MCLC

TRANG

MC LC TRANG..................................................................................................................1
DANH MC HNH...................................................................................................................5
DANH MC T VIT TT...................................................................................................6
Phn I: M U......................................................................................................................7
1.t vn ...........................................................................................................................7
2.Mc ch thc tp..............................................................................................................8
3.Ni dung thc tp...............................................................................................................8
4.Phng php thc tp.......................................................................................................9
5.Chng trnh thc tp.......................................................................................................9
Phn II: NI DUNG...............................................................................................................10
Chng 1..............................................................................................................................10
TNG QUAN V L THUYT.......................................................................................10
1.1.L thuyt v cht thi nguy hi...................................................................................10
1.1.1.nh ngha............................................................................................................10
1.1.2.c tnh ca cht thi nguy hi............................................................................10
1.1.3.Ngun gc pht sinh cht thi nguy hi...............................................................11
1.1.4.Phn loi...............................................................................................................12
1.1.5.nh hng ca cht thi nguy hi.......................................................................14
1.2.Tng quan v cc phng php x l CTNH.............................................................18
1.2.1 Cc phng php ho hc v vt l...................................................................18
1.2.2 Cc phng php sinh hc.................................................................................19
1.2.3 Phng php nhit (thiu t cht thi).............................................................19
1.2.4 Phng php chn lp an ton CTNH...............................................................20
1.3.Cn c php l............................................................................................................21
Chng 2..............................................................................................................................23
TNG QUAN V CNG TY MI TRNG VIT C..............................................23
2.1 Lch s thnh lp v pht trin ca cng ty..............................................................23
2.2Vn u t: 70.000.000.000 ng (by mi t ng)................................................23

2.3C cu t chc..............................................................................................................24
2.3.1S t chc qun l ca cng ty........................................................................24
2.3.2 Trnh , nng lc v s lng cn b cng nhn vin..................................24
2.4Nhim v v chc nng ca cng ty ...........................................................................25
2.4.1 X l cht thi nguy hi.....................................................................................25
2.4.2 Ti sinh, ti ch cht thi...................................................................................25
2.4.3 Dch v v t vn v mi trng.......................................................................25
2.4.4 Thit k v thi cng cc h thng x l.............................................................26
2.4.5 Kinh doanh v lnh vc mi trng...................................................................26
2.5 a bn hot ng c php...................................................................................26
2.6 Quan h hp tc........................................................................................................26
2.5iu kin t nhin v quy m ca nh my.................................................................27
2.5.1 iu kin t nhin..............................................................................................27
2.5.2 Quy m nh my................................................................................................27
(L B4 B21 KCN L Minh Xun, Huyn Bnh Chnh, TP.HCM)............................27
2.6Cc hng mc trong nh my.......................................................................................27
2.7Phn khu chc nng trong nh my.............................................................................28
2.8C s vt cht...............................................................................................................29
2.8.1 C s vt cht t nh my ca cng ty..............................................................29
2.8.2 C s vt cht ca phng th nghim dch v phn tch v thc hin cc nghin
cu khoa hc.................................................................................................................29
2.9Nng lc x l ca nh my........................................................................................30
2.9.1 Dch v cu cng, sn bay .................................................................................30
2.9.2 Ngnh sn xut, gia cng linh kin thit b in t,c kh chnh xc................30
2.9.3 Sn xut t, mot cc loi ...............................................................................31
2.9.4 Sn xut, kinh doanh, phn phi dc phm.....................................................31
Chng 3..............................................................................................................................32
CNG TC X L CTNH TI CNG TY MI TRNG VIT C.....................32
3.1 Quy trnh x l..........................................................................................................32

3.2 Cc phng php x l ti cng ty mi trng Vit c...........................................32

3.2.1 Xay, ct hy hnh dng cht thi .......................................................................32
3.2.2 Cng ngh t cht thi.....................................................................................32
3.2.3 Chng ct thu hi dung mi ph thi ................................................................33
3.2.4 Ti ch du v nht............................................................................................34
3.2.5 Ti ch ch..........................................................................................................35
3.2.6 Sc ra phuy, thng dnh cht thi nguy hi .....................................................36
3.2.7 X l bng n hunh quang thi......................................................................37
3.2.8 Ha rn cht thi................................................................................................38
3.3 Thc t v phng php x l CTNH bng phng php l t ti Cng ty Mi
trng Vit c..................................................................................................................39
3.2.1 S cng ngh.................................................................................................39
1.3.1.3.2.1 S khi.................................................................................................41
Chng 4..............................................................................................................................45
CNG TC QUN L MI TRNG TI NH MY.............................................45
4.1 C cu t chc v sinh mi trng trong nh my...................................................45
4.2 An ton lao ng.......................................................................................................45
4.3Phng chng chy n v khc phc s c nh my..................................................47
4.3.1 Nhng s c c th xy ra nh my................................................................47
4.3.2 Ni quy phng chy cha chy ca Cng ty CP Mi Trng Vit c.............48
4.3.3 Phng nga v chun b ng ph s c r r, trn ha cht, cht thi..........50
4.3.4 Quy trnh ng ph khn cp.................................................................................51
4.3.5 Bin php x l nhim mi trng sau khi kt thc s c.............................55
Phn III: KT LUN V KIN NGH...............................................................................57
1Kt lun..............................................................................................................................57
2Kin ngh............................................................................................................................57
TI LIU THAM KHO......................................................................................................58
PH LC.................................................................................................................................59

DANH MC BNG
Bng 1.1: H thng phn loi CTNH theo TCVN 6706:2009.............................................12
Bng 1.2: Tc hi ca mt s kim loi nng.........................................................................17
Bng 2.1: S lng, trnh CB CNV trong cng ty.......................................................24
Bng 2.2: a bn hot ng ca cng ty..............................................................................26
Bng 2.3: Cc hng mc cng trnh trong khu t ca nh my.......................................27
Bng 2.4:Thit b x l cht thi ti nh my x l.............................................................29
Bng 2.5:Cc thit b phng th nghim................................................................................29
Giai thich s khi...............................................................................................................42
Bang 3.1: QCVN 192009/BTNMT quy chun ky thut quc gia v khi thai cng nghip
i vi bui va cac cht v c..................................................................................................43
Bng 4.1. Dng c bo h lao ng s dng ti Nh my...................................................45

DANH MC HNH
Hnh 2.1: S t chc qun l ca cng ty........................................................................24
Hnh 3.1: S quy trnh trin khai thc hin x l cht thi..........................................32
Cht thi sau khi c thu gom, vn chuyn v nh my x l. Sau , da theo thnh
phn ca mi loi cht thi, s c tin hnh phn loi, lu tr trc khi x l. Cc
cng ngh x l cht thi c p dng ti cng ty Vit c:.............................................32
Hnh 3.2: S cng ngh chng ct thu hi dung mi......................................................33
Hnh 3.3: S cng ngh chng ct du nht thi............................................................34
Hnh 3.4: S cng ngh tn dng x ch...........................................................................35
Hnh 3.5: S cng ngh sc ra thng phuy cha ha cht..........................................36
Hnh 3.6: S cng ngh x l bng n hunh quang thi............................................38
Hnh 3.7: S cng ngh ho rn.......................................................................................39
Hnh 3.2: S cng ngh t tiu hy cht thi bng l t hai cp...............................40
Hinh 3.3: S khi cng ngh t tiu hy cht thi bng l t hai cp......................42
Hnh 4.1: T chc v sinh mi trng ti nh my.............................................................45

DANH MC T VIT TT
-

Q-BTNMT: Quy nh- B Ti Nguyn Mi Trng

TCVN 6706:2009: Cht thi nguy hi. Phn loi

TM: nh gi tc ng mi trng

CTNH: Cht thi nguy hi

QLCTNH: quan ly cht thai nguy hai

SA 8000: T chc trch nhim x hi quc t

ISO 14001: Tiu chun quc t v h thng qun l mi trng

PCCC: phng chy cha chy

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Phn I: M U
1. t vn
Mi trng l mt trong nhng yu t v cng quan trng v cn thit vi mi con
ngi v mi quc gia. N l nn tng ca s tn ti v pht trin bn vng ca x hi,
bt c hot ng g ca con ngi cng din ra trong mi trng v v th n c nhng
tc ng nht nh ti mi trng. Hin nay vi s bng n dn s trn ton cu v tc
cng nghip ha v thi ha gy ra nhng tn tht to ln cho mi trng.
Nhng tn tht ny ang l mi e da cho ton nhn loi. Chnh v vy mt trong
nhng vn mang tnh ton cu hin nay l nhng bin php bo v hiu qu nht
cho mi trng ca tri t. Vit Nam cng khng trnh khi nhng vn nan gii v
mi trng. Trong , vn qun l cht thi nguy hi l mt vn bc thit, i
hi chng ta phi c nhng bin php gii quyt. Cng vi pht trin kinh t, mc sinh
hot ca ngi dn ngy cng c nng cao th lng cht thi nguy hi cng tng
nhanh gy nh hng nghim trng n cht lng mi trng v sc kho con ngi.
Cht thi nguy hi lun l mt trong nhng vn mi trng trm trng nht m con
ngi d bt c u cng phi tm cch i ph. Cng tc qun l cht thi nguy
hi l mt vn thi s nng hi hin ang c c th gii quan tm, bi tt c u
nhn thc c rng: nu khng c cc bin php qun l cht thi nguy hi mt
cch hiu qu, ng n th nhng hu qu khng th lng trc c ca n khin
chng ta v c th h mai sau phi gnh chu.
V vy, pht trin cng nghip i i vi bo v mi trng cc c quan
qun l nh nc thng xuyn t chc kim tra, gim st v ban hnh mt s
chnh sch c th, nn mt s vn bn c ban hnh,c th nh sau:
-

iu 36 trong lut bo v mi trng Vit Nam quy nh cc vn bo v mi

trng i vi khu sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v tp trung.

Ngy 9/8/2002, B trng B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ra Quyt

nh s 62/2002/Q-BKHCNMT v vic ban hnh Quy ch Bo v mi trng
khu cng nghip. Quy ch bao gm 10 Chng, 53 iu, c p dng vi tt
c cc t chc, c nhn ngi Vit Nam hoc nc ngoi khi thc hin trin
khai cc hot ng lin quan n khu cng nghip (KCN) Vit Nam nhm
ngn nga v gim thiu cc hot ng tiu cc n mi trng, sc khe cng
ng do KCN gy ra.

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Ngay 26/12/2006 B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Chnh ph, cn c vao Lut

Bo v mi trng ra Quyt inh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT v danh mc cht
thi nguy hi km theo Quyt nh ny c p dng nhn bit, phn loi
cc cht thi nguy hi, lm cn c cho vic qun l cht thi nguy hi theo quy
nh ca php lut. Quyt nh ny c hiu lc thi hnh sau 15 ngy k t ngy
ng Cng bo.

Ngh nh s 117/2009/N- CP ngy 31/12/2009 ca Chnh ph v x pht vi

phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng.

Nh vy ti ny cng khng cn l mi m, song tnh hnh cng nghip vn

cha c ci thin ng k, thm ch cn c nguy c trm trng hn. V vy,
rt cn thit a ra h thng cc nhn nh nh gi nhm gip ngn nga
nhim v ci thin mi trng, hng n s pht trin bn vng.
Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi, c rt nhiu nh my x l cht thi c

hnh thnh nhm p ng nhu cu x l rc thi ca x hi, trong c cng ty c

phn mi trng VIT C VINAUSEN gp phn nh trong cng tc thu gom,
vn chuyn v x l CTNH, trn a bn cc Vng Nam Trung B, Ty Nguyn, ng
Nam B v ng Bng Sng Cu Long gii quyt v vn mi trng hin nay
m nc ta ang vng phi.
Cho n thi im hin nay, VINAUSEN c trn 9 nm kinh nghim hat ng
trong lnh vc thu gom, vn chuyn x l cht thi cng nghip(CTCN), CTNH v cc
lnh vc khc ca mi trng. Cng khch hng pht trin bn vng thng qua cc h
thng qun l mi trng (ISO 14.001), thc hnh sn xut sch hn (GMP) v nng
cao trch nhim x hi (SA 8000) gp phn gim thiu nhim v ci thin mi
trng.
2. Mc ch thc tp
-

Mc ch chung :

Qun l tt hot ng thu gom, phn loi, x l v vn chuyn CTNH hi ca cng

ty mi trng Vit c
-

Mc ch c th :

Tm hiu v qu trnh x l CTNH bng cng ngh l t ca cng ty mi trng

Vit c.
3. Ni dung thc tp
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Tm hiu chc nng, t chc, nhim v ca cng ty.

Cc hot ng qun l cht thi rn: thu gom, vn chuyn v x l ti cng ty.

Nhn xt, nh gi: u im, nhc im ca hin trng vn chuyn v x l

cht thi ca cng ty.

4. Phng php thc tp

-

Phng php thu thp ti liu: tm hiu thng tin qua cc ti liu ca cng ty.

Phng php chuyn gia: tm hiu thng tin qua s hng dn ca nhn vin,
k sca cng ty.

Phng php thc a: tip cn thc t m hnh vn chuyn cht thi t cc khu
cng nghip, khu ch xut cng nh m hnh thu gom rc cc khu vc nh
ln ni x l.

Phng php tng hp, x l thng tin: tp hp x l thng tin v vit bo co

5. Chng trnh thc tp

Tm hiu quy trinh x l CTNH bng phng php l t
-

S cng ngh ca l t

Quy trnh vn hnh l t

Hiu thm nhng h thng no hp thnh mt l t

Sn phm sau khi t cht thi t xong

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Phn II: NI DUNG

Chng 1
TNG QUAN V L THUYT
1.1. L thuyt v cht thi nguy hi
1.1.1. nh ngha

Theo UNEP
Cht thi c hi l nhng cht thi (khng k cht thi phng x) c hot tnh

ha hc, hoc c tnh c hi, chy n, n mn gy nguy him hoc c th gy nguy

him n sc khe hoc mi trng khi hnh thnh hoc tip xc vi cc cht thi
khc.
Cht thi khng bao gm trong nh ngha trn:
+ Cht thi phng x c xem l cht thi c hi nhng khng bao gm trong

nh ngha ny bi v hu ht cc quc gia qun l v kim sot cht phng x

theo qui c, iu khon, qui nh ring.
+ Cht thi rn sinh hot c th gy nhim mi trng do cha mt t cht thi
nguy hi tuy nhin n c qun l theo h thng cht thi ring. mt s
quc gia s dng thu gom tch ring cht thi nguy hi trong rc sinh hot.
-

Theo Lut bo v mi trng

CTNH l cht thi cha yu t c hi, phng x, d chy, d n, d n mn, d

ly nhim, gy ng c hoc c tnh nguy hi khc (khon 11, iu 3, chng 1 Lut

Bo V Mi Trng).
QLCTNH gm cc hot ng lin quan n vic phng nga, gim thiu, phn
loi, thu gom, vn chuyn, lu gi, x l (k c ti ch, thu hi), tiu hu CTNH
(khon 1, iu 2, chng 1 Thng T 12/2006/TT-BTNMT).
1.1.2. c tnh ca cht thi nguy hi
-

Cht c kh nng gy chy: cht c nhit bt chy <600C, cht c th chy

do ma st, t thay i v ha hc. Nhng cht gy chy thng gp l xng, du,
nhin liu, ngoi ra cn c cadmium, cc hp cht hu c nhu benzen,
etybenzen, toluen, hp cht hu c c cha clo

Cht c hot tnh ha hc cao: Cc cht d dng chuyn ha ha hc; phn ng

mnh lit khi tip xc vi nc; to hn hp n hay c tim nng gy n vi
nc; sinh cc kh c khi trn vi nc; cc hp cht xyanua hay sunfit sinh

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kh c khi tip xc vi mi trng axit, d n hay to phn ng n khi c p

sut v gia nhit, d n hay tiu hy hay phn ng iu kin chun; cc cht
n b cm.
-

Cht c tnh n mn: L nhng cht trong nc to mi trng pH < 3 hay pH >
12,5; cht c th n mn thp. Dng thng gp l nhng cht c tnh axit hoc
bazo

Cht c tnh c hi: Nhng cht thi m bn thn n c tnh c c th c

xc nh qua cc bc kim tra. Cht thi c phn tch thnh phn trong cc
pha hi, rn v lng. Khi c thnh phn ha hc no ln hn tiu chun cho
php th cht thi c xp vo loi cht thi nguy hi. Cht c hi gm:
Cc kim loi nng nh thy ngn, cadmium, asenic, ch v cc mui ca chng;
dung mi hu c nh toluen, benzen, axeton, cloroform; Cc cht c hot tnh
sinh hc (thuc st trng, tr su, ha cht nng nghip); Cc cht hu c rt
bn trong iu kin t nhin nu tch ly trong m m n mt nng nht
nh th s gy bnh (PCBs: Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls).

Cht c kh nng gy ung th v t bin gen: Dioxin (PCDD), Asen,

cadmium, benzen, cc hp cht hu c cha clo

1.1.3. Ngun gc pht sinh cht thi nguy hi

Theo khong 2, Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT, ngy 26/12/2006, Cht

thi nguy hi pht sinh t 19 nhm:
1) Cht thi t ngnh thm d, khai thc, ch bin khong sn, du kh v than.
2) Cht thi t ngnh sn xut ho cht v c.
3) Cht thi t ngnh sn xut ho cht hu c.
4) Cht thi t ngnh nhit in v cc qu trnh nhit khc.

5) Cht thi t ngnh luyn kim.

6) Cht thi t ngnh sn xut vt liu xy dng v thu tinh.
7) Cht thi t qu trnh x l, che ph b mt, to hnh kim loi v cc vt liu

khc.
8) Cht thi t qu trnh sn xut, iu ch, cung ng, s dng cc sn phm che

ph (sn, vc ni, men thu tinh), cht kt dnh, cht bt kn v mc in.

9) Cht thi t ngnh ch bin g, sn xut cc sn phm g, giy v bt giy.

10)Cht thi t ngnh ch bin da, lng v dt nhum.

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11) Cht thi xy dng v ph d (k c t o t cc khu vc b nhim).

12) Cht thi t cc c s ti ch, x l, tiu hu cht thi, x l nc cp sinh

hot v cng nghip.

13) Cht thi t ngnh y t v th y (tr cht thi sinh hot t ngnh ny).
14) Cht thi t ngnh nng nghip, lm nghip v thu sn.
15) Thit b, phng tin giao thng vn ti ht hn s dng v cht thi t hot

ng ph d, bo dng thit b, phng tin giao thng vn ti.

16) Cht thi h gia nh v cht thi sinh hot t cc ngun khc.
17) Du thi, cht thi t nhin liu lng, cht thi dung mi hu c, mi cht lnh

v cht y (propellant).
18) Cc loi cht thi bao b, cht hp th, gi lau, vt liu lc v vi bo v.
19) Cc loi cht thi khc.
1.1.4. Phn loi

Trn thc t, c nhiu h thng phn loi cht thi nguy hi. H thng phn loi
theo tiu chun Vit Nam phn loi theo cc c tnh ca cht thi, TCVN 6706:2009
chia CTNH thnh 7 nhm sau:
Bng 1.1: H thng phn loi CTNH theo TCVN 6706:2009
TT

M s
BASEL

Nhm loi

Cht thi d bt la, d chy (C)

1.1 H 3

Cht thi lng d chy

M t tnh cht nguy hi

Cht thi lng c nhit bt chy di

60oC

1.2 H 4.1

Cht thi d chy

Cht thi khng l cht lng, d bc chy

khi b ma st trong iu kin vn chuyn,
khi b m, b t th xy ra t phn ng v
bc chy, chy nhit v p sut kh
quyn.

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1.3 H 4.2

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Cht thi c kh nng t bc chy do t

Cht thi c th t chy

nng ln trong iu kin vn chuyn bnh

thng, hoc t nng ln do tip xc vi
khng kh v c kh nng bc chy.

1.4 H 4.3
2

H8

Cht thi khi gp nc, to ra phn ng

Cht thi to ra kh d chy
Cht thi gy n mn (AM)

gii phng kh d chy hoc kh t chy.

Cht thi (bng phn ng ha hc) gy ra
s n mn khi tip xc vi vt dng, bnh
cha, hng ha hoc m sng ca ng
vt, thc vt.

2.1

Cht thi c tnh axit

Cht thi lng c pH bng hoc nh hn 2.

2.2

Cht thi c tnh n mn

Cht thi th lng c th n mn thp vi

tc ln hn 6,35 mm/nm nhit

H1

Cht thi d n (N)

55oC.
L cht rn hoc lng hoc hn hp rn
lng t phn ng ha hc to ra nhiu kh,
nhit v p sut c th gy n.

Cht thi d b xi ha (OH)

4.1 H 5.1

Cht thi cha cc tc nhn oxy Cht thi c cha clorat, pecmanganat,
ha v c

peoxyt v c, nitrat v cc cht oxy ha

khc khi tip xc vi khng kh, tch ly
oxy th kch thch chy cc cht hoc vt
liu khc.

4.2 H 5.2

Cht thi cha peoxyt hu c

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Cht thi hu c c cu trc phn t - O

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O - khng bn vi nhit nn c th b
phn hy v to nhit nhanh.
5

Cht thi gy c cho ngi v

sinh vt ()

5.1 H 6.1

Cht thi gy c tnh cp

Cht thi c cha cht c c th gy t

vong hoc tn thng trm trng khi tip
xc qua ng tiu ha, h hp hoc qua
da vi liu nh.

5.2 H 11

Cht thi gy c chm hoc Cht thi c cha cc cht gy nh hng

mn tnh

c chm hoc mn tnh, hoc gy ung th

do tip xc qua ng tiu ha, h hp
hoc qua da.

5.3 H 10

Cht thi sinh ra kh c

Cht thi cha chc thnh phn m khi tip

xc vi khng kh hoc tip xc vi nc
th gii phng ra kh c i vi ngi

H 12

hoc sinh vt.

Cht thi c hi cho h sinh Cht thi cha cc thnh phn m c th
thi (S)

gy ra tc ng c hi nhanh hoc t t i
vi mi trng thng qua tch ly sinh hc
v/hoc gy nh hng n cc h sinh

H 6.2

Cht thi ly nhim bnh (LN)

vt.
Cht thi c cha cc vi sinh vt sng hoc
c t ca chng, c bit hoc nghi ng
l c cc mm bnh c th gy bnh c
ngi v cho gia sc.

1.1.5. nh hng ca cht thi nguy hi

Tc ng ca mt vi cht thi nguy hi n mi trng:

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Kh SO2

SO2 l cht kh khng mu, c mi hng v cay khi nng trong kh quyn l

1ppm. Sunfur l mt trong nhng ngun nhim chnh trong kh quyn v gy nh

hng ti sc khe con ngi, bn vt liu v l nhn t chnh gy nn ma axit
theo c cu sau:
SO2 + H2O

------> H2SO3

H2SO3

-----> H+ + HSO3- ------> 2H+ + SO32-

SO32- + H2O ------> H2SO4

+

Hi axit gp lnh s ngng t thnh sng m axit, chng tn ti l lng trong

khng kh hoc hp th thm hi nc to thnh nhng git axit long H2O - H2SO4 v
l nguyn nhn gy nn nhng cn ma axit.
+

SO2 tng i nng nn thng gn mt t, ngang vi tm sinh hot ca con

ngi. Sunfur c kh nng ho tan trong nc cao hn cc kh gy nhim khc, nn

d phn ng vi cc c quan h hp ca ngi v ng vt. Khi hm lng thp SO 2
lm sng nim mc, khi hm lng cao (>0,5 mg/m3) SO2 gy tc th, ho, vim lot
ng h hp.
+

Khi c mt ng thi SO2 v SO3, ch cn nng thp chng cng s c tc

ng hp lc, phn ng sinh l pht sinh mnh hn so vi phn ng ca tng cht

ring bit, thm ch gy co tht ph qun mnh v nng cao c th dn n nguy
him cht ngi.

Cc hp cht cha Halogen

Khi ht phi Cl, n s i vo ph qun, ph nang. Clo s tip xc vi cc cht

nhy t m sng ca c th, to ra HClO vt qua mng t bo v ph hy cc t

bo, Cl to nn dn sut nit clo ha.
+

Cc hp cht kh cha halogen ch cn nng rt nh cng gy c,

nhim c nng v c kh nng gy nhim trn phm vi rng ln.

+

HF gy bnh sn xng, vim ph qun, tn thng rng. HF hn ch sinh

trng ca cy, lm rng qu, lp qu.

+

HCl lm gim bng m ca l, gy thng tn cho cy trng, tn thng vt

nui v lm gim lng sa.

Cc hp cht hu c

Cc hp cht hu c thng rt c vi c th ngi v vt. Mt s hp cht

GVHD: NGUYN VN PHNG

15

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

hu c nh Bezen v PAH (hp cht cacbuahydro thm a nhn) c th l nguyn

nhn gy bnh ung th.
+

Mt s cht hu c halogen l xc tc cho qu trnh phn hy ozon tng bnh

lu. Mt s cht hu c hot tnh khc, li xc tin cho qu trnh phn ha vt cht v
c bit mt s cht hu c gy nhim do mi nh cc mecaptan v alhyt. Mi
ny gy cm gic kh chu v i khi cn km theo c nhim c v l nguyn nhn
gy bnh cho ngi.
+

Dioxin v furan l nhng cht rt c. hm lng thp cng gy cc bnh v

da, ph n c thai khi tip xc vi vi cc cht ny s sinh con thiu thng hoc qui
thai. Nhim c nng s gy nn cc bnh v gan, mu, k c ung th v dn n t
vong. ng vt b nhim Dioxin v Furan s gim trng lng ti 50% v s cht
trong vng 2 3 tun.

Kim loi nng

Kim loi nng l khi nim ch cc kim loi c nguyn t lng cao, thng

c c tnh i vi s sng, v thng c lin quan n vn nhim mi trng.

Ngun gc pht thi ca kim loi nng c th l t nhin (nh asen-As), hoc t hot
ng ca con ngi, ch yu l t cng nghip (cc cht thi cng nghip) v t nng
nghip, hng hi (trn du)
+

Vic s dng nhiu loi ch phm trong cng nng nghip lm nc v t

nhiu vng, nht l trong cn lng ca cc dng sng, b nhim kim loi nng mc
rt cao.
+

C mt s hp cht kim loi nng th ng v ng li trong t, song c mt

s hp cht c th ho tan di tc ng ca nhiu yu t khc nhau, nht l do

chua ca t, ca nc ma. iu ny to iu kin cc kim loi nng c th pht
tn rng vo ngun nc ngm, nc mt v gy nhim t.
+

Mt s cht ty ra gia dng c cha cc tc nhn to phc mnh (nh EDTA,

NTA) khi thi ra gp phn lm tng kh nng pht tn ca kim loi nng.
+

Cc kim loi nng c mt trong nc, t qua nhiu giai on khc nhau trc

sau cng i vo chui thc n ca con ngi. Chng hn cc vi sinh vt c th chuyn

thu ngn (Hg) thnh hp cht metyl thy ngn (CH 3)2Hg, sau qua ng vt ph
du, tm, c... m thu ngn i vo thc n ca con ngi. S kin ng c hng lot
Vnh Manimata (Nht Bn) nm 1953 l mt minh chng rt r v qu trnh nhim
GVHD: NGUYN VN PHNG

16

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

thy ngn t cng nghip vo thc n ca con ngi.

+

Khi nhim vo c th, kim loi nng c th tch t li trong cc m. ng

thi vi qu trnh c th li o thi dn kim loi nng. Nhng cc nghin cu cho

thy tc tch t kim loi nng thng nhanh hn tc o thi rt nhiu. Thi gian
o thi c mt na lng kim loi nng khi c th c xc nh bng khi
nim chu k bn thi sinh hc, v d vi thu ngn chu k ny vo khong 80 ngy,
vi cadimi l hn 10 nm. iu ny cho thy cadimi tn ti rt lu trong c th nu b
nhim phi.
Bng 1.2: Tc hi ca mt s kim loi nng
c t kim loi

Mc nguy

nng
Arsenide Asen

hi

(III)
Arsenide Asen
(V)

XXXXX
X

Triu chng/Hu qu lu di

Nguy hi cho da, h thng thn kinh, tim mch

v thm ch gy ung th sau 3 5 nm.
Tr em: Chm pht trin th cht, tr tu v tinh

Lead Pb Ch
Cadmium Cd
Cadmi
Nickel Ni
Niken

XXX

XXX
XX

Selenium Se

XX

Antimony Sb

XX

Barium Ba
Bari
Cyanide (free)
Syanua
Chromium

Cr(VI) Crm
Manganese Mn
Mangan
Iron Fe St
Floride F Flo

thn
Ngi ln: Gy hi thn v tim mch
Ngn hn: Tiu chy, tn thng gan
Di hn: Gy bnh thn, tim mch, gan
Di hn: Gim cn, hi tim, phi, gan
Rng tc, mng tay chn, ngn tay, ngn chn
v vn tim mch
Tng Cholesterol trong mu v gim ng
huyt

XX

Tng huyt p

XX

Nguy hi h thn kinh

XX

Gy d ng, mn nga

X
X
X

GVHD: NGUYN VN PHNG

Chuyn mu nc t nu en gy cn en v
v tanh
Mu cam trong nc, c vng st, v tanh
Gy xn rng, vng
17

BAO CAO THC TP

Copper Cu
ng
Hg Thy ngn
Aliuminium Al
Nhm
Zinc Zn Km

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

V tanh, vng mu xanh

Gy xn da, chm nu trong lng trng mt

Nc i mu

V tanh

S kin b ng c cadimi trn th gii l s kin cng xy ra Nht Bn vi bnh

Itai - Itai ni ting c lin quan n nhim ngun nc bi cadimi.
Cadimi d dng to ra cc tng tc vi protein v chuyn vo gan, thn. Thu
ngn v ch li d i vo h thn kinh do to thnh cc hp cht alkyl i lipit. Cc kim
loi nng nh ch, cadimi c th tp trung trong xng, c ch emzym axit 5-aminolevulin v gy bnh thiu mu. Cadimi c kh nng ui km khi mt s emzym v
gy bnh mu heamatopoiesis, v.v
1.2. Tng quan v cc phng php x l CTNH

1.2.1 Cc phng php ho hc v vt l

X l cht thi nguy hi bng phng php vt l nhm tch cht nguy hi ra
khi cht thi bng cc phng php tch pha.
X l cht thi nguy hi bng phng php ho hc nhm thay i tnh cht
ho hc ca cht thi chuyn n v dng khng nguy hi.
-

Lc: lc l phng php tch ht rn t dng lu cht khi qua mi trng xp.
Cc ht rn c gi li vt liu lc. Qu trnh lc c th thc hin nh chnh
lch p sut gy bi trng lc, lc li tm, p sut chn khng, p sut d.

Kt ta: l qu trnh chuyn cht ho tan thnh dng khng tan bng cc phn
ng ho hc to ta hay thay i thnh phn ho cht trong dung dch, thay i
iu kin vt l ca mi trng gim ho tan ca ho cht, phn khng
tan s kt tinh.

Phng php kt ta thng dng kt hp vi cc phng php tch cht rn nh

lng cn, li tm v lc.
-

Oxy ho kh: phn ng oxy ho kh l phn ng trong trng thi oxy ho

ca mt cht phn ng tng ln trong khi trng thi oxy ho cu mt cht khc
gim xung.

GVHD: NGUYN VN PHNG

18

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Bay hi: bay hi l lm c cht thi dng lng hay huyn ph bng phng
php cp nhit ho hi cht lng. Phng php ny thng dng trong giai
on x l s b gim s lng cht thi cn x l cui cng.

ng rn v n nh cht thi: ng rn l lm c nh ho hc, trit tiu tnh

lu ng hay c lp cc thnh phn nhim bng lp vo bn vng to thnh
mt khi nguyn c tnh ton vn cu trc cao. Phng php ny nhm gim
tnh lu ng ca cht nguy hi trong mi trng.
1.2.2 Cc phng php sinh hc
Cht thi nguy hi cng c th x l bng phng php sinh hc iu kin

hiu kh v ym kh nh cht thi thng thng. Tuy nhin, b sung chng loi vi sinh
phi thch hp v iu kin tin hnh c kim sot cht ch hn.
-

Qu trnh hiu kh: qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh l qu trnh hot ng ca

vi sinh vt chuyn cht hu c thnh cc hp cht v c (qu trnh khong ho)
trong iu kin c oxy. Sn phm ca qu trnh l CO2, H2O.

Qu trnh ym kh: qu trnh x l sinh hc ym kh l qu trnh khong ho,

nh vi sinh vt iu kin khng c oxy. Cng ngh x l sinh hc ym kh
to thnh sn phm kh sinh hc CH4 chim phn ln, CO2 v H2, N2, H2S, NH3.
1.2.3 Phng php nhit (thiu t cht thi)
Phng php ny c nhiu u im hn cc phng php khc v p dng cho

cc cht thi c kh nng chy c, c cht thi nguy hi rn, lng, kh

Tu theo cc thnh phn ca cht thi m kh thi sinh ra c thnh phn khc v
nh vo s oxy ho v phn hu nhit , cc cht hu c s c kh c tnh v ph
v cu trc, cc sn phm chy thng thng c to ra l bi, CO 2, CO, SOx, NOx.
Tuy nhin vic thiu t cht thi nguy hi thng to ra t l % khng nh cc kh:
HCl, HS, Cl2 v mt s kh c hi khc nh dioxin v furan. Nh vy x l bng
phng php t c cc u im: phn hu hu nh hon ton cht hu c, nhit
t ln hn >15000C th t l phn hu cht hu c t n 99,9999%, thi gian x l
nhanh, din tch cng trnh nh, gn.
Bn cnh phng php ny c mt s nhc im: l to ra kh dioxin v
furan nht l iu kin t khng c gim st cht ch.
hn ch dioxin v furan trong qu trnh t cht thi nguy hi, cht thi rn th
chng ta khng ch nhit cho l t hai cp nhit ngun s cp: 700 10000C,
GVHD: NGUYN VN PHNG

19

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

nhit ngun th cp > 12000C. Sau kh thi l t s c gim nhit nhit

ngay lp tc trc kh cho qua h thngx l kh thi. Thng thng nhit gim t
120 2000C.
Thng thng nng cao nhit th cp tc nng cao hiu sut t v hiu sut
x l thnh phn nguy hi th cn ch n cc yu t sau:
-

kn ca bn

Th tch ca bn

Ch ca qu trnh chy (t l oxy vo) c th t in

Vic xo trn rc

Hiu ng xoy ca bn t.
1.2.4 Phng php chn lp an ton CTNH
Chn lp l cng on cui cng khng th thiu trong h thng Qun l Cht

thi nguy hi. Chn lp l bin php nhm c lp cht thi nhm lm gim c tnh,
gim thiu kh nng pht tn cht thi vo Mi trng.
Cc cht thi nguy hi c php chn lp vo Bi chn lp cn p ng cc tiu
chun sau:
-

Ch c cht thi v c (t hu c)

Tim nng nc r thp

Khng c cht lng

Khng c cht n

Khng c cht phng x

Khng c lp xe

Khng c cht thi ly nhim

Thng thng cc cht thi nguy hi c chn lp bao gm:

-

Cht thi kim loi c cha ch

Cht thi c cha thnh phn thu ngn

Bn xi m v bn kim loi

Cht thi aming

Cht thi rn c xyanua

Bao b nhim bn v thng cha bng kim loi

Cn t qu trnh thiu t cht thi

GVHD: NGUYN VN PHNG

20

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Trong qu trnh chn lp cn kim sot c cc kh nng xy ra phn ng do s

tng thch ca cht thi khi hai cht thi r r tip xc vi nhau, cc cht kh sinh ra
v nc r r t bi chn lp ra mi trng xung quanh.
Khi vn hnh bi chn lp Cht thi nguy hi phi thc hin cc bin php quan
trc Mi tng, cng vic ny cng phi thc hin sau khi ng bi. Sau khi ng
bi, vic bo tr bi cng rt quan trng. Do cng tc quan trc bi chn lp trong
thi gian hot ng v sau khi ng ca bi chn lp cn phi thc hin nghim tc.
1.3. Cn c php l

Lut Bo v Mi trng Vit Nam s 52/2005/QH11 c Quc Hi Nc

CHXHCN Vit Nam thng qua ngy 29/11/2005.

Quyt nh s 34/2005/Q-TTg ngy 22/02/2005 ca Th tng Chnh ph

ban hnh Chng trnh hnh ng ca Chnh ph thc hin Ngh quyt s
41/NQ-TW ngy 15/11/2004 ca B Chnh tr v bo v mi trng trong thi
k y mnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc.

Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/08/2006 ca Chnh Ph v vic Quy

nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v Mi trng.

Ngh nh s 81/2006/N-CP ngy 09/08/2006 ca Chnh Ph v X pht vi

phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng.

Quyt nh s 155/1999/Q-TTg ngy 16/07/1999 ca Th tng Chnh ph

v Ban hnh quy ch qun l cht thi nguy hi.

Quyt nh s 328/2005/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph V vic ph duyt

K hoch quc gia kim sot nhim mi trng n nm 2010

Ch th s 23/2005/CT-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v y mnh cng tc

qun l cht thi rn ti cc th v khu cng nghip

Thng t s 12/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi

trng v vic Hng dn iu kin hnh ngh v th tc lp h s, ng k,
cp php hnh ngh, m s qun l cht thi nguy hi.

Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B trng B Ti

nguyn v Mi trng v vic Ban hnh danh mc cht thi nguy hi.

Thng t 114/2006/TTLT/BTC-BTNMT ngy 29 thng 12 nm 2006 v vic

Hng dn vic qun l kinh ph s nghip mi trng.

QCVN 07: 2009. Ngng cht thi nguy hi.

GVHD: NGUYN VN PHNG

21

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6706:2009 v phn loi cht thi nguy hi

Ngh nh s 117/2009/N- CP ngy 31/12/2009 ca Chnh ph v x pht vi

phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng.

GVHD: NGUYN VN PHNG

22

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Chng 2
TNG QUAN V CNG TY MI TRNG VIT C
2.1 Lch s thnh lp v pht trin ca cng ty
Tn cng ty:

Cng Ty C Phn Mi Trng VIT - C

Vn phng giao dch:

- a ch

: 99 Trn Thin Chnh, Phng 12, Qun 10, TP.HCM

- Tel

: +84.08.38627 596

- Fax

: +84.08.38630 519

- Web

: www.vinausen.com

- Email

: vae@vinausen.com

Tn c s : Chi Nhnh Cng Ty C Phn Mi Trng Vit c

- a ch : L B4 B21 KCN L Minh Xun, Huyn Bnh Chnh, TP.HCM
Lch s thnh lp v pht trin
Cng ty C phn Mi trng Vit c VINAUSEN c thnh lp theo Giy
php s 4103000609 do S K Hoch V u T cp ln u ngy 20/09/2001 v cp
iu chnh thay i ln th 7 ngy 17 thng 8 nm 2010 vi m s kinh doanh l
0302408148.
Cho n thi im hin nay, cng ty c trn 9 nm hot ng trong lnh vc
thu gom, vn chuyn x l cht thi cng nghip, cht thi nguy hi v cc lnh vc
khc ca mi trng.
Giy php vn chuyn (s 5-6-7-8.006.V) do B TNMT cp 06/10/2008

v gia hn ti 06/10/2011, cng ty s gia hn tip khi ht hn.

Giy php x l (s 5-6-7-8.006.X) do B TNMT cp 21/08/2007 v gia

hn ti 21/08/2015 .
2.2 Vn u t: 70.000.000.000 ng (by mi t ng)

GVHD: NGUYN VN PHNG

23

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Hi ng qun tr

Gim c

Ph gim c

Phng
kinh
doanh

Nh
my

T
x
l
nhit

T
x
l
cht
thi
lng
&
ha
rn

T
giao
nhn

phn
loi

T
bo
tr
c
gii

Phng
k
ton

T
bp

T
kho

Phng
hnh
chnh
tng hp

Phng
k
thut

T
nghin
cu x
l

T
pht
trin
khc
h
hng

T t
vn

T
k
thut

T
hnh
chn
h

T
giao
nhn

2.3 C cu t chc
2.3.1 S t chc qun l ca cng ty
Hnh 2.1: S t chc qun l ca cng ty
2.3.2 Trnh , nng lc v s lng cn b cng nhn vin
Bng 2.1: S lng, trnh CB CNV trong cng ty
STT HC V
01
Thc s
02
K s
03

C nhn

CHUYN NGNH
Qun l & k thut mi trng
Qun l & k thut mi trng
Ha mi trng
C nhn ngnh QTKD

GVHD: NGUYN VN PHNG

S LNG
02
10
02
02
24

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

C nhn kinh t ngnh k ton

02
C nhn kinh t ngnh qun l kinh 01

04

Cao ng

05

Cng nhn

doanh
C nhn ngnh anh vn
02
Ngnh mi trng
06
Ngnh ha mi trng
02
Ngnh k thut c kh
10
K ton
02
Cng nhn lnh ngh
>80
(Ngun: Cng ty C phn Mi trng Vit c)

2.4 Nhim v v chc nng ca cng ty

2.4.1 X l cht thi nguy hi
-

Thu gom, vn chuyn, lu tr, x l v tiu hy tt c cht thi nguy hi ca

cc ngnh cng nghip:

Cht thi rn: gi lau dnh du nht v ha cht, bng n, ha cht ht hn s

dng, mc in, bnh acquy, thuc bo v thc vt, nha cn quang

Cht thi lng: nc thi nhim du. Nc thi sn xut keo, nc thi sn
xutHnh 3.1: S t chc qun l ca cng ty
2.4.2 Ti sinh, ti ch cht thi

Ti sinh du nht

Ti sinh ch

Ti sinh dung mi cc loi

Ti sinh v thu hi kim loi mu v kim loi qu

Ti sinh v ti ch cc cht thi cng nghip khc.

2.4.3 Dch v v t vn v mi trng

Lp h s nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM), ng k t tiu chun mi

trng, ng k ch ngun thi, v nghim thu mi trng.

Lp d n u t.

Lp h s mi thu v nh gi h s mi thu.

T vn v thc hin cc d n bo v mi trng, gim thiu nhim cho cc

doanh nghip va v nh (CP).

T vn v phng trnh nhim i vi cc cht thi nguy hi v cng nghip.

T vn v cng ngh mi trng.

Thc hin gim st cht lng mi trng.

GVHD: NGUYN VN PHNG

25

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Phn tch cht lng nc cp, nc thi, kh thi, cht thi rn cng nghip v
nguy hi.
2.4.4 Thit k v thi cng cc h thng x l

Thit k, xy dng, lp t v vn hnh cc h thng x l:

Nc cp, nc thi sinh hot, nc thi cng nghip.

Kh thi, bi, kh l hi, kh mi, ting n

L t, bi chn lp hp v sinh. Bi chn lp cht thi nguy hi

2.4.5 Kinh doanh v lnh vc mi trng

Sn xut, kinh doanh cc my mc, thit b mi trng.

Kinh doanh ha cht v vt liu s dng trong ngnh mi trng.

Mua bn ph liu (kim loi, bao b cc loi).

2.5 a bn hot ng c php
Bng 2.2: a bn hot ng ca cng ty
M vng Tn vng

Tnh

5
6
7
8

Ton b vng
Ton b vng
Ton b vng
Ton b vng

Vng duyn hi Nam Trung B

Vng Ty Nguyn
Vng ng Nam B
Vng ng bng Sng Cu Long

(Ngun: Cng ty C phn Mi trng Vit c)

2.6 Quan h hp tc
Trong nc
- Vin ti nguyn v mi trng i hc Quc gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
- Cng ty C phn Pht Trin Mi trng Khu cng nghip v th Vit Nht.
- Vin K Thut Nhit i TP.HCM.
- Vin Ha Hc TP.HCM.
- Bo ti nguyn v mi trng.
- Ban Qun L cc khu cng nghip v khu ch xut Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Ngoi nc
GVHD: NGUYN VN PHNG

26

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

- Wageningen University H Lan.

- National research center for environmental and hazardous waste Management

Bangkok Thailand
2.5 iu kin t nhin v quy m ca nh my
2.5.1 iu kin t nhin
- Kh hu: Khu t x L Minh Xun, huyn Bnh Chnh thuc TP.HCM nm

trong vng kh hu nhit i gi ma cn xch o, mang tnh cht chung l

nng, m vi nhit cao trung bnh 28,1oC v ma nhiu (lng ma t 1.321
mm 2.729mm, tp trung ch yu vo cc thng 6,7,8,9 v 10 chim khong
90% lng ma c nm).
- a hnh: tng i phng, thp, b chia ct bi rt nhiu sng rch, knh
mng. Hng dc khng r rt, cao mt t ph bin t 0,2m 11m.
- Thy vn: Mng li knh mng khu t kh nhiu bi cc knh thy li
theo hng Bc Nam v ng Ty. Mc nc cao t 1,39m 2,4 m.
2.5.2 Quy m nh my
(L B4 B21 KCN L Minh Xun, Huyn Bnh Chnh, TP.HCM)
Tng din tch: 4.500m2
- Kch thc: L B4-B21: BxL = 25,65m x 80m
L B5-B20: BxL = 29,37m x 80m
- T l s dng t (t l sn xy dng c mi che/din tch chim t): 70%
2.6 Cc hng mc trong nh my
Nh my ti sinh v x l cht thi ca cng ty c phn mi trng Vit c c
din tch 4374 m2, vi cc hng mc cng trnh c th hin trong bng sau :
Bng 2.3: Cc hng mc cng trnh trong khu t ca nh my
TT
01

02

03
04

Hng mc
Khi vn phng
Khu vc phn loi,
lu gi cht thi

Chc nng
Ni lu tr h s v lm
nhng cng vic vn phng
Ni tp trung thc hin phn

Din

Thit k kin

tch(m2)

trc/cu trc
Nh cp 4,

116,40

loi cht thi sau khi thu gom 1196,00

v lu gi
Khu vc nhn v Tip nhn v lu gi bn

36,00

lu bn thi
thc hin x l
Khu vc x l cht Khu vc x l cc loi cht 988,56

GVHD: NGUYN VN PHNG

tng gch
Nh

xng

cng nghip
Nh

xng

cng nghip
Nh
xng
27

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thi ( bao gm cc h thng

thi

05

06

Khu vc cha cht

thi ch tiu hy

Kho thit b, vt t

x l cht thi hin c ca

cng nghip

nh my)
Ni lu tr cc loi cht thi
x l bng phng php 418,22
t tiu hy
Ni lu tr cc thit b, vt t
phc v cho qu trnh hot 76,40
ng ca nh my

07

Nh ngh tra cho

cng nhn

08

Nh bo v

09

Nh n

10

Nh xe
Hnh lang chng

11

chy, sn bi, cy

xanh, ng i
TNG CNG

Ni ngh tra ca cng nhn

26,43

Ni lm vic ca i bo v

7,40

Nu n v phc v n ung
cho ton th cng nhn vin
Ni xe ca cn b, cng
nhn vin v khch hang
Hnh lang an ton,PCCC,
cy xanh v ng ni b

40,50
37,90

1430,19

Nh

xng

cng nghip
Nh cp 4,
tng gch
Nh cp 4,
tng gch
Nh cp 4,
tng gch
Nh cp 4,
tng gch
Nh cp 4,
tng gch
ng
b
tng v cy
xanh

4.374,00

2.7 Phn khu chc nng trong nh my

Nh my ti sinh v x l cht thi ca cng ty CP Mi Trng Vit c c quy
hoch v phn khu chc nng nh sau:
- Khu x l cht thi bng phng php t tiu hy.
- Khu x l cht thi lng: h thng x l nc thi.
- Khu vc x l dung mi, du nht thi: h thng ti sinh du nht; h thng
chng ct dung mi.
- Khu x l cht thi bng phng php n nh ha rn.
- Khu x l cht thi bng phng php nghin, xay, ct.
- Khu vc hng ch tiu hy.
- Khu vc cha cht thi tm thi.
- Khu vc phn loi cht thi.
- Khu vc phn khu lu tr tng loi cht thi khc nhau.
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2.8 C s vt cht
2.8.1 C s vt cht t nh my ca cng ty
Bng 2.4:Thit b x l cht thi ti nh my x l
STT
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08

THIT B X L
L t cht thi I
L t cht thi II
L t cht thi III
H thng l sy
H thng ti sinh ch
H thng chng ct chn khng
H thng ti sinh du nht
H thng x l cht thi lng
+ H thng x l nc thi nhim

S
LNG
01
01
01
02
01
02
01

du
+ H thng x l nc thi nhim
ha cht
+ H thng x l nc thi bng
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

CNG SUT
07 kg/ngy
07 tn/ngy
07 tn/ngy
04 tn/ngy
02 tn/ngy
01 tn/ngy
01 tn/ngy
40 m3/ngy

01
01
01

phng php sinh hc

H thng xay cao su
03
H thng p thy lc
03
H thng xay nha
03
H thng nghin
02
H thng ha rn cc loi cht thi
01
H thng sc ra p lc
01
H thng x l bng n
01
Xe nng
02
Xe ti nh
01
Xe ti nh
01
Xe ti va
01
Xe ti ln
01
Xe bn
01
2.8.2 C s vt cht ca phng th nghim dch

03 tn/ngy
10 tn/ngy
03 tn/ngy
02 tn/ngy
10 tn/ngy
40 phuy/ngy
300 ci/ngy
2,5 tn
1,75 tn
2,4 tn
5,5 tn
14 tn
12 m3
v phn tch v thc hin

cc nghin cu khoa hc
Bng 2.5:Cc thit b phng th nghim
TT
01
02
03
04

MY MC, THIT B
My in phn
My khuy t
T nung 48000
T sy

GVHD: NGUYN VN PHNG

S LNG
01
01
02
02

XUT X
D.C Motor Controller
Furnace, c
MMM- Group, c v
29

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Kuang Hsin Instrumen,

05 My jartest

01

06 T ht

01

07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

My lc
01
My ly tm
01
L chng cch thy
01
H thng ht chn khng 01
My o pH
01
Bnh ht m
02
My to ozon OBM
01
Cn in t
01
Bm nh lng
02
My quang ph hp ph01

(so mu)
17 T lnh lu mu
18 Dn Kendan
19 UV 2450

01
01
01

i Loan
VELP, c
Vit Nam lp rp theo mu m
ca
Juhua, i Loan
Min Haw, c
New panapower
Mettler Toledo, MP 220, c
OBM, c
Sartorius, c
Watson Marlow, Anh
Thermo Spectronic, c
LG
Gerhardt, c
Shimadzu

2.9 Nng lc x l ca nh my
Vi ngun nhn lc v c s vt cht hin c nh trn, Vinausen c kh nng tip
nhn v x l nhiu chng lai cht thi t nhiu ngnh hat ng sn xut cng
nghip khc nhau. Tt c cc phng n x l c thc hin ti nh my u l kt
qu ca cc nghin cu trin khai t phng nghin cu ca cng ty. Danh sch cc
chng lai cht thi ca cc ngnh c trnh by nh sau:
2.9.1 Dch v cu cng, sn bay
Hng ha tn ng, khng r ngun gc xut x, hng qu hn s dng bao
gm:
-

Thc phm qu hn s dng

M phm, ha cht

Dc phm

Vn ha phm i try,....

2.9.2 Ngnh sn xut, gia cng linh kin thit b in t,c kh chnh xc.
-

Bao b, thng cha ng ho cht cc loi

Lon, thng sn, mc in

Bnh mc my in, my photo

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Bnh accquy ch

Chai l ha cht bng thy tinh, nha

Nylon nhim ha cht

Dung mi thi cc loi

Dung dch bi trn

Dung dch acid v kim thi

Bn thi

Du nht thi

Nc thi nhim du

Pin thi

2.9.3 Sn xut t, mot cc loi

-

Bn thi

Dung mi hu c thi

Du gii nhit thi

Du nht thi

Bao b, thng cha cc loi

Gi lau dnh sn, dung mi hu c, ha cht, du m

Cn sn

Ch v X ch

Thit b bm du nht, pin

Bt x l chng st

Bt ph sn, mc in, bt mi

Dung dch gii nhit

Cht Halogen hu c thi (dung dch 102, TCW - no7)

Dung mi hu c khng Halogen ha thi (MB2, Prima)

Keo v alkothol thi

2.9.4 Sn xut, kinh doanh, phn phi dc phm

-

Dung dch ho cht phng th nghim (PTN)

Dc phm, nguyn liu qu hn s dng

Nguyn liu v thuc qu hn s dng

Bao b, v nha,

Bn thi

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Chng 3
CNG TC X L CTNH TI CNG TY MI TRNG VIT C
3.1 Quy trnh x l
Kho lu gi

Th kho

Phiu ngh xut kho

Xut cht thi theo yu cu

Trin khai thc hin x l

Phn loi

Xay,
ct hy
hnh
dng

Chng
ct
dung
mi

H
thng
sc ra

X l
cht thi,
ha cht
thi

Nc thi

t tiu
hy trong
l t 02
cp

Nghin
, ha
rn

Ti
sinh
du
nht

Ti
sinh ch

Cn tro

Hnh 3.1: S quy trnh trin khai thc hin x l cht thi
3.2 Cc phng php x l ti cng ty mi trng Vit c
Cht thi sau khi c thu gom, vn chuyn v nh my x l. Sau , da theo
thnh phn ca mi loi cht thi, s c tin hnh phn loi, lu tr trc khi x l.
Cc cng ngh x l cht thi c p dng ti cng ty Vit c:
3.2.1 Xay, ct hy hnh dng cht thi
i vi nhng cht thi c kch thc ln s c xay, ct hy hnh dng cht
thi nhm gim th tch, hy hnh dng cht thi theo yu cu ca khch hng v tit
kim din tch lu tr trc khi x l.
3.2.2 Cng ngh t cht thi

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Dung t cac cht thai nhim cac thanh phn nguy hai.t la phng phap
nhm giam thiu cac thanh phn khng chay ht khi qua trinh chay kt thuc, nhng
cht v c va cht phat xa tng t nh cac cht khng kim soat c nh cac axit,
kim loai, dioxin va furan khi tn tai mt ang k nn s dung lo t 2 cp cung
vi cac thit bi nhh thng giai nhit, thit bi x ly bui nh cyclon t, thap hp thu,
va c noi ro phn 3.3.
3.2.3 Chng ct thu hi dung mi ph thi
Dung mi sau khi c thu gom, vn chuyn v nh my x l v ti ch cht
thi s c em chng ct v thu hi dung mi.
4
3

5
thu hi dung mi
1
2
6

cn

t tiu hy

Hnh 3.2: S cng ngh chng ct thu hi dung mi.

(1) Bn cha dung mi

(5) Thit b phn tch

(2) Ni gia nhit

(6) Bm cp liu

(3) Thp chng ct

(7) Bm han lu

(4) Thit b ngng t

Dung mi cc loi s c a vo h thng chng ct thu hi dung mi vi
nhit gia nhit khong 40 200oC. Dung mi t bn cha (1) c bm vo ni gia
nhit (2) n th tch nht nh. H thng in tr s cp nhit cho hn hp n nhit
bay hi, hi dung mi c dn vo thit b ngng t (4) (dng nc lm ngng
t sn phm dung mi).
Phn cn s c x y theo chu k v tin hnh x l bng phng php t
trong l t hai cp c h thng x l kh. Sn phm sau khi chng ct s c dn
qua thit b phn tch (5), phn dung mi cha tinh khit s c bm hon lu (7) tr
li thp chng ct, phn dung mi tinh khit c thu hi v ti s dng.
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3.2.4 Ti ch du v nht
Du nht thi sau khi c thu gom, vn chuyn v nh my x l cht thi s
c tin hnh x l thu hi du v nht.
Du nht

B tch
pha

ch phm ng
t

Hn hp nc

Phuy cha du ti
sinh

v cn
t tiu hy

Ha rn

Cn

Chn lp

Hnh 3.3: S cng ngh chng ct du nht thi.

Du nht thi ln nc s c bm vo b tch pha gm (1) pha du v (2)
pha nc. Phn du c tch pha c dn qua b khuy trn, ti b khuy trn
ch phm ng t s c chm vo vi liu lng v nng thch hp v khuy
trn trong thi gian t 30 60 pht (tc 20 vng/pht). Phn du bn trn s c
thu hi ti s dng, phn cn pha di c tho vo phuy 200 lt v c phi trn
vi mc ca v mang i t tiu hy trong l t hai cp c h thng x l kh thi.

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3.2.5 Ti ch ch
X ch v ch t bnh acquy thi c thu hi v ti ch bng phng php nng
chy nhit cao.
Kh x l

Nguyn liu ch

Tp cht ni

Thu hi ho rn

Nu chy

khun

Hi ch,
bi ch

Cyclon

Thp hp th

Thu hi hi ch bi ch

Ch ti ch

Hnh 3.4: S cng ngh tn dng x ch

Ch ph thi s c cho vo l nu chy n nhit nng chy khong 400oC
bng l t bng gas c h thng x l kh thi. Sau khi ch nng chy, phn tp cht
ni ln trn s c tch ra.
Phn ch nng chy cn li s c vo khun c thnh tng thi ch
nguyn liu. Ton b lng khi, bi pht sinh trong qu trnh nung chy ch s c
thu vo h thng x l bng cyclon tch bi v thp hp th vi dung dch hp thu
l NaOH nhm loi b hi Pb trc khi c thi b ra mi trng khng kh bng
ng khi cao 10m.
Phn hi ch v bi ch ngng t li trong dung dch hp thu s c thu gom
v nu chy li trong cc m tip theo. Cc tp cht pht sinh trong qu trnh nu s
c n nh ha rn v chn lp an ton. Nh vy, vi cng ngh thu hi ch thi trn
lng ch thu c c tinh khit 90% v lng ch tht thot ra mi trng l rt
thp.

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3.2.6 Sc ra phuy, thng dnh cht thi nguy hi

Phuy, thng dnh CTNH nh du, nht, sn v ha cht cc loi s c sc
ra v thu hi ti s dng.

H thng sc ra

Dung dch
NaOH,
H2SO4

B
ngm

Nc thi sau khi

ngm thng phuy,
thng nha

Nc
thi

H2O2
Nc

Cn

Chn

Trung ha Keo t

n nh ha rn

Oxy
ha

Kim

H thng thot
nc

Hnh 3.5: S cng ngh sc ra thng phuy cha ha cht

Cc loi phuy, thng dnh cht thi nguy hi sau khi vn chuyn v nh my
x l v ti ch cht thi ca cng ty C phn Mi trng Vit c, c phn loi
trc khi lu kho ch x l. Qu trnh x l cc loi phuy, thng ny c thc hin
th cng.
i vi cc loi thng phuy khng th ti s dng c a qua h thng ct,
nghin nhm gim th tch cht thi trc khi a vo t hay sc ra ti s dng
phn st v nha.
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i vi cc loi thng phuy cn kh nng ti s dng c a qua dy chuyn

sc ra chuyn dng. Cc thng phuy st b r st c a qua h thng ty st. H
thng ny dng sc ra bn trong thng phuy cha cc cht rn hay cc vt st r
bng cch cho xng, du, toluen, nc v cc cht to ma st nh: phi st vung,
dy xch, gch Nh chuyn ng quay ca thng phuy cc cht rn s trc ra khi
b mt thng phuy.
Tip sau thng phuy c a qua h thng ra, ht chn khng, lm sch
bn ngoi v sn theo yu cu ca khch hng. Phn vn r st c thu gom v a
qua x l t. Cc loi thng phuy nhim cc thnh phn nguy hi c a qua h
thng sc ra. H thng ny s dng dung mi nh acetone, toluen, MEK v IPA hay
cht oxy ho nh KMnO4, H2O2. Dung dch ho cht c phun vo vi p lc ln
ra tri hon ton cc cht nhim bm bn trong thng. Sau khi hon tt qu trnh
sc ra, cc loi can, thng c dn qua h thng ht chn khng loi b hi dung
mi, v cui cng thng phuy c a vo h thng lm sch b mt.
Ha cht sau sc ra ln nhiu cn bn c lc sch v ti s dng cho cc m
tip theo. Sau khi s dng nhiu ln, phn dung mi khng cn kh nng ha tan cht
bn c thu gom v x l t l t 02 cp hay chuyn qua h thng x l nc
thi, x l t tiu chun ngun loi C, TCVN 5945:2005 trc khi thi ra HTTN ca
KCN.
3.2.7 X l bng n hunh quang thi
Bng n hunh quang sau khi c thu gom, vn chuyn v Nh my x l v
ti ch cht thi c tin hnh x l.

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Bng n cc loi
Thit b ct bng
Thit b chng ct

Phn loi
Thy tinh

Ti ch

Thnh phn
khc

Nhm & st

Ti ch

Bt hunh
quang

Ha rn

Hi Hg

Ngng t

Thu hi Hg

Hnh 3.6: S cng ngh x l bng n hunh quang thi

Theo s trn, qu trnh x l bng n hunh quang thi c thc hin trong
thit b x l kn gm c 3 giai on : (1) ct bng ; (2) chng ct v (3) phn loi, thu
hi.
u tin, bng n c cho vo thit b ct bng nhm ph v lp v thu tinh
ca n gii phng cc cht c trong n gm bt hunh quang, Hg v cc kh tr,
trong qu trnh ct hi thu ngn pht sinh c dn vo h thng hp ph bng than
hot tnh.
Hn hp thu tinh, u n, dy tc v bt hunh quang c a qua thit b
chng ct nhit 375oC nhm bay hi hon ton lng Hg c hp thu trong hn
hp. Ton b Hg bay hi tip tc dn qua thit b ngng t thu hi li Hg. Phn hn
hp sch khng cha Hg c dn qua sn phn loi phn loi ring bit ba thnh
phn: thy tinh, nhm v st, v bt hunh quang.
Thy tinh, nhm v st c thu hi v ti ch, ring phn bt hunh quang
c tip tc mang i ha rn v chn lp an ton.
3.2.8 Ha rn cht thi
Cn tro nguy hi pht sinh t l t, bt hunh quang t h thng p bng n,
n mn hnh vi tnh, c x l bng phng php ha rn. Khi ha rn sau s
c kim tra mc r r ra mi trng, lu tr.

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Cht thi

Nghin

Nc
Thit b
trn

Ximng
Ct,

KHI
RN

Kim tra

Lu kho

khun/ha rn

Hnh 3.7: S cng ngh ho rn

Cng thc ha rn c nghin cu i vi tng loi cht thi c x l
bng phng php ha rn. Cht thi cn ha rn c nghin ti kch thc thch
hp, sau c a vo my trn theo tng m. Cc cht ph gia nh xi mng, ct
v polymer c b sung vo thc hin qu trnh ha trn kh, sau tip tc b
sung nc vo thc hin qu trnh ha trn t.
Qu trnh khuy trn din ra lm cho cc thnh phn trong hn hp ha trn
u to thnh hn hp ng nht. Sau thi gian ha trn cn thit, hn hp c cho
vo cc khun lp phng. Sau 28 ngy bo dng khi rn, qu trnh ng rn din
ra lm cho cc thnh phn nhim hon ton b c lp.
Khi rn s c kim tra cng chu nn, kh nng r r v lu gi cn
thn ti kho, sau vn chuyn n bi chn lp an ton.
3.3 Thc t v phng php x l CTNH bng phng php l t ti
Cng ty Mi trng Vit c
3.2.1 S cng ngh
Cht thi sau khi c thu gom, vn chuyn v nh my x l. Sau , da theo
thnh phn ca mi loi cht thi, s c tin hnh phn loi thu hi cc thnh
phn c th ti ch c, phn khng th ti ch c mang i x l. i vi nhng
cht thi c kch thc ln s c xay, ct trc khi a vao lo t. Cac cht thai
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nhim cac thanh phn nguy hai c a vao lo t theo ca cua vung t nm hai
bn hng cua lo t s cp. Sau y la s cng ngh t tiu hy cht thi bng l
t hai cp ang c s dung cng ty Vit Uc:

Air Oil

T2

4
9

2
8

T1

Air
3 Oil

Van 3

P2
Van 1

Q1

P1

Van 2

Hnh 3.2: S cng ngh t tiu hy cht thi bng l t hai cp

(1) Bung t s cp.

(6) B cha nc.

(2) Bung t th cp.

(7) B cha dung dich hp thu

(3) Bc phun.

(8) B cha dung dch hp th

(4) Thit b gii nhit.

(9) ng khi

(5) Xiclon t.

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1.3.1. 3.2.1 S khi

Cht thai

Lo t s cp
du DO
Lo t th cp
H thng giai nhit
H2O

khng khi

Quat giai nhit

Cyclon t
Thap hp thu
khi thai at tiu chun
loai A theo
QCVN192009/BTNM
T

Dung dich NaOH

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Hinh 3.3: S khi cng ngh t tiu hy cht thi bng l t hai cp
Giai thich s khi
Cc loi cht thi c phi trn to mt hn hp c nhit tr 3500-5000
kcal/kg, sau a vo l t tiu hy trong l t 02 cp theo tng m. Ti bung
t s cp, nhin liu t l du DO s c phun vo l t qua bc t t
chy cc cht thi v duy tr nhit trong l t lun nhit (550 9000C).
Kh sinh ra sau khi t t bung t s cp s c dn qua bung t th cp
nhm t chy cc thnh phn cn li trong kh thi nhit cao hn (1000
13000C). Tng t nh bung t s cp, trong bung th cp nhin liu du DO
cng c phun vo nhm duy tr nhit trong l t.
Kh sinh ra t l t cht thi s c dn qua thit b trao i nhit (cng
sut17,904kw) nhm gim nhit xung di 3000C trnh s hnh thnh cc
c cht dioxin/furan.
Dng kh sau khi h nhit s c dn qua thit b hp th, bn trong c cc
lp m vng s. Nh qu trnh tip xc gia pha kh v pha lng (dung dch
NaOH) cc thnh phn kh acid nh: NOx, SOx s c loi b ra khi kh thi
trc khi x thi ra mi trng qua ng khi cao 20m.
Phn dung dch hp th c tun hon li v c b sung NaOH thng
xuyn nhm m bo ng nng cho qu trnh x l.
Theo nh k phn dung dch s c x thi vo h thng x l nc thi v
thay th bng dung dch mi.
Nhit lng sinh ra t qu trnh x l c tn dng sy kh cc lai cht thi
v bn thi, hn ch vic pht thi nhit ra ngoi mi trng v tit kim c
nhin liu cho qu trnh x l.
Cn tro sinh ra t qu trnh t s c phn v loi kim tra ngng nguy hi
ca tro trc khi a i phi trn vi cc cht ph gia - n nh ha rn.
Khi thai sau khi x ly, trc khi xa thai ra ngoai mi trng phai at QCVN
192009/BTNMT theo bang sau:
STT
1
2
3
4
5

Cht
Bui
Bui co cha silic
CO
CO2
SO2

Loai A (Nng C (mg/Nm3))

400
50
1000
Khng quy nh
1500

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

NOX(NO2)

1000

Flo, HF

50

H2 S

7,5

H2SO4, SO3

100

10 HCl
200
Bang 3.1: QCVN 192009/BTNMT quy chun ky thut quc gia v khi thai cng
nghip i vi bui va cac cht v c
Thng s vn hanh lo t:
-

Cng sut t 7 tn/ ngay

Nhit s cp: 550-9000C

Nhit th cp: 1000-13000C

Thi gian lu:1-2 gi

Tiu hao nhin liu DO (kg/h): 35-70

Tiu hao in (kw-h): 24-36

Ki hiu FSI-300E

Nm san xut: 2010

Cac bc vn hanh lo t:

t van ch T vi tri thai thng

Hoat ng bec t th cp

Khi ng h thng giai nhit

Tin hanh nap nguyn liu vao bung s cp

kim tra bung th cp (TTC) nu TTC9000C thi tin hanh khi ng bec t
s cp ch auto, thi gian sy lo khoang 30 phut

khi ng bm dung dch x l kh thi

khi ng qut ht kh sau chuyn van ch T v v tr hng dng kh

vo thp x l

khi ng qut cp kh (trc cc van kh c iu chnh thch hp)

sau mt khong thi gian 30 60 (ty theo tng loi cht thi tin hnh np
m th 2.

Mt s ch trong vn hnh l t
-

Thng xuyn kim tra nhin liu v qu trnh chy ca bc th cp, nu

thy hin tng ngng t phi tin hnh khi ng li bc t.

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Kim tra pH ca dung dch pha ch v b sung dung mi.

Thnh thong m ca quan st kim tra qu trnh chy iu chnh thi

gian np thch hp t m t th 3 tr i dng que l co tro/x v ngn thp
hn trong bung t t chy hon ton v x tro xung hc cha tro.
Khi m ca tho tro ra h tro phi ngt van kh s cp.

Ti m t cui cng sau khi kim tra cht thi chy hon ton th tt bc
t th cp duy tr cp kh qu trnh chy trong bung s cp tip tc cho
t ht.

Khi qu trnh chy kt thc trong bung l ch cn tro/x m ht ca l cho

l ngui t nhin, chuyn v tr van ch T v v tr thi thng tin hnh tt
qut ht kh

Quy trnh v tn sut bo tr

-

Quy trnh trc khi tin hnh bo tr l t phi tin hnh ngng mi hot
ng ca l trc 24h sau tin hnh bo tr bo dng l t.

Bo tr 4h/thng.

u nhc im ca phng php

-

u im:
+ C kh nng gim 90-95% trng lng cht thi hu c tr thnh

dng kh trong thi gian ngn. Nhng qu trnh x l thiu t phi gn

vi kim sot kh thi th mi t c yu cu v bo v mi trng.
+ i vi cc loi l t cng sut ln, c th thu hi nhit d trong kh
thi s dng cho cc mc ch khc.
+ Ph hp i vi nhng ni khng c nhiu t chn.
+ Hiu qu cao i vi cc loi cht thi hu c cha vi trng d ly

nhim, nh x l xc ngi, sc vt, cht thi y t.

-

Nhc im:
+ i hi chi ph u t ban u v chi ph vn hnh, x l kh thi ln
+ Vic thit k v vn hnh l t cng rt phc tp, lin quan n ch

nhit ca l. L t phi vn hnh n nh nhit 1000 12000C.

Nu nhit thp hn cc cht hu c kh phn hy s khng chy ht
gy ra nhim mi trng, c bit khi t cc loi plastic nhit

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

<10000C s to ra sn phm ph l cht Dioxin, y l mt cht ho hc

bn vng rt c hi cho mi trng.
+ Qu trnh t c kh nng gy nhim mi trng khng kh nu kh

thi khng c kim sot hiu qu.

Chng 4
CNG TC QUN L MI TRNG TI NH MY
4.1 C cu t chc v sinh mi trng trong nh my

i thu gom, dn dp
rc thi nh my
(2 ngi)

Phng duy
tu, dch v
(2 ngi)

i trng i v
sinh mi trng
(1 ngi)

i lau dn, v sinh

vn phng
(2 ngi)

i chm sc cy xanh
(2 ngi)

Hnh 4.1: T chc v sinh mi trng ti nh my

4.2 An ton lao ng
Trang b dng c, qun o bo h lao ng y cho tng i tng lao ng
lm vic ti Nh my. S lng v mc ch s dng trang phc lao ng c th
hin c th bng sau:
Bng 4.1. Dng c bo h lao ng s dng ti Nh my
S lng
TT

Trang b

Xut x

/ngi.06

Tnh nng/ trng hp v

iu kin s dng

thng
1
2
3

lao ng
Nn bo h lao
ng
Knh bo h

Vit Nam 2 b

Bo

ngi

Vit Nam 1 ci

Bo v u

Vit Nam 1 ci

Bo v mt

c Tt

trng

hp
Tt c

trng

hp
Tt c

trng

hp

BAO CAO THC TP

4
5

Khu trang y t
Khu

trang

phng c
Nt bt tai

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Vit Nam 2 ci
Vit Nam 1 ci

Vit Nam 2 b

Tt

Lc bi th

Gng tay cao su

Vit Nam 2 i

cc hi c
Hn ch ting
n

ha cht vi da
tay

10

Gng tay cch

nhit
Giy bo h lao
ng
Trang
chng chy

phc

Vit Nam 2 i

Vit Nam 1 i

Vit Nam 1 b

trng

hp
Lc bi mn v Khi lm vic vi

Trnh tip xc
7

cc thit b gy
n
Khi lm vic c
th tip xc cc
cht c hi
dng lng
Khi lm vic vi

Cch nhit

Bo v chn

Bo

cc cht c hi
Khi lm vic vi

ngi

cc thit b c
ta nhit cao.
Tt c trng
hp
Khi vn hnh l
c t

cc

trng hp khn
cp.

Nh xng thng thong, lp t h thng chiu sng y m bo nhit ,

nh sng cho mi trng lao ng ca cng nhn v c h thng camera lp t ti cc
xng theo di trong sut qu trnh vn hnh.
trang b 02 bng cnh bo v cc yu cu v an ton trc khi ra vo nh my.
Cc h thng my mc, thit b x l trong nh xng c b tr vi khong
cch hp l, an ton m bo thun li cho vic vn hnh x l v hn ch n mc
thp nht cc nguy c xy ra s c chy n, tai nn lao ng v pht sinh nhim
ting n, nhim khng kh.
Nh kho c phn chia thnh nhiu khu vc lu gi : Khu lu gi ph liu;
khu lu gi cht thi nguy hi c kh nng gy chy, n; Khu lu gi cht thi nguy
hi c kh nng oxy ha, n mn; Khu lu gi cc loi nc thi nguy hi; Khu lu
gi cht thi rn nguy hi; Cc khu vc ny c thit k vi khong cch ph hp
theo quy nh lu gi cht thi nguy hi ca B TN-MT v c trang b cc bin
cnh bo v cc thit b PCCC, dng c bo h an ton lao ng.

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Trn cc h thng, thit b x l cht thi: x l t cht thi; chng ct dung

mi; ti sinh du nht; ti sinh ch; sy; x l nc thi; ha rn cht thi; xay, ct, p
hy b hnh dng cht thi u c dn bng hng dn vn hnh c th; cnh bo s
c v yu cu thc hin an ton lao ng trong sut qu trnh vn hnh.
Nh xng thit k cc li thot him theo ng quy nh, m bo cho vic
s tn khi c s c xy ra v trang b, lp t y cc thit b, h thng PCCC nh:
bin cnh bo; ni quy PCCC; chung, kng bo chy; bm cha chy; h thng
ng ng cha chy; bnh cha chy; ba; xng; ct.
Thnh lp i PCCC ti nh my x l cht thi v nh k din tp PCCC cho
nhn vin (03 thng/ 1 ln);
Khu vc lm vic thng thong, to cm gic an ton cho ngi lao ng.
4.3 Phng chng chy n v khc phc s c nh my
4.3.1 Nhng s c c th xy ra nh my
Trong qu trnh hot ng x l cht thi c th xy ra cc s c :
- S c chy n ti l t cht thi
+

Thi im xy ra s c : lc ang vn hnh t cht thi.

Nguyn nhn: cc nguyn nhn c kh nng xy ra chy n ti l t cht thi

l:

Chp mch in;

S trong qu trnh vn hnh;

- S c chy n ti khu vc lu tr cht thi

+

Thi im xy ra s c : trong kho lu gi nhiu cht thi

Nguyn nhn: cc nguyn nhn c kh nng xy ra chy n ti khu vc lu

tr l:

Do s tng tc gia cc loi cht thi lu tr;

S xut t qu trnh vn hnh bc d, sp xp, lu gi cht thi c tnh

chy n.

- S c r r, trn ti khu vc lu tr cht thi

+

Thi im xy ra s c : trong kho lu gi nhiu cht thi

Nguyn nhn: cc nguyn nhn c kh nng xy ra s c r r, trn ti khu

vc lu tr:

Thng cha lu tr cht thi khng m bo cht lng gy r r;

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

cht thi lng, ha cht do bt cn trong qu trnh bc d vn chuyn.

- S c tai nn lao ng
+

Thi im xy ra s c : lc cng nhn ang vn hnh my mc, x l cht

thi.

Cc khu c kh nng xy ra tai nn lao ng:

T l t cht thi;
H thng ti sinh ch;
H thng x l nc thi;
H thng chng ct, ti sinh;
T vn hnh cc loi my ct, nn p, my ly tm.
T khu vn chuyn lu tr cht thi.
Qu trnh bo tr bo dng my mc thit b.
Nguyn nhn: cc nguyn nhn c kh nng xy ra s c tai nn lao ng l:
B bng do bt cn trong qu trnh np liu cht thi vo l t, l ti
sinh ch.
Ht phi hi ha cht c hi do s hoc khng thc hin ng an
tan, bo h lao ng;
B thng do bt cn vn hnh cc thit b ct giy, nn, p.
B dnh ha cht, dung mi trong qu trnh vn hnh.
4.3.2 Ni quy phng chy cha chy ca Cng ty CP Mi Trng Vit c.

Phng chy-cha chy l ngha v ca ton th Cn b - Cng nhn vin chc.

Mi ngi u phi tham gia tch cc vo cng tc phng chy-cha chy.

-

Nghim cm khch v cn b cng nhn vin t cu mc, thay i, sa cha

thit b an ton-thit b tiu th in, khng cht chy gn cu ch, bng in, ng
dy dn in.
-

Nghim cm khch v cn b cng nhn vin s dng bp in, bn i, ht

thuc ni c bin bo cm la trong v ngoi gi lm vic.

-

Phng tin cha chy phi ng v tr quy nh, m bo d ly a vo

s dng khi cn thit, khng s dng phng tin PCCC vo vic khc.
-

Cn b cng nhn vin phi c trch nhim bo qun phng tin PCCC. Phi

tham gia hc PCCC v tuyn truyn cho mi ngi tham gia PCCC.

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Nghim cm khch v cn b cng nhn mang cht d chy-cht n vo trong

phng lm vic.
-

Khch hay cn b cng nhn vin khi pht hin ra chy phi bo ng (bng h

thng in thoi chung bo ng) cho i PCCC c quan hay trc tip thng tin
cho i PCCC thnh ph (S 114).
-

Nhn vin i PCCC tng cng kim tra cn b cng nhn vin chp hnh ni

quy PCCC trong v ngoi gi lm vic.

Cng tc tuyn truyn PCCC : thng xuyn nhc nhn vin chp hnh ni

quy PCCC. Trong nm, c s mi cn b chuyn trch t chc tuyn truyn v cng
tc PCCC cho c s nhm khng ngng ngy cng nng cao nhn thc v thc ca
cng tc PCCC, gp phn tch cc vo cng tc PCCC ti c s.

Phng chy in : thng xuyn kim tra thit b tiu th in, dy dn in,

kp thi pht hin nhng h hng khng m bo an ton PCCC, xut sa cha kp
thi, kim tra vic ngt cu dao in vo cc ngy ngh-ngy l v ch nht, tch ring
h thng in bo v m bo nh sng phc v cho cng tc tun tra vo ban m.

Qun l ngn la trn : Nghim cm nhn vin v khch ht thuc ni c bin

cm la v ni c vt t d chy. Khi c quan c nhu cu dng ngn la trn, un nu

ngi t chc thc hin phi bo co cho i PCCC c k hoch PCCC c th.

Qun l v cht chy : Nghim cm tuyt i nhn vin v khch mang cht

chy, n vo c s, h s ti liu khng xp gn ni thit b tiu th in, dy dn

in.

Phng chy kho hng : Kho hng phi cach ly vi khu vc sn xut, bng in

phi b tr ngoi ca kho, hng ha trong kho phi sp xp phi m bo khong cch
an ton theo chng loi.

Cng tc thot nn : Trn hnh lang v li i li phi m bo thng thong, c

n t sc in s c, khng vt t, hng ha trn cc li i li thun li cho vic

thot nn, di chuyn ti sn v trin khai i hnh cha chy.

Trang b phng tin cha chy : Hin c s trang b phng tin PCC,

c b sung khi c s thay i tnh cht s dng tng khu vc, hng nm u c
kim tra cht lng v np cht cha chy, c k hoch b sung kp thi.

Cng tc lp v thc tp phng n : c b sung khi c s thay i tnh cht

s dng tng khu vc, hng qu/ 1 ln t chc cho lc lng PCCC ti ch thc tp

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

phng n theo cc tnh hung ra trong phng n; trong nm phi hp vi lc

lng PCCC chuyn nghip thc tp phng n cha chy ti c s.
Thc hin cc kin ngh ca c quan PCCC : cc kin ngh c quan PCCC thc

hin nghim tc v ng thi gian quy nh. Cn b ph trch cc b phn thc hin
cc kin ngh v PCCC v vi phm an ton PCCC phi chu trch nhim trc lnh
o c s.
-

X l nghim tc cc t chc, c nhn vi phm ni quy cc quy nh v PCCC.

4.3.3 Phng nga v chun b ng ph s c r r, trn ha cht, cht
thi
ngn nga cc s c c th xy ra, cng ty lun thc hin tt cng vic phn

loi, nh gi mc nguy hi ca cc loi cht thi v c cc bin php lu gi hp

l theo ng cc khu vc quy nh nh sau:
-

Khu vc lu gi cht thi rn khng nguy hi (cc loi ph thi ti sinh ti

ch)

Khu vc lu gi cht thi rn nguy hi (cc loi CTNH cn phi x l tiu hu)

Khu vc lu gi cht thi lng (du nht, nc thi)

Khu vc lu gi cht thi, ha cht c kh nng gy chy n.

Khu vc lu gi cht thi, ha cht c kh nng oxy ha, n mn.

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Cc loi du nht thi, dung mi v ha cht dng lng c cha trong thng
phuy st, phuy nha v c t trn pallet, sau khi vn chuyn v n nh my,
lng cht thi ny s c lu tr trong kho ca nh my theo cch b tr nh sau:
Thng cha ha cht

Ct kh

Lp ct kh bao quanh cc thng cha cht thi nhm mc ch ngn chn s lan
ta ca hn hp ha cht, dung mi hu c khi c s c v r r, trn xy ra trong
qu trnh lu tr. Bn cnh , nhit ca khng kh trong khu vc lu tr v nhit
ca thng cha c khng ch nhit khong 20 n 25oC, nhm trnh kh
nng t pht chy ca hoa cht, dung mi hu c khi nhit mi trng xung quanh
(hay nhit ca thng cha) ln n nhit chp chy ca dung mi hu c. Bin
php phng chng y theo d tnh s dng vi t ph ln trn b mt cc thng
cha. Lu tr nhng khu vc an ton cch xa nhng khu vc d b bn la trong
nh kho nh cc in, t in khong 10 m.
-

i vi cht thi dng rn s c sp xp trn cc pallet v cht vo kho cn thn

trnh xa khu vc lu tr dung mi, cht thi s c cht theo tng lp, khng chng
cht, lm sp o v c cch ly vi t.
-

Trong kho lu tr c dn nhn cnh bo trn cc thng cha, nh kho, khu vc

lu gi v trang b cc phng tin phng chng chy n.

-

Thc hin nghim tc cc ni quy quy nh PCCC ca cng ty v cc yu cu an

ton lao ng khi tip xc vi ha cht dung mi v cht thi.

-

Nh kho thng xuyn kim tra s r r, hay h hi ca cht thi. Nh kho c

v sinh thng xuyn, lun gi cho nh kho sch s v thng thong khng trong
kho c cc loi rc, giy bo, vi d gy chy n.
4.3.4 Quy trnh ng ph khn cp
- i vi s c chy n
+ Phm vi p dng
p dng cho ton b cn b cng nhn vin ti nh my x l cht thi.
+ Ni dung quy trnh v hnh ng ng ph

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Bo ng ton b c s, c ngi gi in thoi n PCCC chuyn nghip

s 114.

Cp in bn trong c s.

Gi in thoi bo chnh quyn a phng nh Cng An, Qun i n

phi hp cha chy.

Thng tin v tnh hnh chy, cha chy cho Trng Ban PCCC, lnh o
c s v ch huy cha chy bit c hng ch o.

T chc cha chy bng cc loi phng tin cha chy ti ch c

trang b dp la v chng chy lan ra xung quanh v cng phi hp t
chc cu cha vi lc lng cha chy chuyn nghip

Nu c ngi b nn phi t chc s cp cu v a i bnh vin gn nht.

T chc s tn ngi ra khi khu vc chy, tp trung v khu vc an ton v

tin hnh kim tra s lng cn b, cng nhn vin.

Di chuyn ti sn hng ha trong khu vc chy v khu vc ln cn c nguy

c b chy lan ra ni an ton.

T chc khc phc, x l nhim, v sinh mi trng nh xng.

+ Th tc thng bo v yu cu khi c s c

Bo ng ton b c s, gi in thoi n PCCC chuyn nghip s 114.

Gi cp cu khi c ngi b tai nn s 115.

Gi in thoi bo chnh quyn a phng nh Cng An, Qun i

Thng bo cho S Ti nguyn &Mi trng TP.HCM

STT
01
02
03
04

n v
Cng An PCCC
Bnh vin
Cnh st
S Ti nguyn
TP.HCM

&Mi

S in thai
114
115
113
trng 08.38293661

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Bng hng dn dng s

Xy ra chy n

Gi PCCC 114

Cp in ; T chc cha
chy c lp ngn la

Gi xe cp cu 115

Thng bo cho cng ty

(38627596/0908567445)

T chc cha chy, v sinh hin

trng khu vc s c

a ngi b nn cp cu; s tn
ngi v ti sn (c th ) ra khi khu
vc b s c

i vi s c r r, trn

+ Phm vi p dng
p dng cho ton b cn b cng nhn vin ti nh my x l cht thi.
+ Ni dung quy trnh v hnh ng ng ph

S dng cc thit b, dng c ti ch tin hnh ngn chn, c lp hin

trng.

Thng bo v cho cng ty (38627596/0908567445)

Cn b qun l s nh gi tnh hnh v mc ca s c, c ngi gi in

thoi n bnh vin s 115 (nu c ngi b tai nn) v S Ti Nguyn Mi trng a
phng (khi quy m s c r r, trn , ri vi ln) c s h tr, cch ly phng
tin v ngi qua li khu vc, gip khc phc s c kp thi.

T chc khc phc, thu gom cht thi trn , r r, ri vi, v sinh mi

trng ti khu vc xy ra s c.
+ Th tc thng bo v yu cu khi c s c
Thng bo v cho cng ty 38627596/0908567445
Gi cp cu nu c ngi b nn s 115.

Thng bo n S Ti nguyn &Mi trng

BAO CAO THC TP

STT
01
02
03

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

n v
Thng bo v cho cng ty
Bnh vin (nu c ngi b nn)
S Ti nguyn &Mi trng a phng

S in thai
38627596/0908567445
115
08.38293661

Bng hng dn dng s

Thc hin ngn chn, c lp
hin trng

a ngi b nn i
cp cu (nu c)

Nu s c r r
ln

Thng bo cho S Ti nguyn

&Mi trng

Thng bo v cng ty
(38627596/0908567445
)
Khc phc s c, Thu gom
cht thi, v sinh khu vc

Kt hp, trin khai khc

phc s c, Thu gom cht
thi, v sinh khu vc

i vi s c tai nn lao ng

+ Phm vi p dng
p dng cho ton b cn b cng nhn vin ti nh my x l cht thi.
+ Ni dung quy trnh v hnh ng ng ph

Gi cp cu 115.

T chc s cp cu v a ngi b nn i cp cu ti bnh vin gn nht.

C lp hin trng.

Thng bo v cho cng ty (38627596/0908567445)

Cn b qun l s nh gi tnh hnh v mc ca s c, c ngi gi

in thoi n cng an s 113 c s h tr, cch ly ngi v phng tin qua li

khu vc b s c tai nn.

C cn b trc, theo di, chm sc cho ngi b nn ti bnh vin.

V sinh, thu dn khu vc xy ra tai nn.

+ Th tc thng bo v yu cu khi c s c

Gi cp cu khi c ngi b tai nn s 115

Thng bo v cho cng ty s 08.8627596

BAO CAO THC TP

STT
01
02
03

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Gi in thoi n cng an s 113.

n v
Bnh vin
Thng bo v cho cng ty
Cng An

S in thai
115
38627596/0908567445
113

Bng hng dn dng s

Xy ra tai nn

Gi xe cp cu 115

a ngi b nn, cp cu ti
bnh vin gn nht

C lp hin trng

C cn b trc, theo di, chm sc

cho ngi b nn ti bnh vin

Thng bo cho cng ty

(38627596/0908567445)

V sinh, dn dp khu vc xy ra
tai nn

4.3.5 Bin php x l nhim mi trng sau khi kt thc s c

-

X l ngn nga nhim mi trng nc mt

Khi xy ra s c, cc cn b v cng nhn vin lp tc trin khai cc bin php

k thut nhm ng ph, c lp v hn ch ti a vic r r, pht tn cht thi vo mi

trng. Do ngn nga c kh nng gy nhim mi trng nc mt do s c
gy ra. Trong trng hp nu c s c xy ra, cng ty lp tc s trin khai c lp vng
b nh hng v tin hnh ly mu phn tch, ln k hoch v trin khai thu gom, vn
chuyn nc thi v x l ti nh my x l, v sinh khu vc, ly mu phn tch cht
lng nc khu vc, ti to li cnh quan t nhin
-

X l ngn nga nhim mi trng nc ngm

Khi xy ra s c, cc cn b v cng nhn vin lp tc trin khai cc bin php

k thut nhm ng ph, c lp v hn ch ti a vic r r, pht tn cht thi vo mi

trng. Do kh nng gy nhim mi trng nc ngm l khng ng k v cc
cht nhim b c lp v thu gom x l kp thi v vy kh nng cc cht nhim
thm qua cc lp t v gy nhim ngun nc ngm l khng nhiu. Trong trng

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

hp nu c s c xy ra, cng ty lp tc s trin khai c lp vng b nh hng v tin

hnh ly mu phn tch cht lng nc, t ca khu vc, ln k hoch v trin khai
thu gom, bc d vn chuyn ton b lp t b nhim x l ti nh my x l, v
sinh khu vc, san lp v ti to li cnh quan t nhin
-

X l ngn nga nhim mi trng t

Khi xy ra s c, cc cn b v cng nhn vin lp tc trin khai cc bin php

k thut nhm ng ph, c lp v hn ch ti a vic r r, pht tn cht thi vo mi

trng. Do kh nng gy nhim cho mi trng t l khng ng k. Trong
trng hp nu c s c xy ra, cng ty lp tc s trin khai c lp vng b nh hng
v tin hnh ly mu phn tch cht lng t ca khu vc, ln k hoch v trin khai
thu gom, bc d vn chuyn ton b lp t b nhim x l ti nh my x l, v
sinh khu vc, san lp v ti to li cnh quan t nhin
-

Ngn nga nhim mi trng khng kh

Khi xy ra s c, cc cn b v cng nhn vin lp tc trin khai cc bin php

k thut nhm ng ph, c lp v hn ch ti a vic r r, pht tn cht thi vo mi

trng. Do kh nng gy nhim cho mi trng khng kh l khng ng k. Do
cht thi c ph bt che kn hn ch ti a kh nng pht tn cc cht nhim
vo mi trng v cng ty c cc bin php thu gom, x l cc cht thi pht sinh
do s c gy ra mt cch kp thi nhanh chng.
-

Qun l cht thi pht sinh do s c

Khi xy ra s c, cc cn b v cng nhn vin lp tc trin khai cc bin php

k thut nhm ng ph, c lp v hn ch ti a vic r r, pht tn cht thi vo mi

trng. Cht thi sau khi c lp s c thu gom, vn chuyn v x l ti nh my x
l mt cch kp thi nhanh chng hn ch ti a kh nng gy nhim mi trng do
cht thi gy ra.

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TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

Phn III: KT LUN V KIN NGH

1 Kt lun
Sau qu trnh i tm hiu thc t v quy trnh x l CTNH bng cng ngh t
cng ty mi trng Vit c th cng ngh ny c nhiu u im ni bt so vi cc
cng ngh khc nh gim c 90-95% th tch v khi lng cht thi, c th tn
dng nhit, tit kim c din tch, gim thiu nhim nc, mi hi so vi bin
php chn lp. Cng vi s chuyn nghip ca cc nhn vin k thut ng gp
mt phn khng nh hon thnh tt trong cng vic x l.
Vic u t cc l t quy m va v nh phc v cho vng cng nghip, khu
cng nghip hoc x l ti ch gim bt nhng p lc ngy cng tng v cht thi
cng nghip v CTNH l hon ton ph hp vi iu kin ca nc ta hin nay.
Qua qu trnh thc tp ti cng ty mi trng Vit c gip chng em hiu r
hn quy trnh x l CTNH bng cng ngh t sau khi c hc l thuyt ti
trng, hon thin v kin thc chuyn mn cng nh kinh nghim trong cng vic
sau khi ra trng.
2 Kin ngh
Mong mun cng ty s pht trin hn na v phm vi thu gom, vn chuyn,
phn loi, x l CTNH v m rng thm v din tch nh my trong tng lai.
Cn m rng nh my p ng nhu cu ca x hi.
Bo h lao ng ca cc nhn vin k thut nh my cn c ch trng hn.

BAO CAO THC TP

TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Lm Minh Trit Gio trnh Qun l cht thi nguy hi, NXB Xy Dng 2006
2. V nh Long Tp bi ging Qun l cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi, 2008
3. www.google.com

4. QCVN 192009/BTNMT quy chun ky thut quc gia v khi thai cng nghip
i vi bui va cac cht v c
5. Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT
6. Lut bo v mi trng
7. Thng T 12/2006/TT-BTNMT
8. TCVN 6706:2009 Cht thi nguy hi. Phn loi
9. Ti liu cng ty mi trng Vit c

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TRNG AI HOC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

PH LC