HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

C S
K THUT IN IN T
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa) Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2006

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

C S
K THUT IN IN T

Bin son :

Ths. NG C THIN

LI NI U
Ti liu hng dn hc tp mn hc ny c bin son da theo bi ging mn hc "C s K thut in - in t" dnh cho h i hc chuyn ngnh Cng ngh Thng tin, ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng. Vi mc ch trnh by cc ni dung ch yu ca mn hc cho h o to t xa, ti liu ny c bin son v sp xp li bao gm cc phn sau: Phn th nht (Chng 1): Cung cp cho ngi c cc vn c bn ca mch in, cc nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in. Phn th hai (Chng 2): Bao gm cc ni dung v cc linh kin bn dn v linh kin quang in t. Phn th ba (Chng 3, 4, 5, 6): Gm cc ni dung v k thut mch in t bao gm: Cc mch khuch i tn hiu nh dng tranzito, IC khuch i thut ton...v cc mch khuch i cng sut Cc mch lc tn s. Cc mch to tn hiu hnh sin, xung vung, xung tam gic, rng ca. Cc mch bin i tn s: Mch iu ch bin , iu tn, iu pha. Cc mch tch sng iu bin, iu tn, iu pha. Cc mch trn tn, nhn tn, chia tn.

Phn th t (Chng 7): L ni dung c bn v cc mch cung cp ngun cho cc thit b in t, vin thng. Phn ny bao gm cc mch chnh lu, lc ngun, cc mch n nh v bo v ngun in. y l ln u tin bin son ti liu ny nn chc chn khng th trnh khi thiu st, rt mong nhn c cc kin ng gp qu bu ca ng nghip v bn c.

H Ni, thng 06 nm 2006 Ch bin ThS. Ng c Thin

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM, NH LUT V CC PHNG PHP C BN PHN TCH MCH IN GII THIU
Chng ny trnh by v cc dng tn hiu, biu din phc cc tn hiu iu ha. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng trong mch in. Cc nh lut Kirchhoff v dng in v in p. Mt s phng php phn tch mch in nh: Phng php dng in vng. Phng php in p nt. Phng php ngun tng ng Phng php dng nguyn l xp chng.

Vic phn tch mch in trong min thi gian trong nhiu trng hp cng gp nhng kh khn v tnh ton chng hn nh cc phng trnh vi phn v tch phn. Nh c cch biu din trong min tn s m xut pht ca n l cp bin i Fourier, ta thay th c cc phng trnh ny lm cho cc tnh ton n gin i rt nhiu. Thc cht y l ngi ta thc hin mt php ton t trong min tn s. Trong phn ny chng ta s xt mt cch tng qut hn l vic p dng php ton t trong min tn s phc p phn tch mch in. Trong s cc phng php ton t th phng php thng dng l da trn cp bin i Laplace bi v n thch hp cho vic bin i cc phng trnh vi tch phn thng gp trong phn tch mch. Phn tip theo l mng bn cc, l m hnh ca cc phn t v cc phn mch in thng gp trong thc t. Cc nh lut tng qut dng cho mch tuyn tnh u c th p dng cho bn cc tuyn tnh, nhng l thuyt mng bn cc ch yu i su vo phn tch mch in theo h thng, lc y c th khng cn quan tm ti mch c th na m coi chng nh mt hp en v vn ngi ta cn n l mi quan h dng v p hai ca ca mch. Phn c bn ca mng bn cc l cc h phng trnh c tnh, bao gm: h phng trnh tr khng Z , h phng trnh dn np Y , h phng trnh truyn t A , h phng trnh truyn t ngc B , h phng trnh hn hp H , h phng trnh hn hp ngc G . Khi ghp ni cc mng bn cc thnh mt mng bn cc chung, ty theo cch mc ta c th tm c h phng trnh c tnh ca mng bn cc chung .

NI DUNG
1.1. TNG QUAN
S to ra, thu nhn v x l tn hiu l nhng qu trnh phc tp xy ra trong cc thit b & h thng khc nhau. Vic phn tch v l thuyt s c tin hnh thng qua cc loi m hnh gi l mch in.

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in Tn hiu l dng biu hin vt l ca thng tin, n qui nh tnh cht v kt cu ca cc h thng mch. V mt ton hc, tn hiu c biu din bi hm ca cc bin c lp S(x,y,...). V mt thi gian, c cc loi tn hiu sau: Tn hiu lin tc (hay cn gi l tn hiu tng t - analog signal), hnh 1-1a. Lin tc c v thi gian v bin . Tn hiu c ly mu, cn gi l tn hiu ri rc (discrete signal), hnh 1-1b. Tn hiu ny ri rc v thi gian. Tn hiu lin tc c lng t ho, hnh 1-1c. Tnh hiu ny c bin cc mc c nh (ri rc v bin ). Tn hiu ly mu c lng t ho, (hay tn hiu s - digital signal), hnh 1-1d. sa(t) ss(n.Ts)

a)

t sd(n)

b)

sq(t)

c)

d)

Hnh 1-1. Trn hnh 1-2 l s phn loi x l tn hiu lin tc.

Khi x l tn hiu bng mch tng t, th khng cn s dng b bin i. Khi x l tn hiu bng mch ri rc, cn cho tn hiu qua 2 b bin i: ly mu u vo v khi phc li tn hiu u ra. Khi x l tn hiu bng mch s (digital circuit), so vi mch ri rc th cn thm hai b bin i na l: bin i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s (ADC) v ngc li t tn hiu s sang tn hiu tng t (DAC).

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in

Tn hiu lin tc Mch tng t Tn hiu ri rc Ly mu Mch ri rc Khi phc

ADC

Mch s Tn hiu s Hnh 1-2.

DAC

1.2. CC THNG S TC NG V TH NG CA MCH IN

1.2.1. Cc thng s tc ng ca mch in. Thng s tc ng cn gi l thng s to ngun. l cc thng s c trng cho tnh cht to ra tn hiu v cung cp nng lng trong mch in. Thng s c trng cho ngun c th l: Sc in ng ca ngun: mt i lng vt l c gi tr l in p h mch ca ngun, o bng n v vn v c k hiu l V. Dng in ca ngun: mt i lng vt l c gi tr l dng in ngn mch ca ngun, o bng n v ampe v c k hiu l A.

T hai thng s c trng to ngun trn dn n s phn loi cc ngun tc ng thnh hai loi: ngun in p v ngun dng in. Theo nh ngha, mt ngun gi l ngun in p l tng (hay cn gi l ngun in p) khi in p do n cung cp cho mch ngoi khng ph thuc vo dng in ca mch ngoi. Mt ngun gi l ngun dng in l tng (hay ngun dng) khi dng in do n cung cp cho mch ngoi khng ph thuc vo in p ca mch ngoi. Ngoi cch phn loi ngun theo ngun in p v ngun dng in, ngi ta cn chia ngun thnh hai loi khc l: ngun kch thch (hay ngun tn hiu) v ngun cung cp nng lng. Trong ti liu ny, cc loi ngun c k hiu thng nht nh hnh 1-3, lu rng qui c chiu sut in ng ca ngun ngc li vi chiu dng in chy trong ngun.
+ Eng _ Ngun in p Hnh 1-3. + Ing _ Ngun dng in

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in Ngun in l tng l khng c tn hao nng lng. Nhng trong thc t phi tnh n tn hao, c ngha l tn ti tr khng trong ca ngun. * Xt ngun in p (hnh 1-4):

U ab =

Eng Ri + Rt

Rt

(cng thc phn p trn cc phn t mc ni tip) Nh vy ta thy rng in p ngun trong trng hp ny l ph thuc vo ti Rt. * Xt ngun dng in (hnh 1-5):

I ab =

I ng Ri + Rt

Ri

(cng thc phn dng trn cc phn t mc song song)

Ri a Eng b Hnh 1-4. a Iab i(t)

Rt

Ing

Ri

Rt

u(t)

Phn t

Hnh 1-5.

Hnh 1 -6.

1.2.2. Cc thng s th ng ca mch in Xt di gc nng lng, mt phn t (hnh 1-6) trong khong thi gian T = t2 - t1 n nhn mt nng lng l:

WT = 2 p (t )dt
t1

Trong p(t) l cng sut tc th m phn t nhn c thi im t v c tnh theo cng thc: p(t) =u(t).i(t) Nu u(t) v i(t) ngc chiu th p(t) c gi tr m, nh vy thc t ti thi im t phn t cung cp nng lng, ngha l phn t c tnh cht tch cc (v d ngun). Nu u(t) v i(t) cng chiu th p(t) c gi tr dng, vy ti thi im phn t nhn nng lng, ngha l phn t c tnh cht th ng. Lng nng lng nhn c c th c tch lu tn ti di dng nng lng in trng hay nng lng t trng, m cng c th b tiu tn di dng nhit hoc dng bc x in t. c trng cho s tiu tn v tch lu nng lng l cc thng s th ng ca phn t. Ngi ta phn cc thng s th ng ny thnh hai loi sau: a. Thng s khng qun tnh (R).
i(t) R u(t)

Hnh 1 -7.

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in Thng s khng qun tnh c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t khi in p v dng in trn n t l trc tip vi nhau (hnh 1-7). N c gi l in tr (R) v xc nh theo cng thc: u(t) = R.i(t) hay

i (t ) =

1 u (t ) = G.u (t ) R

R c n v vn/ampe, hay cn c bit l m (). thng s G =

1 gi l in dn, c n v 1/, hay S (Simen). R

V mt thi gian, dng in v in p trn phn t thun tr l trng pha nn nng lng nhn c trn phn t thun tr l lun lun dng, v vy R c trng cho s tiu tn nng lng. b. Cc thng s qun tnh Cc thng s qun tnh trong mch gm hai loi: in dung v in cm. Thng s in dung (C) c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t khi dng in chy trn n t l vi tc bin thin ca in p, n c n v l fara (F) v c xc nh theo cng thc:
i(t) C

i (t ) = C u (t ) =
t

du (t ) dt
t

u(t)
Hnh 1-8.

hay

q (t ) 1 i ( t ) dt = C C
0

trong q ( t ) = i ( t ) dt l in tch tch lu c trn phn t thi im t.

0

Nng lng tch lu trn C:

WE = p (t )dt = C.

du 1 .u (t ).dt = Cu 2 dt 2

Xt v mt nng lng, thng s C c trng cho s tch lu nng lng in trng, thng s ny khng gy t bin in p trn phn t v thuc loi thng s qun tnh. Xt v mt thi gian in p trn phn t thun dung chm pha so vi dng in mt gc /2. Thng s in cm (L) c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t khi in p trn n t l vi tc bin thin ca dng in, c n v l henry (H) v c xc nh theo cng thc: L u(t)
Hnh 1-9.

i (t)

di (t ) u (t ) = L dt
v nng lng tch lu trn L:

hay

1 i ( t ) = u ( t ) dt L
0

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in

WH = L

di 1 i ( t ) dt = Li 2 dt 2

UL

Xt v mt nng lng, thng s L c trng cho s tch lu nng lng t trng, thng s ny khng gy t bin dng in trn phn t v thuc loi thng s qun tnh. Xt v mt thi gian, in p trn phn t thun cm nhanh pha so vi dng in l /2. S tng quan v pha gia dng in chy trong phn t vi in p trn hai u ca n, tu theo tng loi thng s tng ng c m t hnh 1-10.

Ir

Ur

UC
Hnh 1-10.

- Thng s h cm (M) c cng bn cht vt l vi thng s in cm, c trng cho s nh hng qua li ca hai phn t in cm t gn nhau, ni hoc khng ni v in, khi c dng in chy trong chng. V d nh trn hnh 1-11 ta thy dng in i1 chy trong phn t in cm th nht s gy ra trn phn t th hai mt in p l:

u21 = M 21

di1 dt
i1 * u1 L11

M *

Ngc li, dng in i2 chy trong phn t in cm th hai s gy ra trn phn t th nht mt in p l:

i2 u2

u12 = M12

di2 dt

L22

Nh vy do tc dng ng thi ca cc thng s in cm v h cm, trn mi phn t s c tng ng mt in p t cm v mt in p h cm:

Hnh 1-11.

u1 = L11

di1 di M12 2 dt dt

u2 = M 21

di1 di + L22 2 dt dt

Trong , nu cc dng in cng chy vo hoc cng chy ra khi u c nh du * (u cng tn) th cc biu thc trn ly du +, nu ngc li ly du -. c. Thng s cu cc phn t mc ni tip v song song Trong trng hp c mt s cc phn t mc ni tip hoc song song vi nhau th cc thng s c tnh theo cc cng thc ghi trong bng 1-1. Bng 1-1 Cch mc Ni tip Thng s in tr Thng s in cm Thng s in dung

r = rk
k

L = Lk
k

1 1 = C k Ck
C = Ck
k

Song song

1 1 = r k rk

1 1 = L k Lk

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in 1.3. BIU DIN PHC CA CC TC NG IU HA, TR KHNG V DN NP Trong cc phng php phn tch mch in, vic phn tch ngun tc ng v cc thng s tc ng thnh cc thnh phn iu ho v biu din chng di dng phc lm vic tnh ton mch in tr nn thun li hn rt nhiu. Khi s dng phng php biu din phc th vic gii cc php o hm v tch phn tr nn d dng hn rt nhiu. 1.3.1. Cch biu din phc cc tc ng iu ho Xt cch biu din phc t cng thc le: exp(j) = cos + jsin Khi c mt dao ng iu ha, v d sc in ng: e(t) =Emcos(t + u) Ngha l nu t: E = Em exp j (t + u ) s vit c: T
Hnh 1-12.

e(t) Em

e ( t ) = Re E

E gi l sc in ng phc hay l biu din phc ca e ( t ) , vi Em l bin ,

= 2 / T [rad / s] l tn s gc, u[rad] l pha u.

Cch biu din phc cn c vit di dng:

E = Em exp ( ju ) exp ( jt ) = Em exp ( jt )

Trong Em = Em exp ( ju ) l bin phc ca sc in ng e(t). 1.3.2. Tr khng v dn np Trong mt h thng (hnh 1-13), nu tc ng vo l x(t) v p ng ra l y(t) th v mt ton hc ta c th ni h thng thc hin mt php ton t p ln x(t). By gi hy ni n nh lut m tng qut vit di dng phc: y(t)=p{x(t)}

x(t)

p
Hnh 1-13.

U = Z .I

hay I =

1 U Z

Nh vy Z chnh l mt ton t c nhim v bin i dng in thnh in p v gi l tr 1 l mt ton t c nhim v bin i in p khng ca mch, n v o bng m (), cn Y = Z thnh dng in v gi l dn np ca mch, n v o bng Simen (S). Chng c biu din di dng phc:

Z = R + jX = Z exp( j arg Z ) Y = G + jB = Y exp( j arg Y )

trong R l in tr, X l in khng, G l in dn v B l in np.

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in Mt khc:

Z=

U U m exp[ j (t + u )] U m = = exp[ j (u i )] I m exp[ j (t + i )] Im I

Y=

I exp j (t + i ) I m I = exp j (i u ) = m U U m exp j (t + u ) U m

Um Im X = u i R

nh vy t ta c th rt ra:

Z = R2 + X 2 =

Z = arg Z = arctg

v:

I Y = G 2 + B2 = m ; Um

Y = arg Y = arctg

B = i u = Z G

Sau y ta xt tr khng ca cc phn t tng ng vi cc tham s th ng. i vi phn t thun tr:

U r = Z r .I = R.I
i vi phn t thun dung:

vy

Zr = R

Zc =
trong :

1 = jX C jC

v YC = jC = jBC

XC =

1 ; C

BC = C

i vi phn t thun cm:

Z L = j L = jX L v YL =
trong

j L

= jBL

X L = L ; BL =

1 L

Tr khng ca nhiu phn t mc ni tip v song song: + Tr khng tng ng ca cc phn t mc ni tip: Z ab = Z k
k

+ Dn np tng ng ca cc phn t mc song song: Yab = Yk

k

10

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in

1.4. CC KHI NIM C BN CA MCH IN

1.4.1. Cc yu t hnh hc ca mch in Graph: ca mch in: l s cu trc hnh hc din t s ghp ni gia cc phn t trong mch bi cc nt v cc nhnh, minh ho hnh 1-14. Graph c nh du mi tn trong cc nhnh gi l Graph c hng. Nt: l im gp nhau ca ba nhnh tr ln. Nu k hiu s nt l Nn th trn hnh 1-14 c nm nt: A, B, C, D, O: Nn = 5 Nhnh: l phn mch nm gia hai nt. Nu k hiu s nhnh l Nnh th trn hnh 1-14 c tm nhnh: Nnh = 8 Cy v nhnh cy: Cy l phn mch bao gm mt s nhnh i qua ton b cc nt, nhng khng to thnh vng kn. Nhnh thuc cy gi l nhnh cy v nhnh khng thuc cy gi l nhnh b cy. Nu k hiu s nhnh cy l Nc v s nhnh b cy l Nb th: Nc = Nn - 1 v Nb = Nnh - Nc Z8
IV Z4

E8

A Z1

Z2

C Z5

Z6

D Z7 E7

I
E1

Z3

II
E5

III

O
Hnh 1 -14.

Nh trn hnh 1-14 cc nhnh OA, OB, OC, OD to thnh mt cy c bn nhnh gc ti O, cc nhnh cn li l cc nhnh b cy. Vng: l phn mch bao gm mt s nt v mt s nhnh to thnh mt vng kn m qua mi nhnh v mi nt ch gp mt ln. Vng c bn (ng vi mt cy) l vng ch cha mt b cy. Nu s vng c bn l Nv th: Nv = Nb =Nnh - Nn + 1 Nh trn hnh 1-14 vi qui c cy c gc O ta s thy cc vng I, II, III, l cc vng c bn. Vt ct: L mt tp cc nhnh m khi b cc nhnh trn vt ct i th cc nt ca graph chia thnh hai nhm ring bit. Vt ct c bn l vt ct ch cha mt nhnh cy. S vt ct c bn ng vi mt cy k hiu l Nvc; Nvc = Nc = Nn -1 1.4.2. Khi nim tng h Phn t tng h l phn t c tnh cht dn in hai chiu, tho mn iu kin: Zab = Zba Mch in tng h l mch in bao gm cc phn t tng h. Ni mt cch tng qut n tho mn iu kin: Zlk = Zkl trong hay YMN = YNM

Zlk: tr khng chung gia vng l v vng k.

11

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in Zkl: tr khng chung gia vng k v vng l. YMN: dn np chung gia nt M v nt N. YNM: dn np chung gia nt N v nt M. Nh vy trong mch tng h, dng in trong vng l (sinh ra bi cc ngun t trong vng k) bng dng in trong vng k (sinh ra bi chnh ngun chuyn sang vng l). Hay ni mt cch khc, dng in trong nhnh i (sinh ra bi ngun E t trong nhnh j) bng dng in trong nhnh j (sinh ra bi chnh ngun chuyn sang nhnh i). Cc phn t v mch tuyn tnh c tnh cht tng h (nh cc phn t th ng dn in hai chiu R, L, C...) lm cho vic phn tch mch trong cc phn cp tr nn thun li. i vi cc phn t v mch khng tng h (nh n in t, tranzito, it...) th vic phn tch kh phc tp, khi cn phi c thm cc thng s mi. 1.4.3. Lut ng ngt ca cc phn t qun tnh Lut ng ngt ca phn t thun cm: Trong cun dy khng c t bin dng in, k c ti thi im ng ngt mch. iL(0+) = iL(0-) = iL(0) Lut ng ngt ca phn t thun dung: Trong t in khng c t bin in p, k c ti thi im ng ngt mch. uc(0+) = uc(0-) = uc(0) Mt cch tng qut: Tng t thng mc vng trong mt vng kn phi lin tc, k c ti thi im c t bin trong vng. Tng in tch ti mt nt ca mch phi lin tc, k c ti thi im c t bin trong cc nhnh ni vo nt .

1.5. CC NH LUT KIRCHHOFF

1.5.1. nh lut Kirchhoff I nh lut ny pht biu v dng in, ni dung ca n l: Tng cc dng in i vo mt nt bng tng cc dng in i ra khi nt . Hoc l: Tng i s cc dng in ti mt nt bng khng:

ak ik = 0
k

trong :

ak = 1 nu dng in nhnh i ra khi nt ang xt ak = -1 nu dng in nhnh i vo nt ang xt ak = 0 nu nhnh khng thuc nt ang xt.

12

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in 1.5.2. nh lut Kirchhoff II nh lut ny pht biu v in p, ni dung ca n l: Tng i s cc st p trn cc phn t th ng ca mt vng kn bng tng i s cc sc in ng c trong vng kn . Hoc l: Tng i s cc st p ca cc nhnh trong mt vng kn bng khng:

bk uk = 0
k

trong :

bk = 1 nu chiu in p trn nhnh cng chiu vng quy c, bk = -1 nu chiu in p trn nhnh ngc chiu vng quy c, bk = 0 nu nhnh khng thuc vng ang xt.

1.6. CC PHNG PHP C BN PHN TCH MCH IN

1.6.1. Phng php in p nt Ni dung ca phng php ny c din t thng qua mch in hnh 1-15: Vi k hiu cho cc nt nh hnh v, ta chn mt nt lm gc, trong trng hp ny ta chn gc l O. thnh lp h phng trnh in p nt cho mch, ta vit nh lut Kirchhoff 1 cho cc nt mch. Nt A: i1 + i2 + i8 = 0 hay:
Z8 Z2 B Z1 E1 O Z3 E5 Z4 E8

C Z5

Z6

D Z7

U A E1 U A U B U A U D + E8 + + =0 Z1 Z2 Z8 E1. E8 Z1 Z8

Hnh 1-15.

nhm s hng v chuyn v ta c:

(Y1 + Y2 + Y3 ) .U A Y2 .U B 0.U C Y8 .U D =

Tng t nh vy i vi cc nt B, C v D, ta s c h phng trnh in p nt vit di dng ma trn nh sau:

Y2 Y8 0 Y1 + Y2 + Y8 U A I ng1 I ng 8 0 Y2 Y4 Y2 + Y3 0 UB x = UC I ng 5 Y4 Y6 Y4 + Y5 + Y6 0 Y8 Y6 Y6 + Y7 + Y8 U D I ng 6 0
Tng qut:

Y N .U N = I ng

trong : Y N l ma trn dn np nt, c kch thc [(Nn - 1) x (Nn - 1)]. T h phng trnh ny (hay phng trnh ma trn va thnh lp trn) ta s tm ra gi tr ca cc in p nt.

13

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in

U N = Y 1.I ngN N
Khi tm c cc in p nt ta c th d dng tm c dng in trong cc nhnh. Th d 1-1: Hy vit h phng trnh in p nt cho mch in hnh 1-16. Gii: K hiu cc nt l A, B, C, O v chn nt O lm gc. Nh vy ta s c h ba phng trnh, ba n s UA, UB, UC:
A R1 E1 O Hnh 1-16. Xc R3 Ing3 R2 XL1 B E2 XL2

1 E E 1 1 1 1 + U B UC = 1 + 2 + U A jX L1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R2 jX L1 1 1 1 1 1 + + UA + UC = 0 U B jX L 2 jX L1 jX L 2 jX c jX L1 1 U A 1 U B + 1 + 1 + 1 U C = I ng 3 E2 R2 jX L 2 R2 jX L 2 R2 R3

Qua th d trn ta thy trong s mch vic biu din ngun dng rt thun tin p dng phng php in p nt, do trc khi vit phng trnh bn c th chuyn i cc ngun p v ngun dng. 1.6.2. Phng php dng in vng Ni dung ca phng php ny c din t thng qua mch in hnh 1-17 vi s chn chiu v nh k hiu cho cc vng nh hnh v. H phng trnh dng in vng cho mch c thnh lp t nh lut Kirchhoff 2:
E1 Z8 Z2 Z1 Iv1 Z3 Iv4 Z4 Z5 Iv2 E5 E8

Z6 Z7 Iv3

( Z1 + Z 2 + Z3 ) .IV 1

Z3 .IV 2

+0.IV 3

+ Z1.IV 4 0.IV 4

= E1 = E5
Hnh 1-17.

Z3.IV 1 + ( Z3 + Z 4 + Z5 ) .IV 2

Z5 .IV 3

0.IV 1 Z5 .IV 2 + ( Z5 + Z 6 + Z 7 ) .IV 3 + Z 7 .IV 4 = E5

Z1.IV 1 +0.IV 2

+ Z 7 .IV 3

+ ( Z1 + Z 7 + Z8 ) .IV 4

= E1 + E8

H phng trnh dng in vng cn c th vit di dng ma trn:

I v1 V1 V2 V3 V4 Z1 + Z 2 + Z3 Z3 0 Z1

I v2 Z3 Z3 + Z 4 + Z5 Z5 0

I v3 0 Z5 Z5 + Z 6 + Z7 Z7

Iv 4 Z1 I v1 E1 I E 0 5 x v2 = I v3 E5 Z7 Z1 + Z 7 + Z8 I v 4 E1 + E8

14

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in Tng qut: Z V .I V = EV trong : Z V l ma trn tr khng vng, n c kch thc: [(Nnh - Nn +1) x (Nnh -Nn +1)]. Tin hnh gii h phng trnh (hay gii phng trnh ma trn) va thnh lp trn tm ra gi tr ca cc dng in vng.
I V = Z V1.EV

Sau khi tnh c cc dng in vng d dng tnh c cc dng in trn cc nhnh. Th d 1-2: Cho mch in hnh 1-18. a. Vit h phng trnh dng in vng khi khng tnh n h cm gia cc cun cm. b. Tnh dng in chy qua cc nhnh trong trng hp c tnh n ghp h cm, cho bit cc gi tr: R1 = 1; R2 = 1; XL1 = 1; XL2 = 2; XM = 1; E = 1V. Gii: a. Cc phng trnh dng in vng khi khng tnh n h cm: (R1 + jXL1 + R2).Iv1 - R2Iv2 = E -R2Iv1 +(jXL2 +R2).Iv2 = 0
E XL1 R1 Iv1 * * XL2 Iv2

R2

Hnh 1-18.

b. Cc phng trnh dng in vng khi c tnh n h cm: (R1 + jXL1 + R2).Iv1 - (R2 + jXM).Iv2 = E -(R2 + jXM).Iv1 + (jXL2 + R2).Iv2 = 0

trong thnh phn -jXM.Iv2 l in p h cm do dng in Iv2 chy trong XL2 gy ra trn XL1, cn thnh phn -jXMIv1 l in p h cm do dng in Iv1 chy trong XL1 gy ra trn XL2. Thay s ta c:

( 2 + j ) .I v1 (1 + j ) .I v 2 = 1 (1 + j ) .I v1 + (1 + 2 j ) .I v 2 = 0 2 j 1 j A A; I v2 = 3 3 1 j A 3

p dng quy tc Crame ta tnh c: I v1 = Theo cng thc bin i vng:

i X L1 = I v1 =

2 j A 3

i X L2 = I v 2 =

i R 2 = I v1 I v 2 =

1 A 3

15

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in 1.6.3. Phng php ngun tng ng Trong mt s trng hp, nhim v phn tch mch khng i hi phi tnh tt c dng v p ca tt c cc nhnh, m ch i hi tnh ton trn mt nhnh hay mt phn mch no . Phng php ngun tng ng m c s ca n l nh l Thevenine-Norton cho php chng ta gii cc bi ton nh vy mt cch n gin hn bng cch thay th phn mch c cha ngun bi mt ngun p hay ngun dng tng ng. Ni dung nh l Thevenine-Norton Trong mch in, phn mch AB c cha ngun (v ni vi phn cn li Z ca mch ti cp im AB, ng thi gia hai phn khng c ghp h cm vi nhau), c th c thay th tng ng bng mt ngun p c sc in ng bng in p h mch trn cp im AB (hay mt ngun dng c dng in ngun bng dng in ngn mch trn cp im AB), cn tr khng trong ca ngun bng tr khng tng ng nhn t cp im AB vi nguyn tc ngn mch ngun sut in ng v h mch ngun dng c trong phn mch ny. Ni dung nh l c m t nh hnh 1-19: Th d 1-3: Cho mch in nh hnh 1-20, hy tnh dng in chy qua Z3. Gii: Ta thy y ch tnh dng chy qua mt nhnh, do n gin hy p dng phng php ngun tng ng theo s tng ng Thevenine: - Xc nh in p h mch trn cp im AB:
Z1 E1 Z2 Z4 Ri A AB B Z A Ing Ri B Z E A B Z

Hnh 1-19.

Z3

B Z5 E5

Hnh 1-20.

E5 E1 Z2 Z4 Z1 + Z 2 Z 4 + Z5 - Xc nh ZtAB nhn t cp im AB, ngn mch ngun s E1 & E5: U hmAB = U A U B = ZtdAB = Z Z Z1Z 2 + 4 5 Z1 + Z 2 Z 4 + Z5

Ri = Zt AB A E = Uhm AB B Z3

Hnh 1-21.

- S tng ng Thevenine c dng nh hnh 1-21, vy:

i3 =

U hmAB ZtdAB + Z3

16

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in 1.6.4. Phng php phn tch dng nguyn l xp chng. Nu trong mt mch in tuyn tnh c cha nhiu ngun tc ng, th dng in vng sinh ra trong vng l bi tt c cc ngun ca mch bng tng cc dng in vng sinh ra trong vng l bi ring cc ngun t trong mi vng k ca mch. Hay ni mt cch khc, dng in vng sinh ra trong vng l no ca mch, bi tt c cc ngun ca mch bng tng cc dng in vng sinh ra trong vng l bi mi ngun ring r ca mch (khi cc ngun khng lm vic s ngn mch i vi ngun sut in ng v h mch i vi ngun dng). Nguyn l xp chng hon ton ng cho dng in nhnh, dng in vng v c in p nt. Vic m t nguyn l ny s thng qua mt s th d minh ho di y. Th d 1-4: Cho mch in nh hnh 1-22, hy tnh dng in chy qua Z3 bng cch p dng nguyn l xp chng. Gii: Nu ngun E1 gy nn trong Z3 mt dng in i3E1 v ngun E5 gy nn trong Z3 mt dng in i3E5 th dng tng qua Z3 s l: i3 = i3E1 + i3E5 - tnh dng i3E1 trc ht ta phi loi b ngun E5, khi :
A Z1 E1 Z2 Z4 Z3 B Z5 E5

Hnh 1-22.

Z 45 =

Z 4 Z5 Z 4 + Z5 Z 2 Z345 Z 2 + Z345 E1 Z2 Ztd1 Z 2 + Z345

Z345 = Z3 + Z 45 Z1234 = Z1 + Z 2345 = Ztd1

Z 2345 =
v nh vy:

i3E1 =

- tnh dng i3E5 ta phi loi b ngun E1, vi cch tnh tng t ta s tnh c:

Z12 =

Z1Z 2 Z1 + Z 2 Z 4 Z123 Z 4 + Z123

Z123 = Z3 + Z12 Ztd 5 = Z5 + Z1234

Z1234 =
v ta c:

i3E 5 =

E5 Z4 Ztd 5 Z 4 + Z123

Nh vy nu tnh n chiu dng in ta s c:

i3 = i3E1 i3E 5
Ngoi cc phng php phn tch mch trn cn c cc phng php khc nh: Phn tch mch in bng phng php tn s, phng php dng php ton tCc phng php ny c th gii cc bi ton phc tp hn. Bn c xem thm cc ti liu tham kho.

17

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in

1.7. MNG BN CC
Mng bn cc (cn gi l mch hai ca) l m hnh ca cc phn t v cc phn mch in thng gp trong thc t (nh m hnh bin p, tranzito...). Cc nh lut tng qut dng cho mch tuyn tnh u c th p dng cho bn cc tuyn tnh, nhng l thuyt mng bn cc ch yu i su vo phn tch mch in theo h thng, lc y c th khng cn quan tm ti mch c th na m coi chng nh mt hp en v vn ngi ta cn n l mi quan h dng v p hai ca ca mch. L thuyt mng bn cc cho php nghin cu cc mch in phc tp nh l s ghp ni ca cc bn cc n gin theo nhiu cch khc nhau, n l mt trong nhng phng php hu hiu dng phn tch v tng hp mch. Mng bn cc l phn mch c bn u ra tng ng vi hai ca c din t nh hnh 1-23, trong : U1, I1: in p v dng in ti ca 1 U2, I2: in p v dng in ti ca 2 Ch rng chiu in p v dng in trn hnh 1-23 l chiu c quy c. Trong ti liu ny ch cp ti bn cc tuyn tnh, bt bin, tng h. 1.7.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc Dng tng qut ca phng trnh c tnh: a11U1 + a12U2 + b11I1 + b12I2 = 0 a21U1 + a22U2 + b21I1 + b22I2 = 0 T hai phng trnh trn ta c th rt ra hai thng s bt k theo hai thng s cn li. Mi mt h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc tng ng vi 2 trong s 4 thng s nu trn (in p v dng in ti hai ca) ca bn cc. Nh vy c tt c 6 h phng trnh c tnh (t hp chp 2
2 t 4 thng s, C4 = 6 ). Tu theo tng dng bn cc m ta s dng h phng trnh c tnh ph hp nht phn tch.

I1 U1

I2

Mng bn cc
Hnh 1-23.

U2

H phng trnh c tnh tr khng

U I Di dng ma trn: 1 = Z 1 U 2 I2 z11 trong : Z = z21

z12 (gi l ma trn tr khng h mch). z22

Di dng h phng trnh:

U1 = z11I1 + z12 I 2 U 2 = z21I1 + z22 I 2

Cc h s (thng s tr khng h mch) c tnh theo cc cng thc:

18

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in

z11 =

U1 I1

;
I 2 =0

z22 =

U2 I2

U ; z12 = 1 ; I 2 I =0 I1 =0 1

z21 =

U2 I1

I 2 =0

i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c: z12 = z21

H phng trnh c tnh dn np

Di dng ma trn:

I1 U =Y 1 I 2 U 2
trong

y Y = 11 y21

y12 y22

( ma trn dn np ngn mch)

I1 = y11U1 + y12U 2 Di dng h phng trnh: I 2 = y21U1 + y22U 2

Cc h s (thng s dn np) c tnh theo cc cng thc:

y11 =

I1 U1 U

I ; y22 = 2 ; U 2 U =0 2 =0 1

y12 =

I1 U2 U

1 =0

y21 =

I2 U1 U

2 =0

i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c: y12 = y21

H phng trnh c tnh truyn t

U1 U 2 Di dng ma trn: = A I1 I2
trong

a a A = 11 12 a21 a22

( ma trn truyn t)

Di dng h phng trnh:

U1 = a11U 2 + a12 I 2 I1 = a21U 2 + a22 I 2

Cc h s (thng s truyn t) c tnh theo cc cng thc:

a11 =

U1 U2

;
I 2 =0

a22 =

I1 I2 U

;
2 =0

a12 =

U1 I2 U

;
2 =0

a21 =

I1 U2

I 2 =0

i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c: a = -1

H phng trnh c tnh truyn t ngc 19

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in Di dng ma trn:

U 2 U1 I = BI 2 1
( ma trn truyn t ngc)

trong :

b b B = 11 12 b21 b22

Di dng h phng trnh:

U 2 = b11U1 + b12 I1 I 2 = b21U1 + b22 I1

Cc h s (thng s truyn t ngc) c tnh theo cc cng thc:

b11 =

U2 U1

;
I1 =0

b22 =

I2 I1 U

1 =0

b12 =

U2 I1 U

1 =0

b21 =

I2 U1

I1 =0

i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c: b= -1

H phng trnh c tnh hn hp

U1 I1 Di dng ma trn: = H I2 U 2
trong

h h H = 11 12 h21 h22

( ma trn hn hp)

Di dng h phng trnh:

U1 = h11I1 + h12U 2 I 2 = h21I1 + h22U 2

Cc h s (thng s hn hp) c tnh theo cc cng thc:

h11 =

U1 I1 U

;
2 =0

h22 =

I2 U2

;
I1 =0

h12 =

U1 U2

;
I1 =0

h21 =

I2 I1 U

2 =0

i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c: h12 = - h21

H phng trnh c tnh hn hp ngc

I1 U1 Di dng ma trn: = G U 2 I2
trong

g G = 11 g 21

g12 g 22

( ma trn hn hp ngc)

Di dng h phng trnh:

I1 = g11U1 + g12 I 2 U 2 = g 21U1 + g 22 I 2

Cc h s (thng s hn hp ngc) c tnh theo cc cng thc:

20

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in

g11 =

I1 U1

;
I 2 =0

g 22 =

U2 I2 U

1 =0

g12 =

I1 I2 U

1 =0

g 21 =

U2 U1

I 2 =0

i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c: g12 = - g21 1.7.2. Cc phng php ghp ni mng bn cc a. Ghp ni ni tip - ni tip (N-N): Hai mng bn cc I v II c gi l mc ni tip-ni tip vi nhau nh hnh 1-24. Khi mc theo kiu ny s to thnh mt mng 4 cc mi, c ma trn c tnh tr khng c tnh nh sau:
U1 I1 I1 U1 I1 U1 I2 I2

U2 I2 U2

II

U2

Z = Z ' + Z ''
Trong : Z ' v Z '' ln lt l ma trn c tnh tr khng ca mng bn cc I v II. Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc N-N vi nhau:

Hnh 1-24.

Z = Zk
k =1

b. Ghp ni song song - song song (S-S) Hai mng bn cc I v II c gi l mc song song-song song vi nhau nh hnh 1-25. Khi mc theo kiu ny s to thnh mt mng 4 cc mi, c ma trn c tnh dn np c tnh nh sau:
I1 U1

I1 U1 I1 U1

I2

U2 I2

I2 U2

II

U2

Y = Y ' + Y ''

Hnh 1-25.

Trong : Y ' v Y '' ln lt l ma trn c tnh dn np ca mng bn cc I v II. Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc S-S vi nhau:

Y = Yk
k =1

c. Ghp ni ni tip - song song (N-S) Cc bn cc c gi l mc theo kiu N-S vi nhau nu i vi ca 1 c dng in l chung, cn in p l tng cc in p thnh phn. Cn ca 2 c in p l chung, cn dng in l tng ca cc dng in thnh phn (hnh 1-26).

21

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in Khi mc theo kiu ny s to thnh mt mng 4 cc mi, c ma trn c tnh hn hp c tnh nh sau:
I1 I1 U1 U1 I1 U1 I2

H =H +H

'

''

U2 I2

I2 U2

Trong : H ' v H '' ln lt l ma trn c tnh hn hp ca cc mng bn cc I v II. Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc N-S vi nhau:

II

U2

Hnh 1-26.

H = Hk
k =1

d. Ghp ni song song - ni tip (S-N) Cc bn cc c gi l mc theo kiu S-N vi nhau nu i vi ca 1 c in p l chung, cn dng in l tng ca cc dng in thnh phn. Cn ca 2 c dng in l chung, cn in p l tng cc in p thnh phn (hnh 1-27). Khi mc theo kiu ny s to thnh mt mng 4 cc mi, c ma trn c tnh hn hp ngc c tnh nh sau:
I1 I1 U1 U1 I1 U1 I2 I2

U2 I2 U2

II

U2

Hnh 1-27.

G = G ' + G ''
Trong : G ' v G '' ln lt l ma trn c tnh hn hp ngc ca mng bn cc I v II. Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc S-N vi nhau:

G = Gk
k =1

e. Ghp ni theo kiu dy chuyn Cc bn cc c gi l mc theo kiu dy chuyn vi nhau nu ca ra ca bn cc ny c ni vi ca vo ca bn cc kia theo th t lin tip (hnh 1-28).
I1 U1 I1 U1 I2 I1 U1 I2

I2
U2

U2

II

U2

Hnh 1-28.

Ch chiu dng in I 2 o i so vi chiu quy nh trc, mc ch tin cho vic tnh ton.

22

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in Khi mc theo kiu dy chuyn nh th ny, ta c mt mng bn cc mi vi ma trn c tnh truyn t tnh nh sau: A = A. A Trong A l ma trn c tnh truyn t ca mng bn cc tnh cho trng hp dng

in I 2 o chiu, A l ma trn c tnh truyn t ca mng bn cc th hai.

Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc dy chuyn vi nhau:

A = Ak . An
k =1

n 1

Ch , cc ma trn truyn t ca ( n 1) mng 4 cc u tin phi tnh vi trng hp cc dng in ca 2 o chiu so vi quy nh (i ra), v cn mng bn cc cui cng th dng in ca 2 vn ng chiu (i vo).

TM TT NI DUNG
Cc thng s tc ng l cc thng s to ngun: c 2 loi ngun chnh l ngun in p v ngun dng in. Nn nm c k hiu ca 2 loi ngun ny v c im ca tng ngun. Cc thng s th ng c trng cho cc phn t tiu th nng lng, c hai loi thng s th ng l thng s khng qun tnh v thng s khng c qun tnh. Cch biu din phc cc tn hiu iu ha, y l mt cch biu din tn hiu rt thun li cho vic tnh ton v phn tch mch in. Khi tnh ton mch in th cc thng s tc ng cng nh th ng cng c biu din theo dng phc, v khi tnh ton vi s phc th khng phi gii cc phng trnh vi phn v tch phn kh phc tp min thi gian. Hai phng php phn tch mch in: in p nt v dng in vng. Hai phng php ny da vo 2 nh lut Kirchhoff 1 v 2. Nm vng cch vit h phng trnh cho in p nt v dng in vng t c c h cc phng trnh c lp tuyn tnh, sau khi gii h phng trnh ny ta c th d dng tnh c cc in p v dng in trong tt c cc nhnh ca mch in. Ngoi hai phng php trn cn c thm cc phng php phn tch mch khc nh: phng php ngun tng ng da vo nh l Thevenine-Norton. Phng php dng bin i Laplace c th gii cc bi ton phc tp trong min thi gian (cc phng trnh vi phn, tch phn), cc qu trnh qu trong mch in. Phn cui l mt s vn v mng bn cc, cn nm c cc phng trnh c tnh, v cc cch ghp ni mng 4 cc.

CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1. Hai phng php phn tch mch: dng in vng v in p nt da trn cc nh lut no? Cu 2: K hiu ngun in p c lp l:

a)

b)

c)

d)

23

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in

Cu 3: K hiu ngun dng in c lp l:

a)

b)

c)

d)

Cu 4: Tr khng ca phn t thun dung l:

1 = jX C a) Z c = jC
c) ZC = j

b) ZC = jC = jX C d) ZC = jC

1 = jX C C

Cu 5: Dn np ca phn t thun cm l: a) YL = j c) YL =

1 = jBL L 1
= jBL

b) YL = j L = jBL d) YL = j L = jBL

j L

Cu 6: Mt t in c C = 50 F ; vi tn s = 100 ( rad / s ) th tr khng ca t l: a) ZC = j 200 c) ZC = j 5.103 b) ZC = j 200 d) ZC = j 5.103

Cu 7: Mt cun dy c in cm l L = 20 H ; vi tn s = 1000 ( rad / s ) th dn np ca cun dy l: a) YL = j 50 c) YL = j 2.102 b) YL = j 2.102 d) YL = j 50

X=5 R=4 X=5 a) X=5 R=4 R=4 c) R=4 b) X=5

Cu 8: S tng ng chi tit ca mch c Z = 4 5 j l:

d)

24

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in Cu 9: S tng ng chi tit ca mch c Y = 2 + 7 j l:
B=7 G=2 B = 7 a) B=7 B=2 G=2 c) d) R=2 X = 7 G=7 b) G=2

Cu 10: Tr khng tng ng ca mch hnh 1-29 l: a) Z = 2 + j12 c) Z = 2 + j 2 b) Z = 2 j 2 d) Z = 2 j12

Hnh 1-29.

Cu 11: Dn np tng ng ca mch hnh 1-30 l: a) Y = 5 + j12 c) Y = 5 j 6 b) Y = 5 + j 6 d) Z = 5 j12

B=9 B=3 G=5 Hnh 1-30.

Cu 12: Cho s mch nh hnh 1-31. Vi: Z1 = 1, 025 j ;

i(t) u(t)

Z1 Z2

Z3 Z4

Z5

Z 2 = 1, 25 j; Z3 = j Z 4 = 2 j; Z 5 = 2 + j
a) V s tng ng chi tit theo cc linh kin.

Hnh 1-31.

b) Tnh i ( t ) khi t mt in p c bin hiu dng l 5V ln hai u on mch? Cu 13: Cho s mch nh hnh 1-32. Vi: Y1 = 1 + 2 j ;
i(t) u(t) Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5

Y2 = 5 j; Y3 = 2 + 4 j Y4 = 1 5 j; Y5 = 1 + j
a) V s tng ng chi tit theo cc linh kin.

Hnh 1-32.

25

Chng 1: Cc khi nim, nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in b) Tnh dn np tng ng ca ton b mch in Ytd i ( t ) . Khi t mt in p c bin hiu dng l 9V ln hai u on mch? XL1 Cu 14: Hy tnh cc dng in nhnh ca mach in hnh 1-33. R1 E1 XM XL2

XC

R2

Ing2

Hnh 1-33.

Cu 15: Tnh dng cc in nhnh ca mch in hnh 1-34 vi cc s liu di dng phc: E1 = 1V Z1 = 1 Z3 = j Z5 = j E6 = j V Z2 = -j Z4 = 1 Z6 = 1
A Z1 E1 Z4

Z6 B Z2

E6 Z5 C Z3

0 Hnh 1-34. R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 Ing

Cu 16: Cho mch in hnh 1-35, hy tnh dng in iR4 bng phng php ngun tng ng, vi cc s liu: Eng R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R5 = R6 = 2 Ing = 4A Eng = 6V.

Hnh 1-35.

Cu 17: Cho mch in hnh 1-36, hy tnh dng i0 bng phng php ngun tng ng. Cu 18: Cho mch in hnh 1-37, hy tnh dng in chy qua R4 bng cch p dng nguyn l xp chng.
R1 E1 A E2 I0 R2 Hnh 1-36. R0 X0 B X2 X1 * XM * Ing R2 R3 R4 R6

R1

R5

E6

26

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t

CHNG 2: LINH KIN BN DN V QUANG IN T GII THIU

Chng ny trnh by v cu to ca cht bn dn thun v cch to ra cc cht bn dn tp cht loi P v loi N. S hnh thnh lp tip xc P-N v cc tnh cht ca lp tip xc ny khi c cung cp in p. T lp tip xc P-N ngi ta c th ch to cc loi linh kin bn dn khc nhau. C th ni linh kin bn dn ra i l mt cuc cch mng trong lnh vc linh kin in t. Ngy nay, vi kh nng ch to c cc linh kin bn dn rt nh, tiu hao nng lng t th linh kin bn dn thay th cc bng n in t (c kch thc ln v tiu hao nhiu nng lng). Vi cng ngh ch to linh kin bn dn hin i, cc thit b in t cng ngy cng c nhiu tnh nng hn, kch thc nh hn thch hp cho cc thit b cm tay it bn dn l mt linh kin bn dn c cu to da trn lp tip xc P-N. c im ni bt nht ca it bn dn l n ch cho dng in i theo mt chiu. Ngi ta c th to ra c nhiu loi it khc nhau vi cc ng dng khc nhau nh it zener, it bin dung, it cao tn, it tunel... Tranzito lng cc (BJT) l loi linh kin bn dn c 2 lp tip xc P-N. Tranzito c s dng rt nhiu trong cc mch in t. Mt loi tranzito na l tranzito hiu ng trng (FET), y l loi linh kin c mt s tnh cht rt tt dng cho cc mch c yu cu chng nhiu. Mt loi linh kin bn dn cng rt hay c dng l thyristor. N l linh kin bn dn thng dng iu khin ng v ngt mch. C th l linh kin 2 cc, 3 cc hoc 4 cc, c th dn in mt chiu hoc c hai chiu. Trong h Thyristor quan trng nht l b chnh lu silic c iu khin (SCR), Triac, ic. Phn cui ca chng trnh by v h thng thng tin quang v cc linh kin quang. Bao gm cc linh kin pht quang nh it pht quang (LED) v it LASER. Linh kin thu quang nh it thu quang loi PIN v it quang thc (APD).

NI DUNG
2.1. CHT BN DN THUN V CHT BN DN TP CHT
2.1.1. Cu trc vng nng lng ca cht rn tinh th Trong phn ny cn nm vng v cu trc nng lng in hnh ca vt rn tinh th. Ty theo tnh trng cc mc nng lng trong mt vng c b in t chim ch hay khng, ngi ta phn bit 3 loi vng nng lng khc nhau: Vng ha tr, trong tt c cc mc nng lng b chim ch; Vng dn, trong cc mc nng lng u cn b trng hay ch b chim ch mt phn. Vng cm, trong khng tn ti cc mc nng lng no in t c th chim ch, hay xc sut tm ht ti y bng 0. Ty theo v tr tng i gia ba vng k trn v rng vng cm m cc cht rn cu trc tinh th c chia thnh 3 loi l cht cch in, cht bn dn v cht dn in.

27

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t

E Vng dn EC EG > 2eV EV Vng ho tr a) Vng cm EC EV EG < 2eV EC Vng ho tr Vng ho tr E Vng dn Vng dn EV E

b)

c)

Hnh 2-1 Cu trc di nng lng ca vt cht: a. Cht cch in; b. Cht bn dn; c. Cht dn in.

2.1.2. Cht bn dn thun Hai cht bn dn thun in hnh l Gemannium (Ge) vi EG = 0,72eV v Silicium (Si) vi EG = 1,12eV (EG l rng vng cm, o bng eV- electron Vn) c cu trc vng nng lng dng hnh 2-1b thuc nhm IV bng tun hon Mendeleep. M hnh cu trc mng tinh th (1 chiu) ca chng c dng nh hnh 2-2a vi bn cht l cc lin kt ghp i in t ha tr vnh ngoi. nhit 00K chng l cc cht cch in. Khi c mt ngun nng lng ngoi kch thch, xy ra hin tng ion ha cc nguyn t nt mng v sinh ra tng cp ht dn t do: in t bt khi lin kt ghp i tr thnh ht t do v li 1 lin kt b khuyt (l trng). Trn th vng nng lng hnh 2-2b, iu ny tng ng vi s chuyn in t t 1 mc nng lng trong vng ha tr ln mt mc trong vng dn li 1 mc t do (trng) trong vng ha tr. Cc cp ht dn t do ny, di tc dng ca mt trng ngoi hay mt gradient nng c kh nng dch chuyn c hng trong mng tinh th to nn dng in trong cht bn dn thun.
ni
Si+ Si Si+ 1,12eV Si Si
+

Vng dn

Si Vng h tr

Si

Si

Si

pi

a) Hnh 2-2

b)

a. Cu trc mng tinh th mt chiu ca cht bn dn thun Si

b. th vng gii thch c ch pht sinh tng cp ht dn t do.

Kt qu l: Mun to ht dn t do trong cht bn dn thun cn c nng lng kch thch ln Ekt EG.

28

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t Dng in trong cht bn dn thun gm hai thnh phn tng ng nhau do qu trnh pht sinh tng cp ht dn to ra (ni = pi).

2.1.3. Cht bn dn tp Ngi ta tin hnh pha thm cc nguyn t thuc nhm V bng Mendeleep vo mng tinh th cht bn dn nguyn cht (nh cng ngh c bit) s thu c bn dn loi n. V nu pha nguyn t thuc nhm III vo bn dn thun ta s thu c bn dn loi p. C 2 loi ht dn trong cht bn dn l in t v l trng. Vi bn dn n th nn >> pn. Vi bn dn p th pp >> np.

2.2. LP TIP XC P-N

2.2.1. S to thnh lp tip xc P-N v cc tnh cht in
Bn dn P Ion nhn Mt tip xc Bn dn N Ion cho

a. Cu trc tip xc P-N

in t t do L trng 10-4 cm

b) Mt in tch
d 2V = ; e = 2,73 e dX 2

Vng in tch

c) Cng in trng tip xc E

Khong cch t mt tip xc P-N

E=

dV = dX dX e

d) in th tnh V hoc hng ro th nng i vi l trng

V0
V=0 E0 = 0 Khong cch t mt tip xc P-N Pha N Khong cch t mt tip xc P-N

e) Hng ro th nng i vi in t

E0

Hnh 2-3 th ca tip xc P-N. a) Cu trc tip xc P-N ; b) mt in tch c) Cng in trng d), e) Hng ro th nng tip xc P-N. Nm c c ch hnh thnh v cc hin tng xy ra lp tip xc P-N. vng ln cn ca mt tip xc s xut hin dng cc ht ti in theo c ch khuch tn. C th: Cc l trng s khuch tn t vng P sang vng N to thnh dng khuch tn Idp. Cc in t s khuch tn t vng N sang vng P to thnh dng khuch tn Idn.

29

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t Hc vin cn nm c qu trnh khuch tn v hnh thnh cc khi in tch tri du vng gn lp tip xc v cng in trng vng ln cn tip xc E0. in trng tip xc ny c chiu tc dng t bn dn N sang bn dn P v n to nn mt hng ro th nng ngn cn s khuch tn tip theo ca cc l trng qua lp tip xc. 2.2.2. Lp tip xc P-N khi phn cc thun. t mt ngun in p bn ngoi ln lp tip xc P-N c chiu sao cho VP VN > 0 . Trng hp ny in trng ngoi lm gim hng ro th nng, do vy cc ht dn a s d dng khuch tn qua tip xc P-N: Cc l trng t pha bn dn P khuch tn qua tip xc P-N sang pha bn dn N v cc in t t pha bn dn N khuch tn sang pha bn dn P. Kt qu l dng in qua tip xc P-N tng ln v y l thnh phn dng in khuch tn. Dng in chy qua tip xc P-N khi n phn cc thun gi l dng in thun Ith. 2.2.3. Lp tip xc P-N khi phn cc ngc t mt ngun in p bn ngoi ln lp tip xc P-N c chiu sao cho VP VN < 0 . Khi in trng trong lp tip xc tng ln. Cc ht dn a s kh khuch tn qua lp chuyn tip, lm cho dng in qua tip xc P-N gim xung. C th ni lc ny tip xc P-N ngn khng cho dng in i qua (thc t c mt dng in rt nh l dng ngc bo ha IS).
+

Vngoi

Engoi

E0

Hnh 2-4 Tip xc P-N khi phn cc thun.

Vngoi

E0 Engoi
Hnh 2-5 Tip xc P-N khi phn cc ngc.

2.3. IT BN DN
2.3.1. Cu to ca it v k hiu trong s mch.

it bn dn l linh kin gm c mt lp tip xc P-N v hai cc l ant (k hiu l A) c ni vi bn dn P v catt (k hiu l K) c ni ti bn dn N (nh hnh 2-6). Khi UAK > 0 th it s dn in v trong mch c dng in chy qua v lc ny tip xc P-N c phn cc thun. Khi UAK < 0 it s kha v tip xc P-N phn cc ngc, dng in ngc rt nh I0 chy qua.
Lp tip xc P-N A P a) Cu to N K A K

b) K hiu

Hnh 2-6 Cu to v k hiu ca it bn dn trong s mch.

30

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t

2.3.2. c tuyn vn-ampe ca it bn dn. c tuyn vn- ampe (V-A) ca it biu th mi quan h gia dng in qua it vi in p t trn n UAK.
I thun (mA) I th.max

I = I 0 (e

U AK VT

1)

U.t I0

0,1I th.m 0 UD

UAK

Trong : = 2 i vi dng in nh v = 1 i vi dng in ln. VT - in th nhit, nhit trong phng (T = 3000K). VT = 0,026V = 26mV. I0 - Dng in ngc bo ha. Phn thun ca c tuyn (khi UAK > 0),

I ngc (A)
Hnh 2-7: c tuyn VnAmpe ca it bn dn.

+ UAK < UD: dng in qua it cn qu nh v tng chm, thng thng UD 0,2V i vi it gecmani v UD 0,6V i vi it silic. + Khi UAK > UD: dng qua it tng nhanh hn v tng gn nh tuyn tnh vi in p. Ith.max l dng in thun cc i cho php. it khng c lm vic vi dng in cao hn tr s ny ca dng in. Phn ngc ca c tuyn V-A. (Khi U AK < 0 ) Khi UAKln hn vi ln VT th dng in ngc bng gi tr I0 v gi nguyn gi tr ny. Khi |UAK| tng ln n tr s U.t. th dng in tng vt, y l hin tng nh thng tip xc PN. C hai hin tng nh thng: nh thng v nhit v nh thng v in. 2.3.3. Cc tham s tnh ca it a) in tr mt chiu hay cn gi l in tr tnh: R0 y l in tr ca it khi lm vic ch ngun mt chiu hoc ti ch tnh (ti im lm vic tnh trn c tuyn). I thun (mA) U R0 = [ ] I in tr mt chiu R0 chnh l nghch o gc nghing ca c tuyn V-A ti im lm vic tnh M (gc 1. Thng thng R0thun << R0ngc. b) in tr ng Ri L tham s tnh bng nghch o ca gc nghing ca tip tuyn vi c tuyn V-A, ngha l Ri t l vi cotang2.
I M

1
0

2
U

UAK

31

Hnh 2-8: Xc nh in tr mt chiu v in tr ng ca it.

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t

Ri =
Ngi ta tnh c:

dV dI

[]

Ri =

VT
I

Ti mt im lm vic th R0 > Ri (v c gc 2 > 1). c) H s chnh lu k. y l thng s c trng phi tuyn ca it v c xc nh bng biu thc sau:

k=

I th R 0nguoc = I0 R 0thuan

gi tr UAK = 1V

d) in dung ca it: Cd (hay in dung ca tip xc P- N) in dung ca tip xc P- N gm c 2 thnh phn l in dung bn thn (hay cn gi l in dung ro th) ca tip xc P- N (k hiu C0) v in dung khuch tn ca tip xc P-N (k hiu Ck.t.). Cd = C0 + Ck.t. in dung tip xc P-N gy nhiu nh hng khi it lm vic tn s cao. Tr s in dung phi nh v cc it ny phi l cc it tip im din tch mt tip xc nh v tn s lm vic gii hn khong 300 600 MHz, c loi ti hng chc GHz. e) in p ngc cc i cho php: Un.max y l gi tr in p ngc ln nht c th t ln it m n vn lm vic bnh thng. Thng thng tr s ny c chn khong 0,8U.t. [V]; trong U.t. l in p nh thng ca it. f) Khong nhit lm vic y l khong nhit m bo it lm vic bnh thng. Tham s ny quan h vi cng sut tiu tn cho php ca it. Khi it lm vic, dng in chy qua n s lm cho it nng ln- in nng bin thnh nhit nng. Cng sut in cc i m it chu ng c: Khong nhit lm vic ca it gecmani khong t - 600C n +850C , v ca it silic khong t - 600C n +1500C. 2.3.4. Phn loi v ng dng ca it Ngi ta c nhiu cch phn loi it. C th da vo vt liu ch to, vo ng dng, vo cng ngh ch to... C cc loi it tip mt, it tip im, it chnh lu, it n p, it tch sng, it m tn, it cao tn... Sau y l mt s loi it thng s dng. a) it chnh lu it chnh lu s dng tnh dn in mt chiu chnh lu dng in xoay chiu thnh mt chiu. c tnh ca it chnh lu l cc i lng dng in thun cc i Imax v in p ngc ti a cho php Ung.max. s xc nh in p chnh lu ln nht. Thng thng ta chn tr s

32

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t in p ngc cho php Ung.max = 0,8 U.t.. Hin nay it chnh lu ph bin nht l it Silic v c nhit lm vic cao. b) it n p (Zener).
A a) Hnh 2-9 K hiu v c tuyn V-A ca it zener. b) K

I U. Imin UA

Imax

Ngi ta s dng ch nh thng v in ca chuyn tip P-N n nh in p. S dng trn nhnh ngc ca it. it n p c ch to t bn dn Silic v n bo m c c tnh k thut cn thit. c) it xung ch xung, it c s dng nh kha in t gm c hai trng thi: "dn" (ON) khi in tr ca it rt nh v "tt" (Off) khi in tr ca n rt ln. Theo tr s ca thi gian phc hi kh nng ngt tp (l khong thi gian k t thi im khi it dn dng in ngc cho ti khi dng ngc t gi tr 0,1 ln gi tr dng ngc cc i) ngi ta chia it xung lm 3 loi chnh: Loi tc cao c tp < 10 ns; Loi tc trung bnh c 10 ns < tp < 100 ns v loi tc thp c tp > 100 ns. Thi gian tp ca it Schottky c th t ti 100ps do n rt thch hp dng lm cc chuyn mch in t, k hiu ca it ny trong cc s mch in nh hnh 2-10.

Hnh 2-10 K hiu it Schottky.

d) it bin dung (Varicap). L loi it bn dn c s dng nh mt t in c tr s in dung iu khin c bng in p. Nguyn l lm vic ca it bin dung l da vo s ph thuc ca in dung vo in p ngc t ln tip xc P-N.
C (pF)

K +UAK

a)
Hnh 2-11 a) K hiu ca it bin dung.

b)

b) S ph thuc ca in dung chuyn tip P-N theo in p ngc t ln n.

33

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t Tr s in dung cc i ca it bin dung ph thuc vo loi ca n v c tr s vo khong t (5 300) pF. Khi tng tr s in p ngc th in dung ca varicap gim dn. Varicap thng c dng trong cc mch dao ng cn iu khin tn s cng hng bng in p lnh vc siu cao tn. e) it Tunen (hay it xuyn hm)
I (mA) Imax A

Imin

UAK

Hnh 2-12 K hiu v c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca it Tunen.

Loi it ny c kh nng dn in c chiu thun v chiu ngc.c tuyn V-A ca it tunen phn thun c on in tr m AB. Ngi ta s dng on c tuyn AB ny to cc mch dao ng phng np. it tunen c kch thc nh, n nh cao v tn s lm vic ln ti GHz. g) it cao tn Dng x l cc tn hiu cao tn nh: it tch sng dng tch tn hiu tn thp t dao ng iu bin. it trn tn dng thay i tn s sng mang ca dao ng iu bin. it iu ch dng iu ch cc dao ng cao tn (sng mang) theo cc tn hiu m tn. Cc it cao tn thng l loi it tip im.

2.4. TRANZITO LNG CC (BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor)

2.4.1. Cu to v k hiu trong cc s mch Tranzito lng cc c ch to t mt tinh th bn dn c 3 min pha tp khc nhau hnh thnh hai lp tip xc P-N phn cc ngc nhau. Nh th c th c 2 loi tranzito khc nhau: PNP (tranzito thun) hoc NPN (tranzito ngc). Vng bn dn nm gia gi l baz (B-cn gi l cc gc) hai vng cn li c gi l colect (C- cc C) v emit (E-emit). Lp tip xc P-N gia cc E v B gi l TE v gia C v B gi l TC. .
C B E E TE TC P N B P C C B E E TE TC NP B N C

a) Tranzito P-N-P

b) Tranzito N-P-N

Hnh 2 -13 K hiu v cu to ca cc tranzito lng cc: 34 a) Loi P-N-P; b) Loi N-P-N.

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t

2.4.2. Nguyn l lm vic Khi cha cung cp in p ngoi ln cc cc ca tranzito th hai tip xc pht TE v gp TC u trng thi cn bng v dng in tng chy qua cc cc ca tranzito bng 0. Mun cho tranzito lm vic ta phi cung cp cho cc cc ca n mt in p mt chiu thch hp. Tu theo in p t vo cc cc m ta to cho tranzito lm vic cc ch khc nhau. C hai loi tranzito P-N-P v N-P-N u c nguyn l lm vic ging ht nhau, ch c chiu ngun in cung cp l ngc du nhau. a) Ch tch cc (hay ch khuch i). ch tch cc phi cung cp ngun in mt chiu ln cc cc sao cho tip xc pht TE phn cc thun v tip xc gp TC phn cc ngc (hnh 2-17). Khi tranzito lm vic ch ny n c kh nng khuch i. TE TC
E
Hnh 2-14 Chiu ngun in cung cp cho cc cc ca tranzito PNP ch tch cc.
P N P

B EE

+ H s chuyn di :
*

EC

* =

Dng in do cc ht dn chch vo n c tip xc TC Dng in ca cc ht dn c chch vo ti tip xc TE

Trng hp tranzito loi P-N-P: + H s khuch i dng in emit :

* = 0,98 0,995

i =

ICp IE

ICp I Ep I Ep I E

= *. (i 0,90 0,995).

Quan h gia 3 thnh phn dng in trong tranzito l: IC = IE + ICBo ; IB = (1 - )IE - ICBo ; IE = IC + IB b) Ch ngt Trong ch ny c hai tip gip TE v TC u phn cc ngc. Tc l: UBE < 0; UCE > 0 v UBE < UCE UBC < 0.
TE E N IB EE EC P B TC N C IC

Hnh 2-15 Chiu ngun in cung cp cho cc cc ca tranzito NPN ch ngt.

35

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t Lc ny in tr ca tranzito rt ln cc E coi nh h mch. Dng in qua cc B bng dng ICB0 nhng ngc du (IB = - ICB0). ch ngt in p UCE EC. c. Ch dn bo ha ch ny c hai tip xc TE v TC u phn cc thun v in th E-B ln hn in th B-C. in p UCE 0, thc t UCE khong vi chc mV, v trong tnh tan thng s dng gi tr UCE= 0,3V.
R B EB + a) C E b) IC + EC B R IC C E

Hnh 2-16 Ch dn bo ha ca transisitor NPN a) S mch b) S mch tng ng.

Hai ch ngt v ch dn bo ha ca tranzito c s dng nhiu trong k thut xung v k thut mch logic. 2.4.3. Phn loi v ng dng ca tranzito lng cc C nhiu cch phn loi tranzito da trn cc c s khc nhau. Thng thng ta c th phn loi tranzito theo cc nguyn l sau: Da theo vt liu ch to c cc loi: tranzito Gecmani, tranzito Silic. Da vo cng ngh ch to ta c: tranzito khuch tn, tranzito tri, tranzito hp kim. Da vo tn s cng tc c: tranzito m tn, tranzito cao tn. Da vo chc nng lm vic c: tranzito cng sut, tranzito chuyn mch. Da vo din tch mt tip xc P-N c: tranzito tip im, tranzito tip mt.

Tranzito c s dng c bn khuch i tn hiu, trong cc mch to dao ng, trong cc mch n p, cc mch khuch i c bit, cc chuyn mch in t...

2.5. TRANZITO HIU NG TRNG (Field Effect Transistor - FET)

2.5.1. Khi nim chung a. Nguyn l c bn Nguyn l hot ng c bn ca tranzito trng l dng in i qua mt mi trng bn dn c tit din dn in thay i di tc dng ca in trng vung gc vi lp bn dn . Khi thay i cng in trng s lm thay i in tr ca lp bn dn v do lm thay i dng in i qua n. Lp bn dn ny c gi l knh dn in. b. Phn loi Tranzito trng c hai loi chnh l:

36

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t - Tranzito trng iu khin bng tip xc P-N (hay gi l tranzito trng mi ni): Junction Field Effect Transistor - vit tt l JFET. - Tranzito c cc ca cch in: Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor - vit tt l IGFET. Thng thng lp cch in c dng l lp oxit nn cn gi l Metal Oxide Semiconductor Transistor (hay gi tt l tranzito trng loi MOS ). Trong loi tranzito trng c cc ca cch in c chia lm 2 loi l MOS knh c sn v loi MOS knh cm ng. Mi loi FET li c phn chia thnh loi knh N v loi knh P. Tranzito trng c ba cc l cc Ngun k hiu l ch S (source); cc Ca k hiu l ch G (gate); cc Mng k hiu l ch D (drain). Ti cc ngun (S) cc ht dn a s i vo knh v to ra dng in ngun IS. Ti cc mng (D) cc ht dn a s ri khi knh. Cc ca (G) l cc iu khin dng in chy qua knh. c. Mt s u nhc im ca tranzito trng Dng in qua tranzito ch do mt loi ht dn a s to nn. Do vy FET l loi linh kin mt loi ht dn (unipolar device). Dng in qua cc ca rt nh. FET c tr khng vo rt cao, khong 1010 1013; loi MOS khong 1013 1015 Tp m trong FET t hn nhiu so vi tranzito lng cc. N khng b in p ti dng ID = 0, do n l linh kin ngt in tuyt vi C n nh v nhit cao. Tn s lm vic cao.

* Nhc im chnh ca FET l h s khuch i thp hn nhiu so vi BJT. 2.5.2. Tranzito trng iu khin bng tip xc P-N (JFET) Cn nm c cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca JFET, c tuyn ra ca n v cc tham s ch yu ca JFET. Ch , dng in chy trong JFET l trn knh dn, ln ca dng in ny ph thuc vo cc in p UGS v UDS. 2.5.3. Tranzito trng c cc ca cch in (MOSFET) y l loi tranzito trng c cc ca cch in vi knh dn in bng mt lp cch in mng. Lp cch in thng dng l cht oxit nn ta gi tranzito trng thng gi tt l tranzito MOS.
D G S Knh N G S Knh P D

Hnh 2-17 K hiu ca JFET trong s mch

37

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t MOSFET c hai loi l c knh sn v knh cm ng. Trong mi loi MOSFET ny li c hai loi l knh dn loi P hoc knh dn loi N.
D G S Knh N Knh P G S D G S Knh N Knh P D G S D

a) MOSFET knh c sn

b) MOSFET knh cm ng

Hnh 2-18 Cc loi MOSFET v k hiu trong s Cn nm c cu to ca tng loi MOSFET v nguyn l lm vic ca tng loi. 2.5.4. Cc im ch khi s dng tranzito trng tranzito trng ch n in p cc ca gii hn: UGS gii hn thng khong t 50 100V. Nu cao qu tr s ny lp xit cch in s b nh thng. Ch n hin tng tnh in u vo rt d ph hng tranzito ngay khi chm tay vo n. V vy khi hn, thay th, hoc sa cha ta phi ni t cc dng c, my o, m hn v c ngi s dng trnh hin tng ny.

2.6. THYRISTOR
Thyristor l linh kin bn dn thng dng iu khin ng v ngt mch. N c th l linh kin 2 cc, 3 cc hoc 4 cc, c th dn in mt chiu hoc c hai chiu. Trong h Thyristor quan trng nht l b chnh lu silic c iu khin (SCR), Triac, ic. 2.6.1. Chnh lu Silic c iu khin (SCR) SCR l chuyn mch c iu khin. Khi chu mt in p ngc, n s ngt vi iu kin l in p ny phi vt qua mt gi tr xc nh no . Cn khi phn cc thun n cng ngt, nhng nu c mt xung dng tc ng vo cc iu khin gi l cc ca (G), th n s dn. N s lun dn chng no dng qua n ln hn gi tr ca dng duy tr.
A G a) SCR "quy c" K A G b) SCR kiu b Hnh 2-10 K hiu ca SCR. K

SCR theo qui c (n gin gi l SCR). Loi ny cc iu khin G c ni vi phn bn dn P2 sau. SCR kiu b. Loi ny cc iu khin G c ni vi phn bn dn N1 trc. c im ca SCR:

38

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t - Thi gian m v tt rt nhanh (vi s n chc s) - Cng dng in cao. - in p cao (hng nghn Vn) - St p gia 2 cc nh (t 1 2V) - Kh nng iu khin ln 2.6.2. Triac L mt loi linh kin thuc h Thyristor. Triac c 3 cc v c kh nng dn in hai chiu khi c tn hiu kch khi ng (dng hoc m). a) Cu to ca triac Gia hai u ra MT1 v MT2 l mt kha ngt in gm bn lp bn dn P-N-P-N ni song song vi bn lp bn dn N-P-N-P. u ra th ba gi l cc iu khin G. Nh vy triac c coi nh hai SCR u song song ngc chiu vi nhau. MT
2

Hnh 2- 20 K hiu ca Triac v c tuyn vn-ampe. G MT1

Theo quy c, tt c cc in p v dng in u quy c theo u ra chnh MT1. Phng php kch cng ca triac cng ging nh SCR ch khc l c th dng c dng dng hay dng m. C hai phng php kch khi ng cho triac hot ng nhy nht l: - Cc cng G dng v cc MT2 dng so vi MT1 - Cc cng G m v cc MT2 m so vi MT1 Khc vi SCR, triac tt trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn lc dng in ti i qua im O. Nu mch iu khin ca triac c gnh l in tr thun th vic ngt mch khng c g kh khn. Nhng nu ti l mt cun cm th vn lm tt triac tr nn kh khn v dng lch pha tr. Thng thng tt Thyristo ngi ta s dng ci ngt in hoc mch o lu dng in trong mch. 2.6.3. ng dng ca Thyristor Thyristo c dng nh mt chuyn mch in t. N thng c dng iu khin ngun in, iu khin cng sut cho l nung, iu khin tc t, iu khin n tt - sng, iu khin m t in mt chiu v.v...

2.7. VI MCH TCH HP

Vy, vi mch tch hp (Integrated Circuits - vit tt l IC) l sn phm ca k thut vi in t bn dn. N gm cc linh kin tch cc nh tranzito, it...cc linh kin th ng nh in tr, t in, cun cm, v cc dy dn, tt c c ch to trong mt qui trnh cng ngh thng nht,

39

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t trong mt th tch hay trn mt b mt ca vt liu nn. Mi mt loi vi mch tch hp ch gi mt hoc vi chc nng nht nh no . Phn loi vi mch tch hp + Phn loi theo tnh cht d liu c x l bng IC - IC tuyn tnh: L loi IC c kh nng x l cc d liu xy ra lin tc. - IC s: L loi IC c kh nng x l cc d liu xy ra ri rc. + Phn loi theo cng ngh ch to bao gm: Vi mch bn dn, vi mch mng mng, vi mch mng dy, vi mch lai. + Phn loi theo loi tranzito c trong IC Vi mch lng cc: cc tranzito c tch hp l cc tranzito lng cc. Cng sut tiu tn nhit t vi W n vi trm mW, mc tch hp thp khong 100 phn t. Vi mch MOS: cc tranzito c tch hp l loi tranzito trng, thng thng l cc tranzito trng loi MOS. Vi mch MOS c kh nng chng nhiu cao nhng thi gian chuyn mch chm, cng sut tiu th thp hn IC lng cc nhiu.

+ Da theo s phn t c tch hp trong IC Vi mch loi SSI (Small Scale Integration): s phn t c tch hp < 10. Vi mch loi MSI (Medium Scale Integration): s phn t tch hp t 10 100. Vi mch loi LSI (Large Scale Integration): s phn t tch hp t 100 1000. Vi mch loi VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration): s phn t tch hp > 1000

Cn ch thm cc yu cu khi s dng cc linh kin bn dn v vi mch tch hp.

2.8. LINH KIN QUANG IN T

2.8.1. Khi nim chung v k thut quang in t Cn nm vng k thut quang in t, hiu ng tng h gia bc x nh sng v mch in t. Bc x nh sng l mt dng ca bc x in t c di tn s dao ng hoc di bc sng t 0,001nm n 1cm. S thay i trng thi nng lng trong nguyn t v phn t l ngun gc ca cc bc x nh sng . Linh kin quang in t gm c linh kin bn dn quang in t v linh kin khng bn dn quang in t. Linh kin bn dn quang in t l nhng linh kin cht rn c ch to t vt liu bn dn nh in tr quang, it quang, tranzito quang, LED, LASER bn dn... Cc linh kin bn dn quang in t hot ng vi hai hiu ng vt l sau: - S hp th nh sng sinh ra cc in tch t do trong cht bn dn. - S pht sng do s ti hp ca cc in tch t do trong cht bn dn. Linh kin khng phi bn dn quang in t nh si quang dn, mt ch th tinh th lng LCD, ng nhn quang v.v..

40

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t 2.8.2. H thng truyn dn quang Nm c s khi ca h thng thng tin quang trong bao gm: Ngun tn hiu, cc mch in t, cc khi khi E/O v O/E, si quang
Ngun tn hiu Mch in t Si ng Tn hiu thu

Khi iu ch

Khi gii iu ch

Mch in t

a) H thng thng tin in Cp quang Ngun tn hiu Mch in t Khi E/O Khi O/E Mch in t Tn hiu thu

b) H thng thng tin quang Hnh 2-21.

Trong h thng in th ti tin l cc sng in t cao tn, trong h thng quang l nh sng cng l sng in t song c tn s rt cao ( 1014 1015 Hz) do vy ti tin quang rt thun li cho ti cc tn hiu bng rng. * u im ca h thng truyn dn quang Si quang nh, nh hn dy kim loi, d un cong, tn t vt liu. Si quang ch to t thu tinh thch anh khng b nh hng ca nc, axit, kim nn khng s b n mn. ng thi, si l cht in mi nn cch in hon ton, tn hiu truyn trong si quang khng b nh hng ca nhiu bn ngoi ti v cng khng gy nhiu ra mi trng xung quanh. m bo b mt thng tin, khng s b nghe trm. Kh nng truyn c rt nhiu knh trong mt si quang c ng knh rt nh. Tiu hao nh v khng ph thuc tn s nn cho php truyn dn bng rng v tc truyn ln hn nhiu so vi si kim loi. Gi thnh rt r.

2.8.3. Si dn quang a) Nguyn l truyn dn nh sng trong si dn quang. Nguyn l c bn truyn dn nh sng da vo hin tng phn x ton phn ca tia sng ti mt phn cch hai mi trng khi n i t mi trng c chit sut ln hn sang mi trng c chit sut nh hn. Vy truyn c nh sng trong si quang th nh sng phi i ti mt phn cch gia hai mi trng c chit sut n1 > n2. Ch trong iu kin ny mi c phn x ton phn ca nh sng. b) Cu to si dn quang.

41

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t Da vo iu kin phn x ton phn m ngi ta ch to si quang dn. Si quang ph bin l si quang trn, cn trong cc mch t hp quang OI th si quang dt. Si quang trn gm mt li ch to t vt liu dn quang c chit sut n1, bn knh l a v ng knh l dk v mt lp v cng l vt liu dn quang c chit sut n2, ng knh dm. Yu cu chit sut n1 > n2. Cc tham s n1, n2, a quyt nh c tnh truyn dn ca si quang. Ngoi cng l lp v bo v.
V bo v Lp v c chit sut n2 dm dk a Li c chit sut n1

Hnh 2-22 Cu to si dn quang.

c) Phn loi v ng dng ca si dn quang. - Si a mt- MultiMode (vit tt l MM): l si c th truyn dn ng thi nhiu mt nh sng, c ngha l c th truyn ng thi c nhiu thnh phn sng. Si a mt c kch thc li dk ln hn si n mt, do cc tia sng thnh phn truyn dn trong si a mt theo cc ng i khc nhau. - Si n mt - SingleMode (SM): ch truyn duy nht mt mt nh sng. Si n mt c kch thc li dk rt nh nn tia sng chy gn nh song song vi trc ca si. Nu phn loi theo s bin thin ca chit sut bn trong li ca si th si quang c chia lm 2 loi: Si quang chit sut nhy bc- Stepped Index (vit tt l SI) v si quang chit sut gim dn. Si quang c s dng trong rt nhiu lnh vc nh: y hc, cng nghip, qun s... c bit trong k thut thng tin, si dn quang c s dng trong cc h thng c ly gn nh h thng qun l d liu tnh ton, trn mng my tnh, mng LAN, trong truyn s liu, trong o lng v iu khin. V trong cc h thng truyn dn ng trc c ly xa. d) Suy gim v tn sc trong si dn quang. Hai tham s quan trng c trng cho si quang l: suy gim v tn sc. S suy gim c bn trong si quang l cc mt mt do hp th v tn x. S suy gim do hp th c lin quan n vt liu ca si quang, cn suy gim tn x l do c vt liu si quang v cu trc khng hon chnh trong si quang dn. H s suy gim c tnh theo cng thc:

P 10 log10 in [ dB / Km ] L Pout

S tn sc trong si quang l hin tng lm bin dng ca cc tn hiu truyn dn. H s tn sc cho mt n v b rng ph ca ngun pht v mt n v chiu di si, c n v l ps/(nm.Km).

42

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t 2.8.4. Cc linh kin pht quang a) Cc it pht quang Cc linh kin pht quang l cc linh kin khi c dng in chy trn n th n s c kh nng pht ra nh sng, hay ni cch khc linh kin pht quang l cc linh kin bin i dng in thnh nh sng. Cc linh kin pht quang in hnh l it pht quang (LED) v it LASER. Cc linh kin pht quang ny c bn vn c cu to t cc bn dn v tip xc P-N. Ngy ny it laser c s dng nhiu v n c cng sut pht x ln v b rng ph hp. Hc vin cn nm vng cu to, hot ng v cc c tuyn ca cc linh kin pht quang c bit l it laser. b) Mt ch th tinh th lng (LCD: Liquid Crystal Display). Mt ch th tinh th lng (LCD) khng phi l linh kin bn dn quang in t. LCD c ch to trong dng thanh v chm- ma trn. u im ca LCD: Cng sut tiu th thp, cu trc phng, dt, c bn c hc cao, kch thc gn nh. Nhc im ca LCD: tr ln, khong nhit lm vic tng i hp. C ch hin th ca LCD th ng l cc tnh th lng c kh nng xoay phn cc nh sng khi n c cung cp in p. Do mt ngi ch nhn c 1 phn cc ca nh sng nn nhng vng nh sng b xoay phn cc chng ta s nhn thy mu en. Ngy nay cn c thm cc mn LCD tch cc (t pht sng) v cc mn hnh plasma c cng sut pht sng rt ln c s dng nhiu ngoi tri (cc bin qung co). 2.8.5. Cc linh kin thu quang Cc linh kin thu quang c chc nng bin i nh sng thnh tn hiu in. Hai linh kin thu quang thng s dng l: it thu quang loi PIN v it quang thc (APD). Hai loi it thu quang ny c cu to cng t cc bn dn N v P. Nguyn l hot ng chnh ca chng l khi chiu nh sng vo di tc dng ca cc photon ng sng s xut hin thm cc ht dn (in t v l trng) lm cho nng cc ht dn s tng ln v di tc dng ca in trng th s xut hin dng in chy qua. tng nhy ca it quang, ngi ta c th ng dng hiu ng ging nh hiu ng nhn in t trong cc b nhn quang in. Cu to ca it thu quang s c dng c bit l it thu quang vi hiu ng quang thc APD- Avalanche Photodiodes.

TM TT NI DUNG
Chng ny trnh by v cht bn dn thun v cc cht bn dn tp cht. S hnh thnh lp tip xc P-N v trn c s lp tip xc P-N ngi ta ch to cc linh kin bn dn. Cn nm vng mt s vn sau: + it bn dn: Cu to ca cc loi it. Cc thng s c bn ca it.

43

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t c tuyn V-A ca cc it in hnh. Phn loi v ng dng ca it. Cu to ca 2 loi tranzito lng cc P-N-P v N-P-N. Cc thng s c trng ca tranzito. Cc ch lm vic ca tranzito. Cu to ca 2 loi tranzito trng JFET v MOSFET. Cc thng s c trng ca tranzito hiu ng trng. H thng thng tin cp si quang. Cc linh kin pht quang: Cc it pht quang (LED), cc it LASER. Cc linh kin thu quang: it thu quang loi PIN, v it quang thc APD.

+ Tranzito lng cc:

+ Tranzito hiu ng trng (FET)

+ Cc linh kin quang:

CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1. rng vng cm EG ca cht cch in l: a) b) c) d)

EG < 2eV . EG = 2eV EG > 2eV . EG > 2eV .

Cu 2. rng vng cm EG ca cht bn dn l: a) b) c) d)

0 < EG < 2eV .

EG = 1eV EG > 2eV . EG > 2eV .

Cu 3: Nu c im chnh ca cht bn dn thun, cch to ra cc bn dn tp cht loi n v loi p, c ch hnh thnh cc ht dn a s trong hai loi bn dn ny? Cu 4: Lp tip xc P-N phn cc thun khi in p t ln tip xc P-N c chiu sao cho: a)

VP VN < 0 .
44

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t b) c) d)

VP VN = 0 VP VN > 0
Khng phi cc p n trn.

Cu 5: Lp tip xc P-N phn cc ngc khi in p t ln tip xc P-N c chiu sao cho: a) b) c) d)

VP VN < 0 . VP VN = 0 VP VN > 0
Khng phi cc p n trn.

Cu 6: Mt tranzito c gi l tranzito thun nu n l loi: a) b) c) d) N-P-N. P-N-P N-N-P P-P-N

Cu 7: Mt tranzito c gi l tranzito ngc nu n l loi: a) b) c) d) N-P-N. P-N-P N-N-P P-P-N

Cu 8: Mt tranzito hot ng ch tch cc khi: a) b) c) d) Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc ngc. Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc ngc. Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc thun. Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc thun.

Cu 9: Mt tranzito hot ng ch ngt khi: a) b) c) d) Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc ngc. Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc ngc. Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc thun. Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc thun.

Cu 10: Mt tranzito hot ng ch thng bo ha khi: a) b) Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc ngc. Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc ngc.

45

Chng 2: Linh kin bn dn v quang in t c) d) Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc thun. Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc thun

Cu 11: K hiu ca JFET knh N trong s mch l hnh no?

a)

b)

c)

d)

Cu 12: K hiu ca MOSFET knh c sn loi P trong s mch l hnh no?

a)

b)

c)

d)

46

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn

CHNG 3: MCH KHUCH I BN DN GII THIU

Chng ny trnh by v cc mch khuch i dng tranzito. c th khuch i c th cc tranzito hot ng ch tch cc, v do phi c cc mch in cung cp in p phn cc cho tranzito. C 3 cch mc mch khuch i l emit chung (EC), baz chung (BC) v colect chung (CC). Mi cch mc u c u im v nhc im chung, nhng mch EC c s dng rng ri nht v c h s khuch i in p v dng in ln. Tng ng cc mch khuch i dng trazito lng cc, cng c cc mch khuch i tng ng dng tranzito trng l SS, GS v DC. Cc mch khuch i dng FET c h s khuch i thp nhng li c n nh v trnh nhiu tt hn so vi BJT. Mt trong cc khi mch quan trng trong cc thit b in t l khi mch khuch i cng sut. y thng l khi mch cui cng n c nhim v khuch i tn hiu ln cng sut a ra ti. Cc tranzito dng trong cc mch khuch i cng sut thng l cc tranzito chu c dng ln. Ty vo cng sut yu cu m c cc loi mch khuch i cng sut khc nhau, hot ng ch khc nhau. Cc ch lm vic ca tng khuch i cng sut bao gm ch A, AB, v B. Cc loi mch bao gm cc mch y ko dng tranzito cng loi v tranzito khc loi.

NI DUNG
3.1. NH NGHA, CC CH TIU V THAM S C BN CA MCH KHUCH I 3.1.1. nh ngha mch khuch i Thc cht khuch i l mt qu trnh bin i nng lng c iu khin, nng lng mt chiu ca ngun cung cp, khng cha thng tin, c bin i thnh nng lng xoay chiu theo tn hiu iu khin u vo, cha ng thng tin, lm cho tn hiu ra ln ln nhiu ln v khng mo. Phn t iu khin l tranzito. S tng qut ca mch khuch i nh hnh 3-1.
iv uv ir
Mch khuych i

Rn En ~
t

uv

ur

Rt

ur t

Ngun cung cp (EC) Hnh 3-1 S tng qut ca mch khuch i.

Phn t c bn l phn t iu khin tranzito c in tr thay i theo s iu khin ca in p hay dng in t ti cc iu khin (cc B) ca n, qua iu khin quy lut bin i

47

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn dng in ca mch ra bao gm tranzito v in tr Rc. Ti li ra gia cc C v cc pht, ngi ta nhn c mt in p bin thin cng quy lut vi tn hiu vo nhng ln c tng ln nhiu ln. n gin, gi thit in p t vo cc gc c dng hnh sin. T s hnh 3-2 ta thy rng dng in v in p xoay chiu mch ra (t l vi dng in v in p tn hiu vo) cn phi coi l tng cc thnh phn xoay chiu dng in v in p trn nn ca thnh phn mt chiu I0 v U0. Phi m bo sao cho bin thnh phn xoay chiu khng vt qu thnh phn mt chiu, ngha l I 0 I m v U 0 U m . Nu iu kin khng c tho mn th dng in v in p mch ra trong tng khong thi gian nht nh s bng khng v s lm mo dng tn hiu. Nh vy m bo cng tc cho tng khuch i (khi tn hiu vo l xoay chiu) th mch ra ca n phi to nn thnh phn dng mt chiu I0 v in p mt chiu U0. Chnh v vy, mch vo ca tng, ngoi ngun tn hiu cn khuch i, ngi ta cng phi t thm in p mt chiu UV0 (hay dng in mt chiu IV0). Cc thnh phn dng in v in p mt chiu xc nh ch lm vic tnh ca tng khuch i. Tham s ca ch tnh theo mch vo (IV0, UV0) v theo mch ra (I0, U0) c trng cho trng thi ban u ca s khi cha c tn hiu vo.
EC RC t B iC C PK Rt ur E
a)

iC ur

Im
t 0 ur I0 t

ur

Uv

Um
0
b)

U0 t

Hnh 3-2: a) Nguyn l xy dng mt tng khuch i. b) Biu thi gian.

3.1.2. Cc ch tiu v tham s c bn ca mt tng khuch i a) H s khuch i K i lng u ra

K =

i lng tng ng u vo

Ni chung v tng khuch i c cha cc phn t in khng nn K l mt s phc. b) Tr khng u vo v u ra Tr khng u vo v tr khng u ra ca tng khuch i c nh ngha

Zv =

Uv ; Iv

Zr =

Ur Ir

48

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn c) Mo tn s

ura (V)

K0 Kt 0 K0 Kc

f= 2 .
(Hz)
b)

uvo (mV)

a)

Hnh 3-3 a) c tuyn bin - tn s b) c tuyn bin ca mt b khuch i tn s thp.

Mo tn s l mo khi khuch i ca mch khuch i b gim vng tn s thp v vng tn s cao.

Mt =
d) Mo phi tuyn.

K0 ; Kt

MC =

K0 KC

Mo phi tuyn l do tnh cht phi tuyn ca cc phn t bn dn nh tranzito gy ra. Khi uv ch c thnh phn tn s th ur ni chung c cc thnh phn tn hiu vi tn s l bi ca tc l n. (vi n = 1, 2...) vi cc bin cc i tng ng l U max . H s mo phi tuyn do tng khuch i gy ra c nh gi l:

2 2 2 U 2.max + U 3.max + ... + U n.max

U1.max

e) Hiu sut ca tng khuch i Hiu sut ca mt tng khuch i l i lng c tnh bng t s gia cng sut tn hiu xoay chiu a ra ti Pr vi cng sut tiu th ngun cung cp mt chiu: P0.

Pr P0

3.2. HI TIP TRONG CC TNG KHUCH I

Hi tip l vic thc hin truyn mt phn tn hiu t u ra tr v u vo b khuch i. Thc hin hi tip trong b khuch i s ci thin hu ht cc ch tiu cht lng ca n v lm cho b khuch i c mt s tnh cht c bit. C th phn chia hi tip thnh cc kiu nh: Hi tip ni tip hoc song song (khi in p hi tip v mc ni tip hoc song song vi in p vo). Hi tip in p hoc dng in (khi in p hi tip v t l vi dng in/ in p ra). Nu in p hi tip v ngc pha vi in p vo (khi n s lm gim tn hiu vo) th l hi tip m. Hi tip m lm gim h s khuch i ca mch nhng b li n li lm tng

49

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn tnh n nh ca mch v tng di tn lm vic. Do trong cc mch khuch i ngi ta thng s dng hi tip m. u ra u vo Nu in p hi tip v cng pha vi tn hiu vo (n K s lm tng bin tn hiu vo mch khuch i), th gi l hi tip dng. Hi tip dng lm tng h s khuch i nhng lm mch khng n nh thm ch nu hi tip nhiu s lm mch xy ra hin tng t kch v mch s dao ng, do hi tip dng thng dng trong cc Hnh 3-4: S khi b mch to dao ng. khuch i c hi tip. Ngoi ra hi tip m cn c tc dng tng n nh ca h s khuch i, v n c dng rng ri ci thin c tuyn bin , tn s (hnh 3-5) ca b khuch i nhiu tng ghp in dung. V min tn s thp v cao h s khuch i b gim. Tc dng hi tip m min tn s k trn s yu v h s khuch i K nh v s dn n tng khuch i di bin tn v m rng di thng f ca b khuch i.
K
Ku 2

Ku

Hnh 3-5 nh hng ca hi tip m n c tuyn bin - tn s.

K uht 2

Kuht f 0 f fht

Hi tip m cng lm gim mo phi tuyn ca tn hiu ra v gim nhiu (tp m) trong b khuch i. Nhng quy lut chung nh hng ca hi tip m n ch tiu b khuch i l: Mi loi hi tip m u lm gim tn hiu trn u vo b khuch i v do lm gim h s khuch i Kht, lm tng n nh ca h s khuch i ca b khuch i. Ngoi ra hi tip m ni tip lm tng in tr vo. Hi tip in p ni tip lm n nh in p ra, gim in tr ra Rrht. Cn hi tip dng in ni tip lm n nh dng in ra It, tng in tr ra Rrht. Hi tip m song song lm tng dng in vo, lm gim in tr vo Rvht, cng nh in tr ra Rrht. Cn ni thm l hi tip dng thng khng dng trong b khuch i nhng n c th xut hin ngoi mun do ghp v in bn trong hay bn ngoi gi l hi tip k sinh, c th xut hin qua ngun cung cp chung, qua in cm hoc in dung k sinh gia mch ra v mch vo ca b khuch i.

50

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn Hi tip k sinh lm thay i c tuyn bin - tn s ca b khuch i do lm tng h s khuch i cc on ring bit ca di tn hoc thm ch c th lm cho b khuch i b t kch ngha l xut hin dao ng mt tn s xc nh. loi b hin tng trn c th dng cc b lc thot, b tr mch in v cc linh kin hp l. Ch , khi tnh ton mch c hi tip ta phi quan tm n ln ca tn hiu hi tip v cng nh pha ca n, tc l ta phi tnh ton theo dng s phc. Hc vin phi nm c hai kiu hi tip chnh l hi tip m v hi tip dng, tnh ton h s hi tip v h s khuch i chung ca mch khi c hi tip.

3.3. CC S KHUCH I C BN DNG TRANZITO LNG CC

3.3.1. Tng khuch i Emit chung (EC)
+EC R1 RC T R2 CP2 t

t Rn
en ~

iV

CP1 uV

RE

Rt
CE

ur

Hnh 3-6 Tng khuch i Emit chung (EC).

S d ngi ta gi l tng emit chung l v nu xt v mt xoay chiu th tn hiu u vo v u ra u c chung mt cht t l cc E ca tranzito. Trong s ny Cp1, Cp2 l cc t ni tng, n ngn cch in p mt chiu trnh nh hng ln nhau, R1, R2, RC xc nh ch tnh ca tng khuch i. RE in tr hi tip m dng in mt chiu c tc dng n nh nhit, CE t thot thnh phn xoay chiu xung t ngn hi tip m xoay chiu. c im ca tng khuch i EC l tng khuch i o pha, tn hiu ra ngc pha vi tn hiu vo. Nguyn l lm vic ca tng EC nh sau: khi a in p xoay chiu ti u vo xut hin dng xoay chiu cc B ca tranzito v do xut hin dng xoay chiu cc C mch ra ca tng. Dng ny gy st p xoay chiu trn in tr RC. in p qua t CP2 a n u ra ca tng tc l ti Rt. C th thc hin bng hai phng php c bn l phng php th i vi ch mt chiu v phng php gii tch dng s tng ng i vi ch xoay chiu tn hiu nh. Phng php th da vo c tuyn vo v ra ca tranzito c u im l d dng tm c mi quan h gia cc gi tr bin ca thnh phn xoay chiu (in p ra U r v dng in ra I r ) v l s liu ban u tnh ton. Trn c tuyn hnh (3-7a), v ng ti mt chiu (a-b). S ph thuc UCE0 = f(IC0) c th tm c t phng trnh cn bng in p mch ra ca tng:

51

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn

I UCE0=EC-IC0.RC-IE0RE=EC-IC0RC- C 0 .RE

V h s gn ng 1, nn c th vit UCE0 = EC - IC0 (RC+RE) Da vo c tuyn vo IB= f (UBE) ta chn dng cc gc tnh cn thit IB0, chnh l xc nh c to im P l giao im ca ng IB = IB0 vi ng ti mt chiu trn c tuyn ra hnh 3-7b. xc nh thnh phn xoay chiu ca in p ra v dng ra cc C ca tranzito phi dng ng ti xoay chiu ca tng. Ch rng in tr xoay chiu trong mch cc E ca tranzito bng khng (v c t CE mc song song vi in tr RE) cn ti Rt c mc vo mch cc C, v in tr xoay chiu ca t C2 rt nh. Nu coi in tr xoay chiu ca ngun cung cp EC bng khng, th in tr xoay chiu ca tng gm hai in tr RC v Rt mc song song, ngha l Rt~ =Rt // RC. T thy r in tr ti mt chiu ca tng Rt= = RC + RE ln hn in tr ti xoay chiu Rt~. Khi c tn hiu vo, in p v dng in l tng ca thnh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu, ng ti xoay chiu i qua im tnh P.
IC d b Irm ic IC0 P IB4 IB3 IB2 IB1 IB=0 UCE
b)

IB IBrm IB0 iB UBE0 UBE P

UC0
a)

e Un UC0

Hnh 3-7 Xc nh ch tnh ca tng EC. a) Trn c tuyn ra. b) Trn c c tuyn vo.

dc ca ng ti xoay chiu ln hn dc ng ti mt chiu. Xy dng ng ti xoay chiu theo t s s gia ca in p v dng in U CE = I C .(RC // Rt). Khi cung cp in p vo ti u vo ca tng th trong mch cc gc xut hin thnh phn dng xoay chiu ib lin quan n in vo uv theo c tuyn vo ca tranzito.V dng I C = I B nn trn mch cc C cng c thnh phn dng xoay chiu iC v in p xoay chiu ura lin h vi iC bng ng ti xoay chiu. Khi ng ti xoay chiu c trng cho s thay i gi tr tc thi dng cc C iC v in p trn tranzito uC hay ngi ta ni l s dch chuyn im lm vic. im lm vic dch t P i ln ng vi 1/2 chu k dng v dch chuyn i xung ng vi 1/2 chu k m ca tn hiu vo. Nu chn tr s tn hiu vo thch hp v ch tnh ng th tn hiu ra ca tng

52

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn khuch i khng b mo dng. Vic chn im lm vic tnh v tnh ton s c thc hin theo mt tng khuch i c th. Nhng tham s ban u tnh ton l bin in p ra U r v dng in ti I t , cng sut ti Pt v in tr ti Rt. Gia nhng tham s ny c quan h cht ch vi nhau, nn v nguyn tc ch cn bit hai trong nhng tham s l tnh cc tham s cn li. tnh ton theo phng php gii tch dng s tng ng i vi ch xoay chiu tn hiu nh.

IB

IV
Rn en

B IB

rB rC IE rE C

I C
C

it Rt

uV

R1 //R2

RC

ut

E
Hnh 3-8 S tng ng xoay chiu tng khuch i EC.

Cc tham s ca mch EC tnh gn ng nh sau: + in tr vo ca tng: + H s khuch i dng in:

RV = R1 // R2 // rV ;

rV= rB + (1+).rE.

Ki = .

RC // Rt Rt

Nh vy tng EC c h s khuch i dng tng i ln, v nu nh RC>> Rt th n gn bng h s khuch i ca tranzito. + H s khuch i in p:

Ku = .

RC // Rt Rn + RV

(du tr th hin s o pha)

P + H s khuch i cng sut K P = r = Ku .Ki ; rt ln khong t (0,2 5).103 ln P V

+ in tr ra ca tng. Rr = RC // rC ( E ) ; V rC(E) >> RC nn Rr = RC. Tng EC c h s khuch i in p v dng in ln nn thng c s dng nhiu. 3.3.2. Tng khuch i Colect chung (CC) in tr RE trong s ng vai tr nh RC trong mch EC, ngha l to nn mt in p bin i u ra trn n. T C c nhim v a tn hiu ra ti Rt. in tr R1, R2 l b phn p cp in mt chiu cho cc B, xc nh ch tnh ca tng. tng in tr vo thng ngi ta khng mc in tr R2. Tnh ton ch mt chiu tng t nh tnh ton tng EC. kho st cc tham s ca tng theo dng xoay chiu, cn chuyn sang s tng ng xoay chiu.

53

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn

IB

IV

CP1

R1 T

+EC Rn uV en

B t

rb rE R1 // R2 E RE Rt IE r C

C IC

Rn

CP2
uv

en

R2
a)

RE

Rt

ur

b)

ur

Hnh 3-9 a) s khuch i CC. b) S tng ng xoay chiu.

Cc tham s: + in tr vo ca tng:

RV R1 // R2 //(1 + ).( RE // Rt )

Nu chn b phn p u vo R1, R2 ln th in tr vo s ln. Tuy nhin khi khng th b qua in tr rC(E) mc song song vi mch vo, nn in tr vo phi tnh:

RV = R1 // R2 // (1 + ) . ( RE // Rt ) // rE ( E )
in tr vo ln l mt trong nhng u im quan trng ca tng C chung, dng lm tng phi hp vi ngun tn hiu c in tr trong ln. + H s khuch i dng in:

Ki = (1 + ). Ku = (1 + ).

RV RE // Rt . rV Rt RE // Rt Rn + RV

+ H s khuch i in p:

Khi RV >> Rn v gn ng RV (1 + ).( RE + Rt ) th Ku 1. Nh vy tng khuch i C chung khuch i cng sut tn hiu trong khi gi nguyn tr s in p ca n. V Ku = 1 nn h s khuch i Kp xp x bng Ki v tr s.

r + Rn // R1 // R2 + in tr ra ca tng: Rr = RE //(rE + B ) = RE // rE 1+
in tr ra ca tng nh c (150). N c dng phi hp mch ra ca tng khuch i vi ti c in tr nh, khi tng C chung dng lm tng ra ca b khuch i c vai tr nh mt tng khuch i cng sut n ch A khng c bin p ra. 3.3.3. Tng khuch i cc B chung (BC) Cc phn t R1, R2, RE dng xc nh ch tnh IE. Cc phn t cn li cng c chc nng ging s mch EC.

54

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn + in tr vo:

RV = R E // rE + (1 ) rB

in tr vo ca tng c xc nh ch yu bng in tr rE vo khong (1050). in tr vo nh l nhc im c bn ca tng BC v tng s l ti ln i vi ngun tn hi vo. + H s khuch i dng ca tng:

Ki = .

RC // Rt Rt
IE
IV Rn E IE C rE uV RE IB B
b)

+EC RC IV Rn en CP1 uV RE CB
a)

C Rt ur

R1

rC IC rB RC I1 Rt ur

IB R2

Hnh 3-10 a) S mch khuch i BC; b) s tng ng xoay chiu.

+ H s khuch i in p:

Ku = .

RC // Rt Rn + RV

+ in tr ra ca tng: Rr = RC // rC ( E ) RC . Cn ch rng c tuyn tnh ca tranzito mc BC c tuyn tnh ln nn tranzito c th dng vi in p cc C ln hn s EC. Chnh v vy tng khuch i BC c dng khi cn c in p u ra ln.

3.4. TNG KHUCH I O PHA

Tng o pha dng khuch i tn hiu v cho ra hai tn hiu c bin bng nhau nhng pha lch nhau 1800 (hay ngc pha nhau). S tng khuch i o pha chia ti v hnh 3-11a. Tn hiu ly ra t cc E v cc C ca tranzito. Tn hiu ra ur2 ly t cc E ng pha vi tn hiu vo uV cn tn hiu ra ur1 ly t cc C ngc pha vi tn hiu vo. Dng tn hiu v trn hnh 3-11b,c,d. Ta s kho st ch tiu ca tng tnh tng t nh tng CC.

RV = R1 // R2 rB + (1 + ) . ( rE + RE // Rt 2 )
hoc tnh gn ng:

RV (1 + ).(rE + RE // Rt 2 )
H s khuch i in p u ra 1 xc nh tng t nh s EC, cn u ra 2 xc nh tng t nh s CC.

55

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn

Ku1 .

( RC // Rt1 ) ; Rn + RV
+EC

Ku 2 (1 + ).

( RE // Rt 2 ) Rn + RV

uV
R1 CP1 Rn en RC T CP Rt1
b)

CP2

ur2
ur1
c)

ur2
U 0 t

uV

R2 RE Rt2

ur2

a) Hnh 3-11 a) S tng o pha b), c), d) Biu thi gian

d)

ur
UC

ur1
t

Nu chn RC = RE v c Rt1 = Rt 2 th gi tr h s khuch i Ku1 gn ng bng Ku2 v s ny cn gi l mch o pha chia ti. +EC Tng o pha cng c th dng bin p, R1 ur1 s nguyn l nh hnh 3-12. W
1

Hai tn hiu ly ra t hai na cun th cp c gc pha lch nhau 1800 so vi im 0. Khi hai na cun th cp c s vng bng nhau th hai in p ra s bng nhau. Mch ny c h s khuch i ln, d dng thay i cc tnh ca in p ra v cn c tc dng phi hp tr khng nhng cng knh, nng n v mo ln nn hin nay t c dng.

CP Rn en

ur2
CB

uV

R2

RE

Hnh 3-12 S tng o pha dng bin p

3.5. CC S C BN DNG TRANZITO TRNG (FET)

Nguyn l xy dng tng khuch i dng tranzito trng cng ging nh tng dng tranzito lng cc. im khc nhau l tranzito trng iu khin bng in p. Khi chn ch tnh ca tng dng tranzito trng cn a ti u vo (cc ca G) mt in p mt chiu c gi tr v cc tnh cn thit. Cc s ngun chung (SC), cc mng chung (DC) v cc cng chung (GC) v nguyn l mch cng tng t. Cn ch thm mt s c im ca mch khuch i dng tranzito trng l cc mch ny thng c h s khuch i nh hn so vi tranzito lng cc, tuy nhin n nh v trnh nhiu li tt hn.

56

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn

3.6. PHNG PHP GHP CC TNG KHUCH I

Trn thc t khi khuch i 1 tn hiu nh ln n mt cng sut ln theo yu cu th mt tng khuch i cha th p ng c m ngi ta thng phi s dng nhiu tng khuch i. Khi ghp ni cc tng khuch i thnh mt b khuch i th ta mc u ra ca tng ng trc vo u vo ca tng sau. in tr vo v ra ca b khuch i s c tnh theo tng u v tng cui.
Rn en UV
1

Ur1=UV2 1 2

Ur2 UV(N-1) N-1 N

UrN Rt

Hnh 3-13 S khi b khuch i nhiu tng.

H s khuch i ca b khuch i nhiu tng bng tch h s khuch i ca mi tng (tnh theo n v s ln) hay bng tng ca chng (tnh theo n v dB)

Ku =

U t U ra1 U r 2 U rN . ... = = Ku1.Ku 2 ...KuN En En UV 2 UVN

Ku (dB) = Ku1 (dB) + ... + KuN (dB)

Vic ghp gia cc tng c th dng t in, bin p hay ghp trc tip. 3.6.1. Ghp tng bng t in u im ca phng php ny l mch n gin, cch ly c thnh phn mt chiu gia cc tng, thun li cho vic tnh ton cc ch mt chiu. Nhc im l lm gim h s khuch i min tn s thp, Ku 0 khi f 0. Ngoi ra vi tn s thp th mch lm tng mc hi tip m dng xoay chiu trn cc in tr RE v do lm gim h s khuch i.

R2 R1 CP1 Rn en T1 R3 C2 R5 T2 R7 R9 T3 R11

+EC

CP2 R4 CE1 R6

CP3 R8 CE2

uV

ur
R10 R12 CE3

R2

Hnh 3-14 S b khuch i nhiu tng ghp in dung. 3.6.2 Ghp bng bin p

Trong s cun s cp W1 mc vo cc C ca T1, cun th cp W2 mc vo cc B ca T2 qua t CP2. Ghp tng bng bin p cch ly in p mt chiu gia cc tng m cn lm tng h s khuch i chung v in p hay dng in tu thuc vo bin p tng hay gim p.

57

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn

u im ca mch ny l in p ngun cung cp cho cc C ca tranzito ln v in p mt chiu cun dy b, do cho php ngun c in p thp. Ngoi ra tng ghp bin p d dng thc hin phi hp tr khng v thay i cc tnh in p tn hiu trn cc cun dy. Tuy nhin n c nhc im l c tuyn tn s khng bng phng trong di tn. Kt cu mch nng n, cng knh, h hng sa cha thay th phc tp. 3.6.3. Mch ghp trc tip Trong mch ny cc C ca tranzito trc u trc tip vo cc B ca tranzito sau. Cch trc tip ny lm gim mo tn s thp trong b khuch i, c dng trong b khuch i tn hiu c thnh phn mt chiu (tn hiu bin thin chm). Nhc im ca mch l khng tn dng c khuch i ca tranzito do ch cp in mt chiu.

+EC R1 CP Rn en R2 T1 RE CE R4 W1 R'1 CP T2 R3 RC

Hnh 3-15 Tng khuch i ghp bin p.

+EC R3 R1 T1 R2 R6 R4 T2 R5

uV

ur

3.7. MT S MCH KHUCH I KHC

3.7.1 Mch khuch i Darlington

Hnh 3-16 Mch khuch i ghp trc tip.

IC T1 IB1 IE1 = IB2 IC1

IC2

Khi cn tr khng vo tng khuch i ln dng vo nh, h s khuch i ln ta ni mch khuch i theo Darlington. Mch in gm hai tranzito T1 v T2 u nh hnh 3-17. H s khuch i dng ton mch l = 1.2

T2

IE2
Hnh 3-17 Mch Darlington.

3.7.2. Mch Casct (Kaskode) Mch gm hai tranzito ghp vi nhau, T1 mc E chung cn T2 mc B chung. Khi tn hiu vo T1 khuch i t tn hiu ra Ura1 ln cc E gc T2 iu khin tip T2 khuch i cho Ura2 Ta chng minh c h s khuch i in p ca T1: Ku1 = -1

58

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn

.R ca T2: Ku 2 2 C nn h s khuch i rV 2
chung:

+EC R1 R2 R4 CP CB CP R3 T1 T2

K = Ku1.Ku 2 =

2 .RC
rV 2

ura2
ura1

trong rV2 l in tr vo ca tranzito T2. u im c bn ca mch ny l ngn cch nh hng ca mch ra n mch vo ca tng khuch i, c bit tn s cao. 3.7.3. Mch khuch i di rng

uV
Hnh 3-18 Mch khuch i Casct.

Tn hiu c di tn rng in hnh l tn hiu video. khuch i c di tn rng nh vy mch khuch i thng dng thm mt phn t hiu chnh. mch ny L, R3, C2 l cc phn t hiu chnh c chn ph hp sao cho khong tn s trung bnh ca di tn nn ti ca tng l R4. Thng R4 chn nh hn cc tng khuch i khc. khong tn s cao fC c C.L ln nn ti ca tng gm R4 v C.L nn Ura tng ln. tn s thp ti ca tng l R4 v R3. Nh vy nh cc phn t hiu chnh lm tng ti xoay chiu vng tn s hai u ca di tn nh vy in p ra tng ln hai u vng . Trong hnh 3-19 ng 1 ng vi khi khng c phn t hiu chnh, ng 2 l khi c cc phn t hiu chnh.
R3 R1 CP C2 R4 L CP2 K/K0 +EC 1 1 2 f

uV

R2
a)

RE

ura
ft ftb
b)

fC

Hnh 3-19 a) Tng khuch i di rng b) c tuyn bin tn s.

3.7.4. Mch khuch i cng hng (chn lc) Mch khuch i cng hng dng ph bin cc tng khuch i c tn s cao. Ti ca tng l mch cng hng song song. L1C2, L2C3 cng hng tn s vo. Khi tn s tn hiu vo thay i cc mch L1C2, L2C3 cn phi iu chnh tn s cng hng theo. Tc l:

59

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn

1 = L1C2

1 = f 0V . L2C3

+E C3 L2 L3

c im ca mch, ngoi tc dng khuch i tn hiu n cn c kh nng chn lc tn hiu theo tn s.

ur

C1

uv

L1

C2

C4

3.8. TNG KHUCH I CNG SUT

Hnh 3-20 Tng khuch i cng hng dng tranzito trng.

3.8.1. c im chung v yu cu ca tng khuch i cng sut Tng khuch i cng sut l tng khuch i cui cng ca b khuch i, c tn hiu vo ln. N c nhim v khuch i tn hiu a ra ti mt cng sut ln nht c th c. Vi mo cho php vo bo m hiu sut cao. Do khuch i tn hiu ln, tranzito lm vic trong min khng tuyn tnh nn khng th dng s tng ng tn hiu nh nghin cu m phi dng phng php th. Cc tham s c bn ca tng khuch i cng sut l: - H s khuch i cng sut Kp l t s gia cng sut ra v cng sut vo.

Kp =

Pr P V

- Hiu sut l t s cng sut ra v cng sut cung cp mt chiu P0: Hiu sut cng ln th cng sut tn hao trn cc C ca tranzito cng nh.

Pr P0

Tng khuch i cng sut c th lm vic cc ch A, AB, B v C tu thuc vo ch cng tc ca tranzito. Ch A l ch tng khuch i c 2 na chu k (+) v (-) ca tn hiu vo. ch ny gc ct =1800, dng tnh lun ln hn bin dng in ra nn mo nh nhng hiu sut rt thp, ch dng khi yu cu cng sut ra nh. Ch AB tng khuch i hn na chu k (+) ca tn hiu vo, gc ct 900< <1800. Lc ny dng tnh b hn ch A nn hiu sut cao hn. im lm vic ca ch AB gn khu vc tt ca tranzito.

60

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn

IC IC

IC

PCmax

0 0

UBE UBE

Khu vc bo ho

A AB B
0 IB = 0

Khu vc tt
b)

UCE

t IC

a)

IC (AB) IC0

IC (B)

IC (C)

(A) IC0

t 0

t 0
c)

t 0

Hnh 3-21 Minh ha ch cng tc ca tng khuch i cng sut a) c tuyn truyn t ca tranzito b) c tuyn ra ca tranzito c) Dng in ra ng vi cc ch khi in p vo l sin

Ch B tng khuch i na tn hiu hnh sin vo, c gc ct = 900. ch ny dng tnh bng khng nn hiu sut cao. Ch AB v B c hiu sut cao nhng gy mo ln. gim mo phi dng mch khuch i kiu y ko. Ch C tng khuch i tn hiu ra b hn na hnh sin, gc ct <900. N c dng trong cc mch khuch i cao tn c ti l khung cng hng chn lc sng hi mong mun v c hiu sut cao. Ch D ch l trng hp c bit ca ch C: li dng sng hi lm cho dng sng gn vi hnh ch nht nhm tng hiu sut cc C (dng tng khuch i cng sut cao tn my pht). 3.8.2. Tng khuch i cng sut ch A Trong tng khuch i ch A, im lm vic thay i i xng xung quanh im lm vic tnh. So vi tng khuch i tn hiu nh, n ch khc l tn hiu vo ln nn IC0 phi ln theo. Xt tng khuch i n mc EC v c h s khuch i ln v mo nh.

61

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn

+EC RB CB RC

EC RC

IC

IC

IB0 IB=0

IC

uV

Ur =UCE 0 UC0 E UCE UCE

UC
t
Hnh 3-22 Tng khuch i cng sut ch A mc E chung a) S ; b) Minh ho dng tn hiu trn h c tuyn ra.

Cng sut ra ca tng:

Pr =

IC .U C 2 P0 = IC 0 .EC

Cng sut tiu th ca ngun cung cp: Hiu sut ca mch cc C:

U C .I C Pr = P0 2.IC 0 .EC
v I C = I C 0 th c max =25%.

E T hnh v ta thy khi U C = U C 0 = C 2

Nu dng mch ra ghp bin p, thc hin c phi hp tr khng v tn dng c ngun nui EC, hiu sut cc i c th t 50%. Cng sut tiu hao trn mt ghp gp:

1 PC = P0 Pr = I C 0 .EC .U C .IC . 2
Theo cng thc ny ta thy cng sut PC ph thuc vo tn hiu ra. Khi khng c tn hiu PC = P0 nn ch nhit ca tranzito phi tnh theo cng sut P0. 3.8.3. Tng khuch i cng sut y ko ch B v AB c bin p. S tng khuch i cng sut y ko gm hai tranzito T1, T2. Ti c mc vi tng khuch i qua bin p ra BA2. Mch cc C ca mi tranzito mc vi na cun s cp bin p. T s bin p l n2=W21/Wt=W22/Wt. Hai tranzito T1 v T2 thay phin nhau hot ng hai na chu k ca tn hiu vo.T1 hot ng na chu k dng, T2 hot ng na chu k m, in p trn cun dy W12 c o so vi tn hiu vo.

62

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn Bin p BA1 c h s bin p l n1=WV/W11=WV/W22 m bo cung cp tn hiu vo cc B ca hai tranzito. Tng c th lm vic ch B hay AB. Trong ch AB thin p ly trn cc B ca hai tranzito c ly t ngun nui EC bng b phn p R1, R2. Trong ch B thin p ban u bng khng nn khng cn R1. Khi in tr R2 c dng m bo cng tc cho mch vo ca tranzito trong ch gn vi ch ngun dng. IC
T1

R1 W11 W12

c i
R2

iC I

uv

Wv

- + EC

Wt

Rt

UCE

EC

UC

T2
Hnh 3-23 Tng y ko ghp bin p.

uc
Hnh 3-24 th tnh tng cng sut.

Cng sut ra ca tng tnh c theo din tch tam gic: Cng sut a ra ti c tnh n hiu sut ca bin p l: Tr s trung bnh dng tiu th t ngun: I 0 =

Pr =

U C .IC 2

Pt = Pr .ba 2 2.I C

I sin .dt = C
0

Cng sut tiu th t ngun cung cp:

P0 =

2.EC .IC

Hiu sut ca mch cc C:

C =

Pr .U C = P0 4.EC

Hiu sut ca tng:

U = ba 2 . . C EC

Nu b/a = 1 th = 78,5% khi U C = EC . Thc t U C < EC do vng cong ca c tuyn v b/a = 0,8 nn

=0,6 0,17.
PCmax khi U C = 0, 64.EC

PC max =

2 .n2

. 2

EC 2 Rt

63

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn

IB

T1

IB

T1

0 UBE T2

ib1 ib2

UB0 IB0

IB0 UB0

ib1
t

ib2

T2
Hnh 3-25 nh hng mo phi tuyn ca c tuyn vo tranzito n mo dng tn hiu trong ch B Hnh 3-26 Gim mo phi tuyn trong ch AB

trnh mo do tnh khng ng thng on u c tuyn vo tranzito khi dng cc B b. Ngi ta cho tng lm vic ch AB. ch ny UBE0, IB0, IC0 b nn cc cng thc dng cho ch B vn ng. 3.8.4. Mch khuch i cng sut y ko khng bin p C hai kiu mch l dng tranzito cng loi v tranzito khc loi. Nh hnh 3-27 v 3-28.
R1 CP2 -EC T2 Rt CP1 R1 -EC T2 C CP1 R4
a)

R3

CP2

R3

uv2

uv2
T1

u v1
R2

T1

uv1
R2 R4
b)

Rt

Hnh 3-27 Mch y ko khng bin p dng tranzito cng loi.

R1 CP D1 D2 R2

T2 Rt

_ EC1

R1 CP D1 D2

-EC T2 C T1 Rt +EC

uV

T1 + EC2

uV

R2

Hnh 3-28 Mch y ko khng bin p ra dng tranzito khc loi.

64

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn Cc mch khuch i ny u ra khng cn lp thm cc bin p, i vi mch dng tranzito khc loi th u vo cng khng cn bin p, nh th s lm gim mo do cc bin p to ra, v kch thc ca mch cng nh gn hn.

3.9. MCH KHUCH I DNG IC

Ngy nay IC c dng ph bin trong cc thit b in t dn dng cng nh chuyn dng do c rt nhiu u im. Ngoi tr IC khuch i thut ton c c im ring, IC tuyn tnh dng khuch i c nhiu loi, do yu cu khc nhau ca cc nh ch to, c cho sn trong s tay tra cu hay s mch. Thng thng cc IC ny c chia ra nhiu vng (theo s khi) lm nhiu nhim v khc nhau. V d mt IC dng cho my thu thanh thng c khi dao ng (OSC hoc VCO), trn tn (MIX), khuch i trung tn (IF.AMP), tch sng iu bin (AM.DET), tch sng iu tn (FM.DET) v c th c c mch khuch i m tn. Tuy nhin lm vic c cc chn tng ng ca IC phi c ni vi cc linh kin mch ngoi ph hp v cp ngun nui. Khi cn khuch i cng sut ra ln, c th dng IC khuch i cng sut ring. Mc cng sut ra, mc ngun nui tu tng loi IC m ta la chn cho ph hp. Trong trng hp cn mch khuch i hai ng cho my stereo ta c th dng IC kp hay hai IC n cng loi thc hin. Ngoi ra cn ch rng khi dng cc IC cng sut ln cn c phin to nhit bo m nhit cho php khi lm vic.

TM TT NI DUNG
Ni dung chnh ca chng trnh by v cc mch khuch i dng tranzito v ch yu l tranzito lng cc. Cn nm cc vn sau: Nguyn tc xy dng mch khuch i dng cc phn t iu khin l cc tranzito. Vn hi tip trong cc mch khuch i, nh hng ca tng loi hi tip n cc thng s ca mch khuch i. C nhiu kiu phn chia hi tip nhng nu xt v pha ca tn hiu hi tip v th c 2 loi l hi tip dng v hi tip m. Trong cc mch khuch i ch yu dng hi tip m v n lm tng kh nng n nh im lm vic tnh, tng di tn lm vic mc d n lm gim h s khuch i. Cc mch khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT c 3 kiu mch l EC, BC, v CC. Nguyn l hat ng ca tng mch v cc h s khuch i in p, khuch i dng in, tr khng vo ra ca tng mch. Mch EC c s dng nhiu v c Ku , Ki ln, tuy nhin mch EC l mch khuch i o pha. Ngoi cc mch khuch i dng BJT th cng c cc mch dng tranzito trng (FET): V c bn cc mch khuch i dng FET cng ging cc mch dng BJT. Ch c im khc l cc mch dng FET c h s khuch i nh hn, nhng b li chng li c mt s tnh cht rt tt. Ngoi cc mch khuch i thng thng cn c cc mch khuch i khc nh mch Darlington, Kaskode Tng cui cng trong cc thit b in t thng l cc mch khuch i cng sut. c im chnh ca mch khuch i cng sut l ch yu khuch i dng in ln ln cung cp

65

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn cho ti. C cc ch lm vic A, AB, B v cc loi mch khc nhau. Cn nm c cc s khuch i, cc thng s nh K P ; hiu sut ca tng loi mch.

CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1: Trong cc mch khuch i tn hiu nh, tranzito hot ng ch no: a) Thng bo ha b) Ngt c) Tch cc d) c phng n a v b.

Cu 2: Arguymen ca h s khuch i in p Ku cho bit iu g: a) Lch pha gia in p vo v dng in u vo. b) Lch pha gia in p ra v dng in u ra. c) Lch pha gia in p ra v in p vo. d) Lch pha gia in p vo v dng in ra. Cu 3: Hiu sut ca mt tng khuch i c tnh bng:

P a) = r Pv

P b) = r P0

P c) = v P0

P d) = 0 Pr

Cu 4: Hi tip l hi tip m khi: a) in p hi tip v ngc pha vi in p vo. b) in p hi tip v cng pha vi in p vo. c) in p hi tip v t l vi dng in u ra. d) Khng phi cc trng hp trn. Cu 5: Hi tip l hi tip dng khi: a) in p hi tip v ngc pha vi in p vo. b) in p hi tip v cng pha vi in p vo. c) in p hi tip v t l vi in p u ra. d) in p hi tip v t l vi dng in u ra. Cu 6: Hi tip m lm a) Tng h s khuch i chung ca mch. b) Gim h s khuch i chung ca mch. c) n nh im lm vic tnh v m rng di tn lm vic. d) C b) v c).

Cu 7: Hi tip dng lm

66

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn a) Tng h s khuch i chung ca mch. b) Gim h s khuch i chung ca mch. c) Thng dng trong cc mch to dao ng. d) C a) v c). Cu 8: Tng khuch i EC c a) in tr vo ln. b) H s khuch i in p v dng in ln. c) in p ra o pha so vi in p vo d) C b) v c) Cu 9: Tng khuch i CC c a) in tr vo ln. b) in tr vo nh. c) in p ra o pha so vi in p vo d) C a) v c) Cu 10: Tng khuch i BC c a) in tr vo ln. b) in tr vo nh. c) in p ra o pha so vi in p vo d) C b) v c) Cu 11: H s khuch i in p ca mch khuch i c tnh bng cng thc: a) KU =

Uv Ur

b) KU =

Ur Uv

c) KU =

Ur Iv

I d) KU = r Uv

Cu 12: Tr khng u ra ca tng khuch i l: a) Z r =

Uv ; Iv

b) Z r =

Ur Iv

c) Z r =

Ur Ir

d) Z r =

Uv Ir

Cu 13: Gc ct ca mch khuch i cng sut lm vic ch AB l: a) = 900 b) = 1800 c) = 3600 c) 900 < < 1800

Cu 14: Mo tn s thp ca b khuch i c tnh bng a) M t =

K0 Kt

b) M t =

K0 Kc

c) M t =

Kc Kt

d) M t =

Kt K0

67

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn

Cu 15: Cho mch in nh hnh 3-29;

+EC = 10V RC RB UB RE
Hnh 3-29.

RC = 400; RE = 600; RB = 20k ;U B = 0, 6V ; U BC = 0, 7; = 90 . Hy tnh cc c tnh ca mch

(Dng in v in p trong mch).

Cu 16: Cho mch in nh hnh 3-30. Vi:

+EC = 5V RE = 3k

U EB = 0, 6V ; = 80;U EC 0 = 2,5V ; EC = 5V ;U B = 2V
Tnh cc c tnh ca mch?

;
UB

RB

Hnh 3-30.

Cu 17: Cho mch nh hnh 3-31. Vi cc s liu:

+EC R1 UV C RC

EC = 5V ; RC = 1k ;U BE 0 = 0, 7V ; = 100 ;
Hy tnh R1, R2 mch n nh thin p vi UCE0 = 3V. Bit URE = 0,673V.

R2

RE

Hnh 3-31.

Cu 18: Cho mch nh hnh 3-32. Vi 1 = 2 = 65; EC = 10V . Hy xc nh RB v UCE1 UCE2 = 6V

RE RB

+EC

Cu 19: Cho mch in nh hnh 3-33. Vi E = 12V ;

Hnh 3-32.

R1 = 20k ; R2 = 4k R3 = 4k ; R4 = 1k

R1 C1

R3

+EC C2

= 99;U BE = +0, 6V
a) Xc nh dng in v in p mt chiu trn cc cc.

uv

R2

R4

Rt C3

Hnh 3-33.

68

Chng 3: Mch khuch i bn dn b) Bit Rt = 8k , xc nh ti mt chiu v ti xoay chiu ca tng khuch i. V ng ti mt chiu ti v tr im lm vic Q u ra ca tng khuch i. c) V dng tn hiu vo, ra ca mch. Cu 20: Cho mch in hnh 3-34. Bit: E = 20V ; U D = U BE = 0,5V Xem T1, T2 l l tng khuch i cho bin cc i. Iphn
cc

EC R1 C1 T1 D1 D2 uv R2 T2 ur Rt C2

= 1mA. Tm R1; R2 ; Pr ; = ? khi

R6 = 100 .

Hnh 3-34.

69

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton

CHNG 4: MCH KHUCH I THUT TON GII THIU

Chng ny trnh by v b khuch i thut ton (Op-Amp: Operational Amplifier). Danh t khuch i thut ton thuc v b khuch i dng mt chiu c h s khuch i ln, c hai u vo vi sai v mt u ra chung. Tn gi ny c quan h ti vic ng dng u tin ca chng ch yu thc hin cc php tnh cng, tr, tch phn... Hin nay b khuch i thut ton ng vai tr quan trng v ng dng rng ri trong mch khuch i, to tn hiu hnh sin v xung, trong b n p v b lc tch cc...

NI DUNG
4.1. CC TNH CHT CHUNG CA IC THUT TON
B khuch i thut ton c k hiu nh hnh 4-1. Trong Ut , It l in p, dng in vo ca thun. U , I l in p, dng in vo ca o, Ur , Ir l in p ra v dng in ra. U0 l in p vo gia hai ca. B khuch i thut ton khuch i hiu in p U0 = Ut- U vi h s khuch i K0 > 0. Do in p ra: Ur =K0.U0= K0(Ut-U) Nu U = 0 th Ur = K0.Ut lc ny in p ra cng pha vi in p vo. V vy ca T gi l ca thun ca b khuych i thut ton v k hiu du +. Tng t khi Ut = 0 th Ur = K0.U, lc ny in p ra ngc pha vi in p vo nn ca gi l ca o ca b khuch i thut ton v k hiu du -. Ngoi ra b khuch i c hai ca u vi ngun nui i xng EC v cc ca chnh lch 0 v b tn. Mt b khuch i thut ton l tng c nhng tnh cht sau: + Tr khng vo + Tr khng ra ZV = Zra = 0
T Ut It U0 U I + +EC Ir Ura

-EC

Hnh 4-1 B khuch i thut ton.

+ H s khuch i K0 = Thc t b khuch i thut ton c K0 = 104 106 vng tn s thp. Ln vng tn s cao h s khuch i gim xung. Nguyn nhn do s ph thuc tham s ca tranzito v in dung k sinh trong s . c tuyn truyn t, c tuyn bin v c tuyn pha nh hnh 4-2 v 4-3.

70

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton IC khuch i thut ton c kh nng nn tn hiu ng pha.
K0 Ura +EC u vo thun UV
K0 2

f 0
0 45o 90o 180o 360o

a) c tuyn bin f

u vo o -EC

b) c tuyn pha

Hnh 4-2 c tuyn truyn t ca Hnh 4-3 c tuyn bin v c b khuch i thut ton. tuyn pha ca b khuch i thut ton. Gi KCM l h s khuch i tn hiu ng pha th h s nn tn hiu ng pha c xc nh theo biu thc:

G=

K0 KCM

Thng G =103 104. Mt b khuch i thut ton thng c 4 tng ghp trc tip vi nhau. Tng vo l tng khuch i vi sai, tip theo l tng khuych i trung gian (c th l tng m hay khuch i vi sai th hai), n tng dch mc v tng khuch i ra.

4.2. CC MCH KHUCH I DNG B KHUCH I THUT TON

Trong phn ny nghin cu v cc mch khuch i tn hiu s dng b khuch i thut ton. Do vi mch khuch i thut ton c hai ca vo. Khi a tn hiu vo ca o ta c mch khuch i o, nu a tn hiu vo ca thun ta c mch khuch i thun. 4.2.1. Mch khuch i o Mch khuch i o cho hnh 4-4 c thc hin hi tip m in p qua Rht. u vo thun c ni t. Tn hiu qua R1 a ti u vo o. Nu coi IC c tr khng vo v cng ln tc ZV th dng vo IC v cng b I0 = 0, khi ti nt N c phng trnh nt dng.
R1 U0 Iht Rht

IV UV

Io _ + Ur

IV I ht
T c:

UV U 0 U 0 U ra = R1 Rht

Hnh 4-4 Mch khuch i o.

71

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton Khi K in p u vo U 0 =

U ra 0 do : K

UV U = ra R1 Rht
Do h s khuch i in p ca mch khuch i o Ku c hi tip m song song c xc nh bng phn t th ng trong s :

Ku =

R Ur = ht Uv R1

Nu chn Rht=R1 th K =-1, s c tnh cht tng o lp li in p (o tn hiu).

U Nu R1 = 0 th t phng trnh Iv=Iht ta c IV = ra hay U ra = IV .Rht tc l in p ra Rht

t l vi dng in vo. Mch tr thnh b bin i dng thnh p. V U0= 0 nn Rv= R1, khi K th Rra= 0. 4.2.2. Mch khuch i thun Mch khuch i thun c hnh 4-5 gm mt mch hi tip m in p t vo u o cn tn hiu t vo ca thun. V in p t vo gia hai ca rt b, xem U0= 0 nn quan h gia Uv v Ura xc nh bi
R1 Rht

_ +

UV

Ur

UV = U r .

R1 R1 + Rht

Hnh 4-5 Mch khuch i thun.

H s khuch i in p ca mch khuch i thun.

Kt =

R U r R1 + Rht = = 1 + ht UV R1 R1

_ UV + Ur= UV

V Rv= nn IV = 0. c dng khi cn mch khuch i c tr khng vo ln. Khi Rht=0 v R1= ta c s b lp li in p vi Kt= 1 (hnh 4-6). in tr vo ca mch khuch i thun rt ln, bng in tr vo ca IC, cn in tr ra Rra 0.

Hnh 4-6 Mch khuch i lp li in p

4.3. CC PHNG PHP CHNG TRI V B IM KHNG

Khi dng b khuch i thut ton khuch i tn hiu mt chiu c tr s nh th cc sai s ch yu do dng in tnh, in p lch 0 v hin tng tri gy ra. Cc dng in tnh It, I u vo b khuch i thut ton thc cht l cc dng cc gc tranzito tng vo mch khuch i vi sai. Dng tnh ca thun It v dng tnh ca o gn bng nhau. Cc dng tnh It v I gy st p trn cc ca vo. Do s khc nhau tr s cc in tr ca thun T v ca o nn st p ny cng khc nhau. Hiu in th ca chng chnh l in p

72

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton lch 0. gi cho in p lch 0 nh, trong mch khuch i o, ca thun khng u trc tip xung t m u qua in tr RC nh trn hnh 4-7. Rht RC c tr s bng in tr vo ca o, ngha l: R
1

RC =

R1.Rht R1 + Rht

Lc dng tnh gy ra trn hai u vo cc st p l It.RC v I.(R1//Rht). Thng It I nn cc st p gn bng nhau. Thc t It I nn dng tnh I0= It - I cn gy ra mt hiu in p u vo, gi l in p lch 0 U0. Khi in p ra sai s l:

UV
RC

Ur

Hnh 4-7 Mch khuch i mc thm in tr RC

U r 0 = (1 +

Rht ).U 0 R1

kh sai s ny dng cc mch b in hnh hnh 4-8. Vic b in p lch 0 c thc hin theo nguyn tc: mt trong hai u vo ca b khuch i thut ton vi mt ngun in p bin i c mt in p ngc vi in p lch 0 trn.
Rht Vo + R1 _ R3 R2 R1 Vo _ + Ra R4 + Ra
_

+ R3

R1 R2

Rht

Hnh 4-8 Mch b in p lch 0.

Khi cn phi trng c hai ca vo th mc mch b vo ca khc c lin quan n ca vo. Cn phi chn cc linh kin mch b sao cho b khuch i thut ton lm vic bnh thng. Ngoi ra cn c hin tng tri in p u ra do lng tri in p u vo U0 v lng tri ca dng tnh vo I0.

R Lng tri in p u ra c xc nh: U r 0 = U 0 .(1 + ht ) I 0 .Rht R1

trong : U0 l lng tri in p lch 0 u vo. I0 l lng tri dng lch 0 u vo. Bin i cng thc ny ta c:

U r 0 =

Rht R .(1 + 1 ).[ U 0 I 0 .( R1 // Rht )] R1 Rht 73

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton Tm li: - Nu ngun tn hiu c tr khng ln (R1 // Rht ln) th in p sai s u ra ch yu do tri dng lch 0 u vo sinh ra. Ngc li nu ngun tn hiu c tr khng nh (R1 nh) th sai s u ra ch yu do in p lch 0 u vo sinh ra. Do khi cn khuch i dng mt chiu nh th chn R1 // Rht nh, nu cn khuch i in p mt chiu nh th chn R1 ln. Trong b khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu khng cn quan tm n vn b lch 0.

4.4. MCH CNG

Mch cng thc hin cng hai hoc nhiu tn hiu tng t thnh mt tn hiu u ra. Tuy nhin, nu tn hiu tng ln hn ngun cung cp cho b khuch i th tn hiu ra ch gi mc bo ha U max . 4.4.1. Mch cng o Mch ny cng cc tn hiu vo a ti ca o. S hnh 4-9. Coi cc in tr vo bng nhau.

Rht = R1 = R2 = ... = Rn < RV .

Khi IV = 0 th (v RV ca IC xem = ) Iht= I1 + I2 ++In hay

U ra = (U1 + U 2 + ... + U n ) = U i
i =1

U1 U2
Hnh 4-9 Mch cng o.

I1

R1 Rht ..... R2 _ Iht Ur +

Un

In

Rn

Tng qut khi R1 ... Rn c:

R R R U ra = ht .U1 + ht .U 2 + ... + ht .U n R2 Rn R1
n U U U U ra = Rht . 1 + 2 + ... + n = i .U i Rn R1 R2 i =1

R vi i = ht Ri

74

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton 4.4.2. Mch cng thun S mch in hnh 4-10, y cc tn hiu vo a ti ca thun. Khi U 0 = 0 in p hai u vo bng nhau v bng:

UV + = UV =

R1 .U ra . R1 + Rht

Khi dng vo u thun bng khng (RV = ) ta c:

U1 UV U 2 UV U UV + + ... + n =0 R R R
Hay

U1 + U 2 + ... + U n = nUV . U1 + U 2 + ... + U n = n. R1 .U ra R1 + Rht

U ra =

R1 + Rht R + Rht n .(U1 + ... + U n ) = 1 . U i n.R1 n.R1 i =1

Chn cc tham s ca mch thch hp c tha s u tin ca v phi cng thc ny R + Rht = 1 v khi : bng 1: 1 n.R1

U ra = U1 + U 2 + ... + U n = U i
i =1

Rht R1 U1 U2 Un In R I1 I2 R R U0 _ Ura + UV+

Hnh 4-10 Mch cng thun

4.5. MCH TR
Khi cn tr hai in p ngi ta c th thc hin theo s hnh 4-11. Khi in p u ra c tnh theo

U ra = K1.U1 + K 2U 2
C th tm K1, K2 theo phng php cho in p vo tng ca bng khng. Cho U2 = 0 th mch lm vic nh mt b khuch i o. Ta c:

U ra = a .U1. vy K1 = a
Khi U1 = 0 mch tr thnh mch khuch i thun c phn p vo. Khi :

75

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton

Ub =

U2 .R . Rb b Rb +

U1

Ra Ua Ub _ +

Ra

H s phn p:

b 1 + b b .U 2 1 + b b 1 + b b .U 2 a .U1 1 + b
U2 Rb /b

Khi U ra = (1 + a ). H s khuch i

Ura

Rb

K 2 = (1 + a ).
nn Ura khi c U1, U2 l :

Hnh 4-11 Mch tr

U ra = (1 + a ).

Nu in tr trn c hai li vo l nh nhau tc l: a= b= th Vy : Ura = (U2- U1)

K2= ; K1 = -

Tng qut s vn nng ng thi dng ly tng v ly hiu ca mt s in p vo bt k c th thc hin bng mch hnh 4-12.
Un U2 U1 U'1 U'2 U'n Ra/n Ra/2 Ra/1 Rb/'1 Rb/'2 Rb/'n A B Ub + Rb Ur Ua Ra _

Hnh 4-12 Mch ly hiu mt s ln tn hiu vo.

rt ra h thc cn thit ta s dng quy tc nt i vi ca vo A ca b khuch i.

Rt ra:

U i U a U a U ra = Ra / i Ra i =1

i .U i U a .( i + 1) + U ra = 0
i =1 i =1

Tng t i vi ca B ca mch khuch i:

76

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton

i.U i U b .( i + 1) = 0
i =1 i =1

Nu Ua = Ub tho mn thm iu kin

n

i = i th sau khi tr hai biu thc trn ta c:

i =1 i =1

U ra = i.U i iU i
i =1

4.6. MCH VI PHN, MCH TCH PHN

4.6.1. Mch vi phn Mch vi phn l mch in p u ra t l vi dU vi phn in p u vo, tc l U ra = k . V , dt trong K l mt h s. Mch vi phn dng IC khuch i thut ton nh hnh 4-13. Xem nh U0 = 0, I0 = 0 nn IV = C M Ura = -Iv.R nn
IV UV C U0 I0 _ + UR R

Hnh 4-13 Mch vi phn

dUV dt dUV dt

U ra = R.C.

trong k = RC = gi l hng s vi phn ca mch. Du () ni ln Ura ngc pha vi Uv. Khi tn hiu vo l hnh sin th mch vi phn lm vic nh mt b lc tn cao. 4.6.2. Mch tch phn Mch tch phn l mch m in p u ra t l vi tch phn in p u vo.
IV UV R IC _ + URa C

U ra = k . UV dt
0

Hnh 4-14 Mch tch phn

trong k l h s. Mch tch phn s dng IC khuch i thut ton nh hnh 4-14. Ti nt A ta c Iv = IC hay: C.

dU ra UV = dt R
t

nn

U ra

1 = . UV dt + U ra 0 R.C
0

77

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton y Ura0 l in p trn t C khi t = 0 (l hng s tch phn xc nh t iu kin ban u).

1 Thng khi t = 0, UV = 0 v Ura = 0 nn: U ra = . U v dt

= R.C gi l hng s thi gian ca mch tch phn.

Khi tn hiu vo thay i tng nc, tc thay i ca in p ra bng:

U ra U = V R.C t
ngha l u ra b tch phn c in p tng hay gim tuyn tnh theo thi gian. i vi tn hiu hnh sin mch tch phn tr thnh mch lc thng thp.

4.7. MCH TO HM LOGARIT V LU THA

Trong thc t thng cn to ra mt in p U2 l hm s no ca in p U1, tc l U2 = f(U1). y f l mt quan h hm nh hm logarit, hm m, hm lng gic... Ta xt mt vi mch to hm c th. 4.7.1. Mch to hm logarit Mch to hm s logarit cho in p u ra: U2 = .ln (2.U1) Mun vy ta c th dng biu thc ca dng qua it phn linh kin in t

I D = I 0 .(e

U ak m.UT

1)

trong : I0 - dng in ngc bo ho. UT - in th nhit . m - h s hiu chnh: 1 < m < 2. UAK - in p t ln it. Trong min lm vic ID >> I0 gn ng c th coi: T :

I D = I 0 .e

U ak m.UT

U AK = mUT .ln .

ID I0

chnh l hm logarit cn tm. thc hin quan h ny, c th s dng nh hnh 4-15. Nu vi mch khuch i thut ton l l tng ta c th tnh nh sau:

ID =

U1 , R

U ra = U AK

78

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton

ID R U1 U0 _ +

D R U1 URa U0

IC _ +

UR

Hnh 4-15 Mch logarit dng it

Hnh 4-16 Mch logarit dng tranzitor ni kiu it

rt ra:

. U ra = mUT .ln(

U1 ) I 0 .R

C th thay it bng tranzito (hnh 4-16) ni kiu it, khi loi tr c m v m rng phm vi lm vic ca mch. Lc ny:

U U ra = U BE = UT .ln 1 I 0 .R

4.7.2. Mch to hm i logarit (hm m) to hm i logarit ta mc phn t phi tuyn l it hay tranzito vo nhnh vo ca IC khuch i thut ton. Mch nguyn l c biu din trn hnh 4-17. R R ID IC T _ _ U1 U1 U0 U0 + + URa URa
a) b) Hnh 4-17 Mch khuych i i loga a) Mch dng it; b) Mch dng tranzito kiu it.
U1 m.UT

Vi mch dng it ta c:

I D = I 0 .e
U1 m.UT

Nn

U ra = R.I 0 .e

Vi mch b ta dng tranzito u theo kiu it, lc : U ra = R.I 0 .e

U1 UT

4.8. MCH NHN TNG T

Mch nhn tng t c s quy c trn hnh 4-18. Tn hiu trn u ra ca n t l vi tch cc tn hiu t ln hai u vo.
X Y Hnh 4-18 S quy c ca mch nhn tng t. k Z

79

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton Z = k.X.Y. Trong : X, Y - cc tn hiu vo. Z - tn hiu ra k - h s t l cn gi l h s truyn t ca mch nhn. Mch nhn in p l tng c tr khng vo hai ca ZVX, ZVY = v tr khng ra Zr= 0. H s truyn t l tng khng ph thuc vo tn s v tr s cc in p vo UX, UY ngha l k l mt hng s. Mch nhn thc hin bi mch khuch i logarit v i logarit c s khi nh hnh 4-19.
UX
ln Tng UY ln exp UZ

Hnh 4-19 S khi mch nhn dng mch logarit v i logarit.

Gi X= kX.UX Y=kY.UY v Z=kZ.UZ. trong kX, kY, kZ ln lt l h s t l ca cc in p vo UX, UY v in p ra UZ. T mch trn ta c:

U Z = e(ln U X +ln U ) Z =e tc l: kz
Suy ra:
(ln X Y + ln ) kx ky ln

=e

X .Y k x .k y

Z=

kz . X .Y . k x .k y

4.9. MCH SO SNH IN P

Mch so snh in p dng IC khuch i thut ton nh hnh 4-20. l qu trnh so snh bin in p a vo vi mt in p chun (Uch) c cc tnh c th dng hay m. Thng thng in p chun c nh trc c nh.

80

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton

Ur + Uv
_

U0

_ + = Uch Ur

+E +Uramax 0 -E
b)

Uv

Uch

-Uramax

a)

Ur +E Uv +
_

U0 = +

+ Ur 0 -E
- Uch

Uch

+Uramax -Uramax

Uv

c)

d) Hnh 4-20 Mch so snh in p dng IC khuch i thut ton (a, c) v hm truyn t tng ng (b, d).

Trong mch hnh 4-20a, in p vo a ti ca o cn U ch ca thun. Khi UV < Uch th U0< 0 do Ura = +Ura.max Khi UV > Uch th U0 > 0 do Ura= - Ura.max Khi Ura = +Ura.max th ta ni IC bo ho dng. Ura = - Ura.max th ta ni IC bo ho m. V gi tr in p ra bo ho thp hn ngun nui (1 3V) tu vo tng loi IC hnh 4-20b in p vo a a ti ca thun cn in p chun ca o. Trong trng hp ny khi: UV < Uch th Ura = - Ura.max UV > Uch th Ura = +Ura.max. Khi lm vic vi tn hiu xung bin i nhanh cn ch n tnh qun tnh (tr) ca IC thut ton. Vi cc IC thut ton tiu chun hin nay thi gian tng ca in p ra khong V/s. Trong iu kin tt hn nn s dng cc IC chuyn dng c tc chuyn bin nhanh hn nh loi A710, A110, LM310 -339;

81

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton

4.10. MCH LC TCH CC

4.10.1. Khi nim v mch lc tn s Mch lc tn s l mch lc ly tn hiu trong mt hay mt s khong tn s no , cn khong tn s khc lc b i. Phn loi theo di tn ta c mch lc thng thp (ly tn s thp), mch lc thng cao, mch lc thng di v mch lc chn di. Khi biu din mch lc tn s thng qua h s truyn t in p, th c th ni mch lc l tng l mt mng bn cc c mun h s truyn t:
|K| =

1 trong di thng 0 trong di chn

Hnh 4-19 biu din h s truyn t ca cc mch lc trn, trong C l tn s ct. i vi mch lc thng di ta c thm khi nim di thng B v tn s gia 0 v cho c mch lc chn di. t tuyn truyn t mch lc thc c dng nh hnh 4-22 ca mch lc thng thp. y c di thng, di chuyn tip v di chn.

C l tn s ti K0 gim i

2 ln tc gim 3dB.

Yu cu cc mch lc c K trong di thng bng phng, di chuyn tip hp tc c dc cao v di chn c K rt b.

a)

K 1 0 K

K
b)

1 0 K

c)

1 0

d)

1 0

C1

C0

C1

C0

Hnh 4-21 H s truyn t ca mch lc a) Thng thp; b) Thng cao; c) Thng di; d) chn di K Hnh 4-22 c tuyn truyn t thc t ca mch lc thng thp
K0 2

C 0 Di thng Di chuyn tip Di chn

82

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton 4.10.2. Mch lc th ng RC Mch lc th ng RC ta xt hai loi lc thng thp v thng cao. Bc ca loi mch ny c xc nh bng cp o hm cao nht trong hm truyn t ca mch, thng cng chnh l s phn t t in tham gia vo vic lc tn hiu trong mch. a. Mch lc thng thp bc 1 v bc n Mch in nh hnh 4-23. Hm truyn t phc ca mch l:
U1

R C

U2

1 1 j..C K= = 1 1 + j..R.C R+ j..C

Hnh 4-23 Mch lc thng thp th ng RC.

K=

1 1 + j.

K =

1 1+ C
2

vi C =

1 l tn s ct. R.C
2 ln (hoc -3dB)

Khi = C ti K gim i

Vi b lc th ng RC bc n ta c: K =

1 1+ C
2n

Ta thy khi bc cng cao, ngoi di thng > C nn K gim xung cng nhanh, tt nhin mch s phc tp hn v tn hao nhiu. b. Mch lc thng cao bc 1 v bc n Mch lc th ng RC thng cao bc 1 nh hnh 4-24. Hm truyn t ca mch:
C

K=

R 1 R+ j..C 1 c: R.C

= 1+

1 1 j..C.R

u1

u2

vi C =

Hnh 4-24 Mch lc RC thng cao

ln ca hm truyn t:

K=

1 1+ C
2

83

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton Ti C K gim 2 ln tng ng (-3dB). Khi << C th K cng gim nn r rng y l mch lc thng cao. i vi mch lc bc n ta c:

K=

1 1+ C
2n

4.10.3. Mch lc tch cc tn s cao thng dng cc mch lc th ng RLC. tn s thp cc mch lc c in cm qu ln lm cho kt cu nng n v tn km cng nh phm cht ca mch gim. V vy trong phm vi tn s 100kHz ngi ta hay dng b lc khuch i thut ton v mng RC c gi l mch lc tch cc. Khc vi mch lc th ng, mch lc tch cc c c trng bi ba tham s c bn: tn s gii hn C, bc ca b lc v loi b lc. - Tn s gii hn C l tn s ti hm truyn t gim i 3dB so vi tn s trung tm. - Bc ca b lc xc nh dc ca c tuyn bin tn s ngoi di tn. - Loi b lc xc nh dng c tuyn bin tn s xung quanh tn s ct v trong khu vc thng ca mch lc. Cn ch rng mch in ca cc loi b lc th ging nhau, chng ch khc nhau gi tr cc linh kin RC m thi. Ngi ta quan tm n 3 loi b lc: lc Bessel, lc Butterworth v lc Tschebyscheff. tin xt cc mch lc, ta a vo hm truyn t tng qut ca mt mch lc thng thp:

Kd ( p) =
trong : P =

1 + C1. p + C2 . p + C3 . p3 + ... + Cn . p n
2

Kd 0

j.

= j

Ci l cc h s thc, dng. Bc ca b lc chnh l s m ln nht ca p. thc hin b lc thun li ta phn tch mu s ca biu thc trn thnh tch cc tha s:

K d ( p) =

(1 + ai . p + bi . p 2 )

Kd 0

Kd0 - h s truyn t tn s thp. ai, bi - l cc s thc, dng. Vi b lc bc l th c mt h s bi = 0. a. Mch lc tch cc bc mt Loi ny ch dng cho mch lc thng thp hay thng cao. Mch lc thng thp bc mt

84

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton Hm truyn t c dng: K d =

Kd 0 1 + a1 p
C R _ +

_ C +

uV

ur

uV

ur
b)

a)

Hnh 4-25 Mch lc tch cc thng thp bc 1.

Mch in nh hnh 4-25. Vi mch a):

K=

Ur 1 1 = = UV 1 + j..R.C 1 + p.C .R.C

(v

j.

= p)

y Kd0 = 1; a1 = C.RC Bit a1, C; chn R ta c C = Mch b) ta c:

a1 C .R

Kd =

1 1 + p.C .R.C

y Kd0= -1 v a1 = C.RC. Khi bit a1, C v chn R ta cng c: Mch lc tch cc thng cao bc mt

C=

a1 C .R

i ch R v C cho nhau, mch thng thp ta c mch lc tch cc thng cao. Mch nh hnh 4-26.
_ C uv R + C _ + R

ur

uV

ur
b)

a)

Hnh 4-26 Mch lc tch cc thng cao bc 1.

Mch a) c:

K= 1+

1 1 p.C .R.C 85

= 1+

1 1 1 . p C .R.C

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton y: Kd0 = 1 ; a1 =

1 C .R.C R= 1 a1.C.C

Khi bit a1, C v chn C ta tnh c: Mch b:

K = 1+

1 1 p.C .R.C

y:

Kd0 = -1

v tng t khi bit a1, C, chn C ta tnh c R = b. Mch lc tch cc bc hai Mch lc thng thp bc hai

1 . a1CC

Mch lc tch cc thng thp bc hai c cc dng hi tip m mt vng, hi tip m nhiu vng, hi tip dng mt vng nh hnh 4-27. + Xt mch hnh 4-27a ta c hm truyn t (dng phng trnh in th nt):

Kd =

Ur 1 = 2 UV 1 + 2. p.C .R.C1 + p 2 .C .R 2 .C1.C2

2 a1 = 2.C .R.C1 ; b1 = C .R 2 .C1.C2 .

K do = 1 ;

Da vo loi b lc xc nh a1, b1, chn trc C1 theo gi tr chun v tnh R, C2 theo cng thc:

R=

a1 ; 2.C .C1
C1 3 R R C2

C2 =

4.b1.C1 a12

R2 R1 1 R C2 2

C1 _ +
b)

1 R C2 2

uv

_ +
a)

uv ur

ur

Hnh 4-27 Mch lc thng thp bc hai a) hi tip m mt vng. b) hi tip m nhiu vng. c) hi tip dng mt vng.

C2 R1 R2 1 C1
c)

uV

_ +

ur
(K-1)R3 R3

86

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton

+ Vi mch 4-27b:

Kd =

R2 / R1 R .R 1 + p.C .C1 ( R2 + R3 + 2 3 ) + p 2 .C 2 .C1.C2 .R2 .R3 R1 K do = R2 R1

T y xc nh:

R .R a1 = C .C1. R2 + R3 + 2 3 R1

b1 = C 2 .C1.C2 .R2 .R3 .

Cho trc C, Kd0, chn C1 v C2 tnh c:

R2 =

a1.C2 a12 .C22 4.C1.C2 .b1.(1 + K do )

2.C .C1.C2

R1 =

R2 K do

v R3 =

C 2 .C1.C2 .R2

b1

R2 c gi tr thc:

C2 4.b1.(1 + K do ) C1 a12
+ Vi mch 4-27c c hm truyn t:

Kd =

1 + p.C R1.C1 + R2 .C1 + (1 K ) .R1.C2 + p 2 .C 2 .C1.C2 R1R2

n gin chn K=1 khi (1-K) = 0 . Biu thc trn vit li:

Kd =

1 1 + p..C1.( R1 + R2 ) + p 2 ..C1.C2 .R1.R2

Nu cho trc C, C1, C2 ta tnh c Kdo, R1, R2. Kdo = 1

R1,2

a1.C2 a12 .C22 4.b1.C1.C2 = 2.C .C1.C2

R1,2 l s thc cn: Mch lc thng cao bc hai

C1 4.b1 . C2 a12

87

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton Mch lc thng cao bc hai c th dng cc dng thng thp hnh 4-27. Trong phi i ch C v R cho nhau. V d mch lc thng cao bc hai hi tip dng mt vng hnh 4-28. Thay p =1/p, C bi R v R bi C ta c hm truyn t

Kd =

K 1 R (C + C2 ) + R1.C2 .(1 K ) 1 1 1+ . 2 1 + 2. 2 2 C .R1.R2 .C1.C2 p p C .C1 .R1.R2 .C2

Cho K= 1 v C1 = C2 = C ta c:

Kd =

1+

1 2 1 + 2. 2 2 . p C .R1.C p C .C .R1.R2

1 1

R2

uv C1

C2 R1

+ _

ur
(K-1)R3 R3

y K0 = 1

a1 =

2 2 nn R1 = C .R1.C C .a1.C a1 b1 = nn R2 = 2 2 2.C .C.b1 C .C .R1.R2 1

Hnh 4-28 S mch lc thng cao bc hai mt vng hi tip dng.

Mch lc tch cc bc hai thng di

Nu mc ni tip mt mt lc thng thp v mt mt lc thng cao ta nhn c b lc thng di. c tnh tn s l tch tn s ca hai khu lc ring r. K = K1.K2 Mch lc tch cc thng di bc hai nh hnh 4-29.
R1 C1 R3 C2 R2 _ +

c. Mch lc tch cc bc cao Khi cn c tnh bin , tn s ca b lc vung gc ngi ta phi thc hin b lc bc cao. Mun vy mc ni tip cc b lc bc mt v hai bit. Lc c tnh tn s ca mch l tch cc c tnh tn s ca cc mch ring r.

uV

ur

Hnh 4-29 Mch lc thng di.

88

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton

TM TT NI DUNG
Chng ny trnh by cc vn c bn nht ca b khuch i thut ton. Cc thng s ca mt b khuch i thut ton l tng. Cc mch in s dng IC khuch i thut ton: Mch khuch i o. Mch khuch i khng o. Mch cng o v cng thun. Mch tr. Mch vi phn tch phn. Mch to hm loga v i loga. Mch nhn tng t. Cc mch lc tn s

n gin cho vic tnh ton cc mch in s dng IC khuch i thut ton, ngi ta thng tnh vi trng hp IC l l tng. Coi tr khng vo Z v = , nn in p chnh lch gia hai ca U 0 = 0 hay U N = U P .

CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1: Mt b khuch i thut ton l tng c tnh cht: a) ZV = ; Z r = 0; K 0 = b) ZV = 0 ; Z r = 0 ; K 0 = c) ZV = ; Z r = ; K 0 = d) ZV = 0 ; Z r = ; K 0 = Cu 2: H s khuch i ca mch khuch i o dng Op-Amp l:

a ) Ku = c) Ku = 1 +

Rht R1 Rht R1

b) K u = d ) Ku =

R1 Rht

Rht R1

Cu 3: H s khuch i ca mch khuch i khng o dng Op-Amp l:

a ) Ku = c) Ku = 1 +

Rht R1 Rht R1

b) K u = d ) Ku =

R1 Rht

Rht R1

89

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton Cu 4: S mch khuch di o dng Op-Amp l:

_ +
a)

+ _

b)

_ +
c)

+ _

d)

Cu 5: S mch khuch i khng o dng Op-Amp l:

_ + a) _ + c)
+ _

b)

+ _

d)

Cu 6: S mch vi phn dng Op-Amp l:

_ + a) b) + -

_ + c) Cu 7: S mch tch phn dng Op-Amp l: d) _ +

90

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton

_ + a) b)

_ +

_ + c) d)

_ +

Cu 8: S mch to hm logarit dng Op-Amp l:

_ + a)

_ + b)

_ +

_ +

c)

d)

Cu 9: S mch to hm i logarit dng Op-Amp l:

_ + a)

_ + b)

_ +

_ +

c)

d)

91

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton Cu 10: S mch nh hnh 4-31.

_ +

Bit IC l l tng, ngun cung cp cho IC l EC = 12V . V dng in p vo v in p ra khi in p vo l:

uv
= Uch = 3V

ur

uv = 6.sin (100 t )(V )

Cu 11: S mch nh hnh 4-32. Bit IC l l tng, in p ra cc i l:

Hnh 4-31.

U r max = 9V ; U ch = 2V
V dng in p vo v in p ra khi in p vo l:

uv

+ _

= Uch = 3V

ur

uv = 5.sin (1000 t )(V )

Hnh 4-32.

Cu 12: Cho mch in hnh 4-33.

Rht Uv R1 _ + Ur

R1 = 10k ; Rht = 50k E = 15V

a) Xc nh h s khuch i ca mch b) Xc nh tr khng vo ca mch Z v c) Xc nh tr khng ra l tng ca mch.

Hnh 4-33.

d) Xc nh in p vo nh-nh m mch hot ng tuyn tnh. e) Xc nh in p ra vi mi gi tr in p vo: U v = 0, 2V ; 1V ; 2V ; 3V ; 4V ? Cu 13: Cho mch in hnh 4-34.
Rht R1 Uv _ +
Hnh 4-34.

R1 = 12k ; Rht = 180k E = 15V

a) Xc nh h s khuch i ca mch b) Xc nh tr khng vo ca mch Z v c) Xc nh tr khng ra l tng ca mch.

Ur

d) Xc nh in p vo nh-nh m mch hot ng tuyn tnh. e) Xc nh in p ra vi mi gi tr in p vo -0,4V; 0,8V; 1,2V; -1,4V . Cu 14: Cho mch in hnh 4-35 a) Tm biu thc ur theo cc uv v R ?

92

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton b) Tnh ur khi:

R1 = 25k ; R2 = 10k ; R3 = 50k R4 = R6 = 100k ; R5 = 10k ; U1 = 0, 2V ;U 2 = 0,3V ;U 3 = 0,5V

c) Nu tc dng ca R7 , R8 . Tm gi tr ca n mch lm vic tt nht?
U1 U2 R1 R2 R3 _ + R7
Hnh 4-35.

R4 U3 R5 _ + R8

R6

Ur

Cu 15: Cho mch in hnh 4-36.

R1 = 10k ; R2 = 50k
E = 15V
a) Vit biu thc U r theo U v b) Xc nh U r khi + U1 = 4V ;U 2 = 2V ; + U1 = 1V ;U 2 = 5V ; + U1 = 6V ;U 2 = 1V .
U1 U2 R1 R2
Hnh 4-36.

R2 R1 _ + Ur

Cu 16: Cho mch in hnh 4-37.

R = 50k ; R1 = 10k Rht = 30k ; E = 15V

a) Vit biu thc U r theo cc U v . b) Xc nh U r khi U1 = 0,3V ;U 2 = 1V ;U 3 = 2V
U1 U2 U3 R1

Rht _ + R R R
Hnh 4-37.

Ur

93

Chng 4: Mch khuch i thut ton Cu 17: Cho mch in nh hnh 4-38.
U1 U2 U3 R1 R2 R3

Rht = 100k ; R1 = 100k ; R2 = 50k ; R3 = 25k

E = 15V
a) Vit biu thc U r theo U v b) Xc nh U r khi:

Rht _ + Ur

Hnh 4-38.

U1 = 3V ;U 2 = 10V ;U 3 = 7V U1 = 8V ;U 2 = 4V ;U 3 = 5V
R1 U1 U2 _ R2 + Ur C

Cu 18: Cho mch in hnh 4-39

E = 15V
a) Tm U r theo U v b) Xc nh U r khi

U1 = (1 + 10sin100t ) V

Hnh 4-39.

U 2 = 1V ; C = 1 F R1 = R2 = 100k

94

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng

CHNG 5: MCH TO DAO NG GII THIU

Chng ny gii thiu cc mch to dao ng tn hiu hnh sin, to xung vung, xung tam gic, rng ca. to dao ng hnh sin theo phng php truyn thng l s dng mch hi tip dng. C nhiu cch to hi tip dng l dng bin p, hoc dng cc khu RC di pha tn hiu hi tip. to cc xung rng ca ngi ta thng s dng mch c cc t in v in tr v da trn qu trnh phng np ca t in to dng sng theo mong mun. Cc dao ng xung vung c to bng cc mch a hi hoc cng c th c bin i t cc dng sng c chu k khc nh cc mch so snh hay cc trig Schmit. Cc b to sng thng c th to ra cc dng sng khc nhau v thng thng ngi ta ch to mt dng sng c tn s chun v t bin i dng sng ny thnh cc dng sng khc.

NI DUNG
5.1. KHI NIM
Mch to dao ng l mch khi c ngun cung cp n t lm vic cho ra tn hiu dao ng. S tng qut mt mch to dao ng nh hnh 5-1. Mch to dao ng c th phn lm hai loi. Mch to ra tn hiu sin gi l mch to dao ng sin (hay dao ng iu ho). Mch to ra tn hiu xung nh xung vung, xung tam gic... gi l mch to xung.

Mch to dao ng

Ura

Hnh 5-1 S tng qut ca mt mch to dao ng.

Yu cu mch to dao ng to ra tn hiu c bin , tn s n nh cao, t chu nh hng ca mi trng nh nhit , m. t cc yu cu mch to dao ng cn: + Dng ngun n p. + Dng cc phn t c h s nhit nh. + Gim nh hng ca ti n mch to dao ng nh mc thm tng m + Dng cc linh kin c sai s nh. + Dng cc phn t n nhit. c bit khi cn c n nh tn s cao trn 104 ta dng thch anh vo mch to dao f t c 10-6 10-8. ng. Khi sai lch tn s f

95

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng * iu kin dao ng ca mch to dao ng (theo cch truyn thng) l s dng mch hi tip dng. Nh hnh 5-2. Khi U ht = U V th c th chp a vi a vo nhau, v ta khng cn tn hiu vo na m mch t dao ng. Nh vy trong s ny mch ch dao ng tn s m n tho mn:
a a' UV Uht Ura

Hnh 5-2 S khi ca b to dao ng

K . = 1
Hay K. = 1 v = k + = 2.n

y gi l iu kin cn bng bin v cn bng pha ca mch to dao ng.

5.2. MCH TO DAO NG SIN GHP BIN P

Mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p c mch hi tip ghp qua bin p c in tr hnh 5-3. Trong mch R1, R2 l b phn p cp in p mt chiu cho cc gc. R3, C3 l mch n nh nhit. L1, C1 l khung dao ng, L2 l cun ghp ly in p uht, C2 t thot, C4 l t ly tn hiu ra. Do tranzito mc E chung nn ti tn s dao ng c ti l in tr thun, ura ngc pha uvo. V vy m bo iu kin cn bng pha cn u cun L2 ph hp. Tn s dao ng ca mch do mch cng hng cc C quyt nh. fd =
+EC R1 * L2 L1 * C1 C4 R2 C2 C3

ur

Hnh 5-3 Mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p.

1 2. . L1.C1

5.3. MCH DAO NG SIN BA IM

Mch dao ng sin ba im c th dng tranzito hay IC khuch i. Vi mch dng tranzito mc E chung cn IC khuch i thut ton c ca thun ni t. Khung dao ng cha ba phn t in khng th t l X1, X2, X3.
_ X1 X3

uht ur

X1 X3 X2

ur

u ht

X2

Hnh 5-4 S mch dao ng ba im vi thnh phn xoay chiu X2 T mch in ta c: = X1 + X 2

96

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng mch dao ng c cn ng c: X1 + X2 + X3 = 0

+EC R1 C2 L2 L1 C4 R2 C3 R3 C R1 C3 L C2 R3 +EC C5

K . > 1 m K< 0 nn cn < 0 mt khc ti tn s dao

ur

R2

ur
R4 C4 C1
b)

a)

Hnh 5-5 Mch to dao ng ba im in cm (a) v ba im in dung (b).

Kt hp li ta thy X1 + X2 phi khc du v X2, X3 phi cng du, tc l: - Nu X1 l in cm th X2, X3 l t in, ta c mch ba im in dung. - Nu X1 l t in th X2, X3 l in cm, ta c mch ba im in cm. Mch in dng tranzito nh hnh 5-5. Tn s dao ng ca mch 5-5a l: fd =

1 2. . C. ( L1 + L2 )

Tn s dao ng ca mch 5-5b l: fd =

C + C2 1 1 = . 1 2. L.C1.C2 CC 2 L 1 2 C1 + C2

5.4. MCH TO DAO NG SIN GHP RC

Cc mch to dao ng RC thng dng phm vi tn s thp. V nu dng mch LC kch thc qu ln, do in cm L. Trong mch hi tip cha cc phn t RC. 5.4.1. Mch to dao ng dng mch di pha RC trong mch hi tip Mch in dng tranzito v IC khuch i thut ton nh hnh 5-6. Mi khu RC ch to ra mt gc di pha < 900 khi tr s R, C khc khng. V vy m bo v pha mch hi tip t nht phi c ba mt RC. Vi trng hp dng 3 khu RC nh nhau hnh 5-6a cn: R1// R2// rBE = R v R1// R2 = R mch dng IC.

97

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng

+EC R1 C R C R C RC R3 R2

C2

C R

C R1

ur
R2

ub

R3

C1

ur R

ub1

Hnh 5-6.

Tnh ton mch in ny s c: =

1 1 ; dd = 29 6 RC

Theo iu kin cn bng bin K. = 1, ta c K = 29 . 5.4.2. Mch to dao ng dng mch cu Vin Mch ny ly tn hiu uht thng qua mt mch gm hai khu RC mc ni tip (R2 v C2)v song song (R1 v C1). Vi mch ny ta c:
R3 R4

d =

1 R.C 1 3
C1 R1

+ C2 R2

K = 3; =

ur

mch to dao ng c cn chn cc in tr R3, R4 sao cho R4 /R3 = 2.

5.5. MCH DAO NG BNG THCH ANH

5.5.1. Tnh cht v mch tng ng ca thch anh

Hnh 5-7 Mch dao ng cu Vin.

Khi cn mch to dao ng c tn s n nh cao ngi ta thng dng mch to dao ng thch anh. Thch anh c nhng c tnh vt l rt ng qu nh bn c hc cao, t chu nh hng ca nhit v cc tc dng ho hc. Thch anh c tnh cht p in, ngha l di tc dng ca in trng th sinh ra dao ng. Do c th dng thch anh nh mt khung cng hng. Tnh cht dao ng ca thch anh c biu din bi s tng ng hnh 5-8a. trong Lq, Cq v rq ph thuc vo kch thc khi thch anh v cch ct khi thch anh. Thch anh c kch thc cng nh th Lq, Cq v rq cng nh, ngha l tn s cng hng ring ca n cng cao. Lq, Cq, rq c tnh n nh cao. Cp l in dung gi , tnh n nh ca Cp km hn. Ta c :

98

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng

fq =

1 2 . Lq .C q
A

v f p =

1 2

C p + Cq Lq .C q .C p

= fq. 1+

Cq Cp

j.Xq Lq

A Cp B
a)

Cq rq B b)

fq

fP

Hnh 5-8 a) K hiu thch anh. b) S tng ng ca thch anh.

Hnh 5-9 c tnh in khng ca thch anh

5.5.2. Mch in b to dao ng dng thch anh Ngoi cc mch in dao ng dng thch anh nu trong bi ging, th ngay nay ngi ta hay s dng s sau. R1 R2

Hnh 5-10 Mch in to dao ng dng thch anh

A C1 C2 Q

Trong s ny cc cng A v B l cc cng NOT c xy dng t cc cng NAND, y l cng logic c chc nng o tn hiu u vo ca n. Cc cng logic s c nghin cu trong mn hc in t s.

5.6. MCH TO XUNG VUNG

Mch to xung vung c ba loi c bn l mch dao ng a hi, mach a hi i v trig. Hu ht cc mch to xung u li dng qu trnh qu trong mch RC v tranzito ch kho (ch D) hoc khuch i thut ton ch so snh. 5.6.1. Qu trnh qu trong mch RC Mch to xung vung thng c xy dng trn qu trnh phng np ca t in, tn s ca dao ng ca mch ph thuc vo khong thi gian np v phng ca t in.

1 K 2 + _ +

+ _

uC uR

Hnh 5-11 Qu trnh np in trong mch RC

99

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng

uC
a. Qu trnh np in Gi s khi t < 0 t C khng cha in UC = 0. Ti t = 0 kho K ng vo 1, t C np in t ngun E qua in tr R. in p trn t tnh bng: uC = E. 1 e t /
t /

0,95E E 0,05E t

uR
E

tq

t in E/R t 3
Hnh 5-12 th uC, uR, in trong qu trnh t np in.

trong = R.C gi l hng s thi gian ca mch v u R = E uC = Ee

u E t / Dng np in = R = e R R
Gn ng ta c thi gian np in ca t gi gn ng l: tq = t2 t1 3 . b. Qu trnh phng in

Gi thit trc thi im phng in t C c np y uc = E. Ti thi im t = 0 kho K chuyn v 2, t C phng in qua R (t +C qua R n -C). Cc gi tr in p tnh c nh sau:

uC = E.et /

u R = u C = E .e t / ; i p = .e t /
1 K 2 + _ +

E R

uC
E 0,05E t t

uR
E

uC uR

C R

iR

-E t tq 3

-E/R

Hnh 5-13 Qu trnh phng in trong mch RC.

Hnh 5-14 th uC, uR, iR trong qu trnh t phng in.

Sau thi gian 3 qu trnh phng in xem nh chm dt uC = 0, uR = 0, ip = 0. Dng in p uC, uR v iP theo thi gian nh hnh 5-14. 5.6.2. Mch a hi t dao ng a. Mch dng tranzito Mch gm hai tranzito mc theo kiu EC, u ra T1 ghp ti u vo tng T2 qua t C1, cn u ra tng T2 ghp tr li qua t C2. Nh vy mi tng gy di pha mt gc 1800, hai tng di pha 3600, bo m hi tip dng khi mch lm vic.

100

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng

R1
Hnh 5-15 Mch a hi t dao ng.

R2 C1

R3 C2

R4 T2

+E

T1

ur1

ur2

uB1

uB1

Hai tranzito hot ng ch ng v ngt, hai tranzito thay nhau thng (bo ho), v ngt to cho mch c hai trng thi cn bng khng n nh: T1 ngt, T2 thng (bo ho) v T1 thng (bo ho), T2 ngt v t chuyn i trng thi cho nhau, u ra nhn c dy xung vung. iu kin lm vic ca mch xung ra vung, t C np in nhanh hn khi t phng phi c: R1,4<<R3,2 v tranzito khi thng ch bo ho cn R3 1.R1 v R22.R4, trong 1, 2 l h s khuch i dng ca tranzito T1, T2. Khi cn tn s xung ra ln, tranzito thng lm vic ch khuch i, khng p dng iu kin ny. Bin xung ra trong trng hp b hn E. Cc tham s xung ra.

Bin xung ra: U r E

Tn s dao ng ca mch: Vi mch i xng ta c: R1 = R4 = RC; R2 = R3 = RB; C1= C2 = C, cc tranzito T1, T2 cng loi, cng tham s th

f =

1 1 = T 0,7( R3 .C 2 + R2 .C1 )

f =

1 1 = T 1, 4.RB .C

b. Mch dng IC khuch i thut ton Nguyn l hot ng chnh ca mch l da vo s phng v np ca t in theo c hai chiu, kt hp vi b khuch i thut ton hot ng ch so snh. in p trn t khi i qua cc ngng so snh do b phn p in tr R1 v R2 ly in p t u ra a v. Khi UC > U1(+) th u ra lp tc t bin v -Umax, mch chuyn sang trng thi bo ho m. Khi UC < U1(-) th u ra t bin t -Umax v +Umax, mch chuyn sang trng thi bo ho dng ban u. C nh vy mch t lm vic chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc cho dy xung vung u ra. Nu chn R1 = R2 th tn s dao ng ca mch l: f =

1 1 = T 2, 2 R.C

101

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng

R _

uC
U1(+) 0 U1(-) t1

Umax t2 t3 -Umax t1 t2 Umax t t3

uC

+ R1 R2

ur

uP
U1(+) 0 U1(-)

uP

.Umax
t

a)

ur
t1 tX Tra t2

Hnh 5-16 a) B a hi dng khuch i thut ton. b) Gin thi gian ca b a hi.

t3 -Umax

b)

5.6.3. Mch a hi i Mch a hi i c hai trng thi, trong c mt trng thi n nh v mt trng thi khng n nh. Khi c ngun mch trng thi n nh. C xung kch thch mch chuyn sang trng thi khng n nh mt thi gian ri t tr v trng thi n nh ban u ch xung kch thch tip. Nh vy c mt xung vo mch chuyn i trng thi hai ln cho mt xung vung ra. Mch c th dng tranzito hay IC thut ton. Thc cht mch a hi i l mch bin i xung nhn thnh xung vung, tn s xung vung u ra bng vi tn s ca xung nhn u vo.
R D C Cg

uv
t1 Tvo t

_ + R2

ur

uC
uP
-uP t1

uC = uN
t2 tX

Ur max

uV
a)

R1

ur
Urmax t1 t2 -Ur max
b) Hnh 5-17. a) Mch a hi i b) Dng in p

102

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng 5.7.4. Trig Schmit Trig Schmit l mch bin i tn hiu hnh sin thnh xung vung. Mch in gm c IC khuch i thut ton hot ng ch so snh. in p vo a vo ca o, in p ca thun c ly t b phn p R1, R2 t in p u ra a v. Khi in p vo vt qua ngng in p t trn ca thun ca IC th in p u ra lt sang trng thi bo ha ngclii lc trc . V c lun phin nh th u ra s c dng in p xung vung. Mch trig Schmit cn c gi l mch sa xung.
_

uv ur

ur im lt trng thi
Ura max U1(+) U1(-) t

uv

U0

+ R2

uP = u1
a)

R1
b)

Tr

Hnh 5- 18 Trig Schmit v dng in p vo, ra.

5.7. MCH HN CH BIN

Mch hn ch bin cn gi l mch xn bin, trong tn hiu ra Ur lun t l vi tn hiu vo UV nu UV cha vt qu mt mc ngng cho trc, cn khi UV vt qu mc ngng th tn hiu ra Ur lun gi mt gi tr khng i. Cc linh kin tch cc c s dng trong mch hn ch thng l it, tranzito hay IC. Di y ta l cc mch hn ch dng it l tng (tc l cc it m trng thi ngt in tr bng v cng). Tu theo cch mc it l ni tip hay song song vi ti, ngi ta phn bit thnh mch hn ch ni tip hay hn ch song song. Cng c th phn loi theo chc nng hn ch mc trn, hn ch mc di (mt pha) hoc hn ch hai mc (hai pha). Cc mch in hn ch thng s dng cc it lm phn t iu khin vic hn ch bin . R R
uv D + _
b)

ur

uv

D E

E
a)

+ _

ur

R uv D1 E1
c)

Hnh 5-19 Cc mch hn ch: a) Hn ch trn b) Hn ch di. c) Hn ch hai pha.

+ + _ _

D2 E2

ur

103

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng

5.8. MCH TO XUNG RNG CA

Tn hiu xung rng ca c s dng rng ri trong cc thit b in t, chng hn lm tn hiu qut trong cc my hin sng, lm tn hiu so snh bin i in p hay thi gian... Trn hnh 5-20 l mt tn hiu xung rng ca thng thng. N bao gm hai phn r rt: phn bin thin tuyn tnh theo thi gian gi l thi gian qut thun tqt v phn cn li l thi gian qut ngc tqn. Cc mch to tn hiu rng ca phi bo m sao cho thi gian qut thun ln hn rt nhiu thi gian qut ngc. Bin ca xung rng ca l Uq. Trong thc t, phn qut thun ca xung rng ca khng hon ton tuyn tnh. Cc mch to xung rng ca u da theo mt trong ba nguyn l c bn sau: - Np, phng cho t bng mch RC n gin. - Np hoc phng cho t qua ngun dng n nh. - Dng hi tip n nh dng np cho t. 5.8.1. Mch to xung rng ca dng mch RC n gin
uv 0 ur Ur.max 0 Ubh EC

uq
uq

tqt T

tqn

Hnh 5-20 Tn hiu xung rng ca.

R1

+EC

uv

C1

ur

tqt

tqn

Hnh 5-21 Mch to xung rng ca dng mch RC n gin.

Hnh 5-21 l s nguyn l to xung rng ca dng mch RC n gin. Trong mch tranzito hot ng ch kho. Bnh thng, khi khng c xung kch thch, tranzito thng bo ho do c cung cp dng IB kh ln hn in tr R1, v Ur = Uq 0. Khi mch c kch thch xung m, tranzito ngt, t C np in t ngun EC qua R. in p trn t tng dn theo cng thc:

U r = EC (1 e t / R.C )
Khi xung vo kt thc tranzito thng v bo ho tr li, t C phng in nhanh qua tranzito ti gi tr gn bng khng. Thi gian qut thun ca mch bng thi gian tn ti ca xung vo, cn thi gian qut ngc l thi gian phng in ca t C. Nhc im ca loi mch ny l tuyn tnh ca phn qut thun khng cao, do cui dng np cho t gim dn. khc phc nhc im trn, c th s dng ngun dng n nh np cho t.

104

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng 5.8.2. Mch to xung rng ca dng ngun dng in p v dng in trn t in quan h theo cng thc:

uC =

1 idt C

V vy nu dng np cho t ly t mt ngun dng, tc l: trn t s bin i tuyn tnh theo thi gian.

i = I 0 = const ; th in p

uC =

1 I . I 0 dt = 0 .t C C

Mch hnh 5-22 tranzito T1 hot ng nh mt kho in t. Bnh thng khi cha c xung vo do c cp dng IB1 ln nn T1 bo ho, do in p ra gn nh bng khng. Tranzito T2 ng vai tr ngun dng. Nh c it n p DZ nn in p cc gc T2 lun n nh. V vy dng qua T2, IE2 cng nh IC2 c gi tr n nh. Trong khi T1 bo ho, dng IC2 ny bng dng IC1. Khi c xung m vo T1 ngt, t C np in bi dng IC2 v in p trn t tng tuyn tnh theo thi gian:

uq = uC =

E U BE U 1 t 0 iC 2 dt = C C.R2E D C

Khi ht xung kch thch T1 li thng v bo ho, t C phng in nhanh qua T1 lm cho Ur gim xung nhanh chng v in p gn bng khng.
+EC

uV
0 ur Um t

R2 R1 DZ C1 uV T1

RE T2

ur 0 Ubh tqt tqn

Hnh 5-22 Mch to xung rng ca dng ngun dng.

5.8.3. Mch to xung rng ca thm tng khuch i c hi tip. tng tuyn tnh ca ng qut thun, trong mt s mch to xung rng ca ta dng thm mch khch i c hi tip nh trn hnh 5-23 (cn gi l mch qut Bootstrap). Trong mch ny T1 lun thng bo ho khi khng c xung vo, do in p trn t C lun xp x bng khng (UC 0). Lc tn ti mt dng in chy t ngun EC, qua it D, qua R n T1. Tng khuch i T2 mc cc C chung, c o khuch i in p gn bng mt nn in p ra U r U C = 0 , t C0 (c in dung rt ln hn t C) lc ny np in ti gi tr EC, UC 0 = EC.

105

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng Khi c xung kch thch, tranzito T1 ngt, t C bt u c np in bi dng do t C0 phng ra qua R. Theo mc np ca t C, in p ra tng dn v do it ngt. Ta thy dng np cho t C kh n nh nh in p trn t C0 hu nh khng i trong sut thi gian qut thun nn in p ra tuyn tnh. V mt gii tch, c th xc nh dng np cho t C thng qua in p h trn R.

I=

U R U C0 + U r U C = R R
uV D C0 T2 C RE +EC 0 ur t

R1

uV

T1

ur 0 Ubh tqt tq t

Hnh 5-23 Mch to xung rng ca thm tng khuch i c hi tip.

Do uC ur nn:

U C 0 EC = R R

Trong qu trnh np:

ur uC =

EC 1 t 0 idt = R.C .t C

Sau khi xung vo kt thc, T1 thng v bo ho tr li, t C phng in qua T1. Khi t C phng in gim xung xp x bng khng it D thng v t C0 li np b sung n gi tr U C 0 = EC ban u. Trong mch ny thi gian qut thun cng bng rng xung vo. Cng c th dng mch tch phn c IC khuch i thut ton to xung rng ca.

5.9. MCH TO TN HIU HN HP

Loi mch ny c s dng trong cc my to sng a chc nng. N c th ng thi to ra ba loi tn hiu xung vung, xung tam gic v in p hnh sin. S khi ca mch c th hin trn hnh 5-32. N gm ba khi chnh l M1, M2 v M3. H kn gm mt mch tch phn (mt mch khuch i thut ton v hai phn t R1C1) phn t chuyn mch M2 (mch khuch i thut ton v mt khu hi tip dng R1, R2) to thnh mt h t dao ng, cho ra hai dng tn hiu: tn hiu tam gic (U1) v tn hiu xung ch nht (U2). M3 l b bin i xung tam gic_hnh sin cho tn hiu u ra U3 l sin. Cc tn hiu ny c cng tn s, dng in p cc u ra nh hnh 525.

106

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng

u2 u2 u1 M3 u3 u3 t Hnh 5-24 S khi b to sng a chc nng. Hnh 5-25 Dng in p cc u ra b to sng a chc nng. u1 t t

M1

M2

5.10. MCH TO DAO NG C TN S IU KHIN BNG IN P (VCO)

Cc mch VCO l cc mch dao ng m tn s c th iu khin c bng in p. Yu cu chung i vi cc mch to dao ng c tn s iu khin c l quan h gia in p iu khin v tn s dy xung ra phi tuyn tnh. Ngoi ra mch phi c n nh tn s cao, di bin i ca tn s theo in p rng, n gin, d iu chnh. V nguyn tc, c th dng mt mch to dao ng m tn s dao ng ca n c th bin thin c trong phm vi 10% n 50% xung quanh tn s dao ng t do f0. Tuy nhin ngi ta thng dng cc b to xung ch nht hn c, v loi ny c th lm vic trong phm vi tn s kh rng (1MHz 100MHz). Trong phm vi (150MHz) thng dng cc mch to dao ng a hi. Cc b to dao ng iu khin bng dng in u vit hn cc b to dao ng iu khin bng in p ch: n c phm vi tuyn tnh ca c tuyn truyn t rng hn. Khi ni u iu khin vi EC th y l mt mch dao ng a hi thng thng. Khi tch ra v t in p iu khin vo u Ud th tn s dy xung ra bin thin theo Ud.

TM TT NI DUNG
Chng ny trnh by cc mch to dao ng vi cc dng sng khc nhau. Trong cc mch to dao ng hnh sin bao gm: Mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p. Mch to sin ba im: Ba im in dung, ba im in cm. Mch to dao ng sin dng RC trong khu hi tip v mch cu Vin.

Cc mch to xung vung v xung rng ca da trn qu trnh phng v np ca t in. Cc mch in to xung vung bao gm: Mch a hi dng tranzito, dng IC khuch i thut ton. Cc mch a hi i (thc cht l to xung vung t cc xung nhn). Trig Schmit.

Cc mch to xung rng ca:

107

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng Mch to xung rng ca dng RC n gin. Mch to xung rng ca dng ngun dng. Mch to xung rng ca c thm tng khuch i c hi tip.

Tn s dao ng ca cc mch to xung vung v xung rng ca c tnh theo thi gian phng v np ca t in, tc l n ph thuc vo gi tr in dung ca t in v gi tr ca in tr phng np.

CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1: iu kin mch to dao ng s dng hi tip dng l: a) K . = 1 v = k + = 2n b) K . = 1 v = k + = ( 2n + 1) c) K . < 1 v = k + = ( 2n + 1) d) K . < 1 v = k + = 2n Cu 2: iu kin mch to dao ng sin 3 im lm vic c l: a)

X1 + X 2 X 3 = 0

b) X1 + X 2 + X 3 = 0 c)

X1 X 2 + X 3 = 0

d) X1 + X 2 + X 3 > 0 Cu 3: Mch dao ng 3 im in cm c: a)

X1 l in cm v X 2 , X 3 l t in.
R3 R1 _ +

b) X1 l t in v X 2 , X 3 l in cm. c)

X 2 l in cm v X1, X 3 l t in.

d) X 2 l t in v X1 , X 3 l in cm. Cu 4: Mch dao ng 3 im dung cm c: a)

X1 l in cm v X 2 , X 3 l t in.
C L

b) X1 l t in v X 2 , X 3 l in cm. c)

R3

X 2 l in cm v X1, X 3 l t in.
Hnh 5-26

d) X 2 l t in v X1 , X 3 l in cm. Cu 5: cho mch in nh hnh 5-26. a) Gii thch nguyn l lm vic ca mch trn.

108

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng b) Tm iu kin dao ng Cho R1= R2= R3=1k; Q =100; fd = fch= 100kHz; Tm L, C ?

Cu 6: Cho mch in hnh 5-27. E = 15V a) Gii thch mch in, v dng tn hiu ra theo t. b) Cho f dd = 1kHz; R = 1k , tnh cc gi tr linh kin cn li. Tm khong fdd khi cc t C cng bin i Cmin Cmax.
C R C R C R1 _ +

Rht

Hnh 5-27.

Rht R1 _ + C R C R

Cu 7: Cho mch in nh hnh 5-28.

R = 15k ; C = 0, 02 F R1 = 10k ; E = 15V

a) V dng tn hiu ra theo t. b) Tm tn s dao ng ca mch. c) Tm tr s ca Rht cn thit. Cu 8: Cho mch in nh hnh 5-29.
Hnh 5-28.

Rht R1 _ + C R C R

R1 = 22k ; C = 0, 01 F ; E = 15V
fd bin i t 100Hz n 1kHz. a) Tm tr s cn thit ca Rht. b) Tm khong bin i cn thit ca R

Cu 9: Cho mch in nh hnh 5-30.

Hnh 5-29. R

R1 = R2 = 15k ; R = 18k C = 0, 068 F ; E = 15V

a) V dng tn hiu ra theo t.

_ +

109

R2 R1

Chng 5: Mch to dao ng b) Xc nh bin U r max c) Xc nh T , fd d) Xc nh in p hi tip.

Hnh 5-30.

Cu 10: Cho mch in nh hnh 5-31.

VR4 C _ +

R3

R1 = R2 = 20k ; R3 = 1,8k VR4 = 100k . C = 0, 024 F ; E = 15V

a) V dng t/hiu ra theo t b) Xc nh bin Urmax c) Xc nh khong fd khi iu chnh VR4

R2 R1
Hnh 5-31.

Cu 11: Cho mch in nh hnh 5-32. Bit U r max = 11V V dng in p vo vo ra in p ra, bit

uv
R

ur
R

uv ( t ) = 8sin (100 t ) V
Hnh 5-32.

Cu 12: Cho mch in nh hnh 5-33. Bit E1 = 5V ; E2 = 3V V hm truyn t v dng sng ur khi uv = 8sin (100t ) V
uv R D1 E1 + + _ _ D2 E2

ur

Hnh 5-33.

110

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s

CHNG 6: CC MCH BIN I TN S GII THIU

Trong k thut thng tin v tuyn in, khi mun truyn thng tin i xa ngi ta phi chuyn tn s ca tn hiu tin tc ln mt tn s cao hn rt nhiu l v cng sut ca sng in t khi bc x ra t l vi tn s ca sng. Do vy vi tin tc c tn s thp th kh nng bc x rt yu v khng c kh nng truyn i xa. Phng php thc hin chuyn ph ca tn hiu tin tc ln vng c tn s cao hn l iu ch (iu ch bin , iu tn, iu pha), cc mch trn tn. pha my thu phi c mt qu trnh chuyn i ngc li, tc l chuyn ph tn hiu tin tc ang tn s cao v ng vi tn s gc ban u, qu trnh l tch sng (gii iu ch). Vi mi kiu iu ch s c cc mch tch sng tng ng. Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp kh thc hin vic chuyn ph tn s mt ln n ng tn s mong mun, ngi ta thng dng cc mch trn tn. Trong cc my thu i tn thng thng cng s dng cc mch trn tn chuyn tn s sng mang (tn s cao) v mt tn s trung gian (tn s trung tn), sau khuch i tn hiu ln nhiu ln trc khi a vo mch tch sng. Tt c cc qu trnh bin i tn s u da vo mt tnh cht rt quan trng ca linh kin bn dn l tnh cht phi tuyn. Tnh cht phi tuyn y c hiu l khi chng ta tc ng mt tn s f v linh kin bn dn th n s cho ra nhiu tn s l bi ca f tc l nf vi n = 1, 2, 3,..

NI DUNG
6.1. KHI NIM V IU CH
iu ch l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo dao ng cao tn nh bin i mt thng s no nh bin , tn s hay gc pha ca dao ng cao tn theo tin tc. Thng qua iu ch, tin tc min tn s thp c chuyn ln vng tn s cao bc x truyn i xa. - Tin tc c gi l tn hiu iu ch. - Dao ng cao tn c gi l ti tin hay ti tn. - Dao ng cao tn mang tin tc gi l dao ng cao tn iu ch. i vi ti tin iu ho, ta phn bit ra hai loi iu ch l iu bin v iu ch gc, trong iu ch gc bao gm c iu tn v iu pha.

111

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s

6.2. IU BIN
6.2.1. Ph ca tn hiu iu bin iu bin l qu trnh lm cho bin ti tn hiu bin i theo tin tc. n gin, gi thit tin tc uS v ti tin ut u l dao ng iu ho v tn s tin tc bin thin t Smin Smax, ta c:

u S = U S .cos S t u t = U t . cos t t
Do tn hiu iu bin: ub = U t + U S .cos S .t .cos t .t = U t . (1 + m.cos s .t ) .cos t .t trong : m = v

t >> S

US l h s iu ch (hay su iu ch). Ut

H s iu ch phi tho mn iu kin m 1 . Khi m > 1 th mch c hin tng qu iu ch lm cho tn hiu b mo trm trng. (hnh 6-1). p dng bin i lng gic ta c:

ub = U t cos t t +

mU t mU t cos(t + S )t + cos(t S )t 2 2

Nh vy, ngoi thnh phn ti tin, tn hiu iu khin cn c hai bin tn. Bin tn trn c tn s t (1 + Smin) n (1 + Smax) v bin tn di t (1-Smin) n (1 - Smax).

uS

uS t

0 Smin Smax a)

ut

ub

ut

0 ub

t-Smax
b)

t-Smin t+Smin t+Smax

0 m<1 ub

Hnh 6-1 Tn hiu iu bin a) Ph ca tin tc; b) Ph ca tn hiu iu bin; c) th thi gian ca tin tc v tn hiu iu bin khi m <1 v m >1

t m>1

112

c)

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s 6.2.2. Quan h nng lng trong iu bin Trong tn hiu iu bin, cc bin tn cha tin tc, cn ti tin khng mang tin tc. Ta xt xem nng lng c phn b th no trong tn hiu iu bin. Cng sut ca ti tin: l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k ti tin.

1 2 P~ t ~ (t l) U t 2
Cng sut bin tn:

P~ bt ~ (

m.U t 2 ) /2 2

Cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k ca tn hiu iu ch.

P~ db = P~ t + 2 P~ bt = P~ t ( 1 +

m2 ) 2

Ta thy rng cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin ph thuc vo h s iu ch m. H s iu ch m cng ln th cng sut tn hiu iu bin cng ln. Khi m =1 th ta c quan h cng sut hai bin tn v ti tn nh sau:

2 P~bt =

P~ t 2

gim mo h s iu ch m < 1 do cng sut cc bin tn thc t ch khong mt phn ba cng sut ti tin. Ngha l phn ln cng sut pht x c phn b cho ti tin, cn cng sut ca tin tc ch chim phn nh. l nhc im ca tn hiu iu bin so vi tn hiu n bin. 6.2.3. Cc ch tiu c bn ca tn hiu iu bin a. H s mo phi tuyn
m

k=

2 I ( t 2 S ) + I (2 t 3 S ) + ...

I ( t S )
0

m0 fs

I ( t n S ) l thnh phn dng in ng vi

hi bc cao ca tn hiu iu ch.

Hnh 6-2 c tuyn bin -tn s.

I ( t S ) l bin ca cc thnh phn bin tn

(thnh phn sng c bn). gim mo phi tuyn buc phi gim su iu ch. b. H s mo tn s nh gi ta da vo c tuyn bin - tn s m = f( f S ) U =const S H s mo tn s xc nh theo biu thc: M =

m0 hoc MdB = 20lgM. m

113

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s 6.2.4. Cc mch iu bin Cc mch iu bin thng s dng cc phn t bn dn vi tnh cht phi tuyn ca chng. Tnh cht phi tuyn y c hiu l khi chng ta cho hai tn hiu vi hai tn s khc nhau tc ng ln linh kin bn dn th n s sinh ra cc thnh phn l tng v hiu ca cc tn s tc ng.
f1 f2
Linh kin bn dn

nf1 + m f2

V l thuyt th tn hiu u ra c tn s n.f1 + m. f2 vi m, n =1, 2, C cc kiu iu bin nh iu bin cn bng v iu bin vng, iu ch n bin - Mch iu ch n bin ch dng mt phn tr tch cc nh it hoc tranzito. - Mch iu bin cn bng c u im gim c mo phi tuyn. a) iu bin cn bng Theo hnh 6-3a in p t ln cc it D1, D2 ln lt l:

u1 = U S . cos S t + U t . cos t t u 2 = U S . cos S t + U t . cos t t

Dng in qua mi it c biu din theo chui Taylor:

i1 = a 0 + a1 .u1 + a 2 .u1 + a3 .u1 + ... i2 = a0 + a1 .u 2 + a1 .u 2 + a3 .u 2 + ...

D1 CB uS CB D2 i2 T2
a)
2 3

i1 ub uS ut

T1 EC

ub

ut

b)

ub

3S

t - S
c)

t + S

2t - S

2t + S

Hnh 6-3 Mch iu bin cn bng a) Dng it; b) Dng tranzito; c) Ph tn hiu ra

114

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s Dng in ra: i = i1 i2

i = A.cos S t + B.cos 3S t + C.[cos(t + S )t + cos(t S )t] +

+ D.[cos(2t + S )t + cos(2t S )t]

trong :

1 A = US + (2 a1 + 3a3 ).Ut 2 + .a3 .US 2 ; 2 3 .a3 .US .Ut . C = 2.a2 .US .Ut ; D = 2
b) Mch iu ch vng

B = 1 2 .a3 .US 3

Mch iu ch vng: thc cht l hai mch iu ch cn bng chung ti. Gi dng in ra ca mch iu ch cn bng D1, D2 l iI v dng in ra ca mch iu ch cn bng D3, D4 l iII. Vi mch iu ch kiu ny ta c c: ib = 2.C.[cos(t + S )t + cos(t S )t ]
D1

uS

CB CB

D3

t-S

t+S

ub
D4 D2 0

ut

Hnh 6-4 Mch iu ch vng v dng ph tng ng.

iu ch vng cho mo nh nht v n kh c cc hi bc l ca S v cc bin tn 2t. c) iu ch n bin - Khi nim: Ph ca tn hiu iu bin gm ti tn v hai bin tn, trong ch c bin tn mang tin tc. V hai di bin tn mang tin tc nh nhau nn ch cn truyn i mt bin tn l thng tin v tin tc. Ti tn ch cn dng tch sng, do c th nn ton b hoc mt phn ti tn trc khi truyn i. Qu trnh iu ch nhm to ra mt di bin tn gi l iu ch n bin. iu ch n bin tuy tn km nhng c cc u im sau: + rng di tn gim mt na. + Cng sut bc x yu cu thp hn cng vi mt c ly thng tin. V c th tp trung cng sut ca ti tn v mt bin tn cho bin tn cn li. + Tp m u thu gim do di tn ca tn hiu hp hn.

115

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s Biu thc ca tn hiu iu ch n bin trn l:

u db ( t ) =
trong k =

k .U t .cos( t + S )t 2

US c gi l h s nn ti tin, k c th nhn cc gi tr t 0 . Ut

- iu ch n bin theo phng php lc. T s phn tch ph ca tn hiu iu bin r rng mun c tn hiu n bin ta ch cn lc bt mt di bin tn. Nhng thc t khng lm c nh vy. Khi ti tn l cao tn th vn lc tch ra mt di bin tn gp kh khn. Tht vy, gi thit tn s thp nht ca tin tc fSmin = 200Hz, lc khong cch gia hai bin tn l f = 2fSmin = 400Hz (xem hnh 6-1b). Nu f ti tn ft=10MHz th h s lc ca b lc X = = 4.10 5 , kh nh. Khi s phn b ca hai ft bin tn gn nhau n ni ngay dng mt mch lc Thch anh cng rt kh lc c di bin tn mong mun. Do trong phng php lc, ngi ta dng mt b bin i trung gian c th h thp yu cu i vi b lc.

uS
A

CB1 ft1
To dao ng 1

ft1 fS B

Lc I

ft1 + fS C

CB2 ft2
To dao ng 2

ft2 (ft1+fS)

Lc II

ft2+ft1+fS D

Hnh 6-5 S khi mch iu ch n bin bng phng php lc.

6.3. IU TN V IU PHA
Cc cng thc c bn v quan h gia iu tn v iu pha V gia tn s v gc pha ca mt dao ng c quan h nh biu thc sau, nn d dng chuyn i s bin thin tn s thnh bin thin v pha v ngc li.

d dt

iu tn v iu pha l ghi tin tc vo ti tin lm cho tn s hoc pha tc thi ca ti tin bin thin theo dng tn hiu iu ch. Khi iu ch tn s hoc iu ch pha th tn s hoc gc pha ca dao ng cao tn bin thin t l vi tn hiu iu ch v chng c xc nh ln lt theo biu thc:

(t ) = t + k dt .U S cos S t = t + m .cos S t
Trong : t l tn s trung tn ca tn hiu iu tn

(t ) = o + k dp .U S cos S t = 0 + m .cos S t

116

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s kt .U S = m v gi l lng di tn cc i. kp .U S = m v gi l lng di pha cc i. Biu thc ca dao ng iu tn: ut = U t .cos(t t +

.sin S t + 0 )

Biu thc dao ng iu pha khi = t = const. up = U t .cos(t t + m .cos S t + 0 ) Lng di pha t c khi iu pha = m . cos S t tng ng c lng di tn l:

d ( ) = m . S . sin S t dt

Nh vy ta thy iu tn v iu pha u lm cho gc pha thay i nn thng gi chung l iu ch gc. im khc nhau c bn gia iu tn v iu pha l lng di tn khi iu pha t l vi bin ca tn hiu iu ch v tn s iu ch, cn lng di tn ca tn hiu iu tn t l vi tn hiu iu ch m thi.

6.4. MCH IU TN V IU PHA

6.4.1. Mch iu tn C th dng mch iu tn trc tip hay iu tn gin tip. Mch iu tn trc tip thng c thc hin bi cc mch tao dao ng m tn s dao ng ring ca n c iu khin bng in p (VCO) hoc bi cc mch bin i in p - tn s. Nguyn tc thc hin iu tn trong cc b to dao ng l lm bin i tr s in khng ca b to dao ng theo in p t vo. Phng php ph bin nht l dng it bin dung (varicap) v tranzito in khng. a) Mch iu tn trc tip dng it bin dung. it bin dung c in dung mt ghp bin i theo in p t vo. CD c xc nh theo biu thc:

CD =
trong

k (u D + k )

k - h s t l.

k - hiu in th tip xc mt ghp, vi it Silic k 0,7V

- h s ph thuc vt liu. Mc it song song vi h to dao ng ca b to dao ng, ng thi t in p iu ch ln it th CD thay i theo in p iu ch, do tn s cng hng ring ca b to dao ng cng bin i theo. Trn hnh 6-6b l mch in b to dao ng iu tn bng it bin dung. Trong mch in ny it c phn cc ngc bi ngun E2.

117

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s Tn s dao ng ca mch gn bng tn s cng hng ring ca h dao ng v c xc nh nh sau:

f dd =
in p t ln it:

1 2 . L3 .( C + C D )
uD = ut uS E0 = U t .cos t t U S .cos S t E0

it lun c phn cc ngc cn tho mn iu kin:

u D = u D min = U t U S E 0 U ngcp
Nguyn l hot ng chnh ca mch l khi c in p tin tc us tc ng vo n s tc ng mt in p ngc ln it bin dung D v t gi tr in dung ca it s thay i lm cho tn s cng hng ca mch thay i.
+E1 RD R1 R3 CD
a)

L1

C1 +E L2 L2 C D

uS
L4 R5 L5

R2

R4

C2 C3
b)

C4

E0

Hnh 6-6 Mch iu tn dng it bin dung. a) S tng ng ca it. b) Mch to dao ng iu tn bng it bin dung.

Khi iu tn bng it bin dung phi ch nhng c im sau: - Ch phn cc ngc cho it trnh nh hng ca RD n phm cht ca h to dao ng ngha l n n nh tn s ca mch. - Phi hn ch khu vc lm vic trong on tuyn tnh ca c tuyn CD = f(ud) ca it bin dung gim mo phi tuyn. Lng di tn tng i khi iu tn dng it bin dung t c khong 1%. - V dng it iu tn nn thit b iu tn c kch thc nh. C th dng it bn dn iu tn tn s siu cao, khong vi trm MHz. Tuy nhin tp tn ca tham s bn dn ln, nn km n nh. b) iu tn dng tranzitoin khng. Phn t in khng dung tnh hoc cm tnh c mc song song vi h dao ng ca b to dao ng lm cho tn s dao ng thay i theo tn hiu iu ch. Phn t in khng c thc hin nh mt mch di pha mc trong mch hi tip ca mt tranzito.

118

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s

C1 LC R T1 Lk Ck L1 C4 R3 +EC

T2 Lxh

uS

C3 R1 R2

Hnh 6-7 S b iu tn bng phn t in khng. Cc t in t C1 C4 l t ngn mch cao tn; LC: cun chn cao tn

Phn t in khng l phn p RC. Trong T1 l tranzito in khng, T2 l tranzito dao ng. Tranzito in khng c mc mt phn (trn L1) vi h dao ng. Cng c th mc hai tranzito in khng thnh mt mch y ko tng lng di tn. 6.4.2. Mch iu pha Mch iu ch pha theo ArmStrong hnh 6-8 c thc hin theo nguyn l: ti tin t b to dao ng thch anh c a n b iu bin 1 (B1) v iu bin 2 (B2) lch pha nhau 900, cn tn hiu iu ch uS a n hai mch iu bin ngc pha.

uts1

B1

ub1 ut1
Di pha 900

uS uts2

Tng

Tn hiu iu pha

B2

ub2

Hnh 6-8 S khi mch iu pha theo ArmStrong

in p u ra trn hai b iu bin l: ub1 = U t1.(1 + m.cos S t ).cos t t = U t1.cos t t + ub2 = U t 2 .(1 m.cos S t ).sin t t = U t 2 .sin t t

mU t1 . .[cos(t + S )t + cos(t S )t ] 2

mU t 2 . .[sin(t + S )t + sin(t S )t ] 2

119

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s in p up = ub1 + ub2. iu c gii thch bng th vect.

u db2

m.Ut 2
Hnh 6-9 th vect ca tn hiu iu pha theo mch Arstrong.

m.Ut 2

m.Ut1 m.Ut1

6.5. TCH SNG

6.5.1. Khi nim

Ut 1

u db1

Tch sng l qu trnh ly li tn hiu iu ch. Tn hiu sau tch sng phi ging dng tn hiu ban u. Thc t tn hiu iu ch uS sau khi qua iu ch v qua knh thng tin a n b tch sng b mo dng thnh uS'. Do mo phi tuyn trong b tch sng, nn sau khi tch sng ta li nhn c uS" khc dng uS'. Nh vy tn hiu sau tch sng thng khc dng tn hiu nguyn thu uS'. V vy mt trong nhng yu cu c bn ca qu trnh tch sng l mo phi tuyn nh. Tng ng vi cc loi iu ch, ta cng c cc mch tch sng sau y: tch sng iu bin, tch sng iu tn, tch sng iu pha. 6.5.2. Tch sng bin a. Cc tham s c bn + H s tch sng

K TS =

U RTS U VTS

Trong U VTS ( t ) v U RTS ( t ) u gm c thnh phn mt chiu v thnh phn bin thin
chm theo thi gian:
' UVTS ( t ) = U0 + u'S U ( t ) = U '' + u' RTS

- Thc t, i vi qu trnh tch sng ch cn quan tm n thnh phn bin thin chm (mang tin tc) m thi, do thng xc nh h s tch sng nh sau:

K TS =

'' US ' US

+ Tr khng vo b tch sng:

ZVTS =

UVTS U t = I VTS I t

120

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s + Mo phi tuyn: k =

2 + 2 + ... I2s I3s .100% I

S

trong 2S , 3 S ... l thnh phn dng in cc sng hi ca tn hiu iu ch xut hin I I khi qua mch tch sng. y khng quan tm n cc sng hi dng in cao tn v d dng lc b chng. b) Mch in b tch sng bin Xt mch tch sng bin dng mch chnh lu mc ni tip hnh 6-10. Nu tn hiu vo ln sao cho it lm vic trong on thng ca c tuyn nh trn hnh 6-11 ta c qu trnh tch sng tn hiu ln.
D ub= u'S C R ub= u'S C D R u''S

u''S

a)

b)

Hnh 6-10 S tch sng bin bng mch chnh lu. a) Tch sng ni tip. b) Tch sng song song

Trong cc s hnh 6-9 it ch thng i vi na chu k dng ca dao ng cao tn phn u vo. Hnh bao ca dao ng nhn c nh s phng np ca t C (hnh 6-10).

iD

iD

0 0

uD ub

Hnh 6-11 Qu trnh tch sng tn hiu ln nh mch chnh lu dng it t

Trong cc s hnh 6-12 phi chn hng s thi gian = RC ln sao cho dng in p ra ti gn vi dng hnh bao ca in p cao tn u vo. Thng thng bin in p vo ln hn 1 vn hiu dng v R >>Ri, RV th c th tch sng c in p nh. Tuy nhin cng khng c chn qu ln trnh mo do in dung ti gy ra. iu kin tng qut chn l:

121

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s

<< = R.C <<

uc

Trng hp chn C ln qu s gy mo tn hiu nh hnh 6-13.

t
0 2 Hnh 6-12 th thi gian in p ra uC trn ti b tch sng ni tip.

Hnh 6-13 Hin tng mo tn hiu tch sng do ti in dung qu ln.

Thc t thng chn RC theo iu kin:

10

< R.C <

S max

Mun d dng tho mn cn t 100 S max

6.6. TCH SNG IU TN V IU PHA

Tch sng iu tn v iu pha thng c thc hin theo mt trong nhng nguyn tc sau: Bin i tn hiu iu tn hoc iu pha thnh tn hiu iu bin ri thc hin tch sng bin . Bin i tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu iu ch rng xung ri thc hin tch sng tn hiu iu ch rng xung nh mch tch phn. Lm cho tn s tn hiu cn tch sng bm theo tn s ca mt b to dao ng nh h thng vng gi pha PLL, in p sai s chnh l in p cn tch sng.

Ta xt mt s mch c th: 6.6.1. Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch lch cng hng Hnh 6-14 l s mch tch sng iu tn s dng mch lch cng hng. u vo hai b tch sng bin (D1D2) l hai mch cng hng c iu chnh ti cc tn s 1 v 2. Nu gi tn s trung tm ca tn hiu iu tn u vo l 1 = t th: 1 = 0 + ; 2 = 0 .

122

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s

M ut 1 2

U1

D1

C C

R R

uS1 uS uS2

U2

D2

Hnh 6-14 Mch in b tch sng iu tn dng mch lch cng hng. S iu chun mch cng hng lch khi tn s trung bnh ca tn hiu vo lm bin in p vo ca hai b tch sng bin (U1, U2) thay i ph thuc vo tn s in p vo.

Tch sng dng mch lch cng hng c nhc im l kh iu chnh cho hai mch cng hng hon ton i xng nn t c dng. 6.6.2. Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp hnh 6-15. Mch in lm vic theo nguyn tc chuyn bin thin tn s thnh bin thin v pha, sau thc hin tch sng pha nh tch sng bin .
Cgh D1 U21 U22 R C us R D2 C

ut

C1

L1 L2

Lc

Hnh 6-15 Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp.

Tch sng dng mch cng hng ghp t gy mo v d iu chnh v c hai mch u cng hng tn s f0. Tuy nhin in p ra trong b tch sng ny va ph thuc tn s va ph thuc bin tn hiu vo U 1 nn n sinh ra nhiu bin . khc phc nhc im ny, phi t trc mch tch sng mt mch hn ch bin . 6.6.3. Mch tch sng t s Mch tch sng iu tn t s c s hnh 6-16. Cc it tch sng c mc ni tip nhau. ut Mch va lm nhim v tch sng va lm nhim v hn ch bin . B tch sng t s khng c phn ng vi cc bin thin v bin u vo nn trnh c nhiu bin .
D1 C

uS uS
C1

R R

U1

U2
D2 C

U0

uS
Hnh 6-16 S mch tch sng t s.

123

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s 6.6.4. Mch tch sng pha cn bng dng it Mch tch sng pha cn bng l hai mch tch sng bin dng it ghp vi nhau hnh 6-17. Tn hiu cn tch sng chnh l tn hiu iu pha, udp c so snh v pha vi mt dao ng chun uch. Biu thc udp v uch nh sau:

udp = U1 .cos[ 01t + (t ) + 01 ] = U1 .cos 1(t ) uch = U2 .cos[ 02 t + 02 ] = U2 .cos 2 (t )

in p t ln hai b tch sng tng ng l:

u D1 = U 1 . cos[ 01t + ( t ) + 01 ] + U 2 .cos[ 02 t + 02 ] u D 2 = U 1 . cos[ 01t + ( t ) + 01 ] + U 2 . cos[ 02 t + 02 ]

Thay vo ta c:

uS =

uS 1 uS 2 U0 uS 1 uS 2 = . 2 2 uS 1 + uS 2

Hay

uS 1 1 U0 uS 2 uS = . 2 uS 1 + 1 uS 2
uS = uS1 - uS2

in p ra trn b tch sng:

2 uS = K TS .[ U12 + U2 + 2.U1 .U2 .cos ( t ) U12 + U2 2.U1 .U2 cos ( t )

+ _

D1

uS1

C uS C

up
+ _

U1

D2
+ _

uS2

U D1

U2

U1 U D2

uch

a)

b)

Hnh 6-17: a) Mch in b tch sng iu pha dng it. b) th vect ca cc in p.

Vy tr s tc thi ca in p ra trn b tch sng ph thuc hiu pha ca tn hiu iu pha v tn hiu chun. Trng hp 01 = 02 v 01 = 02 th in p ra ch cn ph thuc vo pha ca tn hiu vo (t).

124

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s

6.7. MCH IU CH XUNG

iu ch xung thc hin khi tch sng mang ut l cc xung cao tn. Trong iu ch xung c th thc hin iu bin xung, iu ch rng xung, iu pha xung, nhng iu bin xung t dng v tnh chng nhiu km. S khi mch iu ch xung c m t hnh 6-18. Tn hiu iu rng xung (RX) v tn hiu iu pha xung (PX) hnh 6-19.
ut
Mch tng ua Mch hn ch ub Mch sa xung uRX Mch vi phn v hn ch uPX

uS Hnh 6-18 S khi mch iu ch xung.

Cho ut l dy xung tam gic cao tn cn uS l tin tc. Sau mch tng ta c in p ua l dy xung tam gic bin i theo uS. Qua mch hn ch hai pha mc khng v mc +E cho dy xung hnh thang vung c rng thay i theo uS(ub). Dy xung ny qua mch sa xung c dy xung vung c bin khng i, rng thay i theo uS, l tn hiu iu rng xung uRX. c tn hiu iu pha xung cho dy xung vung trn qua mch vi phn v hn ch di ta c dy xung c bin , rng khng i xut hin sm mun theo uS, l tn hiu iu pha xung uRX.
uS

ut

t u E t uRX t

uPX

t Hnh 6-19 Tn hiu iu rng xung v iu pha xung.

6.8. TRN TN, NHN TN, CHIA TN

6.8.1. Trn tn a. nh ngha

125

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s Trn tn l qu trnh tc dng vo hai tn hiu sao cho trn u ra b trn tn nhn c cc thnh phn tn s tng v hiu ca hai tn hiu (thng ly hiu tn s). Thng thng mt trong hai tn hiu l n m (c mt vch ph), tn hiu gi l tn hiu ngoi sai v c tn s fns. Tn hiu cn li l tn hiu hu ch vi tn s fth c nh hoc bin thin trong mt phm vi no . Tn hiu c tn s mong mun u ra c tch nh b lc, tn s ca n thng c gi l tn s trung gian ftg. thc hin trn tn phi dng phn t phi tuyn (cc linh kin bn dn) hoc dng phn t tuyn tnh tham s. b) Nguyn l trn tn Gi thit c tuyn ca phn t phi tuyn c biu din theo chui Taylor sau y:

i = a 0 + a1 .u + a 2 .u 2 + ... + a n .u n + ...
trong u l phn in p t ln phn t phi tuyn trn tn. Trong trng hp ny u = uns + uth Gi thit

u ns = U ns .cos ns t u th = U th . cos th t

Thay vo biu thc ca i v bin i th biu thc cui cng s cha tn hiu mt chiu, thnh phn c bn ns, th; cc thnh phn tn s tng v hiu ns th, thnh phn bc cao 2ns, 2th. Ngoi ra trong dng in cn c cc thnh phn bc cao:

= n ns m th
trong n, m l nhng s nguyn dng. Nu trn u ra b trn tn ly tn hiu c tn s = ns - th, ngha l chn n = m = 1 th ta c trn tn n gin. C trng hp ly = n.ns - th vi n 2 ta c trn tn t hp. Trn tn c dng trong my thu i tn. Nh b trn tn, mch cng hng ca cc tng trung gian ca my thu tn c iu chnh cng hng mt tn s c nh. Tn s ngoi sai c ng chun vi tn s tn hiu vo sao cho ftg = fns - fth = const. c) Mch trn tn: (c th dng it, tranzito hay IC) Mch trn tn dng it. Mch trn tn dng it c dng rng ri mi tn s c bit phm vi tn s cao (trn 1GHz). Mch trn tn dng it c nhc im l lm suy gim tn hiu. Mch trn tn dng it c biu din trn hnh 6-20.
D

U th
Hnh 6-20 Mch trn tn dng it. a)

U tg

126

U ns

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s

in p uth v uns c cng trn it do tnh cht phi tuyn ca it, trong mch s xut hin cc thnh phn tn s l tng v hiu tn s ca uth v uns , tn hiu trung gian u ra c ly t mch cng hng LC vi tn s mong mun. Mch trn tn dng tranzito. u im ca mch trn tn kiu ny l ngoi nhim v trn tn cn khuch i nn tn hiu ra c bin ln. C th dng tranzito trng hay tranzito lng cc trn tn. C th dng cch mc B chung hay E chung. Mch mc B chung dng phm vi tn s cao hay siu cao v tn s gii hn ca n cao. Tuy nhin s ny khuch i khng bng mch E chung. C th dng mch trn tn dng 1 tranzito, hoc y ko hoc y ko kp. Cc kiu trn tn n v nguyn l biu th hnh 6-21. Trn c s c cc mch c th khc nhau.
uth uns b)

uth

uns

a)

uth uns c)

uth

uns

d)

Hnh 6-21 S nguyn l mch trn tn dng tranzito. Mch trn tn dng tranzito n c th.

+EC R1 C1 uth R2 R3 R2 uns C2

+EC

R1 C1 uth

C2

ut

utg

R3

C3

uns

Hnh 6-22 Mch trn tn dng tranzito.

127

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s

+EC R1 C1 uth T1 C3

ut
T2

R3 C2 R4 uns

R2

RE

Hnh 6-23 Mch trn tn dng tranzito mc theo kiu y ko.

mch ny T1, T2 mc C chung i vi uth v uns. Khi uns tng dng iC2 tng uRE tng iC1 gim. Cn khi uth tng dng iC1 tng uRE tng iC2 gim. Nh vy uth v uns to ra dng u ra iC ngc pha nhau, do dng in ra cha tn s ns - th cho ra tn hiu tn s trung gian. Mch trn tn dng tranzito trng Mch trn tn dng tranzito trng cng c kt cu tng t. Mch dng tranzito c hai cc ca nh hnh v. +E
C

C3
Hnh 6-24 Mch trn tn dng tranzito trng c hai cc ca.

utg

uns

C1 C2

uth

R1

R2

R3

C4

6.8.2. Nhn tn Nhn tn l qu trnh bin i tn s khi u vo tn hiu tn s f th u ra c tn s gp n ln tn s u vo vi n l s nguyn v n > 1 Mch nhn tn c dng khi cn tng tn s u ra. V d trong my pht nng cao di tn cng tc ca my v tng tnh n nh tn s. thc hin nhn tn cn. To ra nhng tn hiu nhiu sng hi. Dng mch cng hng lc ly sng hi cn thit.
f
Mch nhn tn

n.f

128

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s Mch nhn tn c th dng it hoc tranzito. B nhn tn dng it lm vic c hiu qu ch phn cc ngc. it c in dung lp chn do c th coi n nh mt t in (it bin dung). Chnh v vy m b nhn tn dng it cn gi l b nhn tn dung tnh. Khi c in p tc dng vo it th in dung thay i nn dng qua n thay i, dng qua n cha nhiu sng hi. Ta dng mch lc ly sng hi cn thit. Thc t thy rng nhn tn dng it bin dung tn hao cng sut khng ng k nn khi nhn hai th hiu sut t 57%, cn nhn ba th hiu sut thp. Mch in nguyn l. Mch cng hng bn tri cng hng tn s tn hiu vo 1 cn mch cng hng bn phi cng hng tn s n1. Mch nhn tn dng tranzito lm vic ch C. Mun vy chuyn tip pht phi c phn cc ngc. Cc na chu k dng ca tn hiu vo khai thng chuyn tip cc E v to ra cc xung dng cc C. ng thi qu trnh to hi c c qu trnh khuch i. Ti cc C ta mc mch cng hng vi tn s cng hng fch = n.fv th nhn c sng hi mong mun. c hiu sut cao nht cn chn gc ct thch hp.
R D n1 Cl

en

uV

ur

Zt

Ll E Hnh 6-25 Mch nhn tn dng it

C1 R u

T C2 L1 EC L2 un

120 0 Thc t cn chn = n

Nn nhn hai cn chn = 600 Nhn ba cn chn = 400

EB

Hnh 6-26 Mch nhn tn dng tranzito

6.9. CHUYN I TNG T - S (A/D) V S - TNG T (D/A)

Ngy nay, h thng s c ng dung rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc k thut khc nhau. S ho v x l s ang tr thnh xu th tt yu ca cc thit b tnh ton, vin thng, pht thanh, truyn hnh, y t Tuy nhin, i b phn tn hiu t nhin nh ting ni, hnh nh, nhit , tc ,li l cc i lng tng t. Do , mun a cc tn hiu ny vo mt h thng s x l, ta cn bin i chng sang dng s. Thit b ng chc nng c gi l b bin i tng t (analog) sang s (Digital) thng c gi tt l b A/D. Ni khc i, b A/D thc hin vic s ho tn hiu tng t. Mt mch logic c chc nng ngc li c gi l b bin i s sang tng t hay ngn gn l b D/A. Hnh 6-27 ch ra v tr ca A/D v D/A trong mt h thng x l s tn hiu.

129

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s

Tn hiu vo tng t

A/D

Tn hiu s

H thng s

Tn hiu s

D/A

Tn hiu ra tng t

Hnh 6-27 M hnh mt h thng x l s tn hiu.

Nh vy, A/D v D/A ng vai tr l phn t giao din gia h thng s v tng t. Trong mt h thng thng tin thoi A/D , D/A lun lun i cp vi nhau. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, nh h thng x l tn hiu iu khin th c th khng cn D/A. 6.9.1. Chuyn i A/D a) Khi nim chung Qu trnh bin i mt tn hiu tng t sang dng s c minh ho bi c tuyn truyn t trn hnh 6-28. Tn hiu tng t UA c chuyn thnh mt tn hiu c dng bc thang u. Vi c tuyn truyn t nh vy, mt phm vi gi tr ca UA c biu din mt gi tr i din s thch hp. Cc gi tr i din s l cc gi tr ri rc. Cch biu din ph bin nht l dng m nh phn (h c s 2) biu din tn hiu s. Tng qut, gi tn hiu tng t l SA (UA), tn hiu s l SD(UD) th SD c biu din di dng ca nh phn l:

UD
111 110 101 100 011 010 001 000

UQ Q

0 1 2

3 4

5 6 7

(UAmax) UA

ULSB
Hnh 6-28: c tuyn truyn t ca mch bin i A/D.

S D = bn1 .2 n1 + bn2 .2 n2 + ... + b0 .2 0

Trong cc h s bk= 0 hoc 1 (vi k = 0 n k = n-1) v c gi l bit. bn-1 c gi l bit c ngha ln nht (MSB) tng ng vi ct ng u bn tri ca dy m s. Mun bin i gi tr ca MSB ng vi s bin i ca tn hiu ca gii lm vic. b0 gi l bit c ngha nh nht (LSB) ng vi ct ng u bn phi ca dy m s. Mi bin i ca tn hiu l mt mc lng t (mt nc ca hnh bc thang). Vi mt mch bin i c N bit tc l c N s hng trong t m nh phn th mt nc trn hnh bc thang chim mt gi tr. U Q = U LSB = NA max 2 1 trong U A max l gi tr cc i cho php tng ng ca in p tng t u vo A/D. Gi tr U LSB hay Q gi l mc lng t. Do tn hiu s l tn hiu ri rc nn trong qu trnh chuyn i A/D xut hin mt sai s gi l sai s lng t ho, c xc nh nh sau:

130

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s

1 U Q = .Q 2 Khi chuyn i A/D phi thc hin ly mu tn hiu tng t. m bo khi phc li tn hiu mt cch trung thc tn s ly mu phi tho mn iu kin sau: f M 2. f t max 2.B
trong ftmax l tn s cc i ca tn hiu. B l gii tn s ca tn hiu. Theo nh l ly mu, nu iu kin f M 2. f t max 2.B tho mn th khng c s trng lp gia ph c bn v cc thnh phn ph khc sinh ra do qu trnh ly mu. b) Cc tham s c bn ca b chuyn i A/D. * Gii bin i ca in p tn hiu tng t u vo l khong in p m b chuyn i A/D thc hin c. Khong in p c th ly tr s t 0 n gi tr dng hoc m no hoc cng c th l in p hai cc tnh t -UAm n +UAm * chnh xc ca b chuyn i A/D. Tham s u tin c trng cho chnh xc ca b A/D l phn bit. Ta bit rng u ra ca b A/D l cc gi tr s sp xp theo quy lut ca mt loi m no . S cc s hng ca m s u ra tng ng vi di bin i ca in p vo, cho bit mc chnh xc ca php bin i. V d: 1 b A/D c s bit u ra N=12 c th phn bit c 212 = 4096 mc trong gii bin i in p ca n. phn bit ca b A/D c k hiu l Q chnh l gi tr ca mt mc lng t ho hoc cn gi l 1 LSB. Trong thc t thng dng s bit N c trng cho chnh xc, lc phi hiu ngm rng gii bin in p vo coi nh khng i. Thng thng cc b A/D c s bit t 3 n 12. C nhng b A/D t chnh xc 14 n 16 bit. * Tc chuyn i: Tc chuyn i cho bit kt qu chuyn i trong mt giy c gi l tn s chuyn i fC. Cng c th dng tham s thi gian chuyn i TC c trng cho tc chuyn i. TC l 1 1 thi gian cn thit cho mt kt qu chuyn i. Ch rng f C . Thng f C < . Khi b TC TC chuyn A/D c tc cao th chnh xc gim hoc ngc li, ngha l tc chuyn i v chnh xc mu thun vi nhau. Tu theo yu cu s dng m dung ho gia cc yu cu mt cch hp l. c. Cc bc c bn ca qu trnh bin i A/D A/D UA Mch ly mu Lng t ho M ho

UD

Hnh 6-29 S khi minh ho nguyn tc lm vic ca b A/D 131

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s

chuyn i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s phi qua 3 bc sau: (xem th thi gian hnh 6-29). - Ly mu, gi mu. - Lng t ho. - M ho. Ly mu tn hiu tng t ti nhng thi im khc nhau v cch u nhau (ri rc ho tn hiu v mt thi gian). Gi cho bin in p ti cc thi im ly mu khng i trong qu trnh chuyn i tip theo. Tn hiu ra mch ly mu c a n mch lng t ho lm trn vi chnh xc Q . Mch lng t ho c nhim v ri rc tn 2 hiu tng t v mt bin .

Hnh 6-30.

Nh qu trnh lng t ho mt tn hiu tng t bt k c biu din bi mt s nguyn ln mc lng t, ngha l: ZDi = Phn nguyn

X Ai X Ai X Ai = Q Q Q

Trong : XAi l tn hiu tng t thi im i ZDi: tn hiu s thi im i Q: Mc lng t Xi: S d trong php lng t ho Trong php chia trn ch ly phn nguyn ca kt qu, phn d cn li (khng chia ht cho Q) chnh l sai s lng t ho. Nh vy, qu trnh lng t ho thc cht l qu trnh lm trn s. Lng t ho thc hin theo nguyn tc so snh. Tn hiu cn chuyn i c so snh vi mt lot cc n v chun Q. Sau mch lng t ho l mch m ho. Trong mch m ho, kt qu lng t ho c sp xp li theo mt quy lut nht nh ph thuc vo loi m yu cu trn u ra ca b chuyn i. Trong nhiu loi mch A/D qu trnh lng t ho v m ho xy ra ng thi, khng th tch ri hai qu trnh . Php lng t ho v php m ho c gi chung l mch chuyn i A/D. d. Mt s phng php chuyn i A/D. C nhiu phng php chuyn i A/D, ngi ta phn ra bn phng php bin i sau: * Bin i song song.

132

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s Trong phng php chuyn i song song, tn hiu c so snh cng mt lc vi nhiu gi tr chun. Do tt c cc bit c xc nh ng thi v a n u ra. * Bin i ni tip theo m m y qu trnh so snh c thc hin ln lt tng bc theo quy lut ca m m. Kt qu chuyn i c xc nh bng cch m s lng gi tr chun c th cha c trong gi tr tn hiu tng t cn chuyn i. * Bin i ni tip theo m nh phn Qu trnh so snh c thc hin ln lt tng bc theo quy lut m nh phn. Cc n v chun dng so snh ly cc gi tr gim dn theo quy lut m nh phn, do cc bit c xc nh ln lt t bit c ngha ln nht (MSB) n bit c ngha nh nht (LSB) * Bin i song song - ni tip kt hp: Trong phng php ny, qua mi bc so snh c th xc nh c ti thiu l 2 bit ng thi. Ta xt mt vi phng php bin i A/D sau: * Chuyn i A/D theo phng php m n gin Hnh 6-31 biu din s khi v nguyn tc lm vic ca mch. Hnh 6-32 l th thi gian in p ra ca cc khi hnh 6-31.
SS1 USS1

+ _

UC UA
+ _

To in p rng ca

UG
m

UD

SS2

USS2

To nhp

Hnh 6-31.

in p vo UA c so snh vi in p chun dng rng ca UC nh b so snh SS1. Khi UA>UC th SS1=1, khi UA<UC th SS1=0. B so snh SS2 so snh in p rng ca vi mc 0V (t). USS1 v USS2 c a n mt mch "V". Xung ra UG c rng t l vi ln ca in p vo tng t UA, vi gi thit xung chun dng rng ca c dc khng i. Mch "V" th 2 ch cho ra cc xung nhp khi tn ti UG, ngha l trong khong thi gian 0 < UC < UA. Mch m u ra s m s xung

U UA

UC

t 0 USS2 tM t 0 USS1 t 0 UG t
Hnh 6-32.

133

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s nhp . ng nhin, s xung ny t l vi ln ca UA.

* Chuyn i A/D ni tip dng vng hi tip. S khi ca b chuyn i A/D theo phng php ny biu din trn hnh 6-33.
UA K Uh +A -A m

SS

Logic

Nhp

...
o DAC

UD

Hnh 6-33 S khi A/D ni tip dng vng hi tip.

in p tng t UA c so snh vi mt gi tr c lng cho trc UM. Khi: UA> UM th Uh>0; UA< UM th Uh<0; Trong Uh l in p sai s gia UA v UM. in p hiu dng Uh c khuych i ri a n mch so snh SS. Nu Uh> 0 th u ra SS c +A=1. Nu Uh<0 th u ra SS c -A=1 Kt qu so snh c a vo mt mch logic ng thi vi tn hiu nhp. Tu thuc vo tn hiu ra SS, ti nhng thi im c xung nhp mch logic s iu khin b m sao cho ng vi +A th b m s m thun v -A th b m s m ngc. Nu b m c kt cu theo quy lut m nh phn th trn u ra A/D s c tn hiu s di dng m . Tn hiu i c mt vng ng vi mt chu k ca xung nhp. Tn hiu s xc nh c trong bc so snh th nht qua D/A s dn ra c gi tr c lng mi so snh vi UA trong bc tip theo. Qu trnh ny c lp li cho n khi Q | U h |< ; lc +A = -A = 0, do mch m gi nguyn trng thi v ta nhn c kt qu 2 chuyn i chnh xc ca UA vi N bit yu cu. So snh vi cc phng php xt, y mch n gin, cc linh kin s dng lp li nhiu ln. Mch lm vic vi tc khng cao lm nhng chnh xc. 6.9.2. Chuyn i D/A a) Khi nim chung Chuyn i s-tng t (D/A) l qu trnh tm li tn hiu tng t t N s hng (N bit) bit ca tn hiu s, vi chnh xc l mt mc lng t t 1 LSB. Chuyn i D/A khng phi l php nghch o ca chuyn i A/D, v khng th thc hin php nghch o ca qu trnh lng t ha.

134

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s ly li tn hiu tng t t tn hiu s, dng s nguyn tc trn hnh 6-34. Theo s ny th qu trnh chuyn i s- tng t l qu trnh tm li tn hiu tng t ly mu c. Tn hiu u ra l tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian nh trn hnh 6-16. Tn hiu ny c a qua mt b lc thng thp l tng. u ra b lc c tn hiu UA bin i lin tc theo thi gian, l tn hiu ni quy ca UM.

UD

D/A

UM

LTT

UA

Hnh 6-34 S khi b bin i tm li tn hiu tng t t tn hiu s.

UM UA

Hnh 6-35 th thi gian ca tn hiu sau mch chuyn i D/A.

n gin, ta c th xt b D/A 4 bit c s khi nh ch hnh 6-36a. Gi s in th ra tng 1 V theo mi bc bin i th s bc s t hn s trng thi vo l 1. S thay i in th ra theo mi bc c gi l kch thc bc hay phn gii. Nh vy, phn gii l s thay i b nht c th xut hin in th ra. Hnh 6-36b v 6-36c m t s gia tng ca in th ra theo tng bc bin i. T bng trng thi, thy rng in th ra ln nht hay in th ton thang, c k hiu l VFS, s l 15 V.

B3 B2 B1 B0

D/A 4 bit
a)
Mi bc tng 1 V

V (hoc I) ra

15 V

0V c) in th ra

B3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

B2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

B1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

B0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Vra 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

b)

Hnh 6-36. b. Tham s chnh ca b D/A * phn gii

135

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s phn gii l s bin i nh nht c th thc hin c li ra tng ng vi mt bin i trn u vo. phn gii thng c tnh theo phn trm. Cng thc tnh l: phn gii % =

1 100% 2 1
n

y, n l s bit vo. R rng, phn gii ph thuc s bit; s bit cng nhiu, phn gii cng cao. phn gii % cng c th c tnh theo cng thc: phn gii % = (Kch thc bc /VFS) 100% Trong , VFS l in th ra ln nht hay hay in th ton thang. V d, VFS ca b bin i D/A hnh 6-31 l 15 V. phn gii cho bit kh nng phc hi chnh xc in th tng t ca mt b bin i. * chnh xc sai lch gia in th phc hi c so vi gi tr thc ca n ph thuc khng ch vo kch thc bc m cng ph thuc sai s cc linh kin cu thnh b bin i. Sai lch gy ra do cc nguyn nhn trn c th th hin qua chnh xc, tnh theo % hoc sai lch cc i so vi gi tr ton thang. C hai cch biu din chnh xc ca b bin i D/A nh sau. - sai lch ton thang * sai lch ton thang l lch cc i ca in th ra ton thang so vi gi tr thc ca n. V d, mt b D/A c chnh xc l 0,1% v gi tr ton thang l 10 V th sai lch cc i ton thang s l : Sai lch cc i = 0,1% * 10 V = 10 mV. * sai lch tuyn tnh tuyn tnh sai phn l lch cc i cho php ca kch thc bc so vi gi tr kch thc bc l thuyt v cng c tnh theo %. V d, mt b D/A c kch thc bc l 0,625 V. Nu sai s tuyn tnh ton thang ca n l 0,01 % th kch thc ca bc c th lch i 0,625 V 0,01 % = 0,0625 mV. * Thi gian xc lp Thi gian xc lp th hin tc hot ng ca b bin i. y l thi gian cn thit li ra ca b D/A bin i t 0 n gi tr ln nht ca thang tng ng vi u vo nh phn bin thin t 0 n ton 1. Trong thc t, thi gian xc lp c o khi u ra xc lp c 1/2 ln ca bc. V d, mt b D/A c phn gii l 10 mV, thi gian xc lp c o khi u ra t 5 mV ca gi tr ton thang. Thi gian xc lp ca cc D/A thng vo khong 50 ns n 10s. Cc b khuch i thut ton trong mch bin i thng gy ra s tr tn hiu t 300 ns n 2,5 s. Do , loi D/A theo dng ra s c tc bin i nhanh hn loi theo p. * in th dch Mt D/A l tng s c in th trn u ra ca n ng bng khng khi tn hiu nh phn trn u vo ly gi tr ton 0. Trn thc t, iu ny kh t c v trn u ra ca b D/A

136

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s lun tn ti mt in th nh. in th ny c tn l in th dch. in th dch s gy ra sai lch gi tr in th bin i, gi l li trt. trnh li trt, cn phi hiu chnh in th dch. c. V d mch bin i D/A. * Mch dng mng in tr 2nR Ta quay tr li vi hnh 6-36a. Khi a ti u vo b D/A mt s nh phn 4 bit, trn u ra ca n s xut hin mt dng in bng tng cc dng in thnh phn, ngha l ;

I Tng = I 3 + I 2 + I 1 + I 0
trong , cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3 ngm ch trng s tng ng cc li vo. Dng in thnh phn r rng l phi t l thun vi trng s. T cng thc trn, d nhn thy rng, phn t thc hin php bin i trong mi nhnh n gin ch l mt in tr R. Theo nh lut m cng thc trn c th c vit li nh sau:

I Tng =

V3 V2 V1 V0 + + + R3 R2 R1 R 0

V V3, V2, V1, V0 l tc ng ngoi v bng khng khi bit ly logic 0 , bng VHi khi bit ly logic 1. Do , cc R phi c chn t l nghch vi trng s. Nu ly in tr trong nhnh I3 l R th cc nhnh I2, I1, I0 phi l 2R, 4R, 8R tng ng. Thay cc gi tr in tr ny vo ta c:

I Tng =

V3 V2 V V b b b b + + 1 + 0 = VHi 3 + 1 2 + 2 1 + 3 0 R 2 R 4 R 8R R 2 R 2 R 2 R

trong , b0, b1, b2, b3 l gi tr logc ca s nh phn cn bin i ( ch ly 0 hoc 1). Mch in thc hin c trnh by hnh 6-37.
B3 B2 B1 B0 R 2R 4R 8R ITng B3 B2 B1 B0 R 2R 4R 8R + VRa RH

Hnh 6-37.

Hnh 6-38.

Vic chuyn i lng bin i t dng sang in th c thc hin nh ch hnh 6-38. Biu thc in th ra s l :

b b b b VRa = RH VHi 3 + 1 2 + 2 1 + 3 0 R 2 R 2 R 2 R
Mt cch tng qut, i vi b bin i D/A N bit, ta c:

b b b b VRa = R H VHi N 1 + N 2 + ... + N 12 + N 01 1 2 R 2 R 2 R R

Mun c VRa , ta mc ni tip thm mt tng khuch i o li ra.

137

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s Mc d b D/A loi ny c mch in ht sc n gin, nhng n li c hai nhc im chnh, l: chnh xc ca php bin i ph thuc nhiu vo s thng ging ca cc mc logic vo. Khi s bit tng ln, kh c th ch to cc in tr c cng mt chnh xc nh nhau. V d, mt b D/A c 11 bit nu chn in tr ng vi bit c trng s ln nht l R10 = 1000 , th in tr ng vi bit c trng s thp nht R0 = 210 1000 , ngha l tr s hai in tr ny cch nhau n 1024 ln.

Nhc im th nht c th c khc phc bng cch n nh mc vo theo mch in nh ch v d hnh 6-39.

Vn nh= + 5V
R3 R2 s2 R1 s1 R0 s0 _ b3 b2 b1 b0 + RH VRa

4066

s3

Vo nh phn Hnh 6-39.

Trong s hnh 6-39, tn hiu nh phn ch ng vai tr iu khin s ng m ca cc chuyn mch S m khng nh hng g ti in th ra. Cc chuyn mach S thng l cc cng logic, chng hn trong s dng cng truyn dn 4066. C th tnh VRa khi bit in tr ca nhnh c trng s cao nht R , RH v Vn theo cng thc:

VRa =

RH b b b Vn bN 1 + N1 2 + ... + N12 + N01 R 2 2 2

Tuy nhin, nn hiu rng, trong mch 2iR l mt gi tr in tr, khng th rt R ra tha s chung c. V d: Hy xc nh in th trn u ra ca b D/A hnh 6-39, nu ly in tr trong nhnh c trng s cao nht l R3 = 25 K, RH = 10 K. Tn hiu tc ng ti u vo c dng nh ch hnh 6-40.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

+5V 0 +5V 0 +5V 0 +5V 0

b0 b1 b2 b3

Hnh 6-40.

138

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s ng vi s nh phn vo 0000 VRa = 0 V; - ng vi s nh phn vo 0001 VRa = - 0,25 V, y chnh l bc bin i nh nht; - ng vi s nh phn vo 1111 VRa = - 3,75 V; Kt qu tnh ton c trnh by bng th hnh 6-41.
VRa
0 -0,25V -0,50V -0,75V -1,00V -1,25V -1,50V -1,75V -2,00V -2,25V -2,50V -2,75V -3,00V -3,25V -3,50V -3,75V 0000 1111

Vo nh phn

Hnh 6-41.

* Chuyn i D/A bng phng php thang in tr. S 6-42 minh ha nguyn l lm vic ca b chuyn i D/A theo phng php thang in tr. u vo b khuych i thut ton l mt thang in tr. M tr s ca chng phn b theo m nh phn, cc in tr ln cn nhau hn km nhau 2 ln. Tn hiu iu khin l tn hiu s cn chuyn i. Bit c ngha nh nht (LSB) c a n iu khin kha ni vi in tr ln nht R, bit c ngha ln hn tip c a n iu khin kha ni vi in tr nh hn R/2... v MSB iu khin kha ni vi in tr nh nht ( R ). Nu mt bit c gi tr "0" th kha

N -1

tng ng ni t v nu mt bit c gi tr "1" th kha K tng ng ni vi ngun in p chun Uch to nn mt dng in t l nghch vi tr s in tr ca nhnh , ngha l Io c gi tr b nht, IN-1 c gi tr ln nht. Dng sinh ra trong cc nhnh in tr c a n u vo b khuych i, u ra b khuych i thut ton c in p:

U M = R ht I n
n 0

N 1

thc hin chuyn mch K trong s 6-42 c th dng s 6-43. y l mt mch khuych i vi sai lm vic trng thi bo ha. Khi tn hiu iu khin c gi tr "O" th Io qua T1 xung t, khi tn hiu iu khin c gi tr "1" th Io c dn qua T2 n u vo b khuych i thut ton.

139

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s

2
1

N-

Rh _ +
UM

I0 R

I1 R 2

IN-1 R 2 N 1

Hnh 6-42 S nguyn l b chuyn i D/A theo phng php thang in tr

= Uch

Tn hiu iu khin

Chuyn i D/A theo phng php ny yu cu tr s ca cc in tr phi rt chnh xc. V R d in tr nh nht N -1 phi chnh xc n mc sai s dng in qua khng vt qu 1 2 LSB, vi N=16 th sai s ny khong 0,5%.

Rht _ + T1 I0 R -Uch
Hnh 6-43 Minh ha nguyn tc lm vic ca chuyn mch K trn hnh 6-42.

UM

T2 Tn hiu iu khin

TM TT NI DUNG
Cc vn chnh ca chng ny bao gm: + Cc mch iu ch bin :

140

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s Khi nim v iu ch bin , l qu trnh tc ng tin tc vo bin ca sng mang, lm cho bin sng mang bin i theo dng ca tin tc. Ph ca tn hiu iu bin, quan h nng lng ca cc tn hiu iu bin. Cc mch iu bin: iu bin cn bng, iu ch vng, iu ch n bin.

+ iu tn, iu pha: iu tn lm thay i tn s ca sng mang theo quy lut ca tin tc. Cc mch iu tn thng s dng cc phn t nh it bin dung, hoc tranzito in khng, tc l cc phn t c kh nng thay i in khng khi thay i in p t ln n.

+ Cc mch tch sng: thc hin ly li tin tc ban u t tn hiu iu ch, qu trnh ny cn c bit l qu trnh gii iu ch. + Cc mch trn tn, nhn tn. Thc cht l cc mch bin i ph tn s ca tn hiu. Nh tnh cht phi tuyn ca cc linh kin bn dn thc hin vic bin i tn s. + Phn cui cng l cc vn v mch bin i A/D v D/A.

CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1: Khi nim v iu ch? Phn bit cc tn hiu khi iu ch? Cu 2: Th no l tn hiu iu bin? Ph ca tn hiu iu bin? Cu 3: Th no l su iu ch? nh hng ca su iu ch n cht lng tn hiu sau khi tch sng? Cu 4: thc hin cc mch iu tn ngi ta thng dng cc linh kin no? Ti sao? Cu 5: Phn bit mo phi tuyn v mo tn s ca mch iu bin? Cu 6: So snh ph ca tn hiu iu bin cn bng v iu ch vng? Cu 7: Khi nim v iu ch n bin? u im ca iu ch n bin? Cu 8: Khi nim v iu tn v iu pha? Quan h gia iu tn v iu pha? Cu 9: thc hin mch iu tn ngi ta thng dng mch g hoc linh kin g? Cu 10: Tch sng l g? Cc thng s c bn ca b tch sng bin ? Cu 11: nh hng ca t in trong mch tch sng bin n tn hiu sau tch sng nh th no? Cu 12: C th dng mch tch sng bin thc hin tch sng iu tn khng? Ti sao? Cu 13: Th no l trn tn? Nguyn l trn tn l g? Cu 14: So snh gia trn tn v iu ch? Cu 15: So snh gia mch trn tn dng it v mch trn tn dng tranzito? Cu 16: Th no l nhn tn? thc hin nhn tn thng s dng linh kin g? Cu 17: Chuyn i A/D l qu trnh g? Cc bc c bn thc hin chuyn i A/D?

141

Chng 6: Cc mch bin i tn s Cu 18: Cho tn hiu iu bin vi h s iu ch m = 50%. Tn s tin tc f s = 10kHz . Sng mang c bin 5mV v tn s ft = 10MHz . a) Vit biu thc biu din tn hiu iu bin . b) Tnh ph tn hiu c) Tn hiu trn qua mch khuch i in p 1000 ln v trn tn cho ra tn hiu c ftg = 1MHz : -Vit biu thc tn hiu ra sau trn tn. -V s tch sng tn hiu .

142

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun

CHNG 7: MCH CUNG CP NGUN GII THIU

Chng ny trnh by cc vn v ngun cung cp cho cc thit b in t. Cc mch in bin i t ngun in xoay chiu cng nghip (ac) 50Hz thnh ngun mt chiu (dc) n nh. lm c nh th ngi ta dng cc linh kin bn dn nh it, trazito, thyristor. Vic n nh cc ngun c cng sut nh thng c thc hin bng cc IC n p, ch to sn vi cc mc in p ra ty t vi vn n vi chc vn. Ngoi phng php bin i trc tip ngun xoay chiu thnh mt chiu theo kiu chnh lu v lc, th ngy nay ngi ta thng dng cc b ngun chuyn mch. Ngun chuyn mch c cu to phc tp hn tuy nhin n c cng sut ln, hiu sut cao hn v n nh hn so vi ngun kiu chnh lu lc thng thng.

NI DUNG
7.1 KHI NIM
Cc thit b in t- vin thng c nui trc tip bng ngun in 1 chiu, m ngun in ph bin nht, thun li nht, v kinh t nht vi cng sut ln li l ngun in li - ngun in xoay chiu c tn s 50Hz. s dng c ngun in xoay chiu cung cp cho cc thit b tiu th in 1 chiu, ta phi bin i dng xoay chiu thnh dng in 1 chiu. S bin i in p, dng in xoay chiu thnh in p, dng in 1 chiu c gi l chnh lu. Ngy nay thc hin vic chnh lu ny ngi ta dng cc linh kin bn dn silic l it v thyristor. Trong chnh lu, cc it cn c gi l cc van khng iu khin. Cc thyristor cn c gi l cc van c iu khin. Cc van chnh lu bn dn c u im: - Hiu sut cao - Nhit lm vic thp - Th tch v trng lng nh - Lm vic c tc thi Tuy nhin, n c 1 s nhc im im: - Cc tham s ph thuc nhit - Chu nhit thp < 1500C - Chu qu dng, qu p km Cc tham s k thut: - Dng in nh mc Im (A)

143

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun - in p ngc cc i Ung max (V) - St p thun - in p iu khin - Dng in iu khin - Dng in r

U (V)
UG (V) IGK (mA) Io (mA)

7.2. CHNH LU MT PHA KHNG IU KHIN

Cc b chnh lu 1 pha l cc b chnh lu dng mt pha ca ngun in li. Chnh lu khng c iu khin l cc b chnh lu dng van chnh lu l it v in p mt chiu ca b chnh lu khng iu chnh c. Cc b chnh lu mt pha c cng sut nh v va (< 3 kW), nhng b chnh lu c cng sut ln hn thng l chnh lu 3 pha khng lm mt cn bng cc pha in li. 7.2.1. Chnh lu mt pha na chu k (chnh lu na sng) Vi b chnh lu loi ny th in p xoay chiu u vo b chnh lu c th ly thng t li in hay thng qua bin p, nu mch ti cn cch ly vi in mng v mc in p mt chiu khc xa in p mng th phi dng bin p. a- Vi ti thun tr it thng trong na chu k dng ca in p ngun uS v ngt trong na chu k m, nh vy in p trn ti Rt l in p mt chiu. us UM D i o + 2 t uo Rt us

uo

UM
t

Hnh 7-1 S chnh 1 pha na sng v th thi gian.

b- Vi ti dung tnh Khi u ra b chnh lu mc 1 t C song song vi ti, vi iu kin X C = ti ca b chnh lu c coi l mang tnh dung.
D uS

1 << Rt th mc

io Rt

uS u0

uC UM
2

Uo t

Hnh 7-2 S chnh lu 1 pha na sng ti tnh dung v dng sng trn

144

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun Khi mc thm t in th in p u ra phng hn so vi khi khng c t, cc t in ny thng c gi l cc t lc. 7.2.2. Chnh lu mt pha ton sng a. Chnh lu 1 pha ton sng dng bin p th cp c im gia. * Vi ti thun tr Trn s hnh 7-3a: bin p 1 pha c cun th cp ra im gia, to thnh 2 in p u2a, u2b c bin bng nhau v lch pha nhau 1800 t vo 2 it, khin chng thay nhau lm vic trong c chu k. Hai it D1 v D2 thay nhau thng v ngt to dng in p ra nh hnh 7-3b.
a u2

D1 i2
Rt Uo i0

u2

u2

u2
u2 2 t I2M t U0 b) t

u1

0 u2 b a)

i2

i2

i2a

D2 i2
u0

Hnh 7-3 S chnh lu 1 pha ton sng vi th cp bin p c im gia (a) v dng sng u vo, u ra b chnh lu v in p ngc trn it (b)

* Khi ti tnh dung

u0 a u2a u~ u2b b D2 D1

u2a

u2

uC Uo

i2a i2b
C

+ i0 U0 Rt I2 Io

_ Hnh 7-4 Chnh lu ton sng bin p im gia ti dung tnh v dng

b. Chnh lu cu mt pha S chnh lu cu mt pha: gm ngun xoay chiu vo (c th c bin p hoc khng), 4 it mc theo s cu, v ti. Khi na chu k ng vi a+, b- th D1 v D3 thng, th c dng i2a t a D1 ti D3 b. Na chu k ng vi b+, a- th D2 v D4 thng, c dng i2a t b D2 ti D4 a. Trong mt chu k ca in p mng, s lm vic hai ln vi ti, c 2 xung dng qua ti nn fd = 2f = 100Hz.

145

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun

a D4 U1 U2 D3 b D2 U0 _ Hnh 7-5 S chnh lu cu 1 pha vi cc ti khc nhau D1 + Rt C Rt Lch

Rt

i vi ti in tr, in cm, in dung cc dng sng v tr s ging nh s chnh lu ton sng 1 pha vi bin p im gia. - Vi ti thun tr: U0 0,9 U2 - Vi ti dung tnh:

U 0 = 2U 2 cos U ohm = 2U 2

- Vi ti cm tnh: U0 0,9 U2 cn in p ngc ln nht t ln it U Dng max = U 2 M =

2U 2

- u im ca s cu so vi s c bin p th cp ra im gia . + C th dng bin p hoc khng. + Nu dng bin p v nu cng in p th s vng cun th cp gim mt na.

7.3. B LC SAN BNG

7.3.1. Khi nim chung in p v dng in chnh lu bao gm thnh phn 1 chiu (U0, I0) v v s cc thnh phn xoay chiu, ti ca b chnh lu ch tc dng i vi thnh phn 1 chiu, cn cc thnh phn xoay chiu gy ln nhp nh ( gn sng hay l khng bng phng) ca in p v dng in 1 chiu trn ti, iu ny gi l p mch.
B lc san phng

K dv

U = 0~V U 0V

K dt =

U 0~ r U 0r

Hnh 7-6.

V vy sau chnh lu, nht thit phi c b lc san bng p mch (hay lc loi b thnh phn xoay chiu) ca in p chnh lu n mc cn thit m ti yu cu. nh gi tc dng lc ca b lc, ta coi b lc nh mt mng 4 u m li vo ca n c cung cp mt in p 1 chiu vi p mch: Kv = U0v/U0v Ti u ra b lc ta nhn c in p vi p mch: Kr = U0r/U0r

146

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun U0v; U0r l bin ca thnh phn xoay chiu ca in p p mch u vo v u ra c tnh vi hi bc 1 U0v, Uor in p 1 chiu u vo, ra ca b lc. H s lc (hay h s san bng) ca b lc l:

q=

K dv U 0r U 0r = . K dr U 0r U 0v

Nu coi b lc khng tn hao thnh phn 1 chiu th q U0v/U0r q>1 H s lc ni ln cht lng ca b lc lm gim p mch i bao nhiu ln so vi u vo. 7.3.2. B lc LC B lc LC l b lc c dng thng dng nht trong cc b chnh lu cng sut va v ln. lc tt cc thnh phn xoay chiu ca in p p mch, ta chn gi tr LCh sao cho: XLch=m.LCh >> Rt V rLch<<Rt - Tr s in dung sao cho: XC= 1/mC <<Rt
Uo~V LCh

Uo~r

Rt

Hnh 7-7 B lc LC.

Trong : m l s xung dng qua ti, ph thuc vo s chnh lu.

tn s in mng
rLch in tr thun tn hao trn cun chn, ta c: H s p mch ca in p ti u ra b chnh lu c xc nh ph thuc vo s b chnh lu v c tnh ti ca n, cn h s p mch ti u ra b lc do ti yu cu, nn q lun c th xc nh c trc nn

Lch C =

q m 2 2

vy gi tr t lc: C =

q m 2 2 Lch

vi f = 50Hz; C 10

q m 2 Lch

(F)

Hiu sut ca b lc:

L =

Rt 1 = rLch + Rt 1 + rLch / Rt

Thng th rLch << Rt nn hiu sut ca b lc LC kh cao v q t l vi m2, 2 nn h s lc ca b lc LC rt ln. Nhng cun chn c th tch trng lng ln, cng knh, gi thnh t.

147

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun 7.3.3. B lc RC Khi hiu sut b lc l th yu n gin cu trc b lc ngi ta dng b lc RC, trong 1 phn t ca mt lc l in tr thun R mc ni tip vi Rt. Tnh q ca b lc RC tng t nh tnh q ca b lc LC Ta c: Vi q = mcRt
R C Uo~r

Uo~V

Rt

Rtd

RRt R + Rt

Hnh 7-8 B lc RC.

Khi bit trc q; f = 50Hz; C (F); Rt () ta c:

CRtd = 3200

q q c = 3200 m mRtd

( F)

- Cho bit st p UR trn in tr lc R v dng ti, ta tnh c R=UR/IRt Mun lc tt (q ln) th in tr lc ln do tn hao trn b lc s ln v hiu sut ca b lc s thp.

7.4. N NH IN P NGUN
7.4.1. Khi nim chung Cc thit b tiu th nng lng in (xoay chiu v 1 chiu) nhiu khi cn thit phi thay i mc in p cung cp cho n, ph hp vi tng tc ng. V d: cc ng c in xoay chiu, gim nh dng khi ng, khi khi ng ta gim in p cung cp so vi in p danh nh khi ng c quay u. - Cc accu axit yu cu c cc mc in p np khc nhau ph hp vi cc trng thi np. Trong khi vn hnh, cc thit b tiu th in cn in p cung cp n nh (nht l i vi cc thit b in t). S n nh ca ngun cung cp quyt nh s an ton cho thit b, v tng tnh n nh, tnh chnh xc trong s hot ng. S n nh ca ngun lm tng bn v ko di tui th ca thit b. Trong khi cc loi ngun cung cp hin c nh ngun in li, ngun accu, ngun pin mt tri... lun lun khng n nh. V vy s iu chnh v n nh cc loi ngun cung cp l nhu cu khng th thiu c trong vn hnh, khai thc cc thit b in v in t chuyn dng v dn dng. S iu chnh in p c th thc hin bng nhn cng hay t ng. Ngy nay do s tin b v cng ngh in t cc thit b cung cp in (nht l cho vin thng) vic iu chnh bng nhn cng c dn thay th bng h iu hnh vi x l. Vic n nh in p hay n nh dng in c thc hin mt cch t ng. Cc tham s c bn ca b n nh l h s n nh, di n nh, hiu sut v thi gian xc lp. H s n nh in p Ku ni ln tc dng ca b n nh lm gim khng n nh in p ra trn ti i bao nhiu ln so vi u vo.
NV = U V U Vdm

B n nh

Nr =

U r U rdm

Hnh 7-9. Tc dng ca b n nh

148

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun khng n nh u vo :

NV =

U V U Vdm U r U rdm
NV UV U rdm = N r U r UVdm

khng n nh in p u ra: N r = Vy n nh in p ca b n p

Ku =

- Di n nh Du, Di ni nn rng ca khong lm vic ca b n p, n dng. - Hiu sut: khi lm vic cc b n nh cng tiu hao nng lng in trn chng, do hiu sut ca b n nh:

Pr Pr = PV Pr + Pth

Pr cng sut c ch trn ti ca b n nh PV cng sut m b n nh yu cu t u vo Pth cng sut tn hao trn b n nh - Thi gian xc lp Txl ca b n nh l khong thi gian cn thit a i lng khng n nh trn ti v gi tr nh mc ca n k t thi im bt u xy ra s mt n nh, ngy nay cc b n nh dng linh kin bn dn v IC, nn Txl cc nh v c coi l khng c qun tnh. Phn t c bn ca b n nh l phn t hiu chnh PTHC. + Da theo cch mc phn t hiu chnh vi ti ta c cc b n nh song song, cc b n nh kiu ni tip. + Nu da theo dng in m b n nh lm vic, ta c b n nh xoay chiu, b n nh mt chiu. + Nu da theo c tnh lm vic ca PTHC ta c b n nh kiu lin tc v b n nh kiu ngt qung. 7.4.2. n p dng it (it zener). it zener c c im l: - Nu t in p thun trn it zener th c tnh ca n ging cc it thng. - Nu t in p ngc th n c th lm vic c sau im nh thng A trn c tuyn V-A (hnh 7-11a), tc l trong khong AB, chng vo dng in ngc thng qua n cha vt qu 1 gi tr cho php Ingmax no (IZmax). Trn on AB ca c tuyn V-A ca it zener: I = IZmax- IZmin l rt ln, nhng in p ngc trn n bin i rt t UZ =UZmax- UZmin rt nh. Ngi ta li dng on AB trn c tuyn V-A s dng it zener lm phn t hiu chnh n nh in p 1 chiu.

149

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun

I UZ UZMax UZMin -U A IZmin IZTB B a) Hnh 7-10 c tnh V-A ca it zener v s n p mt chiu dng it zener. IZMax b) U Khong n nh (vng Zener) UV R I = IZ+ It IZ ZD Ur Rt It

Nu dng ngc qua n nh hn IZmin th it zener khng c tc dng n p. Nu dng ngc qua n ln hn IZmax th it zener s b nh thng hon ton (b ngn mch) khong lm vic (khong n nh) ca it zener c chn trong khong AB cn im lm vic tnh thng c chn chnh gia khong lm vic. 7.4.3. n nh in p mt chiu vi hiu chnh ni tip kiu lin tc a. S khi Cc b n nh in p vi hiu chnh ni tip kiu lin tc cn gi l b n p c hi tip c s khi nh hnh 7-11. B n nh c hi tip c h s n nh ln cng nh cho cng sut ln.
UV (in p 1 chiu) cha n nh) Phn t hiu chnh B khuch i Ur

Ti

Hnh 7-11 S khi b n nh in p c hi tip.

Mch hi tip

Ngun chun

B so snh

Trong s PTHC c iu khin bng tn hiu 1 chiu t b khuych i, phn t hiu chnh l cc transitor cng sut lng cc hay tranzitor cng sut trng, lm vic ch khuych i ch in tr tip gip (CE hoc DS) bin i theo in p u ra. in p ra qua mch hi tip a v b so snh, mch hi tip a in p ra hay mt phn in p ra tr v b so snh, mch hi tip phn ln l 1 b phn p hay phn dng B so snh thc hin vic so snh gia in p ra trn ti (qua mch hi tip) vi ngun in p chun, kt qu so snh ta c 1 tn hiu US cng l in p 1 chiu. Tn hiu 1 chiu US c th a thng n iu khin PTHC hoc thng qua b khuych i tng hiu qu iu khin.

150

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun B khuych i: l b khuych i 1 chiu khuych i in p so snh (cn gi l in p sai lch) trc khi a n iu khin PTHC tng h s n nh ca s . Nh vy b khuych i c th c, c th khng tu theo yu cu ca h s n nh. Ngun chun l ni to ra in p n nh khng ph thuc vo s bin i ca UV v Ur cung cp cho b so snh, thng dng it zener to ngun chun. b. B n nh in p c khuych i, so snh Khi Ur gim th qua b phn p R2, R3 in p hi tip Uht gim chnh l UB2 gim UBE2=UB2 - Uch cng gim (v Uch khng i) lm cho UCE2 tng th UB1 = UCE2 + Uch cng tng, T1 thng nhiu hn UCE1 gim nn Ur tng tr li. Khi Ur tng ln hn tr s nh mc th qu trnh din bin ngc li. Nh vy nh c vng hi tip m in p ra Ur lun c iu chnh n. Ngoi mch n p ny cn c cc b n p hi tip c khuch i so snh vi ngun dng, v b n a dng IC khuch i thut ton, b n p dng PTHC l s Darlington c. n nh in p bng vi mch tch hp S ra i ca cc vi mch tch hp khin cho vic thc hin cu trc cc b n p 1 chiu tr nn n gin v thun li hn rt nhiu, cu trc bn trong ca cc vi mch n p bao gm y cc thnh phn ca mt s n p c hi tip c c mch hn ch dng v bo v qu p. Ngy nay s dng thng thng cc vi mch c 3 cc: cc vo, cc ra v cc chung. Mi loi vi mch nh vy c ch to theo cc mc in p ra tiu chun dng hoc m. V d cc vi mch xx78xx c mc in ra tiu chun dng t +5 +24V. V d: LM 7805 n p dng in p ra +5V ; LM 7812 n p dng in p +12V Cc vi mch xx79xx c c cc mc in p ra tiu chun m, t -5V -15V. V d AN 7915 n p m in p ra l -15V.
+ 1 2 + + 1 2 R1 C1 3 C2 + +

T1

R2 UV R1 T 2 Uht UCh ZD R3 Ur

Hnh 7-12 B n nh hi tip c khuych i.

LM78XX C1 3

LM238

UV

Ur
C2

UV

Ur

R2
a) b)

Hnh 7-13 S vi mch n p dng.

151

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun

7.5. NGUN CP IN KIU CHUYN MCH.

7.5.1. Khi nim v ngun cp in kiu chuyn mch Nh phn trn ta xt v b ngun n p lin tc ni tip, ta thy PTHC ni tip vi ti, vai tr ca PTHC nh l mt in tr bin i t ng theo in p vo v ti. Dng qua PTHC l dng lin tc v bng dng ti, v vy PTHC lun lun tiu th 1 nng lng, dng ti cng ln hoc di n nh cng rng, th PTHC tiu th 1 cng sut cng ln, do hiu sut ca b ngun loi ny kh thp 65% v PTHC phi c to nhit tt v n tiu th 1 nng lng kh ln. Vo gia nhng nm 70 ca thp k 20 ra i 1 loi ngun n p mi l ngun chuyn mch (Switching Power) hay cn gi l ngun xung, ngun ngt qung. Ngun cp in kiu chuyn mch lm vic vi hiu sut cao ( = 8090%), di n nh rng, kch thc gn nh... nn ngun chuyn mch ngy nay dn thay th cc loi ngun n p thng thng. 7.5.2. S khi ca b ngun cp in kiu chuyn mch

UV~

UR

Hnh 7-14 S khi ca b ngun chuyn mch

Khi iu khin

(1) B lc nhiu tn s cao (2) B chnh lu v lc s cp (Nu UVDC th khng c phn ny) (3) Phn chuyn mch chnh (4) Phn chnh lu lc th cp (5) Phn hi tip (ly mu) (6) Phn khuych i sai lch (7) To p chun (8) To dao ng sng tam gic (9) iu ch rng xung (10) B khuych i kch thch v o pha u vo (9) c th cn cc tn hiu khng ch khc (P) ngt b ngun

152

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun Tn s cng tc (tn s chuyn mch) ca b ngun xung thng trong khong 10kHz n 100kHz, nu tn s thp th kh lc san bng (lc th cp), cc linh kin lc phi ln (cun chn, t lc) do kch thc, trng lng b ngun ln, gi thnh cao. Tn s chuyn mch thp th hiu qu iu chnh hn ch (di iu chnh hp). Tn s cao qu th hiu sut ca b ngun thp, v tn s cao (tn s v tuyn) th nng lng in s pht x ti ch, nng lng in s bin thnh nng lng t trng, in trng v nhit. Cc b ngun chuyn mch trong vin thng thng lm vic trong khong tn s t 30kHz 65kHz. Vi di tn lm vic trong khong 10kHz 100kHz th cc bin p dng li ferit c t ln do s vng dy gim i rt nhiu, kch thc cng nh trng lng ca cc bin p, cun chn rt nh v do kch thc, trng lng ca b ngun chuyn mch cng rt nh so vi b ngun thng thng c cng cng sut. Phn chuyn mch chnh s dng cc tranzito v MOSFET cng sut ln, c tc chuyn mch cao, lm vic 2 trng thi: bo ho v ngt nn c tn hao tranzito chuyn mch rt nh, nn s to nhit cho chng n gin. Vi nhng c im lm cho b ngun chuyn mch c cc u im hn hn cc b ngun n p thng thng nh: - Hiu sut cao t 80% 90%, trong khi cc b ngun n p thng thng c < 65% - Di n nh rng - bn, tui th cao - Kch thc trng lng nh - Gi thnh r. 7.5.3. Cc khi trong b ngun chuyn mch a. Khi lc nhiu u vo lc b cc nhiu cao tn v ngun xung nn c rt nhiu cc thnh phn tn s cao tn s gy nhiu cho cc thit b in t khc trong vng, nn b lc s chn li cc tn hiu nhiu khng a ra ng dy dn gy nhiu. ng thi n cng chn cc xung nhiu cao tn t ngoi khng cho vo b ngun khi nh hng n s lm vic ca h thng chuyn mch. Bin p cao tn, c rt t vng dy v cch b tr nh hnh 7-15 s chn li cc nhiu cao tn i xng t u vo v u ra. Cn i vi dng cung cp ngc chiu v tn s 50/60Hz th bin p lc c tr khng coi nh bng 0. Cc t lc C1, C2 l cc t cao tn (khong vi chc nF) lc cc nhiu cao tn u vo, u ra khng i xng, i vi tn s in mng 50/60Hz th ZC1,2 b. Phn chnh lu v lc s cp Nu b ngun m u vo l ngun AC th phi c phn ny trc khi vo phn chuyn mch chnh. Ngun AC vo c th l 1 pha nu b ngun cng sut va v nh, hoc 3 pha nu b ngun cng sut ln, thng dng l cc b chnh lu cu 1 pha v cu 3 pha. c. Phn chuyn mch tn s cao v chnh lu, lc th cp Phn ny cn thng gi l b bin i 1 chiu thnh 1 chiu (DC to DC

153

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun Converter) v u vo l 1 chiu v u ra cng l 1 chiu. Nu b ngun cng sut nh v Uv thp th chuyn mch dng 1 tranzito nh hnh 7-15.
+ *

Tr
*

D1

UV

D3 T1

D2

C1

UR

Hnh 7-15 Phn chuyn mch v chnh lu lc th cp ca b ngun chuyn mch cng sut nh.

d. Khi iu khin Khi iu khin gm cc khi (5,6,7,8,9,10) ca hnh 7-15. Khi iu khin lm cc nhim v sau: - To ra cc xung vung c tn s c nh nhng rng bin i ngc vi in p trn ti iu khin cc tranzito chuyn mch - cng sut kch thch cho cc chuyn mch chnh. Ngoi ra khi ny cn lm cc nhim v: - Bo v qu dng, qu p trn ti - Bo v mch kh in p vo qu thp, qu cao 7.5.4. V d b ngun chuyn mch vi in p vo di rng Tc dng ca cc linh kin trong hnh 7-16. IC STR50115B : chuyn mch iu ch XR. C1, C2, L1 lc nhiu u vo. R1 hn ch dng np cho C3 khi m ngun. Cu chnh lu C3 chnh lu, lc s cp ngun UV~ R2 to thin p ban u cho T1 dao ng Cun 6-7, C5, R3 hi tip duy tr dao ngD1 nng bin xung dao ng , ngn C5 phng qua ng Ur1 Cun 5-6, D2, C8 cp ngun +115V Cun 3-4 C7, D3 cp ngun +14V C4, C5 lc nhiu u b dao ng, b khuych i sai lch ZD2 bo v qu p cho ti khi T1 ngn mch. IC STR50115B: T1: chuyn mch, dao ng iu ch XR. T3, T2 khuych i sai lch R5, R6 phn p hi tip

154

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun R4, ZD1 to p chun cho b khuych i sai lch C6 suy gim xung ngc trn cun 5-6, bo v D2.

in p AC trong di t 90 240V qua b lc nhiu u vo, vo cu chnh lu ri c C3 lc san bng. in p 1 chiu trn C3 (danh nh khong 300Vdc). in p Ur1 trn chn 4 ca IC qua phn p a v cc B3 so snh vi Uch trn cc E (do ZD1), in p sai lch ra cc CT3 c T2 khuych i ri a vo khng ch T1 T1 va l chuyn mch dao ng to sng tam gic va l mch iu ch RX. in p hi tip t cun 6-7 qua C5, R3 a v chn 2 vo cc B1, in p 1 chiu bin i theo Ur1 ti cc E2 cng a vo B1, kt qu l in p cc u ra n nh. Ti chn 4 ca IC c in p ra U1 = 115V l kt qu ca s hiu chnh ca T1: khi T1 thng v khi T1 ngt th c b sung bi D2 chnh lu xung ngc trn cun 5-6.
3 T1 1 4 5 6 7 C6 C5 D2 D1 +115 T1 C1 AC 90240V C4 T2 ZD1 R4 T R5 C + Ur1 ZD2 D3 + UR2 +14V C7

C2

+ R1 C3

R2 R3

L1

IC STR5011

R6

Hnh 7-16 Mt b ngun mch di rng cng sut nh.

TM TT NI DUNG
Chng ny cung cp cc kin thc v cc mch to ngun v n nh ngun. Phng php th nht l chnh lu v lc. Tc l dng cc it chnh lu in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu v sau l lc v n nh in p, hoc dng in. Cc mch chnh lu bao gm: Chnh lu 1 pha na sng. Chnh lu 1 pha tan sng: dng bin p c im gia v chnh lu cu.

155

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun Cc mch lc dng LC v RC. Cc mch n nh dng it zener, hoc hiu chnh ni tip lin tcCc mch n nh in p thng c khu hi tip v so snh vi mt in p chun v t mch s iu chnh in p hoc dng in u ra gi c nh. Vi cc mch in yu cu cng sut nh th ngi ta ch to sn cc IC n p nh: Cc IC h 78, 79, vi in p ra l dng hoc m c gi tr t vi vn n vi chc vn. Phng php to ngun cung cp th hai m hin nay ang s dng rt ph bin l ngun kiu chuyn mch. Ngun cp in kiu chuyn mch lm vic vi hiu sut rt cao ( = 8090%), gii n nh rng, kch thc gn nh.

CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1: Cho mt in p xoay chiu u ( t ) = 16 cos (100 t ) qua mt b chnh lu mt pha na chu k ti thun tr. Tnh U 0 ; f d , in p ngc cc i t ln it U Dng .max ? Cu 2: Cho mt in p xoay chiu u ( t ) = 10 cos (100 t ) qua mt b chnh lu mt pha na chu k ti thun dung. Tnh U 0 ; f d , in p ngc cc i t ln it U Dng .max ? Cu 3: Cho mch chnh lu 1 pha ton sng dng bin p th cp c im gia, ti thun tr, in p hiu dng trn mi cun th cp l 12V. Tnh U 0 ; f d ? Cu 4: Cho mch chnh lu 1 pha ton sng dng bin p th cp c im gia, ti thun dung, in p hiu dng trn mi cun th cp l 6V. Tnh U 0 ; f d ;U Dng .max ? Cu 5: Cho mch chnh lu cu 1 pha, ti thun tr in p th cp c U 2 M = 10V . Tnh U 0 ; f d ;U Dng .max ? Cu 6: Cho mch chnh lu cu 1 pha, ti thun dung, in p th cp c U 2 M = 9V . Tnh U 0 ; f d ;U Dng .max ? Cu 7: Dng in p u ra ca mch chnh lu 1 pha na sng ti thun tr nh hnh no?

ur

ur

a) ur

b) ur

c) d)

156

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun

Cu 8: Dng in p u ra ca mch chnh lu 1 pha ton sng ti dung tnh nh hnh no?
ur ur

a) ur

b) ur

c) d)

Cu 9: S mch in no l s n p dng IC c in p ra +5V ?

1 UV C1 LM7812 3 2 Ur C2 UV C1 2 LM7905 1 3 Ur C2

a) 1 UV C1 LM7805 3 2 Ur C2 UV C1 2

b) LM7805 1 3 Ur C2

c)

d)

Cu 10: S mch in no l s n p dng IC c in p ra -9V ?

157

Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun

1 UV C1

LM7809 3

2 Ur C2 UV

LM7909 C1 1

3 Ur C2

a) 1 UV C1 LM7909 3 2 Ur C2 UV C1 2

b) LM7809 1 3 Ur C2

c)

d)

158

Hng dn tr li

HNG DN TR LI CHNG 1
Cu 2: K hiu ngun in p c lp l b:

a)

b)

c)

d)

Cu 3 K hiu ngun dng in c lp l a:

a)

b)

c)

Cu 4: Tr khng ca phn t thun dung l:

1 a) Z c = = jX C jC
c) ZC = j

b) ZC = jC = jX C d) ZC = jC

1 = jX C C

Cu 5: Dn np ca phn t thun cm l: a) YL = j c) YL =

1 = jBL L 1 = jBL

b) YL = j L = jBL d) YL = j L = jBL

j L

Cu 6: Mt t in c in dung l C = 50 F ; vi tn s = 100 ( rad / s ) th tr khng ca t l:

a) ZC = j 200 c) ZC = j 5.103

b) ZC = j 200 d) ZC = j 5.103

159

Hng dn tr li Cu 7: Mt cun dy c in cm l L = 20 H ; vi tn s = 1000 ( rad / s ) th dn np ca cun dy l: a) YL = j 50 c) YL = j 2.102 b) YL = j 2.102 d) YL = j 50

Cu 8: S tng ng chi tit ca mch c Z = 4 5 j l s a:

X=5 R=4 X=5 a) X=5 R=4 R=4 c) R=4 b) X=5

d)

Cu 9: S tng ng chi tit ca mch c Y = 2 + 7 j l s b:

B=7 G=2 B=7 a) B=7 B=2 G=2 c) G=2 b) G=7

d)

Cu 10: Tr khng tng ng ca mch hnh I-1 l: a) Z = 2 + j12 c) Z = 2 + j 2 b) Z = 2 j 2 d) Z = 2 j12

R=2

X=7

Hnh I-1

160

Hng dn tr li Cu 11: Dn np tng ng ca mch hnh I-2 l: a) Y = 5 + j12 c) Y = 5 j 6 b) Y = 5 + j 6 d) Z = 5 j12

B=9 B=3 G=5 Hnh I-2

Cu 12: Cho s mch nh hnh I-3. Vi: Z1 = 1, 025 j ;

i(t) u(t) Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5

Z 2 = 1, 25 j; Z3 = j Z 4 = 2 j; Z 5 = 2 + j
a) V s tng ng chi tit theo cc linh kin.

Hnh I-3.

b) Tnh i ( t ) khi t mt in p c bin hiu dng l 5V ln hai u on mch? Gii: a) Da vo tng tr khng Z = R + jX v s tng ng chi tit, ch : vi X > 0 l cun cm, X < 0 l t in, v cc linh kin l mc ni tip. b)

Z 45 = Z 4 // Z5 =

Z 4 Z5 = 1, 25 Z 4 + Z5

Z345 = Z3 + Z 45 = 1, 25 + j Z 2345 = Z 2 .Z345 = 1, 025 Z 2 + Z345

Ztd = Z12345 = 1, 025 + 1, 025 j

Hay Ztd = 2.1, 025e 4
j

U Vy: I = = Z

5.e jt 2.1, 025e

j

j t 2.2, 44e 4

i ( t ) = 2. 2.2, 44 cos t = 4,88cos t ( A ) 4 4

Cu 13: Cho s mch nh hnh I-4. Vi: Y1 = 1 + 2 j ;
i(t) u(t) Y1 Y3 Y2 Y5 Y4

Y2 = 5 j; Y3 = 2 + 4 j Y4 = 1 5 j; Y5 = 1 + j 161

Hnh I-4.

Hng dn tr li a) V s tng ng chi tit theo cc linh kin. b) Tnh dn np tng ng ca ton b mch in Ytd v i ( t ) khi t mt in p c bin hiu dng l 9V ln hai u on mch? Gii: a) Da vo tng dn np Y = G + jB v s tng ng chi tit, ch : vi Y < 0 l cun cm, Y > 0 l t in, v cc linh kin l mc song song. b)

Y45 = Y4 + Y5 = 2 4 j Y345 = Y3.Y45 =5 Y3 + Y45

Y2345 = Y2 + Y345 = 5 5 j Ytd = Y12345 = Y1Y2345 (1 + 2 j )( 5 5 j ) = 15 + 5 j = Y1 + Y2345 (1 + 2 j ) + ( 5 5 j ) 6 3 j

5+5 j 5 j Ytd = = 2. .e 4 3 3
Vy: I = U .Y = 9e
jt j t + 5 j . 2. .e 4 = 2.15.e 4 3

i ( t ) = 2. 2.15.cos t + = 30 cos t + ( A ) 4 4
Cu 14: Hy tnh cc dng in nhnh ca mach in hnh I-5.
XL1 R1 E1 XM XL2 R1 Ing2 E1 Hnh I-5. Hnh I-6. XL1 XM XL2 R2 X IV2 E2

XC

R2

IV1

Gii: Trc ht ta phi chuyn ngun dng Ing2 v dng ngun p: E2 = Ing2.R2 V mch in c v li nh hnh I-6. By gi vit h phng trnh dng in vng:

( R1 + jX L1 jX C ) .I v1 + ( jX C jX M ) .I v 2 = E1 ( jX C jX M ) .I v1 + ( R2 + jX L 2 jX C ) .I v 2 = E2 Theo quy tc Crame ta c: 162

Hng dn tr li

E1 E I v1 = 2

j( X c X M ) R2 + j ( X L 2 X c ) Z v

I v2

R1 + j ( X L1 X c ) E1 j( X X ) E2 c M = Z v

Cc cng thc bin i vng ca mch in: iR1 = Iv1 iR2= Iv2 iXc= iv1 + iv2

Cu 15: Tnh dng cc in nhnh ca mch in hnh I-7 vi cc s liu di dng phc: E1 = 1V; E6 = j V Z1 = 1; Z2 = -j Z3 = j; Z4 = 1 Z5 = j; Z6 = 1 Gii: S dng phng php dng in vng:
A Z1

Z6 Iv3 Z4 Iv1 D Hnh I-7. B Z2 Iv2

E6 Z5 Z3

E1

( Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4 ) I v1 Z 2 I v 2 Z 4 I v3 = E1 Z 2 I v1 + ( Z 2 + Z3 + Z5 ) I v 2 Z5 I v3 = 0 Z 4 I v1 Z5 I v 2 + ( Z 4 + Z5 + Z 6 ) I v3 = E6
Thay s:

(2 j ) I v1 + jI v 2 I v3 = 1 jI v1 + jI v 2 jI v3 = 0 I v1 jI v 2 + (2 + j ) I v3 = j 2 j Z v = j 1 j 1 j j = 2+4 j j 2+ j

Tnh c:

I v1 = I v3 =

1 j 0 j j j 2+ j 3 j = 2+4 j 10 1 j 2 j j 1 j j 0 1 j j 1 7 j = 2+4j 10

Iv2

1 j j 0 1 j 2 + j 1+ 3 j = = 2+4j 5 1

2 j

Theo cc cng thc bin i vng ca mch in ta tnh c:

i1 = I v1 =

3 j 1 = 10 10

18 5 163

i 2 = I v1 I v 2 =

1+ j 1 = 2 2

45o

Hng dn tr li

i3 = I v 2 =

1+ 3 j 2 = 5 10

108 5 18 5
0

i 4 = I v3 I v1 = i6 = IV 3 =

1+ 3 j 2 = 5 10 820

108o5

i5 = IV 3 IV 2 =

3 j 1 = 10 10

1 7 j 1 = 10 2

Cu 16: Cho mch in nh hnh v I-8, hy tnh dng in iR4 bng phng php ngun tng ng, vi cc s liu: Gii: Trc ht ta chuyn s mch in v s mi hnh I-9, Trong : Eng, R1, R2, R3 c thay bng E1, Z1:
Eng R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 Ing

Hnh I-8.

E1 = Z = 1

Eng R1R2 R2 = Eng = 3V R1 R1 + R2 R1 + R2 R1R2 + R3 = 3 R1 + R2

Z1

Z2

E1

R4 B Hnh I-9.

E2

v Ing, R5, R6, c thay bng E2, Z2:

E2 = I ng R6 = 8V Z 2 = R5 + R6 = 4
-Nu tnh theo thevenine khi :

E E1 83 20 36 U hmAB = E2 Z 2 2 = 84 = 8 = V 3+ 4 7 7 Z1 + Z 2 Z1Z 2 3.4 12 Z = = tdAB = Z1 + Z 2 3 + 4 7

Vy theo s tng ng Thevenine ta c:

iR 4 =

U hmAB 36 18 = = A ZtdAB + R4 7(12 + 2) 13 7

Iv E1 A E2 R2 Hnh I-10. R0 R1 X0 B X2 X1 * XM *

Cu 17: Cho mch in hnh I-10, hy tnh dng i0 bng phng php ngun tng ng Gii: - Ngt R0 v X0 ra khi mch. - tnh UhmAB, th trc ht ta tnh dng in vng Iv chy trong mch theo cng thc:

164

Hng dn tr li

Iv =
Mt khc:

E1 E2 R1 + R2 + j ( X1 + X 2 2 X M )

( R1 + jX1 jX M ) I v U hmAB = E1
Vy: U hmAB = E1 + ( R1 + jX1 jX M ) I v - By gi ta phi tnh ZtAB. Sau khi ngn mch hai ngun s, nhn t cp im AB c hai nhnh mch nh hnh I-11a. Do c tnh n ghp h cm nn ta khng th tnh ZtAB theo quan nim hai nhnh mch ghp song song vi nhau m phi p dng phng php dng in vng, t:

Z1 = R1 + jX1 Z 2 = R2 + jX 2 Z = jX M M
khi hnh I-7a c th v li nh hnh I-11b:

I1 R1 I A I2 R2

* X 1 XM X2 * U Hnh I-11a I1 * Z1 ZM * Z2 B B

ZtdAB =

U I

theo kt qu ca th d 1.4, p dng trong trng hp c th ny ta c:

ZtdAB =

2 Z1Z 2 Z M Z1 + Z 2 2Z M

I A

I2

Nh vy theo s tng ng Thevenine hnh I-12 ta tnh c kt qu cui cng:

U Hnh I-11b. I0 A

Ri=Zt AB

i0 =

U hmAB ZtdAB + R0 jX 0

R0 X0

E=Uhm AB B

Hnh I-12.

Cu 18: Cho mch in hnh I-13, hy tnh dng in chy qua R4 bng cch p dng nguyn l xp chng. Gii: Theo nguyn l xp chng, nu ngun dng Ing gy nn trong R4 mt dng in ia v ngun E6 gy nn trong R4 mt dng in ib th dng tng qua R4 s l:
Ing R1

R2 R3

R4

R6

R5

E6

Hnh I-13.

165

Hng dn tr li i4 = ia + ib tnh dng ia trc ht ta phi loi b ngun E6 khi :

i2 =
v ta tnh c:

I ng R1 R1 + R23456 R3 R3 + R456

ia = i2

tnh dng ib trc ht ta phi loi b ngun dng Ing khi :

i6 =

E6 R6 + R12345 R5 R5 + R1234

v ta cng tnh c:

ib = i6

Nh vy nu tnh n chiu dng in ta s c:

i4 = ia ib

CHNG 2
Cu 1. rng vng cm EG ca cht cch in l EG > 2eV phng n c. a) EG < 2eV . b) EG = 2eV c) EG > 2eV . d) EG > 2eV . Cu 2. rng vng cm EG ca cht bn dn l 0 < EG < 2eV - phng n a. a) 0 < EG < 2eV b) EG = 1eV c) EG > 2eV . d) EG > 2eV . Cu 4: Lp tip xc P-N phn cc thun khi in p t ln tip xc P-N c chiu sao cho VP VN > 0 - phng n c: a) VP VN < 0 . b) VP VN = 0

166

Hng dn tr li c) VP VN > 0 d) Khng phi cc p n trn. Cu 5: Lp tip xc P-N phn cc ngc khi in p t ln tip xc P-N c chiu sao cho VP VN < 0 - phng n a: a) VP VN < 0 b) VP VN = 0 c) VP VN > 0 d) Khng phi cc p n trn. Cu 6: Mt tranzito c gi l tranzito thun nu n l loi P-N-P, phng n b: a) N-P-N. b) P-N-P c) N-N-P d) P-P-N Cu 7: Mt tranzito c gi l tranzito ngc nu n l loi N-P-N, phng n a: a) N-P-N b) P-N-P c) N-N-P d) P-P-N Cu 8: Mt tranzito hot ng ch tch cc khi: a) Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc ngc. b) Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc ngc. c) Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc thun. d) Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc thun. Cu 9: Mt tranzito hot ng ch ngt khi: a) Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc ngc. b) Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc ngc. c) Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc thun. d) Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc thun. Cu 10: Mt tranzito hot ng ch thng bo ha khi: a) Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc ngc. b) Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc ngc.

167

Hng dn tr li c) Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc thun. d) Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc thun Cu 11: K hiu ca JFET knh N trong s mch l hnh a.

a)

b)

c)

d)

Cu 12: K hiu ca MOSFET knh c sn loi P trong s mch l hnh b:

a)

b)

c)

d)

CHNG 3
Cu 1: Trong cc mch khuch i, tranzito hot ng ch tch cc (c): a) Thng bo ha b) Ngt c) Tch cc d) c phng n a v b.

Cu 2: Arguymen ca h s khuch i in p Ku cho bit (c): a) Lch pha gia in p vo v dng in u vo. b) Lch pha gia in p ra v dng in u ra. c) Lch pha gia in p ra v in p vo. d) Lch pha gia in p vo v dng in ra. Cu 3: Hiu sut ca mt tng khuch i c tnh bng:

P a) = r Pv

P b) = r P0

P c) = v P0

P d) = 0 Pr

Cu 4: Hi tip l hi tip m khi: a) in p hi tip v ngc pha vi in p vo. b) in p hi tip v cng pha vi in p vo. c) in p hi tip v t l vi dng in u ra. d) Khng phi cc trng hp trn. Cu 5: Hi tip l hi tip dng khi: a) in p hi tip v ngc pha vi in p vo.

168

Hng dn tr li b) in p hi tip v cng pha vi in p vo. c) in p hi tip v t l vi in p u ra. d) in p hi tip v t l vi dng in u ra. Cu 6: Hi tip m lm a) Tng h s khuch i chung ca mch. b) Gim h s khuch i chung ca mch. c) n nh im lm vic tnh v m rng di tn lm vic. d) C b) v c). Cu 7: Hi tip dng lm a) Tng h s khuch i chung ca mch. b) Gim h s khuch i chung ca mch. c) Thng dng trong cc mch to dao ng. d) C a) v c). Cu 8: Tng khuch i EC c a) in tr vo ln. b) H s khuch i in p v dng in ln. c) in p ra o pha so vi in p vo d) C b) v c) Cu 9: Tng khuch i CC c a) in tr vo ln. b) in tr vo nh. c) in p ra o pha so vi in p vo d) C a) v c) Cu 10: Tng khuch i BC c a) in tr vo ln. b) in tr vo nh. c) in p ra o pha so vi in p vo d) C b) v c) Cu 11: H s khuch i in p ca mch khuch i c tnh bng cng thc b:

169

Hng dn tr li a) KU =

Uv Ur

b) KU =

Ur Uv

c) KU =

Ur Iv

I d) KU = r Uv

Cu 12: Tr khng u ra ca tng khuch i l cng thc c: a) Z r =

Uv ; Iv

b) Z r =

Ur Iv

c) Z r =

Ur Ir

d) Z r =

Uv Ir

Cu 13: Gc ct ca mch khuch i cng sut lm vic ch AB l: a) = 900 b) = 1800 c) = 3600 c) 900 < < 1800

Cu 14: Mo tn s thp ca b khuch i c tnh bng cng thc a. a) M t =

K0 Kt

b) M t =

K0 Kc

c) M t =

Kc Kt

d) M t =

Kt K0

Cu 15: Cho mch in nh hnh III-1;

RC = 400; RE = 600; RB = 20k ;U B = 0, 6V ; U BC = 0, 7; = 90 . Hy tnh cc c tnh ca mch.

Gii:
UB RB

+EC = 10V RC

U RB = U B U BC U RE ;
U R E = I B ( + 1) .RE ;

RE

U RB = U B U BC I B ( + 1) RE
V I B =

Hnh III-1.

U RB RB 20.103 IB = 5,3 91 600 I B 20.103

I B = 0, 071( mA ) ;

IB =

6 0, 7 91 600.I B

I C = I B = 90.0, 071 = 6,39 ( mA ) ; I E = I B + IC = 6, 46 ( mA ) . U CE = EC U RC U RE = 10 IC RC I E RE = 10 400.6,39.103 6, 46.600.103 = 3,57 (V )

Cu16: Cho mch in nh hnh III-2. Vi:

+EC = 5V RE = 3k

U EB = 0, 6V ; = 80;U EC 0 = 2,5V ; EC = 5V ;U B = 2V

;
UB

RB

170

Hnh III-2.

Hng dn tr li Tnh cc c tnh ca mch? Gii

U RE = EC U ec 0 = 5 2,5 = 2,5V ;

IE = IB =

U RE RE

2,5 = 0,833 ( mA ) 3k

0,833 ( mA ) IE = 0, 01( mA ) ; 81 ( + 1)

U RB = EC U RE U eb U B = 5 2,5 0, 6 + 2 = 3,9V ;

RB =

U RB IB

3,9 = 390k ; 0, 01mA

I C = I B = 80.0, 01mA = 0,8mA

Cu 17: Cho mch nh hnh III-3. Vi cc s liu:
+EC R1 UV C I1 I2 R2 IB RC IC IE RE

EC = 5V ; RC = 1k ;U be0 = 0, 7V ; = 100 ;
Hy tnh R1, R2 mch n nh thin p vi UCE0 = 3V. Bit URe = 0,673V. Gii

U B = U R2 = U BE 0 + U RE = 0, 7 + 0, 673 = 1,373V ;

IC =

U RC RC

EC U ce0 U RE RC

5 3 0, 673 = = 1,327 ( mA ) ; 1k

Hnh III-3.

IB =

IC

1,327 mA = 13, 27 A 100

Chn I1 = 5.I B = 5 13, 27 ( A ) = 66,35 ( A ) . Vy R1 =

U R1 I1

EC U B 5 1,373 = 54, 67 k ; 66,35 ( A ) I1

RB IB1 IE1 = IB2 IC1 IC2

I 2 = I1 I B = 66,35 13, 27 = 53, 08 ( A ) ; R2 =

Cu 18: Cho mch nh hnh III-4.

+EC

U R2 I2

1,373 25,87 k 53, 08 ( A )

RE = 1 k IE2 Hnh III-4.

171

Hng dn tr li Vi 1 = 2 = 65; EC = 10V . Hy xc nh RB v UCE1 UCE2 = 6V Gii: y l mch mc theo kiu Darlington.

U ce 2 = 6V th:

U E 2 = U Re = + EC U ce 2 = 10 6 = 4V IE2 =
I B1 =

UE 4V IE2 4mA = = 4mA I B 2 = I E1 = = = 0, 06mA . RE 1k (1 + 2 ) 66

I E1 0, 06 = 0,91 A . (1 + 1 ) 66

Chn U be1 = U be 2 = 0, 7V , th:

U RB = + EC U be1 U be 2 U R E = 10 0, 7 0, 7 4 = 4, 6V
Vy: RB = Cu 19: Cho mch in nh hnh III-5. Vi E = 12V ;

U RB I B1

4, 6 5, 05M . 0,91 A
E C2

R1 C1

R3

R1 = 20k ; R2 = 4k R3 = 4k ; R4 = 1k

uv

R2

R4

Rt C3

ur

= 99;U BE = +0, 6V
a) Xc nh I mt chiu v U mt chiu trn cc cc.

Hnh III-5.

b) Bit Rt = 8k , xc nh ti mt chiu v ti xoay chiu ca tng khuch i. V ng ti mt chiu ti v tr im lm vic Q u ra ca tng khuch i. c) V dng tn hiu vo, ra ca mch. Gii: Mch ny n nh in p cc B c chn: I R1 = I R2 ( dng phn p >> IB ) nn:

UB =

E .R2 R1 + R2

12 .4 = 2V . 20 + 4

tranzito lm vic ch khuch i th U BE = 0, 6V nn t mch in ta c:

172

Hng dn tr li

U B = U BE + U E U E = U B U BE U E = 1, 4V
Vy: I E =

UE = 1, 4mA RE IE = 14 A +1

I E = ( + 1) I B I B =

I C = I E I B = 1,386mA U C = E IC .R3 = 6, 456V

b) Tnh ti Rt = , Rt ~ - Ti mt chiu l ti m dng mt chiu u ra i qua. T mch in ta c:

Rt = = R3 nt R4 Rt = = R3 + R4 = 5k
- Ti xoay chiu l ti m dng xoay chiu u ra i qua. T mch in ta c (do dng qua cc t l dng xoay chiu nn cc t C coi nh u tt):

Rt ~ = R3 // Rt Rt ~ =

R3.Rt = 2, 67 k R3 + Rt

Xc nh ng ti mt chiu v v xc nh im l/v Q: Phng trnh ng ti mt chiu: E = U CE + U C + U E = U CE + I C ( R3 + R4 ) Cho: U CE = 0 IC =

E 12 = = 2, 4mA R3 + R4 ( 4 + 1) .103

ICE 2,4mA Q

Cho: I C = 0 U CE = E = 12V ng ti mt chiu: Khi IC tng th UCE gim (v ngc li) mt cch tuyn tnh. im lm vic Q ti:

1,386mA

5,506V

12V

UCE

ICE = 1,386mA ; U CE = U C U E = 5, 056V

c) Dng tn hiu vo, ra: Mch mc E chung nn tn hiu ra ngc pha vi tn hiu vo.

uV
5,506V t

Cu 20: Cho mch in hnh III-6. Bit: E = 20V ; U D = I BE = 0,5V Xem T1, T2 l l tng khuch i cho bin cc i. Iphn
cc

ur

= 1mA. Tm R1; R2 ; Pr ; = ? khi

R6 = 100 .

173

Hng dn tr li Gii: Khi c na tn hiu vo cng a vo T1, T2 khuch i. na chu k (+) T1 khuch i, T2 tt v U BE1 > 0 cn
R1 C1 T1 D1 D2 uv R2 Hnh III-6. T2 ur Rt C2 EC

U BE 2 > 0 (T2 thun). T1 khuch i hn na sin. Trong

na chu k sau UBE1 < 0, T1 tt; UBE2<0, T2 khuch i hn na sin. Xt v mt chiu, mch ny i xng nn in p mt chiu ti chn E ca hai tranzito l E/2 = 10V v R1 = R2 Coi Iphn cc >> IB I .R1 + 0,5 = 10V

R1 = R2 =

10 0,5 103

= 9,5k

Tnh cng sut ra khi Rt = 100 Do hai tranzito vic ch l tng, bin ra cc i nn U r max = 10V

Pr ~ =

2 U hd = 0,5W Rt

Tm P0 : Ngun cung cp cng sut ra ti ch c na (+) ca tn hiu vo v lc ny T1 thng do dng mi qua ngun: P0 = E.I tb ( na chu k ). Khi T1 lm vic dng qua ti cc i l I C max = It max =

E / 2 10 = = 0,1A Rt 100 I t max

Itb (na chu k) =

1, 0 = 0, 0318 3,14

P0 = 20 0, 0318 = 0, 636W
Hiu sut ca mch:

Pr 0,5 0,5 x3,14 78% = = Po 2 / 3.14 2

CHNG 4
Cu 1: Mt b khuch i thut ton l tng c tnh cht: a) ZV = ; Z r = 0; K 0 = b) ZV = 0 ; Z r = 0 ; K 0 = c) ZV = ; Z r = ; K 0 = d) ZV = 0 ; Z r = ; K 0 = Cu 2: H s khuch i ca mch khuch i o dng Op-Amp l:
a) Ku = Rht R b) Ku = 1 R1 Rht

174

Hng dn tr li
c) Ku = 1 + Rht R d) Ku = ht R1 R1

Cu 3: H s khuch i ca mch khuch i khng o dng Op-Amp l:

a) Ku = c) Ku = 1 + Rht R b) Ku = 1 R1 Rht Rht R d) Ku = ht R1 R1

Cu 4: S mch khuch i o dng Op-Amp l a:

_ + a) _ + c)

+ _

b)
+ _

d)

Cu 5: S mch khuch i khng o dng Op-Amp l c:

_ + + _

a)

b)

_ +

+ _

c) Cu 6: S mch vi phn dng Op-Amp l s a:

_ +

d)

_ +

a)

b)

_ + _ +

c) 175

d)

Hng dn tr li Cu 7: S mch tch phn dng Op-Amp l s b:

_ +

_ +

a)

b)

_ + _ +

c)

d)

Cu 8: S mch to hm logarit dng Op-Amp l s c:

_ +

_ +

a)

b)
_ +

_ +

c)
Cu 9: S mch to hm i logarit dng Op-Amp l d:

d)

_ +

_ +

a)

b)
_ +

_ +

c)

176

d)

Hng dn tr li

Cu 10: S mch nh hnh IV-1. Bit IC l l tng, ngun cung cp cho IC l EC = 12V . V dng in p vo v in p ra khi in p vo l:

uv

+ = Uch = 3V

ur

uv = 6.sin (100 t )(V )

Hnh IV-1.

y l mch so snh in p in p vo c so snh vi in p chun U ch = 3V . Khi uv > U ch in p ra bo ha m. Khi uv < U ch in p ra bo ha dng. in p ra lt trng thi ti uv = U ch

+Urmax
Uvmax =6V

Uch=3V

2/50

t uv ur
+ _ = Uch = 3V

-Urmax

Cu 11: S mch nh hnh IV-2. Bit IC l l tng, in p ra cc i l:

uv

U r max = 9V ; U ch = 2V
V dng in p vo v in p ra khi in p vo l:

ur

uv = 5.sin (1000 t )(V )

Hnh IV-2.

Tng t nh cu 10, ch khc mt im l in p vo a vo chn P ca IC cn ngun chun a vo chn N.

+9V Uvmax 5V 2/500 t uv ur Hnh IV-3. Uv R

Rht _ + Ur

Uch=2V

-9V

177

Hng dn tr li Cu 12: Cho mch in hnh IV-3.

R1 = 10k ; Rht = 50k E = 15V

a) Xc nh h s khuch i ca mch b) Xc nh tr khng vo ca mch Z v c) Xc nh tr khng ra l tng ca mch. d) Xc nh in p vo nh-nh m mch hot ng tuyn tnh. e) Xc nh in p ra vi mi gi tr in p vo: U v = 0, 2V ; 1V ; 2V ; 3V ; 4V Gii

R 50 = 5 . a) H s khuch i Ku = ht Ku = R1 10
b) Tr khng vo ca mch: Z v = R1 = 10k c) Tr khng ra l tng ca mch: Do Z r IC ca IC rt nh 0 nn Z r = Z r IC // Rht = 0 . d) Ta bit U r max = E 1V nn U v max = e) Mch c Ku = 5 nn khi:

U r max Ku

15 1 = 2,8V 5

U v = 0, 2V U r = 5 0, 2 = 1V ; U v = 1V U r = 5 1 = 5V ; U v = 2V U r = 5 2 = 10V ;
U v = 3V U r = 5 ( 3) = 15V nhng do 15 > U r max = 14V
cho nn U r = U r max = 14V

U v = 4V U r = 5 4 = 20V
20 > U r max = 14V , cho nn U r = U r max = 14V .
Cu 13: Cho mch in hnh IV-4.
Rht R Uv _ + Hnh IV-4. Ur

R1 = 12k ; Rht = 180k E = 15V

a) Xc nh h s khuch i ca mch

178

Hng dn tr li b) Xc nh tr khng vo ca mch Z v c) Xc nh tr khng ra l tng ca mch. d) Xc nh in p vo nh-nh m mch hot ng tuyn tnh. e) Xc nh in p ra vi mi gi tr in p vo -0,4V; 0,8V; 1,2V; -1,4V Gii Tng t nh cu 12 ta tnh c: a) Ku = 16 b) Z vIC nn Z v = Z vIC = c) Z r

d) U v max = 0, 875 e)

U v = 0, 4V U r = 6, 4V U v = 0,8V U r = 12,8V U v = 1, 2V U r = U r max = 14V U v = 1, 4V U r = U r max = 14V

Cu 14: Cho mch in hnh IV-5. a) Tm biu thc U r theo cc U v v R ? b) Tnh U r khi:

R1 = 25k ; R2 = 10k ; R3 = 50k R4 = R6 = 100k ; R5 = 10k ; U1 = 0, 2V ;U 2 = 0,3V ;U 3 = 0,5V

c) Nu tc dng ca R7 , R8 . Tm gi tr ca n mch lm vic tt nht?

U1 U2

R R

R3 _ + U'r U3 R4 R5 _ +

R6

R7

Ur

R8 Hnh IV-5.

Gii

179

Hng dn tr li a) T mch in ta c:

R R U r = 3 U1 + 3 U 2 R2 R1 R R R R R R U r = 6 U R + 6 U 3 = 6 3 U1 + 3 U 2 6 U 3 R5 R2 R5 R4 R4 R1

b) Xc nh U r : Thay s:
100 50 50 100 0, 5 = 6,1V 0,2 0,3 100 25 10 10

c) Nu tc dng ca R7, R8. in tr R7 l in tr cn bng in p mt chiu ca IC1 ti hai ca vo cho u ra IC1 = 0 ch tnh (khi cha c tn hiu vo). T mch in ta c: R7 = R1//R2//R3 , R7 = 6, 25k Tng t R8 l in tr cn bng in p mt chiu ca IC2 v R8 = R4//R5//R6 R8 = 8,33k

Cu 15: Cho mch in hnh IV-6.

R1 = 10k ; R2 = 50k E = 15V

a) Vit biu thc U r theo U v b) Xc nh U r khi + U1 = 4V ;U 2 = 2V ; + U1 = 1V ;U 2 = 5V ; + U1 = 6V ;U 2 = 1V Gii
U1 U2

R2 R b R R2 Hnh IV-6. _ + Ur

a) Mch c cc tn hiu a vo hai ca ca IC khuch i thut ton, y l mch tr hai in p. in p ra tnh thep nguyn l xp chng: U r = U r1 + U r 2

R + Khi U1 0;U 2 = 0 , mch tr thnh mch khuch i o nn U r1 = 2 U1 R1

+ Khi U1 = 0;U 2 0 , mch tr thnh mch khuch i thun c phn p ti b ta c:

180

Hng dn tr li

Ub =

R2 U2 R1 + R2

R R2 U r 2 = 1 + 2 . U2 R1 R1 + R2
+ Khi c c U1 v U 2 nn:

U r = U1 + U 2 = U r = 5. (U 2 U1 )
b) Xc nh U r khi:

R R2 R2 R R U1 + 1 + 2 . U 2 = 2 U1 + 2 U 2 R1 R1 R1 + R2 R1 R1

+ U1 = 4V ;U 2 = 2V U r = 10V ; + U1 = 1V ;U 2 = 5V U r = U r max = 14V + U1 = 6V ;U 2 = 1V U r = U r max = 14V Cu 16: Cho mch in hnh IV-7
Rht R _ U1 U2 U3 + R R R Hnh IV-7. Ur

R = 50k ; R1 = 10k Rht = 30k ; E = 15V

a) Vit biu thc U r theo cc U v . b) Xc nh U r khi U1 = 0,3V ;U 2 = 1V ;U 3 = 2V Gii a) y l mch cng thun c nhiu in p vo. T mch in v coi IC l tng ta c: U P = U n =

R1 Ur R1 + R2

Gi I1 , I 2 , I 3 l dng qua 3 u vo U1, U 2 , U 3 v I1 + I 2 + I3 = 0 hay:

U1 U N U 2 U N U 3 U N + + =0 R R R
Hay: U1 + U 2 + U 3 = 3U N =

3R1 Ur R1 + Rht

Ur =

R1 + Rht (U1 + U 2 + U 3 ) 3R1

b) Xc nh U r

Ur =

10 + 30 ( 0,3 + 1 2 ) = 0,93V 3.10 181

Hng dn tr li Cu 17: Cho mch in nh hnh IV-8.

Rht = 100k ; R1 = 100k ; R2 = 50k ; R3 = 25k

E = 15V
a) Vit biu thc U r theo U v b) Xc nh U r khi:

U1 U2 U3

R1 R2 R3

Rht _ + Ur

Hnh IV-8.

U1 = 3V ;U 2 = 10V ;U 3 = 7V U1 = 8V ;U 2 = 4V ;U 3 = 5V
Gii a) Mch c cc tn hiu a vo ca o ca IC khuch i thut ton l mch mch cng o.

Ur =

Rht R R U1 ht U 2 ht U 3 R1 R2 R3

U U U U r = Rht 1 + 2 + 3 R1 R2 R3
b) Xc nh U r khi: + U1 = 3V ;U 2 = 10V ;U 3 = 7V

3 10 7 U r = 100 + = 5V 100 50 25
+ U1 = 8V ;U 2 = 4V ;U 3 = 5V

4 5 8 U r = 100 + = 20V 100 50 25

do U r > U r max = 14V U r = U r max = 14V

Cu 18: Cho mch in hnh IV-9.

R U1 U2 R

C _ + Ur

E = 15V
a) Tm U r theo U v b) Xc nh U r khi

U1 = (1 + 10sin100t ) V

U 2 = 1V ; C = 1 F 182

Hnh IV-9.

Hng dn tr li

R1 = R2 = 100k
Gii a) Do lm vic ch tuyn tnh nn

Ur =

1 1 1 U U . U1dt . U 2 dt = . 1 + 2 dt R1C R2C C R1 R2

0 0 0

b) Do R1 = R2 = 100k nn:

Ur =

1 10 .10
5

(1 + 10sin100t 1) dt = cos100t 0 = 1 cos100t

0

CHNG 5
Cu 1: iu kin mch to dao ng s dng hi tip dng l: a) K . = 1 v = k + = 2n b) K . = 1 v = k + = ( 2n + 1) c) K . < 1 v = k + = ( 2n + 1) d) K . < 1 v = k + = 2n

Cu 2: iu kin mch to dao ng sin 3 im lm vic c l: a)

X1 + X 2 X 3 = 0

b) X1 + X 2 + X 3 = 0 c)

X1 X 2 + X 3 = 0

d) X1 + X 2 + X 3 > 0 Cu 3: Mch dao ng 3 im in cm c: a)

X1 l in cm v X 2 , X 3 l t in.

b) X1 l t in v X2, X3 l in cm. c)

X 2 l in cm v X1, X 3 l t in.

d) X 2 l t in v X1 , X 3 l in cm. Cu 4: Mch dao ng 3 im dung cm c: a) X1 l in cm v X 2 , X 3 l t in. b) X1 l t in v X 2 , X 3 l in cm.

183

Hng dn tr li c)

X 2 l in cm v X1, X 3 l t in.
R1

R3 _ +

d) X 2 l t in v X1 , X 3 l in cm. Cu 5: Cho mch in nh hnh V-1 a) Gii thch nguyn l lm vic ca mch trn. b) Tm iu kin dao ng Cho R1= R2= R3=1k; Q =100; fd = fch= 100kHz; Tm L, C ? Gii

R3 C L

Hnh V-1.

a) y l mch to dao ng sin c khung dao ng LC ni ca thun. Khi c ngun, mch LC pht sinh dao ng sin, in p a vo ca thun c khuch i ra tng ln cng pha qua R3 a hi tip v cho khung dao ng li a vo mch khuch i cho U r ln ln n mc n nh. IC v R1,R2 to thnh mch khuch i thun. b) Gi Rt l in tr tng ng ca mch cng hng ti fc/h lc ny tr khng ca khung Rtd cn h s khuch i ca mch l ln nht nn c h s hi tip max = max = Rtd + R3

K = 1+

R R2 nn iu kin dao ng ca mch l: K . = 1 1 + C R1 R1

Rtd =1 Rtd + R3

c) tm L, C: Tm Rtd :

( R + R2 ) Rtd = 1 R = 1k Rc Rtd =1 1 td 1 + R1 Rtd + R3 Rtd R1 + R1R3

Ta bit: Rtd = Q Ta c:

L 1 v f = C 2 LC

Rtd Rtd = 2 LQ L= L = 1, 6 H 2 Qf dd f dd Q Q C = 0,16 F 2 C 2 Rtd f dd

Ta c: Rtd . f dd =

Cu 6: Cho mch in hnh V-2. E = 15V a) Gii thch mch in, v dng tn hiu ra theo t. b) Cho f dd = 1kHz; R = 1k , tnh cc gi tr linh kin cn li. Tm khong fdd khi cc t C cng bin i Cmin Cmax.

184

Hng dn tr li

C R

C R

R1

_ +

Rht

Hnh V-2.

Gii a) y l mch to dao ng sin c mch hi tip l 3 mt RC trong R1 c coi nh ni t v U 0 0 nn ca o ca IC coi l im t o ng thi R1, Rht, v IC to thnh mch khuch i o, nn R1=R. V dng tn hiu:
UR

b) Khi f dd = 1kHz ; R1 = 1k

R1 = R = 1k
Ta c: dd = 2 f dd =

1 1 C = = 65nF 6 RC 2 6 f dd R

R - Ta c: K = ht = 29 Rht = 29.R1 = 29k R1

- Tm khong f dd khi cc C cng bin i: Ta bit f dd =

1 1 vi Cmin fmax= f max = =A 2 6 RC 2 6.103 Cmin

vi Cmax th f min =

1 2 6.103 Cmax

=B
Rht R1 _ + C R C R

Vy khi cc C bin i th f dd bin i t B n A. Cu 7: Cho mch in nh hnh V-3.

R = 15k ; C = 0, 02 F R1 = 10k ; E = 15V

a) V dng tn hiu ra theo t. b) Tm tn s dao ng ca mch.

185

Hnh V-3.

Hng dn tr li c) Tm tr s ca Rht cn thit. Gii a) Dng tn hiu ra:

UR

t b) Tn s ca mch:

= 2 f dd =

1 1 f dd = 0,53kHz RC 2 RC

c) Tm Rht . Ta c

K = 1+

Rht R = 3 ht = 2 Rht = 2.R1 = 24k R1 R1

Cu 8: Cho mch in nh hnh V-4.

Rht R1 _ + C R C R

R1 = 22k ; C = 0, 01 F ; E = 15V
fd bin i t 100Hz n 1kHz. a) Tm tr s cn thit ca Rht. b) Tm khong bin i cn thit ca R. Gii a) Tm Rht: y l mch cu Vin nn ta c:

K = 1+

Rht R = 3 ht = 2 R1 R1

Hnh V-4.

Vy: Rht = 44k . b) Khi con tr ca R n v tr Rmin lc : f max =

1 1 Rmin = 2 Rmin .C 2 f max C

Rmin = 15,9k
Khi con tr ca R n v tr Rmax lc : f min =

1 1 Rmax = 2 .Rmax C 2 . f min C

Rmax = 159k
Nh vy R bin i t 15,9k n 159k .

186

Hng dn tr li Cu 9: Cho mch in nh hnh V-5.

R C _ +

R1 = R2 = 15k ; R = 18k C = 0, 068 F ; E = 15V

a) V dng tn hiu ra theo t. b) Xc nh bin U r max c) Xc nh T , fd d) Xc nh in p hi tip. Gii a) Dng tn hiu ra:

R2 R1 Hnh V-5.

+Urmax -Urmax t

b) U r max = ( E 1V ) = (15 1) = 14V c) Xc nh chu k T:

2.R1 ta c: t x = RC ln 1 + R2

R1 = R2 t x = RC ln 3 = 1,1RC
Chu k: T = 2t x = 2, 2 RC = 2, 693ms f = d) Xc nh in p hi tip: Khi bo ha (+) c U ht ( + ) , bo ha (-) c U ht ( ) :

1 = 317,33Hz T

U ht ( ) = I .R1 =

U r max .R1 = 7V R1 + R2
VR4 C _ + R3

Cu 10: Cho mch in nh hnh V-6.

R1 = R2 = 20k ; R3 = 1,8k VR4 = 100k . C = 0, 024 F ; E = 15V

a) V dng tn hiuiu ra theo t b) Xc nh bin Uramax c) Xc nh khong fd khi iu chnh VR4

R2 R1 Hnh V-6.

187

Hng dn tr li Gii a) Dng tn hiu ra:

+Urmax -Urmax t

b) U r max = ( E 1V ) = (15 1) = 14V c) Xc nh tn s:

2R Tac: t x = ( R3 + R4 ) C.ln 1 + 1 R2
Do R1 = R2 t x = ( R4 + R3 ) C.ln 3 = 1,1( R4 + R3 ) C Chu k T = 2t x = 2, 2 ( R4 + R3 ) C fd =

1 1 = T 2, 2 ( R4 + R3 ) C

Khi R4 = 0 f max = 10,5kHz Khi R4 = 100k f min = 0,186kHz Khi R4 bin i t 0 100k th fd = 10,5kHz 0,186kHz
_

Cu 11: Cho mch in nh hnh V-7. Bit U r max = 11V V dng in p vo vo ra in p ra, bit

uv
R

ur
R

uv ( t ) = 8sin (100 t ) V
Gii
Hnh V-7.

y l s ca mt trigger Schmit, dng in p vo v in p ra nh hnh v.

ur +Urmax = 11V 5,5V
1 100

uv 8V
2 100 3 100 4 100

-5,5V -Urmax =- 11V

188

Hng dn tr li Cu 12: Cho mch in nh hnh V-8. Bit E1 = 5V ; E2 = 3V V hm truyn t v dng sng ur khi
uv R D1 E1 + + _ _ D2 E2

ur

uv = 8sin (100t ) V
Gii y l mch hn ch hai pha. Khi uv > E2 ur = E2 = 3V Khi uv < E1 ur = E1 = 5V
ur uv ur 3V -5V 3V -5V -5V uv 3V

100 2 100

Hnh V-8.

8V

4 100

CHNG 6
Cu 18: Cho tn hiu iu bin vi h s iu ch m = 50%. Tn s tin tc f s = 10kHz . Sng mang c bin 5mV v tn s ft = 10 MHz . a) Vit biu thc biu din tn hiu iu bin . b) Tnh ph tn hiu c) Tn hiu trn qua mch khuch i in p 1000 ln v trn tn cho ra tn hiu c ftg = 1MHz : -Vit biu thc tn hiu ra sau trn tn. -V s tch sng tn hiu . Gii a) Vit biu thc:

U db = U t (1 + m cos s t ) cos t t
Thay s: U db = 5.103 (1 + 0,5cos 2 104 t ) cos 2 107 t b) Tnh ph: Tn hiu trn c th vit:

189

Hng dn tr li

5.103.0,5 cos 2 107 + 104 t (v) 2 2 Nh vy: ph ca tn hiu iu bin trn c 3 thnh phn ti tn s sng mang: 5.10 U db = 5.103 cos 2 107 t + cos 2 107 104 t +

3.0,5

+ ft = 10 MHz c bin : 5.10-3V. + 2 bin tn tn s: 1001.104Hz c bin 1,25.10-3V v 999.104Hz, bin 1,25.10-3V. c) Qua mch khuch i in p 1000 ln v trn tn cho ra

U tg = Ku 5.103 1 + 0,5cos 2 104 t cos 2 106 t

U tg = 5(1 + 0,5cos 2 104 t ) cos 2 106 t .
S :
Ub Khuch i v trn tn

Utg

( ft = 10MHz )
m = 0,5

( ftt = 1MHz )
m = 0,5

Uns

( f ns = 11MHz )
Tn hiu sau trn tn l tn hiu iu bin bn mch tch sng tn hiu nh sau: D
Utg C R Us

Yu cu ca mch: D: it cao tn R,C chn ph hp c th:

tg

<< RC <<
1 2 104

1 2 106

<< RC <<

CHNG 7
Cu 1: Cho mt in p xoay chiu u ( t ) = 16 cos (100 t ) qua mt b chnh lu mt pha na chu k ti thun tr. Tnh U 0 ; f d , in p ngc cc i t ln it U Dng .max ? Gii Ta c U 0 = 0, 45U hd

190

Hng dn tr li Vi U hd =

U max 2

16 16 U 0 = 0, 45. 5,1V 2 2

Tn s p mch ca in p trn ti: fd= m.f = f = 50Hz in p ngc ln nht t trn it l:

U ng .max = U M = 16
Cu 2: Cho mt in p xoay chiu u ( t ) = 10 cos (100 t ) qua mt b chnh lu mt pha na chu k ti thun dung. Tnh U 0 ; f d , in p ngc cc i t ln it U Dng .max ? Gii Vi ti tnh dung ta c: U 0 = U M = 10V Tn s p mch: fd=f=50Hz in p ngc cc i t trn it l: U ng .max = 2.U M = 20V Cu 3: Cho mch chnh lu 1 pha ton sng dng bin p th cp c im gia, ti thun tr, in p hiu dng trn mi cun th cp l 12V. Tnh U 0 ; f d ? Gii Nu b qua tn hao bin p v cc chnh lu th

U0 =

U 2 M = 0,9U 2 = 0,9 12 = 10,8V

f d = 2.50 = 100 Hz
Cu 4: Cho mch chnh lu 1 pha ton sng dng bin p th cp c im gia, ti thun dung, in p hiu dng trn mi cun th cp l 6V. Tnh U 0 ; f d ;U Dng .max ? Gii

U 0 = U 2 M = 2U 2 = 2.6 = 8, 48V
in p ngc t trn it:

U Dng max = 2U M = 2 2U 2 f d = 2.50 = 100 Hz

17V

Cu 5: Cho mch chnh lu cu 1 pha, ti thun tr in p th cp c U 2 M = 10V . Tnh

U 0 ; f d ;U Dng .max ?
Gii

U 0 0,9U 2 =

U M 10 = = 7, 07V 2 2 191

Hng dn tr li in p ngc t trn it:

UD ngmax = U2 M = 10 V

f d = 2.50 = 100 Hz
Cu 6: Cho mch chnh lu cu 1 pha, ti thun dung, in p th cp c U 2 M = 9V . Tnh U 0 ; f d ;U Dng .max ?

U0 hm = 2U2 = 2

9 = 9V 2

in p ngc t trn it:

UD ngmax = U2 M = 9 V

f d = 2.50 = 100 Hz
Cu 7: Dng in p u ra ca mch chnh lu 1 pha na sng ti thun tr l hnh c?
ur ur

b) a) ur ur

c) d) Cu 8: Dng in p u ra ca mch chnh lu 1 pha ton sng ti dung tnh nh hnh d?

ur

ur

a)

ur

b)

ur

c)

d)

Cu 9: S mch in no l s n p dng IC c in p ra +5V l s c?

192

Hng dn tr li

1 UV
C1

LM7812 3

2 Ur
C2

2 UV
C1

LM7905 1

3 Ur
C2

a) 1 UV
C1

b) 2 Ur
C2

LM7805 3

2 UV
C1

LM7805 1

3 Ur
C2

c)

d)

Cu 10: S mch in no l s n p dng IC c in p ra -9V l s b?

1 UV
C1

LM7809 3

2 Ur
C2

2 UV
C1

LM7909 1

3 Ur
C2

a) 1 UV
C1

b)

LM7909 3

2 Ur
C2

2 UV
C1

LM7809 1

3 Ur
C2

c)

d)

193

Ti liu tham kho

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Xun Th - K thut in t, NXB Gio dc - 1999 [2] Phm Minh H - K thut mch in t, NXB Khoa hc v K thut - 1997 [3] H Vn Sung - Linh kin bn dn v vi mch, NXB Gio dc - 2001 [4] H Anh Ty - L thuyt mch (tp 1, 2), NXB Khoa hc v K thut - 1996 [5] L Sc - Ti liu ging dy "K thut mch in t", Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng - 2000 [6] Trn Th Cm - Ti liu ging dy "Cu kin in t v Quang in t", Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng - 2000 [7] Nguyn Xun He, Bi Thanh Giang - Ti liu ging dy "Ngun in", Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng - 2000 [8] L Sc, Nguyn Quc Dinh - Ti liu ging dy "L thuyt mch", Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng - 1999 [9] HACHETTE Suprieur - in t in ng hc I, NXB Gio dc - 2001 [10] HACHETTE Suprieur - in t hc, NXB Gio dc - 2001 [11] Mark N.Horenstein - Microelectronic Circuits and Devices, Prentice Hall - 1996

194

Ti liu tham kho

MC LC
LI NI U ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM, NH LUT V CC PHNG PHP C BN PHN TCH MCH IN ................................................................................................................................. 3 GII THIU ................................................................................................................................................ 3 NI DUNG.................................................................................................................................................. 3 1.1. TNG QUAN............................................................................................................................ 3 1.2. CC THNG S TC NG V TH NG CA MCH IN ................................... 5 1.3. BIU DIN PHC CA CC TC NG IU HA, TR KHNG V DN NP............. 9 1.4. CC KHI NIM C BN CA MCH IN .................................................................. 11 1.5. CC NH LUT KIRCHHOFF ........................................................................................... 12 1.6. CC PHNG PHP C BN PHN TCH MCH IN............................................... 13 1.7. MNG BN CC .................................................................................................................. 18 TM TT NI DUNG ............................................................................................................................. 23 CU HI V BI TP............................................................................................................................ 23 CHNG 2: LINH KIN BN DN V QUANG IN T ...................................................................... 27 GII THIU .............................................................................................................................................. 27 NI DUNG................................................................................................................................................ 27 2.1. CHT BN DN THUN V CHT BN DN TP CHT........................................... 27 2.2. LP TIP XC P-N................................................................................................................ 29 2.3. IT BN DN..................................................................................................................... 30 2.4. TRANZITO LNG CC (BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor) ........................................... 34 2.5. TRANZITO HIU NG TRNG (Field Effect Transistor - FET) ..................................... 36 2.6. THYRISTOR ........................................................................................................................... 38 2.7. VI MCH TCH HP ............................................................................................................ 39 2.8. LINH KIN QUANG IN T............................................................................................. 40 TM TT NI DUNG ............................................................................................................................. 43 CU HI V BI TP............................................................................................................................ 44 CHNG 3: MCH KHUCH I BN DN............................................................................................. 47 GII THIU .............................................................................................................................................. 47 NI DUNG................................................................................................................................................ 47 3.1. NH NGHA, CC CH TIU V THAM S C BN CA MCH KHUCH I............ 47 3.2. HI TIP TRONG CC TNG KHUCH I ................................................................... 49 3.3. CC S KHUCH I C BN DNG TRANZITO LNG CC......................... 51 3.4. TNG KHUCH I O PHA .......................................................................................... 55 3.5. CC S C BN DNG TRANZITO TRNG (FET) ............................................. 56

195

Ti liu tham kho

3.6. PHNG PHP GHP CC TNG KHUCH I ........................................................... 57 3.7. MT S MCH KHUCH I KHC................................................................................ 58 3.8. TNG KHUCH I CNG SUT ..................................................................................... 60 3.9. MCH KHUCH I DNG IC .......................................................................................... 65 TM TT NI DUNG ............................................................................................................................. 65 CU HI V BI TP............................................................................................................................ 66 CHNG 4: MCH KHUCH I THUT TON .................................................................................... 71 GII THIU .............................................................................................................................................. 70 NI DUNG................................................................................................................................................ 70 4.1. CC TNH CHT CHUNG CA IC THUT TON........................................................... 70 4.2. CC MCH KHUCH I DNG B KHUCH I THUT TON ........................... 71 4.3. CC PHNG PHP CHNG TRI V B IM KHNG........................................... 72 4.4. MCH CNG ......................................................................................................................... 74 4.5. MCH TR ............................................................................................................................ 75 4.6. MCH VI PHN, MCH TCH PHN ................................................................................ 77 4.7. MCH TO HM LOGARIT V LU THA ................................................................... 78 4.8. MCH NHN TNG T ................................................................................................... 79 4.9. MCH SO SNH IN P................................................................................................... 80 4.10. MCH LC TCH CC....................................................................................................... 82 TM TT NI DUNG ............................................................................................................................. 89 CU HI V BI TP............................................................................................................................ 89 CHNG 5: MCH TO DAO NG .......................................................................................................... 95 GII THIU .............................................................................................................................................. 95 NI DUNG................................................................................................................................................ 95 5.1. KHI NIM ............................................................................................................................ 95 5.2. MCH TO DAO NG SIN GHP BIN P................................................................... 96 5.3. MCH DAO NG SIN BA IM ...................................................................................... 96 5.4. MCH TO DAO NG SIN GHP RC ............................................................................. 97 5.5. MCH DAO NG BNG THCH ANH........................................................................... 98 5.6. MCH TO XUNG VUNG ................................................................................................ 99 5.7. MCH HN CH BIN ................................................................................................ 103 5.8. MCH TO XUNG RNG CA........................................................................................ 104 5.9. MCH TO TN HIU HN HP ..................................................................................... 106 5.10. MCH TO DAO NG C TN S IU KHIN BNG IN P (VCO) ........... 107 TM TT NI DUNG ........................................................................................................................... 107 CU HI V BI TP.......................................................................................................................... 108

CHNG 6: CC MCH BIN I TN S ............................................................................................ 111

196

Ti liu tham kho

GII THIU ............................................................................................................................................ 111 NI DUNG.............................................................................................................................................. 111 6.1. KHI NIM V IU CH ................................................................................................ 111 6.2. IU BIN............................................................................................................................ 112 6.3. IU TN V IU PHA .................................................................................................. 116 6.4. MCH IU TN V IU PHA ..................................................................................... 117 6.5. TCH SNG......................................................................................................................... 120 6.6. TCH SNG IU TN V IU PHA........................................................................... 122 6.7. MCH IU CH XUNG ................................................................................................... 125 6.8. TRN TN, NHN TN, CHIA TN................................................................................ 125 6.9. CHUYN I TNG T - S (A/D) V S - TNG T (D/A).............................. 129 TM TT NI DUNG ........................................................................................................................... 140 CU HI V BI TP.......................................................................................................................... 141 CHNG 7: MCH CUNG CP NGUN................................................................................................... 143 GII THIU ............................................................................................................................................ 143 NI DUNG.............................................................................................................................................. 143 7.1 KHI NIM ........................................................................................................................... 143 7.2. CHNH LU MT PHA KHNG IU KHIN ............................................................... 144 7.3. B LC SAN BNG............................................................................................................ 146 7.4. N NH IN P NGUN............................................................................................... 148 7.5. NGUN CP IN KIU CHUYN MCH..................................................................... 152 TM TT NI DUNG ........................................................................................................................... 155 CU HI V BI TP.......................................................................................................................... 156 HNG DN TR LI .................................................................................................................................. 159 CHNG 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 159 CHNG 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 166 CHNG 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 168 CHNG 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 174 CHNG 5 ............................................................................................................................................. 183 CHNG 6 ............................................................................................................................................. 189 CHNG 7 ............................................................................................................................................. 190 TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................................................................ 194 MC LC.......................................................................................................................................................... 195

197

C S K THUT IN IN T
M s : 497DDT212
Chu trch nhim bn tho TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1