- Trong on mch mc song song (cng U) th

- D mch mc song song hay ni tip th Pm = P1+ P2++Pn


VII- IN NNG CNG DNG IN 1) in nng * in nng l g? - Dng in c mang nng lng v n c th thc hin cng, cng nh c th lm thay i nhit nng ca mt vt. Nng lng dng in c gi l in nng. * S chuyn ha in nng thnh cc dng nng lng khc - in nng c th chuyn ha thnh cc dng nng lng khc: C nng, quang nng, nhit nng, nng lng t, ha nng V d: - Bng n dy tc: in nng bin i thnh nhit nng v quang nng. - n LED: in nng bin i thnh quang nng v nhit nng. - Ni cn in, bn l: in nng bin i thnh nhit nng v quang nng. - Qut in, my bn nc: in nng bin i thnh c nng v nhit nng. * Hiu sut s dng in - T s gia phn nng lng c ch c chuyn ha t in nng v ton b in nng tiu th c gi l hiu sut s dng in nng. Cng thc:
A H = 1 .100% A

Trong : A1: nng lng c ch c chuyn ha t in nng. A: in nng tiu th.

2) Cng dng in (in nng tiu th) * Cng dng in - Cng dng in sinh ra trong mt on mch l s o lng in nng chuyn ha thnh cc dng nng lng khc ti on mch . - Cng thc: A = P.t = U.I.t Trong :A: cng dong in (J) P: cng sut in (W) t: thi gian (s) U: hiu in th (V) I: cng dng in (A) - Ngoi ra cn c tnh bi cng thc: A=I2Rt hoc A = U t
R 2

* o in nng tiu th - Lng in nng c s dng c o bng cng t in. Mi s m trn cng t in cho bit lng in nng s dng l 1 kiloat gi (kW.h). 1 kW.h = 3 600kJ =3 600 000J
1J = 1 kWh 3600000

VIII- NH LUT JUN-LENX (Tnh nhit lng ta ra trn dy dn khi c dng in chy qua) * nh lut: Nhit lng ta ra trn dy dn khi c dng in chy qua t l thun vi bnh phng cng dng in, t l thun vi in tr v thi gian dng in chy qua * Cng thc: Q = I2.R.t Trong : Q: nhit lng ta ra (J) I: cng dng in (A) R: in tr ( ) t: thi gian (s) * Ch : - Nu nhit lng Q tnh bng n v calo (cal) th ta c cng thc: Q=0,24I2Rt

- Ngoi ra Q cn c tnh bi cng thc : Q=UIt hoc - Cng thc tnh nhit lng: Q=m.c. t Trong :
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Q=

U2 t R

m khi lng (kg) c nhit dung ring (JkgK) Email: vuvanphong78@gmail.com

N TP VT L 9

PHN L THUYT

Review PHYSICAL 9

IX S dng an ton in v tit kim in * Mt s quy tc an ton in: - Thc hnh, lm th nghim vi hiu in th an ton: U < 40V - S dng dy dn c v bc cch in tt v ph hp - Cn mc cu ch, cu dao...cho mi dng c in - Khi tip xc vi mng in 220V cn cn thn, m bo cch in - Khi sa cha cc dng c in cn: Ngt ngun in, phi m bo cch in * Cn phi s dng tit kim in nng : - Gim chi tiu cho gia nh - Cc dng c v thit b in c s dng lu bn hn - Gim bt cc s c gy tn hi chung do h thng cung cp b qu ti - Dnh phn in nng tit kim cho sn xut - Bo v mi trng - Tit kim ngn sch nh nc * Cc bin php s dng tit kim in nng: - Cn phi la chn cc thit b c cng sut ph hp - Khng s dng cc thit b trong nhng lc khng cn thit v nh vy s gy lng ph in * Nhng h qu:

t chnh lch nhit (0C)

- Mch in gm hai in tr mc ni tip: - Mch in gm hai in tr mc song - Hiu sut: H = A tp .100% = Ptp .100%= Q tp .100%
Aci Pci Qci

A1 P1 Q1 U1 R1 = = = = A 2 P2 Q 2 U 2 R 2 A1 P1 Q1 I1 R 2 song: A2 = P2 = Q2 = I2 = R1

- Mch in gm cc in tr mc ni tip hay song song: P = P1 + P2 + ..... + Pn


CHNG II: IN T 1. Nam chm vnh cu. * c im: - Ht st hoc b st ht (ngoi ra cn ht niken, coban) - Lun c hai cc, cc Bc (N) sn v cc Nam (S) sn xanh hoc trng - Nu hai nam chm li gn nhau th cc cc cng tn y nhau, cc cc khc tn ht nhau. * Kim nam chm: Lun ch hng Bc-Nam a l (la bn). * ng dng: Kim nam chm, labn, i-na-m xe p, Loa in (loa in c c hai loi nam chm), ng c in n gin, my pht in n gin 2: Tc dng t ca dng in T trng * Th nghim xtet: t dy dn song song vi kim nam chm. Cho dng in chy qua dy dn, kim nam chm b lch khi v tr ban u c lc tc dng ln kim nam chm (lc t) * Kt lun: Dng in chy qua dy dn thng hay dy dn c hnh dng bt k u gy ra tc dng lc (lc t) ln kim NC t gn n. Ta ni dng in c tc dng t. * T trng: l khng gian xung quanh NC, xung quanh dng in c kh nng tc dng lc t ln kim NC t trong n. * Cch nhn bit t trng: Ni no trong khng gian c lc t tc dng ln kim NC (lm kim nam chm lch khi hng BcNam) th ni c t trng 3) T ph - ng sc t a. T ph: l hnh nh c th v cc ng sc t, c th thu c t ph bng rc mt st ln tm nha trong t trong t trng v g nh b. ng sc t (ST): - Mi ST c 1 chiu xc nh. Bn ngoi NC, cc STc chiu i ra t cc Bc (N), i vo cc Nam (S) ca NC - Ni no t trng cng mnh th ST dy, ni no t trng cng yu th ST tha. 4. T trng ca ng dy c dng in chy qua. a. T ph, ng sc t ca ng dy c dng in chy qua: - T ph bn ngoi ng dy c dng in chy qua v bn ngoi thanh NC l ging nhau - Trong lng ng dy cng c cc ng mt st c sp xp gn nh song song vi nhau. b. Quy tc nm tay phi: Nm bn tay phi, ri t sao cho bn ngn tay hng theo chiu dng in chy qua cc vng dy th ngn tay ci choi ra ch chiu ca ST trong lng ng dy. 5. S nhim t ca st, thp Nam chm in. a. S nhim t ca st thp: Blog: vuvanphong.violet.vn Email: vuvanphong78@gmail.com 4

N TP VT L 9

PHN L THUYT Review PHYSICAL 9 * St, thp, niken, cban v cc vt liu t khc t trong t trng, u b nhim t. * Sau b b nhim t, st non khng gi c t tnh lu di, cn thp th gi c t tnh lu di b. Nam chm in: - Cu to: Cun dy dn, li st non - Cc cch lm tng lc t ca nam chm in: + Tng cng dng in chy qua cc vng dy + Tng s vng dy ca cun dy 6. ng dng ca NC in: Ampe k, rle in t, rle dng, loa in (loa in c c hai loi nam chm), my pht in k thut, ng c in trong k thut, cn cu, thit b ghi m, chung in a. Loa in: - Cu to: B phn chnh ca loa in : ng dy L, nam chm ch E, mng loa M. ng dy c th dao ng dc theo khe nh gia hai t cc ca NC - Hot ng: Trong loa in, khi dng in c cng thay i c truyn t micr qua b phn tng m n ng dy th ng dy dao ng.Pht ra m thanh .Bin dao ng in thnh m thanh b. Rle in t: - Rle in t l mt thit b t ng ng, ngt mch in, bo v v iu khin s lm vic ca mch in. - B phn ch yu ca rle gm mt nam chm in) v mt thanh st non c. R le dng - Rle dng l mt thit b t ng ngt mch in bo v ng c, thng mc ni tip vi ng c. 7. Lc in t. a. .Tc dng ca t trng ln dy dn c dng in: - Dy dn c dng in chy qua t trong t trng, khng song song vi ST th chu tc dng ca lc in t b. Quy tc bn tay tri - t bn tay tri sao cho cc ST hng vo lng bn tay, chiu t c tay n tay gia hng theo chiu dng in th ngn tay ci choi ra 900 ch chiu ca lc in t. 8: ng c in 1 chiu. a. Cu to ng c in mt chiu n gin - C c hai b phn chnh l NC to ra t trng (B phn ng yn Stato) v khung dy dn cho dng in chy qua (B phn quay Rto) - Chuyn ha nng lng: in nng -> c nng. b. ng c in mt chiu trong KT: - Trong C k thut, b phn to ra t trng l NC in (Stato) - B phn quay (Rto) ca C k thut gm nhiu cun dy t lch nhau v song song vi trc ca mt khi tr lm bng cc l thp k thut ghp li. 9: Hin tng cm ng in t: a. Cu to v hot ng ca inam xe p - Cu tao: Nam chm v cun dy dn - Hot ng: Khi nm quay th nam chm quay theo, xut hin dng in trong cun dy lm n sng b. Dng NC to ra dng in: - Dng NC vnh cu: Dng in xut hin trong cun dy dn kn khi ta a mt cc ca nam chm li gn hay ra xa mt u cun dy hoc ngc li - Dng NC in: Dng in xut hin cun dy dn kn trong thi gian ng hoc ngt mch in ca NC in, ngha l trong thi gian dng in ca NC in bin thin. c. Hin tng cm ng in t: - Khi s ng sc t xuyn qua tit din S ca cun dy bin thin, trong cun dy xut hin dng in. Dng in gi l dng in cm ng. Hin tng xut hin dng in cm ng gi l hin tng cm ng in t - C th dng 2 n LED mc song song ngc chiu vo 2 u cun dy pht hin s i chiu ca dng in cm ng, v n LED ch sng khi dng in chy qua n theo 2 chiu xc nh. 10- Dng in xoay chiu: - Dng in cm ng trong cun dy dn kn i chiu khi s ng sc t xuyn qua tit din S ca cun dy ang tng m chuyn sang gim hoc ngc li ang gim chuyn sang tng. Dng in lun phin i chiu gi l dng in xoay chiu. - Khi cho cun dy dn kn quay trong t trng ca nam chm hay cho nam chm quay trc cun dy dn th trong cun dy xut hin dng in cm ng xoay chiu 11 My pht in xoay chiu: - My pht in xoay chiu c hai b phn chnh l nam chm v cun dy dn. Mt trong hai b phn ng yn gi l stato, b phn cn li quay gi l rto. - C hai loi my pht in xoay chiu:

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N TP VT L 9

PHN L THUYT

Review PHYSICAL 9

qut, khi khung dy quay th vnh khuyn quay cn thanh qut ng yn). Loi ny ch khc ng c in mt chiu b gp (c gp). my pht in mt chiu l hai bn khuyn t ln hai thanh qut. + Loi 2: Nam chm quay (nam chm ny l nam chm in)_Rto - Khi rto ca my pht in xoay chiu quay c 1vng th dng in do my sinh ra i chiu 2 ln. Dng in khng thay i khi i chiu quay ca rto. - My pht in quay cng nhanh th HT 2 u cun dy ca my cng ln. Tn s quay ca my pht in nc ta l 50Hz. 12-Cc tc dng ca dng in xoay chiu o cng dng in v hiu in th xoay chiu. - Dng in xoay chiu c tc dng nh dng in mt chiu: tc dng nhit, tc dng pht sng, tc dng t - Lc in t (tc dng t) i chiu khi dng in i chiu. - Dng ampe k v vn k xoay chiu c k hiu AC (hay ~) o gi tr hiu dng ca CD v HT xoay chiu. Khi mc ampe k v vn k xoay chiu vo mch in xoay chiu khng cn phn bit cht (+) hay (-).. - Cc cng thc ca dng in mt chiu c th p dng cho cc gi tr hiu dng ca cng v HT ca dng in xoay chiu 13-Truyn ti in nng i xa: - Khi truyn ti in nng i xa bng ng dy dn s c mt phn in nng hao ph do hin tng ta nhit trn ng dy. - Cng sut hao ph do ta nhit trn ng dy dn t l nghch vi bnh phng hiu in th t vo hai u dy dn P 2 .R Php = U2 - gim hao ph trn ng dy truyn ti in nng i xa ta c cc phng n sau: + Tng tit din dy dn (tn km) + Chn dy c in tr sut nh (tn km) + Tng hiu in th (thng dng) - Khi truyn ti in nng i xa phng n lm gim hao ph hu hiu nht l tng hiu in th t vo hai u dy dn bng cc my bin th. 14. My bin th - Khi t mt hiu in th xoay chiu vo hai u cun dy s cp ca mt my bin th th hai u ca cun dy th cp xut hin mt hiu in th xoay chiu. - Khng th dng dng in mt chiu khng i (dng in mt chiu) chy my bin th c. U1 n1 - T s hiu in th hai u cc cun dy ca my bin th bng t s gia s vng ca cc cun dy . U = n 2 2

+ Loi 1: Khung dy quay (Rto) th c thm b gp (hai vnh khuyn ni vi hai u dy, hai vnh khuyn t ln hai thanh

- Nu s vng dy cun s cp (u vo) ln hn s vng dy cun th cp (u ra) my gi l my h th. Nu s vng dy


cun s cp nh hn s vng dy cun th cp th gi l my tng th. - 2 u ng dy ti in v pha nh my in t my tng th gim hao ph v nhit trn ng dy ti, ni tiu th t my h th xung bng HT nh mc ca cc dng c tiu th in

CHNG III: QUANG HC 1- Hin tng khc x nh sng. - Hin tng khc x l hin tng tia sng truyn t mi trng trong sut ny sang mi trng trong sut khc b gy khc ti mt phn cch gia hai mi trng. Trong hnh v: - SI l tia ti - IK l tia khc x - PQ l mt phn cch - NN l php tuyn - SIN =i l gc ti

- KIN ' =r l gc khc x


- Khi tia sng truyn t khng kh sang cc mi trng trong sut rn, lng khc nhau th gc khc x nh hn gc ti. Ngc li, khi tia sng truyn t cc mi trng trong sut khc sang khng kh th gc khc x ln hn gc ti. - Khi tng (hoc gim) gc ti th gc khc x cng tng (hoc gim). - Gc ti 0o (tia sng vung gc vi mt phn cch) th tia sng khng b khc x. - Khi mt tia sng truyn t nc sang khng kh nu gc ti i ln hn 48030 th c hin tng phn x ton phn. 2- Thu knh hi t: Blog: vuvanphong.violet.vn
Email: vuvanphong78@gmail.com 6

N TP VT L 9

PHN L THUYT

Review PHYSICAL 9

a) c im ca thu knh hi t:

- Thu knh hi t c phn ra mng hn phn gia.

k hiu trong hnh v:

- Mt chm tia ti song song vi trc chnh ca thu knh hi t cho chm tia l hi t ti tiu im ca thu knh. - Dng thu knh hi t quan st dng ch thy ln hn so vi khi nhn bnh thng. - Trong : l trc chnh F, F l hai tiu im O l quang tm OF=OF = f gi l tiu c ca thu knh b) ng truyn ca ba tia sng c bit qua thu knh hi t: (1): Tia ti i qua quang tm th tia l tip tc i thng (khng b khc x) theo phng ca tia ti. (2): Tia ti song song vi trc chnh th tia l i qua tiu im. (3): Tia ti i qua tiu im th tia l song song vi trc chnh. c) nh ca vt to bi thu knh hi t: - Nu d<f cho nh o, cng chiu vi vt v ln hn vt - Nu d=f khng cho nh - Nu f<d<2f cho nh tht ngc chiu vi vt v ln hn vt - Nu d=2f cho nh tht ngc chiu vi vt v bng vt - Nu d>2f cho nh tht ngc chiu vi vt v nh hn vt. d) Dng nh to bi thu knh hi t: - Mun dng nh AB ca AB qua thu knh (AB vung gc vi trc chnh, A nm trn trc chnh), ch cn dng nh B ca B bng cch v ng truyn ca hai trong ba tia sng c bit, sau t B h vung gc xung trc chnh l ta c nh A ca A. e) Cng thc ca thu knh hi t

- T l chiu cao vt v nh: -

h d = h' d' 1 1 1 1 1 1 Quan h gia d, d v f: f = d + d ' nu l nh o th f = d d '

d l khong cch t vt n thu knh d l khong cch t nh n thu knh f l tiu c ca thu knh h l chiu cao ca vt h l chiu cao ca nh 3- Thu knh phn k: a) c im ca thu knh phn k:

- Trong :

- Thu knh phn k c phn ra dy hn phn gia

k hiu trong v hnh:

- Chm tia ti song song vi trc chnh ca thu knh phn k cho chm tia l phn k. - Dng thu knh phn k quan st dng ch thy nh hn so vi khi nhn bnh thng. - Trong : l trc chnh F, F l hai tiu im O l quang tm OF=OF = f gi l tiu c ca thu knh b) ng truyn ca hai tia sng c bit qua thu knh phn k: (1): Tia ti song song vi trc chnh th tia l ko di i qua tiu im. (2): Tia ti n quang tm th tia l tip tc truyn thng theo phng ca tia ti. (3): Tia ti i qua tiu im th tia l song song vi trc chnh (tia ny c bit khc vi thu knh hi t) c) nh ca vt to bi thu knh phn k: - Vt sng t mi v tr trc thu knh phn k lun cho nh o, cng chiu, nh hn vt v lun nm trong khong tiu c ca thu knh. - Vt t rt xa thu knh, nh o ca vt c v tr cch thu knh mt khong bng tiu c. - Nu a vt ra xa thu knh nhng theo phng song song vi trc chnh th nh nh dn v xa thu knh dn. - Vt t st thu knh cho nh o bng vt. d) Dng nh to bi thu knh phn k:Tng t nh dng nh to bi thu knh hi t.
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N TP VT L 9

PHN L THUYT

Review PHYSICAL 9

e) Cng thc ca thu knh phn k

- T l chiu cao vt v nh: -

h d = h' d' 1 1 1 Quan h gia d, d v f: = f d' d

- Trong :

d l khong cch t vt n thu knh d l khong cch t nh n thu knh f l tiu c ca thu knh h l chiu cao ca vt h l chiu cao ca nh

4- My nh * Cu to: - Gm hai b phn chnh: vt knh, bung ti. Ngoi ra trong my nh cn c ca iu chnh sng v ca sp, ch t phim. - Vt knh ca my nh l mt thu knh hi t. * S to nh trn phim: - nh trn phim ca my nh l nh tht, nh hn vt v ngc chiu vi vt. - iu chnh nh r nt trn phim ngi th nh iu chnh khong cch t vt knh n phim. Vt cng gn ng knh th nh trn phim cng to

- Cng thc: h ' = d '

Trong : d l khong cch t vt n vt knh d l khong cch t phim n vt knh h l chiu cao ca vt h l chiu cao ca nh trn phim

5- Mt: * Cu to: - Hai b phn quan trng nht ca mt l : th thy tinh v mng li (cn gi l vng mc). - Thy tinh th ng vai tr nh vt knh trong my nh nhng c tiu c thay i c, cn mng li nh phim nhng khong cch t mng li n th thy tinh khng thay i c. * S to nh trn mng li: - nhn r cc vt cc v tr xa gn khc nhau th mt phi iu tit nh hin r trn mng li bng cch co gin th thy tinh (thay i tiu c ca th thy tinh) - nh ca vt m ta nhn hin trn mng li c c im l nh tht, ngc chiu v nh hn vt. - im xa nht m mt c th nhn r c khi khng iu tit gi l im cc vin (k hiu C V), khong cch t im Cv n mt l khong cc vin. Khi nhn vt im cc vin th tiu c ca th thy tinh nm trn mng li, lc ny th thy tinh c tiu c di nht. - im gn nht m mt c th nhn thy c gi l im cc cn (k hiu CC), khong cch t im Cc n mt l khong cc cn. Khi nhn vt im cc cn mt phi iu tit ln nht (th thy tinh phng ln nht v c tiu c ngn nht) - Mt nhn r vt nu vt trong khong t im Cc n im Cv. * Mt cn th: - Mt cn th l mt c th nhn r nhng vt gn, nhng khng nhn r nhng vt xa. - Knh cn l knh phn k. Mt cn phi eo knh phn k nhn r nhng vt xa. Knh cn th thch hp c tiu im F trng vi im cc vin (CV) ca mt (tiu c ca knh bng khong cc vin) - Mt b cn khi khng phi iu tit tiu im ca th thy tinh nm trc mng li, im cc cn (Cc) v im cc vin (Cv) ca mt cn gn hn im cc cn v im cc vin ca mt ngi bnh thng. * Mt lo: - Mt lo nhn r nhng vt xa, nhng khng nhn r nhng vt gn. - Knh lo l knh hi t. Mt lo phi eo knh hi t nhn r nhng vt gn. - Mt lo khi khng iu tit tiu im ca th thy tinh nm trn mng li, im cc vin ca mt lo nh ngi bnh thng. 6- Knh lp: - Knh lp l thu knh hi t c tiu c ngn. Ngi ta dng knh lp quan st cc vt nh. - Mi knh lp c bi gic (k hiu G) c ghi trn vnh knh bng cc con s nh 2x, 3x, 5x knh lp c bi gic cng ln th quan st nh cng ln.

- Gia bi gic v tiu c f (o bng cm) c h thc: G = f - Vt cn quan st phi t trong khong tiu c ca knh. Mt nhn thy nh o cng chiu ln hn vt.
7- nh sng trng v nh sng mu: - Ngun sng trng: nh sng Mt tri (tr lc bnh minh v hong hn) v cc n dy tc nng sng (n pin, n pha t).
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N TP VT L 9

PHN L THUYT

Review PHYSICAL 9

- Ngun sng mu:C mt s ngun sng pht ra trc tip nh sng mu (n LED, n Laze, n ng qung co). Cng c th
to ra nh sng mu bng cch chiu chm sng trng qua tm lc mu.

- Tm lc mu: Trong sut (rn, lng, mng mng) c mu. Tm lc mu no th cho mu i qua v hp th nhiu nh sng
mu khc. 2- S phn tch nh sng trng: - C th phn tch mt chm sng trng thnh nhng chm sng mu khc nhau bng cch cho chm sng trng i qua mt lng knh hoc phn x trn mt ghi ca mt da CD. - Lng knh l mt khi trong sut hnh lng tr tam gic. Chiu nh sng t ngun sng trng qua lng knh ta thu c mt di nh sng mu xp lin nhau: - da cam vng - lc lam chm - tm. (tun theo nh lut khc x). - Trong chm sng trng c cha nhiu chm sng mu khc nhau. - Hin tng cu vng, nh sng mu trn vng du, bong bng x phng cng l hin tng phn tch nh sng. * Ch : Nu sau lng knh ch c mt mu duy nht th chm sng chiu vo lng knh l chm sng n sc. 3- S trn cc nh sng mu: - Khi chiu 2 hay nhiu mu vo cng mt ch trn mn trng th ch mn trng l mu ta thu c khi trn. - Trn hai nh sng mu vi nhau ta thu c nh sng mu khc. - C nhiu nh sng mu vi nhau c mu mi. - c bit, c th trn cc nh sng , xanh lc v xanh lam vi nhau c nh sng trng. Ba mu l ba mu c bn ca nh sng. + Khi trn cc nh sng vi nh sng xanh lc ta c mu vng. + Khi trn nh sng vi nh sng xanh lam ta c mu en sm. + Khi trn cc nh sng xanh lc vi nh sng xanh lam ta c mu xanh ha bnh thm. + Khi trn cc nh sng c mu t n tm li vi nhau ta cng c nh sng trng. 4- Mu sc cc vt di nh sng trng v di nh sng mu: - Khi nhn mt vt c mu no th c nh sng mu t vt n mt ta. - Vt c mu trng c kh nng tn x tt c cc nh sng mu. - Vt c mu no th tn x mnh nh sng mu , nhng tn x km nh sng cc mu khc. - Vt mu en khng c kh nng tn x bt k nh sng mu no. 5- Tc dng ca nh sng: - nh sng c cc tc dng nhit, tc dng sinh hc v tc dng quang in. iu chng t nh sng c nng lng. - Trong cc tc dng trn, nng lng ng sng c bin i thnh cc nng lng khc nhau. - nh sng c tc dng sinh hc. Con ngi, cc ng vt v cc loi cy xanh cn phi c nh sng duy tr s sng. - nh sng c tc dng quang in. nh sng chiu vo pin quang in lm cho pin pht ra c dng in. - nh sng mang nng lng. - Trong cc tc dng nu trn, quang nng chuyn ho thnh cc dng nng lng khc nh: nhit nng, in nng v nng lng cn thit cho s sng. CHNG V: S BO TON V CHUYN HA NNG LNG 1. S chuyn ha nng lng: - Ta nhn bit c 1 vt c nng lng khi vt c kh nng thc hin cng (c nng) hay lm nng cc vt khc ( nhit nng) - Ta nhn bit c ho nng, in nng, quang nng khi chng chuyn ho thnh c nng hay nhit nng. - Ni chung mi qu trnh bin i trong t nhin u km theo s chuyn ha nng lng t dng ny sang dng khc hay truyn t vt ny sang vt khc. - C nng ca mt vt l tng ng nng v th nng ca n. Th nng hp dn ca vt c khi lng cng ln v cng cao. ng nng ca vt cng ln khi vt c khi lng cng ln v chuyn ng cng nhanh. 2. nh lut bo ton nng lng: - Nng lng khng t nhin sinh ra hoc t nhin mt i m ch bin i t dng ny qua dng khc hoc truyn t vt ny sang vt khc. nh lut ny dng cho mi lnh vc ca t nhin. 3. S chuyn ha nng lng trong cc nh my pht in - Nhit in: nng lng ca nhin liu b t chy c chuyn ha thnh c nng ri thnh in nng. - Thy in: th nng ca nc trn h cha c bin i thnh ng nng ri thnh in nng. - in gi: ng nng ca gi c bin i thnh in nng. - Pin mt tri: bin i trc tip quang nng thnh in nng. - in ht nhn: nng lng ht nhn c bin i thnh nhit nng ri thnh c nng cui cng thnh in nng. Trong nh my nhit in, thy in, in ht nhn, u c my pht in trong c nng c chuyn ha thnh in nng. 4. S chuyn ha nng lng trong cc dng c tiu th in:
Blog: vuvanphong.violet.vn Email: vuvanphong78@gmail.com 9

N TP VT L 9

PHN L THUYT Review PHYSICAL 9 - Trong cc dng c tiu th in, in nng c chuyn ha thnh cc dng nng lng thng dng nh c nng, nhit nng, quang nng.

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