Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

CHNG 6: MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT

I. Gii thiu Mch khuch i cng sut thng c s dng nng cng sut tn hiu ln cao trc khi a ra ti, thng s dng cho ti c in tr thp. Thng s nh gi mch khuch i cng sut chnh l hiu sut, : P = out ( ac ) x100% (6.1) Pin ( dc ) Hiu sut chnh l t s cng sut tn hiu ng ra trn ti vi cng sut ngun cung cp cho mch. Mt mch khuch i cng sut l l tng khi hiu sut bng 100%, c ngha l ton b nng lng ngun cung cp cho mch c chuyn i thnh nng lng tn hiu ra ti. Trn thc t do nng lng mt phn b tiu tn trn cc linh kin hot ng trong mch nn hiu sut ca mch lun lun nh hn 100%. Phn loi mch khuch i cng sut V c bn c 5 dng mch khuch i cng sut: lp A, B, AB, C v D. - Mch khuch i cng sut lp A l mch khuch i m transistor c im lm vic Q nm trong vng khuch i v n dn trong ton chu k ca tn hiu ng vo. - Mch khuch i cng sut lp B l mch khuch i m transistor c im lm vic Q nm trong vng tt do transistor ch dn trong mt bn k ca ca tn hiu ng vo. Mch khuch i cng sut lp AB l mch khuch i m transistor c im lm vic Q nm trong vng khuch i gn vng tt do transistor dn hn mt bn k v t hn mt chu k ca ca tn hiu ng vo. - Mch khuch i cng sut lp C l mch khuch i m transistor c im lm vic Q nm su trong vng tt do transistor ch dn t hn mt bn k ca ca tn hiu ng vo. Dng sng dng iC ca bn dng mch khuch i cng sut vi tn hiu ng vo c dng sin trong hnh 6.1.

Hnh 6.1: a. Dng sng dng iC ca mch khuch i cng sut ch A; b. Dng sng dng iC ca mch khuch i cng sut ch B; c. Dng sng dng iC ca mch khuch i cng sut ch AB; d. Dng sng dng iC ca mch khuch i cng sut ch C - Mch khuc i cng sut ch D l mch c hiu sut rt cao transistor ch yu hot ng ch xung. - Cc mch khuch i cng sut khc: c nhiu mch khuch i cng sut khc nh G, H, SHu ht chng l bin th ca mch khuch i cng sut ch AB, tuy nhin chng cho hiu sut rt cao c s dng cho nhng thit k c cng sut ng ra ln. Nhng trong chng ny chng ta ch yu ch kho st ba dng c bn dng trong mch khuch i cng sut tn hiu m tn l A, B v AB. 111

Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

II. Transistor cng sut 1. BJT cng sut Transistor cng sut l linh kin c kch thc ln do yu cu phi hot ng vi cng sut v dng ln. Cu trc xem hnh 6.2

Hnh 6.2: Cu trc ca BJT cng sut Do s khc nhau trong kch thc vt l v mt tp cht trong cht bn dn nn cc thng s ca n khc so vi nhng transistor hot ng vi tn hiu nh, v d xem bng 6.1. Bng 6.1: Bng so snh cc thng s ca BJT cng sut v BJT tn hiu nh.

Hnh 6.2: ng c tuyn hFE theo IC

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Khi s dng transistor cng sut phi ch cc ng gii hn dng, p v cng sut trong hnh 6.3a, vng hot ng an ton ca transistor l vng nm di cc ng gii hn ICmax, VCE(sus), PT, hnh 6.3b ch ra ng gii hn tng t nhng s dng t l logarithmic, chnh v vy im lm vic ca transistor phi nm trong vng cho php.

Hnh 6.3: Vng hot ng an ton ca BJT: a. Theo t l tuyn tnh ; b. Theo t l logarithm. Cng sut tiu tn trn BJT l: PQ = vCE iC + vBE iB (6.2) Do dng ti cc B b hn nhiu so vi dng ti cc C, nn c th vit li cng thc 6.2 gn ng nh sau: PQ vCE iC (6.3) T cng thc 6.2 suy ra cng sut tiu tn trung bnh ca BJT trong mt chu k ca tn hiu l: T 1 PQ = vCE iC dt (6.4) T 0 Cng sut ny phi lun lun nh hn gi tr cng sut gii hn ca BJT bo m nhit ca transistor nh hn nhit cho php cc i. 2. MOSFET cng sut Bng 6.2 lit k cc thng s c bn ca hai MOSFET cng sut knh n. Cc thng s 2N6757 2N6792 VDS(max) (V) 150 400 0 ID(max) (tai T=25 C) 8 2 PD (W) 75 20 Cu trc ca transistor FET cng sut nh hnh 6.4

Hnh 6.4: a. VMOS; b. DMOS; c. HEXFET. 113

Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

3.

Heat Sinks

Hnh 6.5: Hai dng v transistor cng sut thng gp a v b; c. Hnh dng ca heat sink. Trong khi nhng mch tch hp thng s dng cho nhng ng dng tn hiu nh v cng sut b, hu ht nhng ng dng dng cho cng sut cao vn i hi transistor cng sut ri. ci tin k thut sn xut vi yu cu cung cp cc linh kin bn dn c kch thc nh nhng hot ng c vi in p, cng sut ln v tc chuyn mch nhanh, v cc thng s ny b gii hn bi nhit hot ng cho php ca linh kin do vn t gia l phi tn nhit cho linh kin. Cng sut tiu tn trn transistor lm gia tng nhit mi ni bn trong ca n, v nhit ny c truyn ra v. Nu nhit bn trong hay nhit mi ni T J ca n vt qu nhit cho php transistor s b qu nhit. bo v transistor trong trng hp ny phi dng mt tm tn nhit (heat sink) tn nhit cho transistor, v tm tn nhit ny c gn vi v. ng c tuyn quan h gia cng sut tiu tn v nhit v xem hnh 6.6.

Hnh 6.6: ng c tuyn ca cng sut tiu tn trn transistor vi nhit v.

Hnh 6.7: c tuyn ca MOSFET cng sut cao: a. Quan h gia in dn v dng cc mng; b. c tuyn truyn t. T hnh 6.6, ta c th thy rng khi nhit v (hay nhit mi ni) gia tng, cng sut tiu tn gii hn ca transistor gim theo h s suy gim: PD (T1 ) = PD (T0 ) (T1 T0 ) *h s suy gim (6.5) Khi nu s dng mt tm tn nhit tt c th cho php transistor hot ng c vi cng sut tiu tn cc i. thit k chn tm tn nhit ph hp vi transistor, chng ta phi xt n thng s nhit tr (0C/W). Nhit trn mt phn t c nhit tr l 114

Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

T2 T1 = P trong P l cng sut nhit trn phn t. chn c tm tn nhit ng yu cu chng ta phi bit c cc thng s nhit ca transistor v s lin quan ca cc thng s ny vi cng sut tiu tn. Hnh 6.8 ch ra s lin quan ca in tr nhit vi nhit ca transistor .

Hnh 6.8 in tr nhit dng din t sc nng nh hng n gii hn v in, trong hnh 6.8 cc nhit tr c nh ngha nh sau: JA : nhit tr nhit t mi ni n mi trng (nhit tr tng). JC : nhit tr nhit t mi ni n v (nhit tr ca transistor). CS : nhit tr nhit t v n tm tn nhit. SA : nhit tr t tm tn nhit n mi trng (nhit tr ca tm tn nhit). Vy: JA = JC + CS + SA (6.6) Theo nh lut Kirchhoff ta c: TJ = PD JA + TA (6.7) T cng thc 6.6 c th thy h s cung cp thng tin v nhit mi ni lin quan n cng sut tiu tn trn transistor. V d: mt transistor c JC bng 0.50C/W, iu ny c ngha l nu transistor hot ng vi cng sut tiu tn 50W th nhit chnh lch gia v v mi ni bn trong l: TJ TC = PD JC = (0.50 C / W )(50W ) = 250 C Nh vy nu tm tn nhit c th gi nhit v ti 500C th nhit mi ni ca transistor s l 750C. III. Mch khuch i cng sut ch A: 1. Mch khuch i ghp trc tip

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Hnh 6.9 : Mch khuch i cng sut ch A ghp trc tip. - Phn cc DC Dng phn cc IB l: V 0.7V I B = CC (6.8) RB Dng phn cc IC v in p VCE: I C = I B (6.9) VCE = VCC I C RC (6.10) - Khi c tn hiu AC: Khi c tn hiu c ng vo, tn hiu ra s bin thin theo tn hiu ng vo t gi tr dng v p phn cc dc

Hnh 6.10: S bin thin tn hiu ra theo tn hiu vo c dng sin. Cng sut ng ra: PO (ac ) = vce ic PO (ac ) = vce (max) ic (max) = vce ( p p ) ic ( p p ) 8

(6.11) (6.12) (6.13) (6.14)

2 Cng sut ngun cung cp: Pi (dc) = VCC I CQ Hiu sut ca mch P (ac) % = O x100% Pi (dc )

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Cng sut tiu tn trn transistor PT = Pi (dc) PO (ac) (6.15) T cng thc 6.15, chng ta thy rng i vi mch khuch i cng sut ch A th cng sut tiu tn trn transistor ln nht khi khng c tn hiu ra ti v nh nht khi tn hiu ra ti l ln nht. - Hiu sut cc i ca mch i vi mch khuch i cng sut ch A, hiu sut ca mch t cc i khi in p v dng in trn ti t cc i (bin thin cc i), khi nu im lm vic tnh Q ca transistor nm gia ng ti ac th : V VCEQ = CC 2 v: V I CQ = CC 2 RC max(vce ( p p ) ) = VCC max(iC ( p p ) ) = VCC RC

2 VCC 8RC cng sut ngun cung cp khi :

max( PO (ac)) =

2 VCC 2 RC Vy hiu sut cc i ca mch l: max( Po (ac)) max( %) = x100% = 25% max( Pi (dc )) Kt lun: hiu sut cc i ca mch khuch i cng sut ch A ghp trc tip ch t c ti a l 25%. 2. Mch khuch i ghp LC cung cp ra ti mt cng sut ln thng thng i hi dng v p ln. V? vy trong mch CE iu ny yu cu thay RC bng mt cun day gim tiu hao trn RC. cun dy ny b ngn mch i vi dng dc nhng h mch vi tn hiu ac ti nhng tn hiu c tn s cao.

max( Pi (dc )) = VCC I CQ =

Hnh 6.11: a. mch khuch i cng sut ch A ghp LC; b. ng ti ac v dc ca transistor. 117

Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

T hnh 6.11a, ta c cc ng ti ac v dc hnh 6.11b trong b qua in tr ca cun dy. Nu in tr RE rt nh c th b qua v tm dao ng ca tn hiu ng ra t cc i, th im lm vic Q c : VCEQ VCC VCC RL vy cng sut ng ra cc i l: 1 2 1 V2 max( PO (ac)) = I CQ R L = x CC 2 2 RL cng sut ngun cung cp lc ny l (b qua s tiu tn trn R1 v R2): V2 Pi (dc) = VCC I CQ = CC RL Khi hiu sut cc i ca mch s l max( PO (ac)) max( %) = = 50% Pi (dc) Vy trong mch khuch i cng sut ch A nu thay R C bng cung dy th hiu sut cc i s tng ln gp i. 3. Mch khuch i ghp bin p thit k mt mch khuch i ghp LC t c hiu sut cao rt kh khn v n ph thuc vo s lin quan ca in p ngun cung cp VCC v in tr ti RL. V th c th thay in tr ti bng cch s dng mt my bin p c t s vng dy qun s cp v th cp thch hp. I CQ

Hnh 6.12: Mch khuch i ghp bin p. Mch khuch i cng sut ch A ghp bin p nh trong hnh 6.12a, c ng ti ac v dc tng ng trong hnh 6.13

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Hnh 6.13: ng ti ac v dc Vy tm dao ng ca tn hiu ng ra t cc i, th xt im lm vic Q nm gia ng ti ac, khi : VCEQ VCC 2VCC a 2 RL vy cng sut ng ra cc i l: 2 I CQ
2 V2 1 VCC x 4 2 a 2 R L = CC 2 a RL 2a 2 R L cng sut ngun cung cp lc ny l (b qua s tiu tn trn R1 v R2): V2 Pi (dc) = VCC I CQ = 2CC a RL Khi hiu sut cc i ca mch s l max( PO (ac)) max( %) = = 50% Pi (dc) Vy trong mch khuch i cng sut ch A s dng my bin p th hiu sut cc i c kh nng t c cng l 50%. 2 max( PO (ac)) = i L R L = (aiC ) 2 R L =

IV. Mch khuch i cng sut ch B Mch khuch i cng sut ch B c c im l transistor c im lm vic nm trong vng tt, c ngha l transistor cha c phn cc. Do n ch dn in trong mt na chu k ca tn hiu, m na chu k in p tn hiu vo phn cc thun cho transistor. Vy tn hiu ra khng b mo 50% hay c khuch i ton chu k ca tn hiu vo th phi s dng hai transistor v mi transistor s dn trong mt bn k. Khi mt transistor c nhim v y (push) tn hiu ln cao trong na chu k u v transistor cn li c nhim v ko (pull) tn hiu xung thp trong na chu k cn li, kt qu ta c tn hiu ton k ng ra v mch ny gi l mch khuch i y ko (push-pull).

Hnh 6.14: S khi ca mch khuch i y ko 1. Mch khuch i y ko cng sut ch B.

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Cng sut ngun cung cp: Pi (dc) = VCC I DC Trong : I DC = I DC1 + I DC 2 = vy: Pi (dc) = VCC Cng sut ng ra: 2 ic (max)

Hnh 6.15: ng ti ac v dc

ic1(max)

ic (max)

2 ic (max)

RL 2 2 Khi tm dao ng tn hiu ra t cc i khi : V2 max( PO (ac)) = CC 2 RL

2 2VCC R L max( PO (ac)) max( %) = x100% = x100% = 78.54% max( Pi (dc)) 4 Vy mch khuch i cng sut y ko ch B c hiu sut cc i kh ln t c n 78.54%. Cng sut tiu tn trn transistor: 2 xPT = Pi (dc) PO (ac) vy cng sut tiu tn trn mt transistor l: ic2(max) 1 2 PT = (VCC ic (max) RL ) 2 2 Cng sut tiu tn cc i trn mt transistor: V2 max( PT ) = 2CC RL

2 PO (ac ) = i L R L =

2 i L (max)

RL =

2 iC (max)

max( Pi (dc )) =

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Hnh 6.16: Cng sut tiu tn trn transistor ca mch khuch i cng sut ch B Cng sut tiu tn trn transistor i vi mch khuch i cng sut ch B nh nht khi 2VCC khng c tn hiu ng ra v ln nht khi tn hiu ra c dng ti bng . R L V d: Mch khuch i y ko cng sut ch B ghp bin p:

Hnh 6.17: Mch khuch i y ko cng sut ch B ghp bin p. -Nguyn tc hot ng: bn k dng ca tn hiu, qua bin p o pha lm in p ti cc base ca Q1 dng v Q2 m, khi Q1 dn lm dng i1 bin thin v iL bin thin theo, xut hin tn hiu ra ti bn k dng. bn k m ca tn hiu cng tng t, tn hu qua my bin p o pha lm in p ti cc base ca Q1 m v Q2 dng, khi Q2 dn lm dng i2 bin thin v iL bin thin theo, xut hin tn hiu ra ti bn k m. My bin p xut m c chc nng ghp tn hiu ra ti khi hai transistor Q1 v Q2 lun phin nhau dn. T hnh 6.17 ta c ng ti ac v dc ca transistor Q1 v Q2 nh hnh 6.18

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Cng sut ngun cung cp: Pi (dc) = VCC I DC Trong : I DC = I DC1 + I DC 2 = vy: Pi (dc) = VCC Cng sut ng ra: 2 ic (max)

Hnh 6.18: ng ti ac v dc

ic1(max)

ic (max)

2 ic (max)

2 2 2 vCE1 vCE 2 vL PO (ac ) = = = RL a 2 RL a 2 RL Khi tm dao ng tn hiu ra t cc i khi : V2 max( PO (ac)) = CC 2a 2 R L 2 2VCC a 2R L max( PO (ac)) max( %) = x100% = x100% = 78.54% max( Pi (dc)) 4

max( Pi (dc )) =

2.

Mch o pha tn hiu Trong mch khuch i cng sut y ko do hai transistor phi dn lun phin nhau trong mt mt chu k ca tn hiu, mi transistor dn trong mt bn k v vy phi s dng thm mt mch o pha o pha tn hiu trc khi cung cp tn hiu cho mch khuch i cng sut y ko. Cc dng mch o pha thng c s dng trong hnh 6.19.

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Hnh 6.19: Cc dng mch o pha. 3. Hin tng mo xuyn tm trong mch khuch i cng sut y ko ch B Tuy nhin, mc d mch khuch i cng sut ch B cho hiu sut cao hn nhiu mch khuch i cng sut ch A nhng tn hiu ra b mo, c bit khi mc tn hiu vo nh tn hiu ra s b mo xuyn tm(crossover distortion) hnh 6.20. V vy mch khuch i cng sut ch B ch c s dng trong nhng mch khuch i cng sut m yu cu v gi thnh thp v cht lng thit k khng cn cao.

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Hnh 6.20: c tuyn truyn t dng sng vo ra ca mch khuch i y ko. V. Mch khuch i cng sut ch AB Mch khuch i cng sut ch AB l mch khuch i c kt hp nhng u im ca mch khuch i cng sut ch B v A. N c hiu sut cao ca mch ch B v tn hiu ra t mo ca ch A. mch khuch i cng sut ch AB cng ging mch khuch i cng sut ch B ch khc l hai transistor ca mch khuch i cng sut ch AB c phn cc c im lm vic nm trong vng khuch i gn vng tt bo m tn hiu ra khng b mo khi tn hiu vo b ng thi t hiu sut cao.

Hnh 6.21: Mch khuch i y ko cng sut ch AB. Mch khuch i y ko hnh 6.21 ging nh mch khuch i y ko hnh 6.17, ch khc mch khuch i y ko hnh 6.21 hai in tr R1 v R2 phn cc cho hai transistor Q1 v Q2 nm trong vng khuch i, v vy hai transistor ny hot ng ch AB. Trong mch khuch i cng sut y ko do mi transistor dn trong mt bn k nn phi s dng mt tng o pha, gim bt tng ny ngi ta s dng hai transistor b ph (l hai transistor c cng thng s c tnh nhng khc loi) v thay bin p xut m ng ra ngi ta dng ngun i (OCL) hnh 6.22a, hay dng ngun n nhng c thm t xut m ng ra (OTL) hnh 6.22b.

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Hnh 6.22: S mch khuch i y ko a. dng hai ngun cung cp (OCL); b. dng mt ngun cung cp (OTL). Xt mch OCL nh hnh 6.23:

Hnh 6.23: mch khuch i y ko cng sut ch AB (OCL) Nguyn tc hot ng ca mch : bn k dng ca tn hiu transistor Q1 c phn cc thun v Q2 b phn cc ngc nn Q1 dn v Q2 ngt xut hin dng ic1 bin thin trn ti theo dng ng vo lm in p trn ti bin thin theo. Tng t nh vy, bn k m ca tn hiu transistor Q1 b phn cc ngc v Q2 c phn cc thun nn Q2 dn v Q1 ngt xut hin dng ic2 bin thin trn ti theo dng ng vo lm in p trn ti bin thin theo. Vy tn hiu ra trn ti c khuch i c bn k m v bn k dng ca tn hiu. s dng ngun cung cp n thay cho ngun i ca mch OCL, ngi ta dng thm mt t xut m v gim in tr ng ra v nng cao h s khuch i dng ra ti ngi ta s dng thm cc transistor mc darlington hnh 6.24.

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Hnh 6.24: Mch OTL Trong bin tr R2 c chnh sao cho tn hiu ra b mo thp nht. VI. Mo do sng hi Tt c cc mch khuch i c th b nh hng bi tn hiu nhiu v chnh tn hiu ny lm mo (sai lch) tn hiu ra so vi tn hiu vo, thng thng nhng mch khuch i c cng sut cng cao th cng b nh hng nhiu. Tn hiu nhiu sinh ra trong cc mch khuch i cng sut c nhiu nguyn nhn, nhng y chng ta ch kho st s mo tn hiu ng ra do sng hi. Mt tn hiu sin ch c mt tn s duy nht. Mt mch khuch i l tng c kh nng khuch i mt tn hiu sin v ch c mt tn hiu sin duy nht ng ra c cng tn s vi tn hiu ng vo v c bin ln hn. Mo tn hiu xy ra do c tnh khng tuyn tnh ca cc linh kin trong mch v do s p ng vi cc tn hiu ng vo khc nhau ti nhng tn s khc nhau ca cc mch in v linh kin trong mch . iu ny xy ra i vi tt c cc dng mch khuch i cng sut, v vy n gy ra mo tn s tn hiu ra so vi tn hiu vo, trong cc mch khuch i cng sut xt cc phn trc s mo tn hiu do sng hi ng ra ch yu xy ra trong mch khuch i cng sut ch B v AB. Mt phng php phn tch s mo dng ny l dng phng php phn tch fourier. Mo do sng hi bc th n l: A Dn % = n x100% A1 Trong A1: bin sng c bn An: bin ca sng hi bc n Vy tng mo tn hiu do cc sng hi gy ra l:
2 2 THD% = D2 + D32 + D4 + x100%

Mt mch khuch i c nh gi tt khi tn hiu ra c bin tn hiu sng hi b hn tn hiu gc nhiu ln v THD% cng b cng tt.

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Hnh 6.24: Phn tch dng sng trong mch khuch i cng sut ch B VII. Mch khuch i cng sut ch C Mch khuch i cng sut ch C khng s dng c trong cc mch khuch i cng sut m tn m ch thng c s dng trong truyn thng. Transistor trong mch khuch i ch C c im lm vic nm su trong vng tt v vy hiu sut ca n cao hn mch khuch i ch B.

Hnh 6.25: Mch khuch i ch C

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Hnh 6.26: ng ti ac ca mch khuch i ch C. VIII. Mach khuch i cng sut ch D Mch khuch i cng sut ch D c thit k hot ng vi cc tn hiu s, hiu sut ca n c t c n 90%.

Hnh 6.27: S khi ca mch khuch i ch D

Hnh 6.26: Dng sng vo v ra ca mch khuch i ch D

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