Batdangthucluonggiac P1

Trng THPT chuyn L T Trng Cn Th Bt ng thc lng gic
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
The Inequalities Trigonometry 3
Chng 1 :

CC BC U C S

bt u mt cuc hnh trnh, ta khng th khng chun b hnh trang ln ng.
Ton hc cng vy. Mun khm ph c ci hay v ci p ca bt ng thc lng
gic, ta cn c nhng vt dng chc chn v hu dng, chnh l chng 1: Cc
bc u c s.
Chng ny tng qut nhng kin thc c bn cn c chng minh bt ng thc
lng gic. Theo kinh nghim c nhn ca mnh, tc gi cho rng nhng kin thc ny l
y cho mt cuc hnh trnh.
Trc ht l cc bt ng thc i s c bn ( AM GM, BCS, Jensen, Chebyshev
) Tip theo l cc ng thc, bt ng thc lin quan c bn trong tam gic. Cui cng
l mt s nh l khc l cng c c lc trong vic chng minh bt ng thc (nh l
Largare, nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai, nh l v hm tuyn tnh )

Mc lc :
1.1. Cc bt ng thc i s c bn 4
1.1.1. Bt ng thc AM GM............................................... 4
1.1.2. Bt ng thc BCS.. 8
1.1.3. Bt ng thc Jensen.... 13
1.1.4. Bt ng thc Chebyshev..... 16
1.2. Cc ng thc, bt ng thc trong tam gic.. 19
1.2.1. ng thc... 19
1.2.2. Bt ng thc..... 21
1.3. Mt s nh l khc. 22
1.3.1. nh l Largare ... 22
1.3.2. nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai.. 25
1.3.3. nh l v hm tuyn tnh.. 28
1.4. Bi tp.. 29
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
1.1. Cc bt ng thc i s c bn :

1.1.1. Bt ng thc AM GM :

Vi mi s thc khng m
n
a a a ,..., ,
2 1
ta lun c
n
n
n
a a a
n
a a a
...
...
2 1
2 1
+ + +

Bt ng thc AM GM (Arithmetic Means Geometric Means) l mt bt ng thc
quen thuc v c ng dng rt rng ri. y l bt ng thc m bn c cn ghi nh r
rng nht, n s l cng c hon ho cho vic chng minh cc bt ng thc. Sau y l
hai cch chng minh bt ng thc ny m theo kin ch quan ca mnh, tc gi cho
rng l ngn gn v hay nht.

Chng minh :

Cch 1 : Quy np kiu Cauchy

Vi 1 = n bt ng thc hin nhin ng. Khi 2 = n bt ng thc tr thnh
( ) 0
2
2
2 1 2 1
2 1

+
a a a a
a a
(ng!)
Gi s bt ng thc ng n k n = tc l :

k
k
k
a a a
k
a a a
...
...
2 1
2 1
+ + +

Ta s chng minh n ng vi k n 2 = . Tht vy ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )
k
k k k
k
k k k
k
k
k k k k
k k k k
a a a a a
k
a a a k a a a k
k
a a a a a a
k
a a a a a a
2
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 2 1
2 2 1 2 1
2 2 1 2 1
... ...
... ...
... ...
2
... ...
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
=
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +

Tip theo ta s chng minh vi 1 = k n . Khi :
( )
1
1 2 1 1 2 1
1
1 2 1
1
1 2 1 1 2 1
1
1 2 1 1 2 1
... 1 ...
...
... ... ... ...
=
+ + +
=
+ + + +
k
k k
k
k
k k
k k
k
k k
a a a k a a a
a a a k
a a a a a a k a a a a a a

Nh vy bt ng thc c chng minh hon ton.
ng thc xy ra
n
a a a = = = ...
2 1

Cch 2 : ( li gii ca Polya )

Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
Gi
n
a a a
A
n
+ + +
=
...
2 1

Khi bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi

n
n
A a a a ...
2 1
(*)
R rng nu A a a a
n
= = = = ...
2 1
th (*) c du ng thc. Gi s chng khng bng
nhau. Nh vy phi c t nht mt s, gi s l A a <
1
v mt s khc, gi s l A a >
2

tc l
2 1
a A a < < .
Trong tch
n
a a a P ...
2 1
= ta hy thay
1
a bi A a =
1
' v thay
2
a bi A a a a + =
2 1 2
' .
Nh vy
2 1 2 1
' ' a a a a + = + m ( ) ( )( ) 0 ' '
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1
> = + = A a A a a a A a a A a a a a
2 1 2 1
' ' a a a a >
n n
a a a a a a a a ... ' ' ...
3 2 1 3 2 1
<
Trong tch
n
a a a a P ... ' ' '
3 2 1
= c thm tha s bng A. Nu trong ' P cn tha s khc
A th ta tip tc bin i c thm mt tha s na bng A. Tip tc nh vy ti a
1 n ln bin i ta thay mi tha s P bng A v c tch
n
A . V trong qu trnh
bin i tch cc tha s tng dn.
n
A P < . pcm.

V d 1.1.1.1.

Cho A,B,C l ba gc ca mt tam gic nhn. CMR :
3 3 tan tan tan + + C B A

Li gii :

V ( ) C
B A
B A
C B A tan
tan tan 1
tan tan
tan tan =
+
= +
C B A C B A tan tan tan tan tan tan = + +
Tam gic ABC nhn nn tanA,tanB,tanC dng.
Theo AM GM ta c :
( ) ( )
3 3 tan tan tan
tan tan tan 27 tan tan tan
tan tan tan 3 tan tan tan 3 tan tan tan
2
3 3
+ +
+ + + +
+ + = + +
C B A
C B A C B A
C B A C B A C B A

ng thc xy ra = = C B A ABC u.

V d 1.1.1.2.

Cho ABC nhn. CMR :
3 cot cot cot + + C B A

Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
Li gii :

Ta lun c : ( ) C B A cot cot = +

1 cot cot cot cot cot cot
cot
cot cot
1 cot cot
= + +
=
+
A C C B B A
C
B A
B A

Khi :
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 cot cot cot
3 cot cot cot cot cot cot 3 cot cot cot
2
2 2 2
+ +
= + + + +
+ +
C B A
A C C B B A C B A
A C C B B A

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi ABC u.

V d 1.1.1.3.

CMR vi mi ABC nhn v * N n ta lun c :

2
1
3
tan tan tan
tan tan tan

+ +
+ +
n n n n
C B A
C B A

Li gii :

Theo AM GM ta c :

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1
3
3
3
3
3 3
3 3 3 3 tan tan tan 3
tan tan tan
tan tan tan
tan tan tan 3 tan tan tan 3 tan tan tan
= + +
+ +
+ +
+ + = + +
n
n
n
n n n
n n n n n
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A C B A C B A

pcm.

V d 1.1.1.4.

Cho a,b l hai s thc tha :
0 cos cos cos cos + + b a b a
CMR : 0 cos cos + b a

Li gii :

Ta c :

( )( ) 1 cos 1 cos 1
0 cos cos cos cos
+ +
+ +
b a
b a b a

Theo AM GM th :
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

( ) ( )
( )( )
0 cos cos
1 cos 1 cos 1
2
cos 1 cos 1
+
+ +
+ + +
b a
b a
b a

V d 1.1.1.5.

Chng minh rng vi mi ABC nhn ta c :
2
3
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
3
2
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
+ |
\
|
+ + + +
A C C B B A
A C
A C
C B
C B
B A
B A

Li gii :

Ta c

|
\
|
|
\
|
=
=
B A
B A
B A
B A
A A
A
A
cot cot
4
3
2
sin
2
sin
2
cos
2
cos 4
cos cos
4
3
2
cot
2
sin
2
cos 2
cos

Theo AM GM th :

|
\
|
+
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
B A
B A
B A
B A
B A
B A
B A
B A
cot cot
4
3
2
sin
2
sin
3
2
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
2
cot cot
4
3
2
sin
2
sin
2
cos
2
cos 4
cos cos
4
3
2

Tng t ta c :

|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
A C
A C
A C
A C
C B
C B
C B
C B
cot cot
4
3
2
sin
2
sin
3
2
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
cot cot
4
3
2
sin
2
sin
3
2
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos

Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc trn ta c :
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
( ) A C C B B A
A C C B B A
A C
A C
C B
C B
B A
B A
cot cot cot cot cot cot
2
3
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
3
2
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
+ + +
|
\
|
+ +
+ +

2
3
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
3
2
+
|
\
|
+ + =
A C C B B A
pcm.

Bc u ta mi ch c bt ng thc AM GM cng cc ng thc lng gic nn
sc nh hng n cc bt ng thc cn hn ch. Khi ta kt hp AM GM cng BCS,
Jensen hay Chebyshev th n thc s l mt v kh ng gm cho cc bt ng thc
lng gic.

1.1.2. Bt ng thc BCS :

Vi hai b s ( )
n
a a a ,..., ,
2 1
v ( )
n
b b b ,..., ,
2 1
ta lun c :
( ) ( )( )
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2
2 2 1 1
... ... ...
n n n n
b b b a a a b a b a b a + + + + + + + + +

Nu nh AM GM l cnh chim u n trong vic chng minh bt ng thc th
BCS (Bouniakovski Cauchy Schwartz) li l cnh tay phi ht sc c lc. Vi
AM GM ta lun phi ch iu kin cc bin l khng m, nhng i vi BCS cc
bin khng b rng buc bi iu kin , ch cn l s thc cng ng. Chng minh bt
ng thc ny cng rt n gin.

Chng minh :

Cch 1 :

Xt tam thc :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
... ) (
n n
b x a b x a b x a x f + + + =
Sau khi khai trin ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
1 2 2 1 1
2 2 2
2
2
1
... ... 2 ... ) (
n n n n
b b b x b a b a b a x a a a x f + + + + + + + + + + =
Mt khc v R x x f 0 ) ( nn :
( ) ( )( ) + + + + + + + + +
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2
2 2 1 1
... ... ... 0
n n n n f
b b b a a a b a b a b a pcm.
ng thc xy ra
n
n
b
a
b
a
b
a
= = = ...
2
2
1
1
(quy c nu 0 =
i
b th 0 =
i
a )

Cch 2 :
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

S dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c :

( )( )
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2
2 2
2
2
1
2
... ...
2
... ...
n n
i i
n
i
n
i
b b b a a a
b a
b b b
b
a a a
a
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+
+ + +

Cho i chy t 1 n n ri cng v c n bt ng thc li ta c pcm.
y cng l cch chng minh ht sc ngn gn m bn c nn ghi nh!

By gi vi s tip sc ca BCS, AM GM nh c tip thm ngun sc mnh, nh
h mc thm cnh, nh rng mc thm vy, pht huy hiu qu tm nh hng ca mnh.
Hai bt ng thc ny b p b sung h tr cho nhau trong vic chng minh bt ng
thc. Chng lng long nht th, song kim hp bch cng ph thnh cng nhiu
bi ton kh.
Trm nghe khng bng mt thy, ta hy xt cc v d thy r iu ny.

V d 1.1.2.1.

CMR vi mi , , b a ta c :
( )( )
2
2
1 cos sin cos sin
|
\
| +
+ + +
b a
b a

Li gii :

Ta c :
( )( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 cos 1 2 sin 1
2
1
2
2 cos 1
2 sin
2 2
2 cos 1
cos cos sin sin cos sin cos sin
2 2

+ + + + =
+
+
+
+
=
+ + + = + +
ab b a ab
ab
b a
ab b a b a

Theo BCS ta c :
( ) 2 cos sin
2 2
B A x B x A + +
p dng ( ) 2 ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) 3 1 1 1 2 cos 1 2 sin
2 2 2 2
+ + = + + + + b a ab b a ab b a
Thay ( ) 3 vo ( ) 1 ta c :
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) 4 1 1 1
2
1
cos sin cos sin
2 2
+ + + + + + b a ab b a
Ta s chng minh bt ng thc sau y vi mi a, b :
( )( ) ( ) ( ) 5
2
1 1 1 1
2
1
2
2 2
|
\
| +
+ + + + +
b a
b a ab
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
Tht vy :

( ) ( )( )
( )( )
2
2
1 1
2 4
1 1 1
2
1
2 2
1
5
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ + + + +
b a
b a
ab b a
b a
ab

( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) 6
2
1 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
+ + +
+ +
b a
b a
Theo AM GM th ( ) 6 hin nhin ng ( ) 5 ng.
T ( ) 1 v ( ) 5 suy ra vi mi , , b a ta c :
( )( )
2
2
1 cos sin cos sin
|
\
| +
+ + +
b a
b a
ng thc xy ra khi xy ra ng thi du bng ( ) 1 v ( ) 6

( )
+
=
=
+
=
=
=
+
=
Z k k
ab
b a
arctg
b a
ab
b a
tg
b a
ab b a
b a
2 1 2
1
1 2 cos
1
2 sin
2 2

V d 1.1.2.2.

Cho 0 , , > c b a v c y b x a = + cos sin . CMR :

3 3
2 2 2
1 1 sin cos
b a
c
b a b
y
a
x
+
+ +

Li gii :

Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi :

( ) *
cos sin
1 1 cos 1 sin 1
3 3
2 2 2
3 3
2 2 2
b a
c
b
y
a
x
b a
c
b a b
y
a
x
+
+
+
+

Theo BCS th :
( ) ( )( )
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2 2 1 1
b b a a b a b a + + +

vi
= =
= =
b b b a a b
b
y
a
a
x
a
2 1
2 1
;
cos
;
sin

( ) ( )
2 3 3
2 2
cos sin
cos sin
y b x a b a
b
y
a
x
+ +
|
|
\
|
+
do 0
3 3
> + b a v ( ) * cos sin = + c y b x a ng pcm.
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
h
a
x
y
z
N
Q
P
A
B
C
M
ng thc xy ra
2 2
2
2
1
1
cos sin
b
y
a
x
b
a
b
a
= =

+
=
+
=
= +
=
3 3
2
3 3
2
2 2
cos
sin
cos sin
cos sin
b a
c b
y
b a
c a
x
c y b x a
b
y
a
x

V d 1.1.2.3.

CMR vi mi ABC ta c :

R
c b a
z y x
2
2 2 2
+ +
+ +
vi z y x , , l khong cch t im M bt k nm bn trong ABC n ba cnh
AB CA BC , , .

Li gii :

Ta c :

( )
|
|
\
|
+ + + + = + +
= + +
= + +
+ + =
c b a
c b a c b a
a b c
ABC
MCA
ABC
MBC
ABC
MAB
MCA MBC MAB ABC
h
z
h
y
h
x
h h h h h h
h
x
h
y
h
z
S
S
S
S
S
S
S S S S
1
1

Theo BCS th :
( )
c b a
c b a
c b a
c
c
b
b
a
a
h h h
h
z
h
y
h
x
h h h
h
z
h
h
y
h
h
x
h z y x + + =
|
|
\
|
+ + + + + + = + +

m B a h A c h C b h C ab ah S
c b a a
sin , sin , sin sin
2
1
2
1
= = = = =
( )
R
ca
R
bc
R
ab
A c C b B a h h h
c b a
2 2 2
sin sin sin + + = + + = + +
T suy ra :

+ +
+ +
+ +
R
c b a
R
ca bc ab
z y x
2 2
2 2 2
pcm.
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ABC
z y x
c b a

= =
= =
u v M l tm ni tip ABC .

V d 1.1.2.4.

Chng minh rng :

|
\
|
+
2
; 0 8 sin cos
4

x x x

Li gii :

p dng bt ng thc BCS lin tip 2 ln ta c :

( ) ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
4
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
4
8 sin cos
8 sin cos 1 1 1 1
sin cos 1 1 sin cos
+
= + + +
+ + +
x x
x x
x x x x

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
4
= x .

V d 1.1.2.5.

Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a v x ta c

( )
1
1
cos 2 sin 1
2
2
+
+
x
a x a x

Li gii :

Theo BCS ta c :

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
1
cos 2 sin 1
1 cos 2 sin 1
2 1 4 2 1
cos sin 2 1 cos 2 sin 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
4 2 2 4 2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
+
+
+ +
+ + = + + =
+ + +
x
a x a a
x a x a x
x x x x x
a a x x a x a x

pcm.

Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
1.1.3. Bt ng thc Jensen :

Hm s ) (x f y = lin tc trn on [ ] b a, v n im
n
x x x ,..., ,
2 1
ty trn on
[ ] b a, ta c :
i) 0 ) ( ' ' > x f trong khong ( ) b a, th :
|
\
| + + +
+ + +
n
x x x
nf x f x f x f
n
n
...
) ( ... ) ( ) (
2 1
2 1

ii) 0 ) ( ' ' < x f trong khong ( ) b a, th :
|
\
| + + +
+ + +
n
x x x
nf x f x f x f
n
n
...
) ( ... ) ( ) (
2 1
2 1

Bt ng thc AM GM v bt ng thc BCS tht s l cc i gia trong vic chng
minh bt ng thc ni chung. Nhng ring i vi chuyn mc bt ng thc lng gic
th li tr thnh sn chi ring cho bt ng thc Jensen. D c v hi kh tin nhng
l s tht, n 75% bt ng thc lng gic ta ch cn ni theo bt ng thc
Jensen hin nhin ta c pcm.
Trong pht biu ca mnh, bt ng thc Jensen c cp n o hm bc hai,
nhng l kin thc ca lp 12 THPT. V vy n s khng thch hp cho mt s i
tng bn c. Cho nn ta s pht biu bt ng thc Jensen di mt dng khc :

Cho R R f
+
: tha mn
+
|
\
| +
+ R y x
y x
f y f x f ,
2
2 ) ( ) ( Khi vi mi
+
R x x x
n
,..., ,
2 1
ta c bt ng thc :
|
\
| + + +
+ + +
n
x x x
nf x f x f x f
n
n
...
) ( ... ) ( ) (
2 1
2 1

S tht l tc gi cha tng tip xc vi mt chng minh chnh thc ca bt ng thc
Jensen trong pht biu c ) ( ' ' x f . Cn vic chng minh pht biu khng s dng o
hm th rt n gin. N s dng phng php quy np Cauchy tng t nh khi chng
minh bt ng thc AM GM. Do tc gi s khng trnh by chng minh y.

Ngoi ra, mt s ti liu c th bn c gp khi nim li lm khi nhc ti bt ng
thc Jensen. Nhng hin nay trong cng ng ton hc vn cha quy c r rng u l
li, u l lm. Cho nn bn c khng nht thit quan tm n iu . Khi chng minh
ta ch cn xt ) ( ' ' x f l s dng bt ng thc Jensen. Ok! Mc d bt ng thc
Jensen khng phi l mt bt ng thc cht, nhng khi c du hiu manh nha ca n
th bn c c ty nghi s dng .

Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
V d 1.1.3.1.

Chng minh rng vi mi ABC ta c :

2
3 3
sin sin sin + + C B A

Li gii :

Xt x x f sin ) ( = vi ( ) ; 0 x
Ta c ( ) ; 0 0 sin ) ( ' ' < = x x x f . T theo Jensen th :
( ) ( ) ( ) = =
|
\
| + +
+ +
2
3 3
3
sin 3
3
3
C B A
f C f B f A f pcm.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ABC u.

V d 1.1.3.2.

Chng minh rng vi mi ABC u ta c :
3
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan + +
C B A

Li gii :

Xt ( ) x x f tan = vi
|
\
|
2
; 0

x
Ta c ( )
|
\
|
> =
2
; 0 0
cos
sin 2
' '
3
x
x
x
x f . T theo Jensen th :
= =
|
|
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
3
6
sin 3
3
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
C B A
f
C
f
B
f
A
f pcm.

V d 1.1.3.3.


2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan

\
|
+
|
\
|
+
|
\
| C B A

Li gii :

Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
Xt ( ) ( )
2 2
tan x x f = vi
|
\
|
2
; 0

x
Ta c ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2
tan tan 2 2 tan tan 1 2 2 '
+
+ = + = x x x x x f
( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( ) 0 tan tan 1 1 2 2 tan tan 1 1 2 2 2 2 ' '
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
> + + + + =

x x x x x f
Theo Jensen ta c :
= |
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
2 1
2 2
3
6
3
3
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
tg
C B A
f
C
f
B
f
A
f pcm.

V d 1.1.3.4.

3
2
3
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin + + + + + +
C B A C B A

Li gii :

Xt ( ) x x x f tan sin + = vi
|
\
|
2
; 0

x
Ta c ( )
( )
|
\
|
>
=
2
; 0 0
cos
cos 1 sin
' '
4
4
x
x
x x
x f
Khi theo Jensen th :
+ = |
\
|
+ =
|
|
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
3
2
3
6
tan
6
sin 3
3
2 2 2
3
2 2 2

C B A
f
C
f
B
f
A
f pcm.

V d 1.1.3.5.

Chng minh rng vi mi ABC nhn ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 3
sin sin sin
3
2
sin sin sin
|
\
|
C B A
C B A

Li gii :

Ta c
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
+ + + +
+ = + +
C B A C B A
C B A C B A
2 2 2
2 2 2
sin sin sin sin sin sin
cos cos cos 2 2 sin sin sin

v
2
3 3
sin sin sin + + C B A

2
3 3
sin sin sin 2 + + < C B A
Xt ( ) x x x f ln = vi ( ] 1 ; 0 x
Ta c ( ) 1 ln ' + = x x f
( ) ( ] 1 ; 0 0
1
' ' > = x
x
x f
By gi vi Jensen ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 3
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
3
2
3
2
3
2
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
3
sin sin sin
sin sin sin ln
3
sin sin sin
ln
sin ln sin ln sin ln
3
sin sin sin
ln
3
sin ln sin sin ln sin sin ln sin
3
sin sin sin
ln
3
sin sin sin
|
\
|
\
|
=
+ +
\
| + +
+ + |
\
| + +
+ +
\
| + + + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C C B B A A C B a C B A
pcm.

1.1.4. Bt ng thc Chebyshev :

Vi hai dy s thc n iu cng chiu
n
a a a ,..., ,
2 1
v
n
b b b ,..., ,
2 1
th ta c :
( )( )
n n n n
b b b a a a
n
b a b a b a + + + + + + + + + ... ...
1
...
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1

Theo kh nng ca mnh th tc gi rt t khi s dng bt ng thc ny. V trc ht
ta cn ti chiu ca cc bin, thng phi sp li th t cc bin. Do bi ton
cn c yu cu i xng hon ton gia cc bin, vic sp xp th t s khng lm mt
tnh tng qut ca bi ton. Nhng khng v th m li ph nhn tm nh hng ca bt
ng thc Chebyshev trong vic chng minh bt ng thc lng gic, mc d n c mt
chng minh ht sc n gin v ngn gn.

Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
Chng minh :

Bng phn tch trc tip, ta c ng thc :
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0 ... ... ...
1 ,
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1
= + + + + + + + + +

=
n
j i
j i j i n n n n
b b a a b b b a a a b a b a b a n
V hai dy
n
a a a ,..., ,
2 1
v
n
b b b ,..., ,
2 1
n iu cng chiu nn ( )( ) 0
j i j i
b b a a

Nu 2 dy
n
a a a ,..., ,
2 1
v
n
b b b ,..., ,
2 1
n iu ngc chiu th bt ng thc i
chiu.

V d 1.1.4.1.


3
+ +
+ +
c b a
cC bB aA

Li gii :

Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s :
C B A c b a
Theo Chebyshev th :

3 3
3 3 3
=
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
\
| + +
|
\
| + +
C B A
c b a
cC bB aA
cC bB aA C B A c b a


V d 1.1.4.2.

Cho ABC khng c gc t v A, B, C o bng radian. CMR :
( ) ( )
|
\
|
+ + + + + +
C
C
B
B
A
A
C B A C B A
sin sin sin
sin sin sin 3

Li gii :

Xt ( )
x
x
x f
sin
= vi
\
|
2
; 0

x
Ta c ( )
( )
\
|

=
2
; 0 0
tan cos
'
2
x
x
x x x
x f
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
Vy ( ) x f nghch bin trn
\
|
2
; 0

Khng mt tng qut gi s :

C
C
B
B
A
A
C B A
sin sin sin

p dng bt ng thc Chebyshev ta c :
( ) ( ) + + |
\
|
+ + + + C B A
C
C
B
B
A
A
C B A sin sin sin 3
sin sin sin
pcm.

V d 1.1.4.3.


3
tan tan tan
cos cos cos
sin sin sin C B A
C B A
C B A
+ +
+ +

Li gii :

Khng mt tng qut gi s C B A

C B A
C B A
cos cos cos
tan tan tan

p dng Chebyshev ta c :

3
tan tan tan
cos cos cos
sin sin sin
3
cos tan cos tan cos tan
3
cos cos cos
3
tan tan tan
C B A
C B A
C B A
C C B B A A C B A C B A
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
\
| + +
|
\
| + +

M ta li c C B A C B A tan tan tan tan tan tan = + +
pcm.

V d 1.1.4.4.

( )
C B A
C B A
C B A
cos cos cos
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
2
3
sin sin sin 2
+ +
+ +
+ +

Li gii :

Khng mt tng qut gi s c b a
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

C B A
C B A
cos cos cos
sin sin sin

Khi theo Chebyshev th :
( )
C B A
C B A
C B A
C C B B A A C B A C B A
cos cos cos
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
2
3
sin sin sin 2
3
cos sin cos sin cos sin
3
cos cos cos
3
sin sin sin
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
\
| + +
|
\
| + +

pcm.

1.2. Cc ng thc bt ng thc trong tam gic :

Sau y l hu ht nhng ng thc, bt ng thc quen thuc trong tam gic v trong
lng gic c dng trong chuyn ny hoc rt cn thit cho qu trnh hc ton ca
bn c. Cc bn c th dng phn ny nh mt t in nh tra cu khi cn thit.Hay
bn c cng c th chng minh tt c cc kt qu nh l bi tp rn luyn. Ngoi ra ti
cng xin nhc vi bn c rng nhng kin thc trong phn ny khi p dng vo bi tp
u cn thit c chng minh li.

1.2.1. ng thc :

R
C
c
B
b
A
a
2
sin sin sin
= = =

C ab b a c
B ca a c b
A bc c b a
cos 2
cos 2
cos 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ =
+ =
+ =

A b B a c
C a A c b
B c C b a
cos cos
cos cos
cos cos
+ =
+ =
+ =

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( ) c p b p a p p
r c p r b p r a p
pr C B A R
R
abc
C ab B ca A bc
h c h b h a S
c b a
c b a
=
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = =
sin sin sin 2
4
sin
2
1
sin
2
1
sin
2
1
.
2
1
.
2
1
.
2
1
2

Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

4
2 2
4
2 2
4
2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
c b a
m
b a c
m
a c b
m
c
b
a
+
=
+
=
+
=

b a
C
ab
l
a c
B
ca
l
c b
A
bc
l
c
b
a
+
=
+
=
+
=
2
cos 2
2
cos 2
2
cos 2

( )
( )
( )
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 4
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
C B A
R
C
c p
B
b p
A
a p r
=
=
=
=

|
\
| +
|
\
|
=
+
\
| +
|
\
|
=
+
\
| +
|
\
|
=
+
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
A C
A C
a c
a c
C B
C B
c b
c b
B A
B A
b a
b a

S
c b a
C B A
S
c b a
C
S
b a c
B
S
a c b
A
4
cot cot cot
4
cot
4
cot
4
cot
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ +
= + +
+
=
+
=
+
=

( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
ab
b p a p C
ca
a p c p B
bc
c p b p A

=

=

=
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin

( )
( )
( )
ab
c p p C
ca
b p p B
bc
a p p A
=
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos

( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( ) c p p
b p a p C
b p p
a p c p B
a p p
c p b p A

=
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan

( )
C B A C B A
R
r C B A
C B A
C B A C B A
C B A C B A
R
p C B A
C B A
cos cos cos 2 1 cos cos cos
1
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 4 1 cos cos cos
cos cos cos 1 2 sin sin sin
sin sin sin 4 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
2 2 2
= + +
+ = + = + +
+ = + +
= + +
= = + +

Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

1
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
tan tan tan tan tan tan
= + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
A C C B B A
A C C B B A
C B A C B A
C B A C B A

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) kC kB kA kC kB kA
kC kB kA kC kB kA
C
k
B
k
A
k
C
k
B
k
A
k
A
k
C
k
C
k
B
k
B
k
A
k
kA kC kC kB kB kA
kC kB kA kC kB kA
kC kB kA kC kB kA
C
k
B
k
A
k C k B k A k
kC kB kA kC kB kA
C
k
B
k
A
k C k B k A k
k
k
k
k
k
k
cos cos cos 2 1 2 sin sin sin
cos cos cos 2 1 1 cos cos cos
2
1 2 cot
2
1 2 cot
2
1 2 cot
2
1 2 cot
2
1 2 cot
2
1 2 cot
1
2
1 2 tan
2
1 2 tan
2
1 2 tan
2
1 2 tan
2
1 2 tan
2
1 2 tan
tan tan tan tan tan tan
cos cos cos 4 1 1 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos
2
1 2 sin
2
1 2 sin
2
1 2 sin 4 1 1 1 2 cos 1 2 cos 1 2 cos
sin sin sin 4 1 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
2
1 2 cos
2
1 2 cos
2
1 2 cos 4 1 1 2 sin 1 2 sin 1 2 sin
1 2 2 2
2 2 2
1
+
+
+ = + +
+ = + +
+ + + = + + + + +
= + + + + + + + +
= + +
= + +
+ = + +
+ + + + = + + + + +
= + +
+ + + = + + + + +

1.2.2. Bt ng thc :

a c b a c
c b a c b
b a c b a
+ < <
+ < <
+ < <

A C a c
C B c b
B A b a

3 cot cot cot
3 3 tan tan tan
2
3 3
sin sin sin
2
3
cos cos cos
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A

3 3
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
3
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
3
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
3 3
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A

Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

1 cot cot cot
9 tan tan tan
4
9
sin sin sin
4
3
cos cos cos
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A

2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
1
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +

3 3
1
cot cot cot
3 3 tan tan tan
8
3 3
sin sin sin
8
1
cos cos cos
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A

3 3
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
3 3
1
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
8
1
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
8
3 3
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
A A A
A A A
C B A
C B A

1.3. Mt s nh l khc :

1.3.1. nh l Lagrange :

Nu hm s ( ) x f y = lin tc trn on [ ] b a; v c o hm trn khong ( ) b a;
th tn ti 1 im ( ) b a c ; sao cho :
( ) ( ) ( )( ) a b c f a f b f = '

Ni chung vi kin thc THPT, ta ch c cng nhn nh l ny m khng chng minh.
V chng minh ca n cn n mt s kin thc ca ton cao cp. Ta ch cn hiu cch
dng n cng nhng iu kin i km trong cc trng hp chng minh.

V d 1.3.1.1.

Chng minh rng b a R b a < , , th ta c :
a b a b sin sin

Li gii :

Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
Xt ( ) ( ) x x f x x f cos ' sin = =
Khi theo nh l Lagrange ta c

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a b c a b a b
c a b a f b f b a c

=
cos sin sin
cos : ;
:
pcm.

V d 1.3.1.2.

Vi b a < < 0 . CMR :

a
a b
a
b
b
a b
< <
ln

Li gii :

Xt ( ) x x f ln = , khi ( ) x f lin tc trn [ ] b a; kh vi trn ( ) b a; nn :
( ) ( )
c
c f
a b
a b
b a c
1
'
ln ln
: ; = =
v b c a < < nn
a c b
1 1 1
< <
T
< <
<
<
a
a b
a
b
b
a b
a a b
a b
b
ln
1 ln ln 1
pcm.

V d 1.3.1.3.

Cho
2
0

< < < . CMR :

2 2
cos
tan tan
cos
< <

Li gii :

Xt ( ) x x f tan = lin tc trn [ ] ; kh vi trn ( ) ; nn theo nh l Lagrange
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 1
cos
1 tan tan
' : ;
2
c
c f
f f
c =

V < < c nn ( ) 2
cos
1
cos
1
cos
1
2 2 2

< <
c

T ( )( ) 2 1 pcm.

V d 1.3.1.4.

Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
CMR nu 0 > x th
x x
x x
|
\
|
+ >
|
\
|
+
+
+
1
1
1
1
1
1

Li gii :

Xt ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ln 1 ln
1
1 ln > + = |
\
|
+ = x x x x
x
x x f
Ta c ( ) ( )
1
1
ln 1 ln '
+
+ =
x
x x x f
Xt ( ) t t g ln = lin tc trn [ ] 1 ; + x x kh vi trn ( ) 1 ; + x x nn theo Lagrange th :

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) 0
1
1
ln 1 ln '
1
1
'
1
ln 1 ln
: 1 ;
>
+
+ =
+
> =
+
+
+
x
x x x f
x
c g
x x
x x
x x c

vi > 0 x ( ) x f tng trn ( ) + ; 0

( ) ( )
x x
x x
x x
x x
x f x f
|
\
|
+ > |
\
|
+
+
|
\
|
+ > |
\
|
+
+ > +
+
+
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 ln
1
1
1 ln 1
1
1

pcm.

V d 1.3.1.5.

Chng minh rng
+
Z n ta c :

1
1
1
1
arctan
2 2
1
2 2 2
+
|
\
|
+ +
+ + n n n n n

Li gii :

Xt ( ) x x f arctan = lin tc trn [ ] 1 ; + n n
( )
2
1
1
'
x
x f
+
= trn ( )
+
+ Z n n n 1 ;
Theo nh l Lagrange ta c :

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
|
\
|
+ +
=
+
|
|
\
|
+ +
+
= + =
+
+
+
= +
1
1
arctan
1
1
1 1
1
arctan arctan 1 arctan
1
1
1
1
' : 1 ;
2 2
2
n n c
n n
n n
n n
c
n n
n f n f
c f n n c

Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
( ) 1 1 1 ; + < < + n c n n n c

( )
1
1
1
1
arctan
2 2
1
1
1
1
1
2 2
1
2 2 1 1
1
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+
<
|
\
|
+ +
<
+ +
+
<
+
<
+ +
+ + < + < +
+ < <
n n n n n
n c n n
n n c n
n c n

. pcm

1.3.2. nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai :

Cho tam thc ( ) ( ) 0
2
+ + = a c bx ax x f v ac b 4
2
=
- Nu 0 < th ( ) x f cng du vi h s a, vi mi s thc x.
- Nu 0 = th ( ) x f cng du vi a vi mi
a
b
x
2
.
- Nu 0 > th ( ) x f c hai nghim
2 1
, x x v gi s
2 1
x x < .Th th ( ) x f cng du
vi a vi mi x ngoi on [ ]
2 1
; x x (tc l
1
x x < hay
2
x x > ) v ( ) x f tri du vi a
khi x trong khong hai nghim (tc l
2 1
x x x < < ).

Trong mt s trng hp, nh l ny l mt cng c ht sc hiu qu. Ta s coi biu
thc cn chng minh l mt tam thc bc hai theo mt bin ri xt . Vi nh l trn th
cc bt ng thc thng ri vo trng hp 0 m t khi ta xt 0 > .

V d 1.3.2.1.

CMR
+
R z y x , , v ABC bt k ta c :

xyz
z y x
z
C
y
B
x
A
2
cos cos cos
2 2 2
+ +
+ +

Li gii :

( ) ( ) 0 cos 2 cos cos 2
2 2 2
+ + + A yz z y B z C y x x
Coi y nh l tam thc bc hai theo bin x.

( ) ( )
( ) 0 sin sin
cos 2 cos cos '
2
2 2 2
=
+ + =
B z C y
A yz z y B z C y

Vy bt ng thc trn ng.
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi :
c b a C B A z y x
B z C y x
B z C y
: : sin : sin : sin : :
cos cos
sin sin
= =
+ =
=

tc z y x , , l ba cnh ca tam gic tng ng vi ABC .

V d 1.3.2.2.

CMR R x v ABC bt k ta c :
( ) C B x A x cos cos cos
2
1
1
2
+ + +

Li gii :


( )
( ) ( )
0
2
sin
2
sin 4
1
2
cos
2
sin 4
2
sin 4
2
cos
2
cos 2
cos 1 2 cos cos '
0 cos 2 2 cos cos 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
=
|
\
|

=
|
\
| +
=
+ =
+ +
C B A
C B A
A C B C B
A C B
A C B x x

Vy bt ng thc trn ng.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi :

= =
=
+ =
=
C B x
C B
C B x cos 2 cos 2 cos cos
0

V d 1.3.2.4.

CMR trong mi ABC ta u c :

2
2 2 2
2
sin sin sin
|
\
| + +
+ +
c b a
C ca B bc A ab

Li gii :


( )
( ) ( ) B bc c b C c A b
B bc c b C c A b a a
2 cos 2 2 cos 2 cos '
0 2 cos 2 2 cos 2 cos 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ + + =
+ + + + +

Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
( ) 0 2 sin 2 sin
2
+ = C c A b
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh xong.

V d 1.3.2.4.

Cho ABC bt k. CMR :

2
3
cos cos cos + + C B A

Li gii :

t ( ) B A
C B C B
C B A k +
+
= + + = cos
2
cos
2
cos 2 cos cos cos
0 1
2
cos
2
cos 2
2
cos 2
2
= +
+
+
k
B A B A B A

Do
2
cos
B A+
l nghim ca phng trnh :
0 1
2
cos 2 2
2
= +
k x
B A
x
Xt ( ) 1 2
2
cos '
2

+
= k
B A
. tn ti nghim th :

( )
2
3
cos cos cos
2
3
1
2
cos 1 2 0 '
2
+ +

C B A
k
B A
k

pcm.

V d 1.3.2.5.

CMR R y x , ta c :
( )
2
3
cos sin sin + + + y x y x

Li gii :

t ( )
2
sin 2 1
2
cos
2
sin 2 cos sin sin
2
y x y x y x
y x y x k
+
+
+
= + + + =
Khi
2
sin
y x +
l nghim ca phng trnh :
0 1
2
cos 2 2
2
= +
k x
y x
x
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

( )
2
3
0 1 2 1 '

=
k
k

pcm.

1.3.3. nh l v hm tuyn tnh :

Xt hm ( ) b ax x f + = xc nh trn on [ ] ;

Nu
( )
( )
( ) R k
k f
k f

th ( ) [ ] ; x k x f .

y l mt nh l kh hay. Trong mt s trng hp, khi m AM GM b tay,
BCS u hng v iu kin th nh l v hm tuyn tnh mi pht huy ht sc mnh
ca mnh. Mt pht biu ht sc n gin nhng li l li ra cho nhiu bi bt ng
thc kh.

V d 1.3.3.1.

Cho c b a , , l nhng s thc khng m tha :
4
2 2 2
= + + c b a
CMR : 8
2
1
+ + + abc c b a

Li gii :

Ta vit li bt ng thc cn chng minh di dng :
0 8
2
1
1 + + |
\
|
c b a bc
Xt ( ) 8
2
1
1 + + |
\
|
= c b a bc a f vi [ ] 2 ; 0 a .
Khi :

( ) ( )
( ) 0 8 8 8 2 8 2 2
0 8 8 8 2 8 0
2 2
= < = + + =
= = + + =
c b bc f
c b c b f

(v 0 2 = = = c b a )
Vy ( ) [ ] 2 ; 0 0 a a f pcm.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 0 , 0 = = = c b a v cc hon v.
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
V d 1.3.3.2.

CMR c b a , , khng m ta c :
( )( ) ( )
3
2 9 7 c b a abc c b a ca bc ab + + + + + + +

Li gii :

t
c b a
c
z
c b a
b
y
c b a
a
x
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +
= ; ; . Khi bi ton tr thnh :
Chng minh ( ) 2 9 7 + + + xyz zx yz xy vi 1 = + + z y x
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s { } z y x x , , max = .
Xt ( ) ( ) 2 7 9 7 7 + + = yz x yz z y x f vi
1 ;
3
1
x
Ta c :

( )
( )

< = = |
\
|
1 ;
3
1
0
0 2 1 ; 0
3
1
x x f
f f

Vy bt ng thc chng minh xong.
ng thc xy ra c b a z y x = = = = =
3
1
.

y l phn duy nht ca chuyn khng cp n lng gic. N ch mang tnh
gii thiu cho bn c mt nh l hay chng minh bt ng thc. Nhng thc ra
trong mt s bi bt ng thc lng gic, ta vn c th p dng nh l ny. Ch c iu
cc bn nn ch l du bng ca bt ng thc xy ra phi ph hp vi tp xc nh
ca cc hm lng gic.

1.4. Bi tp :

Cho ABC . CMR :

1.4.1.
3
1
cot cot cot
3 3 3
+ + C B A vi ABC nhn.
1.4.2.
2
3 2 3
4
sin
4
sin
4
sin

+ +
C B A

1.4.3. 3 2
sin
1
sin
1
sin
1
+ +
C B A

1.4.4.
8
7
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2 2 2
+ + +
C B A C B A

Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
1.4.5.
C B A
C B A
sin sin sin 8
9
cot cot cot + +
1.4.6. C B A
A C C B B A
sin sin sin 8
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos

1.4.7. C B A C B A sin sin sin cos cos cos 1 +
1.4.8.
S
b a c a c b c b a
2
3 3 1 1 1
4
+
+
+
+
+

1.4.9. 3 2 + +
c b a
m
c
m
b
m
a

1.4.10.
2
3 3
+ +
c
m
b
m
a
m
c b a

1.4.11.
2
p l m l m l m
c c b b a a
+ +
1.4.12.
abc m c m b m a
c b a
3 1 1 1
2 2 2
> + +
1.4.13. ( )( )( )
8
abc
c p b p a p
1.4.14. r h h h
c b a
9 + +
1.4.15.
|
\
| +
|
\
| +
|
\
| +
4
3
sin
4
3
sin
4
3
sin sin sin sin
A C C B B A
C B A

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