TRNG THPT L T TRNG NHA TRANG KHNH HO

KIM TRA BI C
Cu 1: Hin tng phng x l g ?Vit
phng trnh phn ng phng x ?
L hin tng mt ht nhn khng bn vng
, t ng phn r , pht ra tia phng x v
bin i thnh ht nhn khc .
A=B+C
Trong : A : l ht nhn m ,
B : l ht nhn con ,
C l thnh phn tia phng x

Cu 2:Th no l phn ng ht nhn?Vit

phng trnh phn ng ht nhn ?
*Phn ng ht nhn: l qu trnh tng tc
gia cc ht nhn , dn n s bin i
thnh ht nhn mi .
*Phng trnh Phn ng ht nhn:
A + B = C+ D
trong : A , B l cc ht ban u ,
C, D l cc ht sn phm

Cu 3:Vit biu thc nh lut phng x ,

biu thc tnh phng x,hng s phn
r
Biu thc nh lut phng x :
Nt=N0.e-t

N0
hoc :Nt = k
2
t

-t

Biu thc phng x: H =H .e =.N

ln2 0,693
=
Biu thc hng s phn r: =
T
T

Cu 4: Pht biu v vit biu thc nh

lut bo ton s nucln v nh lut bo
ton in tch ?
nh lut bo ton s nucln :Trong phn ng
ht nhn , tng s cc nucln ca cc ht
tng tc bng tng cc nucln ca cc sn
phm.
A1 + A2 = A3 + A4
nh lut bo ton in tch :tng i s cc
in tch ca cc ht tng tc bng tng i
s cc in tch ca cc sn phm.
1

Z +Z =Z +Z

TIT I : BI TP V S PHNG X
1/Phng php :* Tun theo nh lut phng x
-Nu tnh s ht phn r trong thi gian t:
0

N= N N
-Nu tnh khi lng phn r :
0

m= m m
-Lin h gia khi lng vi s ht :
A

N= n.N ;(vi n l s mol n=m/A)

* Phng x l phn ng ht nhn nn tun theo
cc nh lut bo ton => khi vit phng
trnh phn ng phi dng nh lut bo ton

24
11

Na Natri l cht phng x - vi chu

k .Ban u c 12g .Vit phng
bn r T=15h
trnh phn ng phng x v tnh phng x
ca khi cht cn li sau 30h .

Bi 1:

Gii Phng trnh phng

:
x : 0
24
A
11

Na = >1 e+ Z X

Vi 24=0+A=> A= 24
11= -1+ Z=>

Z=12

24
=> 11

Na = > e + X
0
1

24
12

Do:

H t = N t

ln2
=
T

Trong :

N0
v N t = k
2

m0
M : N 0 =
NA
A

=>

0,693
12
23
Ht =
.
.6,022.10
2
15.3600 24.2
t

17

H = 9,66.10 Bq = 2,61.10 Ci

210
2: 84

Po Plni l cht phng x anpha vi

Bi
chu k phng x 140ngy m, ban u c 21g .
a/Vit phng trnh phn ng phng x , tm
cu to ht nhn con?
Ph

ng
trnh
ph

ng
phng
Gii :
x210
:
A
4
84 Po => 2 He + Z Pb
Theo lbt s nucln :210 =4 + A=> A= 206
Theo lbt in tch :84 = 2 + Z => Z= 82
210
84

4
2

206
82

Po => He +
Pb
Ta c :
Cu to ht nhn con gm c : 206 Nucln
Trong gm 82 p v 206-82 = 124 n .

210
2: 84

Bi
Po Plni l cht phng x anpha vi
chu k phng x 140ngy m, ban u c 21g .
b/Tnh s ht nhn Po ban u v s ht cn
li sau thi gian 280 ngy v 325ngy .
m
Gii : N 0 = 0 N A => N0 = 6,022.1022 ht

N0
t1 = 280ngy =2T=> N 1 = 2
2
=>N1 =24,088.10 22 ht

t2 =325ngy => N2 =N0.e-t , vi =0,693 /140

Th t2 vo ta c : N2 = 1,205.1022 ht

210
2: 84

Po Plni l cht phng x anpha vi

Bi
chu k phng x 140ngy m, ban u c 21g .
c/Tm thi gian cn cn li 0,5g
Po
Gii : T mt =m0e-t =>et= m0 /m .Ly ln 2 v:
t = ln42 = 3,738 vi = 0,693 / T ;
=>t = 3,738 .140/ 0,693 1089,69 ngy

210
2: 84

Po Plni l cht phng x anpha vi

Bi
chu k phng x 140ngy m, ban u c 21g .
d/ Xc nh khi lng ch to thnh trong
thi gian 280 ngy
Gii :
NPb =NPo =N0
Nt

m Pb = A Pb

N Pb
NA

N 0 3N 0
= N0 2 =
2
4

3N 0
= A Pb .
4N A

=> mPb= 15,45 g

TiT 2: BI TP PHN NG HT NHN

Phn ng ht nhn : s tng tc gia 2
hay nhiu ht nhn , kt qu l bin
thnh cc ht nhn mi .
A1
A2
A3
A4
X
+ Z Y =>
Y
Z
X +
1

Z3
2

Z4 4

LBT in tch : Z 1+Z =2 Z +3 Z 4

LBT s nucln : A +A = A + A
LBT nng lng ton phn
0 2

M c +K + K = Mc +K +K
LBT ng lng : p 1 + p 2 = p 3

+ p4

TiT 2: BI TP PHN NG HT NHN

Bi 3:Cho phn ng ht nhn sau ;
10
5

B +

A2
Z2 X

=>

4
2

He +

8
Be
4

Tm ht nhn X ,tnh xem phn ng thu hay to

bao nhiu nng lng ?
Cho :mB= 9,9756u ; mHe =4,001506u ,mX=1,998u,
mBe=7,9796u ; u= 931,5MeV/c2

p dng nh lut bo ton s

Gii :
Mt phn ng th
nucln :
noAl=thu
nng
10+A2 = 4+ 8=>
2
2

lng ?to nng

p dng nh lut bo ton
in tch :
lng

5 + Z2 = 2 + 4 => Z2 = 1=> X l: 2

1 D

Khi lng ca h trc phn ng :

M0 =mB+ mHe = 11,9736u
Khi lng ca h sau phn ng :
D

Be

M =m + m = 11,9811u> M =>Thu nng l02ng

Nng lng phn ng thu l : E=(M-M ).c
2

E =0,0075u.c =0,0075.931,5 6,99MeV

Bi 4:Cht phng x Po phn r theo phn ng

sau : 210
206
4
84 Po => 2 He +
82 Pb
a/Tnh nng lng to ra khi c 10 g Po phn r
ht ? Cho :mPo= 209,9828u ; mHe =4,0026u ,
mPb =205,9744u, u= 931,5MeV/c2
Gii:

Tnh nng lng to ra khi c 1 ht Po

1

Po

He

Pb

phn r : E =(m m m ).c

1

Po

He

Pb

=> E =(m m m ).c =0,0058uc

= 5,4MeV

10 g Po c s ht : N=m.NA/A
Nng lng to ra kh 10g Po phn r ht
E = E1 . N= E1. m.NA/A
Nng lng to ra kh 10g Po phn r ht
E = E1 . N= E1. m.NA/A
E = 1,55.1023 MeV

b/Tnh ng nng ca ht sn phm ngay

sau ph
nK=mv2
ng ? /2
Do
(mv)2/2m
Trong phn ng ht=nhn,
nng lng ton
=>
K=p2
/2m
phn ( nng lng ngh+ng nng ) nn :
0 2

Pb

Pb

M c = Mc + K + K => K + K = (M -M)c

Pb
0
2
(1)
=>K + K = (M -M)c = 5,4MeV
Mt khc , theo LBT ng lng :

=>p Po = p He + p Po = 0 => PHe = Ppo

2

(2) =>K=5,3MeV; K = 0,1MeV

K=p /2m

LU : S DNG N V
Nu t ng nng tnh ra vn tc , cn
ch n v
*

*V d : mt ht anpha c ng nng K=
4MeV, khi lng m =4,0015u, u= 931MeV/c2
.Tnh vn tc ca n .
K=mv2 /2 => v= (2K/m)
v = (2.4/4,0015.MeV/u)
2

M 1Mev/u = c /931 => thay vo vi c=3.10 m/s

Bi 5 : Ban u c 2g Radon 222

l
ch

t
Rn
86
phng x vi chu k bn r T = 3,8
( ngy m) . Tnh :
a/S ngun t ban u
b/S nguyn t cn li sau thi gian t = 1,5T
c/Tnh ra (Bq) v (Ci) phng x ca
lng Raon ni trn sau t = 1,5T.

BI GiI 5:
a) So nguyen t ban
au
NA .m0 = 5,43.10 21 (nguyen
N0 =
A t)
b) So nguyen t con lai sau t =
1,5 T
N0
Nt=
2k

=1,92.1021 ( nguyn t )

c) o phong xa sau t = 1,5T

0,693
H = .N =
N =
T
21
0,693.1,91.10
H=
= 4,05.1015 (Bq)
3,8.24.3600
15

4,05.10
5
H=
=
1,1.10
(Ci)
10
3,7.10

Bai 6 : Cho phn ng ht nhn :

Na + P
X + Ne

23
11

1
1

20
10

a) Vit y phn ng trn : Cho bit tn

gi, s khi v s th t ca ht nhn X.
b)Phn ng trn : phn ng ta hay thu nng
lng ? Tnh ln ca nng lng ta ra
hay thu vo ra (eV).
Cho khi lng cc ht nhn :
mNa==22,983734u , mp =1,007276u
m =4,0015u , mNe=19,97865u , u= 931,5MeV/c2

Cu a :
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch v bo
ton s nucln trong phn ng ht nhn.
1
A
20
Vi phn ng (1) : 23
Z X +10Ne
11Na +1H
A = 23 + 1 20 = 4 ; Z = 11 + 1 10 =
2
Vy : AZ X = 42He : Ht nhn nguyn t Hli

Dng y ca phn ng trn :

Na + H
He+ Ne

23
11

1
1

4
2

20
10

Cu b :

Gi :
mA , mB : Khi lng ht nhn trc phn
ng.
mC , mD : Khi lng ht nhn sau phn ng.
ht khi:
m = (mC + mD ) (mA + mB)

 m = (mC + mD) (mA + mB)

=> m = 0,01271 u > 0 :
Phn ng ta nng lng.
Nng lng ta ra :
E = mc2 = 0,01271.931,5 (Mev)
=> E = 11,84 MeV

Cu 7: Cho phn ng ht nhn :

T +X
He+ n+17,6 (Mev)

3
1

4
2

1
0

a) Xc nh ht nhn X
b)Tnh nng lng ta ra t phn ng
trn khi tng hp c 1 (g) He. Cho
bit NA = 6,02.1023 phn t/mol

Cau 7a:

T +X
He+ n+17,6 (Mev)

3
1

Vi:

4
2

1
0

A =2
A
2
Z X = 1D
Z =1

( Ht nhn tri) ng v ca hir

Cu 7b :
S ht nhn trong 1 g He :

NA
N =1.
4

C mt phn ng ( to mt ht He) th
ta nng lng 17,6 (Mev)
Lng nng lng sinh ra khi tng hp
1g He :
W = N.17,6 = 26,5.1023 (Mev)

Bi 8 : Ngi ta dng prtn c nng lng

K=1,6 (Mev) bn vo ht nhn Li(3-7) ng
yn v thu c 2 ht ging nhau c cng
ng nng.
a.Vit phng trnh ca phn ng, ghi r cc
nguyn t s Z v s khi A.
b.Tnh ng nng K ca mi ht.
c.Phn ng ht nhn ny ta hay thu bao
nhiu nng lng, nng lng ny c ph
thuCho
c vo
nng ca ;prtn
khng u?
:
mp ng
= 1,0073u
mLi = 7,0144
m = 4,0015u; u= 931MeV/c2

a) p dng nh lut bo ton cho phn

ng :

H+ Li
X+ X

1
1

7
3

A
Z

A
Z

2A =8 A =4 A
4
Z X = 2He
2Z =4 Z =2

Ta
co :

Ht nhn Heli
Dng y ca phn ng :

H+ Li
He+ He

1
1

7
3

4
2

4
2

b) ng nng ca ht : K ?
p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng ton
phn cho phn ng :
(mp + mLi )c2 + Kp = 2m. c2 + 2K .
Vi :

mp + mLi = 7468,2 MeV/c2

2m = 7450,8MeV/c2
Kp = 1,6 (Mev)
K = 9,5 (Mev)

c) (mp + mLi ) > 2m : Phn ng ta nng

lng.
Nng lng ta ra :
E = mc2 = (mp + mLi - 2m)c2
= 17,4 (Mev)
Khng ph thuc vo Kp

BI TP THM
Bi 9:Bn ht an pha c ng nng 4MeV
vo ht nhn Na(7-14) ng yn th thu
c mt ht prtn v ht nhn X .
a/Tm ht nhn X tnh xem phn ng thu
hay to bao nhiu nng lng ?
b/Gi s 2 ht sinh ra c cng tc , tnh
ng nng v tc ca prtn.
Cho m = 4,0015u; mX= 16,9947u ;
mNa= 13,9992u; mp=1,0073u; u=931,5MeV/c2

GV:PHM TH PHNG