Cc phng php gii nhanh bi tp trc nghim

Phn ho hc hu c
Bin son : ThS NCS : Phm Ngc Sn
0989.882.333
I. nh lut bo ton nguyn t v bo ton khi lng.
-

Khi

m 0( CO ) + m 0 ( H O ) = m 0( O
2

chy
2

hp

cht

th:

n o ( trong CO ) + n 0( H O ) = n 0 ( O
2

chy)

=>

t chy)

Gi s khi t chy hp cht hu c A (cha C, H, O)

A + O2 CO2 + H2O
mA + m O2 = m CO2 + m H2O
mA = mC + mH + mO
VD 1 : t chy hon ton m(g) hn hp X gm CH4, C3H6 v C4H10 thu c 4,4g
CO2 v 2,52g H2O.
m c gi tr l:
A. 1,48g
mX = mC + mH =

B. 2,48 g

C. 14,8g

D. 24,7

4,4
2,52
x12 +
x 2 = 1,2 + 0,28 = 1,48(g)
44
18

Vy p n (A) ng
VD 2: Cho 1,24g hn hp 2 ru n chc tc dng va vi Na thy thot ra 336 ml
H2(ktc) v m(g) mui natri. Khi lng mui Natri thu c l:
A. 1,93 g

B. 2,93 g

C. 1,9g

D. 1,47g

n H2O = 0, 015mol n H = 0,03(mol)

1
R OH + Na R ONa + H 2
2
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
m = 1,24 + 0,03. (23 - 1) = 1,9 (g)
Vy p n (C) ng
VD 3: Cho 3,38g hn hp Y gm CH3OH, CH3COOH, C6H5OH tc dng va vi Na
thy thot ra 672 ml kh( ktc) v dung dch. C cn dung dch thu c hn hp rn Y1.
Khi lng Y1 l:
A. 3,61g

B. 4,7g

C. 4,76g

D. 4,04g

n H = 2n H2 = 0,03(mol) . V 3 cht trong hn hp Y u c mt nguyn t H linh ng

n Na = 2n

H2

= 0, 06(mol )

Theo phng trnh, p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:

m Y1 = 3,38 + (23 1)x 0,06 = 4,7(g)

Vy p n( B) ng
VD 4: Chia hn hp 2 anehit no n chc thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
- t chy hon ton phn 1 thu c 0,54g H2O
- Phn 2 cng H2(Ni, t0 ) thu c hn hp A.
Nu t chy hon ton A th th tch kh CO2 thu c( ktc) l:
A - 0,112 lt

B - 0,672 lt

C - 1,68 lt

P1: hn hp l anehit no n chc

D - 2,24 lt

n CO2 = n H2O = 0,03(mol)

Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t v bo ton khi lng

n C(P1 ) = n C(A) = 0,03(mol) => n CO2 (P2 ) = n C(A) = 0,03(mol)

VCO2 = 0,672lt(dktc)

p n (B )ng

VD 5: Tch nc hon ton t hn hp X gm 2 ru A v B ta c hn hp Y gm

cc olefin. Nu t chy hon ton X th thu c 1,76g CO2. Vy khi t chy hon ton Y
th tng khi lng nc CO2 to ra l:
A - 2,94g

B - 2,48g

C - 1,76g

D - 2,76g

H2O
X
Y

n C(X) = n C(Y) n CO2 (do X) = n CO2 (do Y) = 0, 04 (mol)

+ O2
M khi Y
s mol CO2 = n H2O = 0,04 mol

m CO2 + H2O = 1,76 + ( 0, 04 x18) = 2,47(g)

Vy p n( B )ng
VD 6: Hn hp X gm ru no n chc A v 1 axit no n chc B. Chia thnh 2 phn
bng nhau.
- Phn 1: B t chy hon ton thy to ra 2,24 lt CO2(ktc)
- Phn 2: c este ha hon ton v va thu c 1 este.
Khi t chy este ny th lng nc sinh ra l:
A - 1,8g

B - 3,6g

C - 19,8g

D - 2,2g

II. Phng php tng gim khi lng

gii bi ton mt cch nhanh chng i vi bi ton v ru, axit, este, axit amin ta cng

c th vn dng phng php tng gim khi lng gii. C th l:

* i vi ru: Xt phn ng ca ru vi Na
x
R(OH)x + Na R(ONa)x + 2 H2

1
hoc ROH + Na RONa + 2 H2

Theo phng trnh ta thy: c 1mol ru tc dng vi Na 1mol mui ancolat th khi
lng tng 23-1 = 22g.
Vy nu u bi cho khi lng ca ru v khi lng ca mui alcolat ta c th vn dng
tnh s mol ca ru, H2 v xc nh cng th phn t ca ru.
* i vi axit: Xt phn ng axit vi kim
R(COOH)x + xNaOH R(COONa)x + H2O

hoc

RCOOH

+ NaOH

RCOONa + H2O
1mol m 22g

1mol

* i vi este: Xt phn ng x phng ha

R-COOR' +

NaOH

RCOONa + R'OH
1mol khi lng mui kt ta l 23-R'

1mol

VD 7: Cho 2,84g hn hp 2 ru n chc l ng ng k tip nhau tc dng va vi Na

kim loi to ra 4,6g cht rn v V lt kh H2(ktc)
1. V c gi tr l:
A - 2,24 lt

B - 1,12 lt

C - 1,792 lt

D - 0,896

lt
2. Cng thc cu to ca 2 ru l:
A - CH3OH , C2H5OH
C - C3H7OH , C4H9OH
p n (D) ng

B - C2H5OH, C3H7OH
D - C2H3OH, C3H5OH
2. p n (A) ng

VD 8: Thy phn 0,01mol este ca 1 ru a chc vi 1 axit n chc tiu tn ht 1,2g

NaOH. Mt khc khi thy phn 6,35g este th tiu tn ht 3g NaOH v thu c 7,05g
mui. CTPT v CTCT ca este l:
A - (CH3COO)3C3H5

B- (C2H3COO)3C3H5

C - C3H5(COOCH3)3

D - C3H5 (COOC2H3)3

V nNaOH = 3neste este 3 chc (Ru 3 chc + axit n chc)

t cng th este (RCOO)3R'
(RCOO)3R'

+ 3NaOH (RCOONa)3 + R'(OH)3

3mol 1mol th khi lng tng

Theo PT: c 1mol

23 x 3 - R' = 69 - R'
Vy 0,025mol

0,075mol

0,025, th khi lng tng:

7,05 - 6,35 = 0,7g

0,7 = 0,025 (69-R') R = 41 R': C3H5

Meste =

6,35
= 254
0,025

mR =

254 - 41 - 44 x 3
= 27 R: C2H3 3

Vy cng thc ca este l (CH2 = CHCOO)3C3H5 p n (B )ng

III. Phng php khi lng phn t trung bnh, s nguyn t cacbon trung bnh xc
nh CTPT ca hp cht v c v hu c.
Nguyn tc: Dng khi lng mol trung bnh M xc nh khi lng mol cc cht
trong hn hp u.
M1 < M < M2

( trong M1< M2 )

i vi bi ton hu c th ch yu dng phng php ny. Mt khi lng cc bi ton

hu c dng phng php khi lng mol trung bnh , cn m rng thnh s nguyn t
cacbon trung bnh, s lin kt trung bnh, ho tr trung bnh, gc hirocacbon trung bnh.
VD 9: Mt hn hp A gm 2 olefin l ng ng k tip nhau. Nu cho 4,48 lt hn hp
A ( ktc) qua bnh ng dung dch brm d, ngi ta thy khi lng ca bnh tng thm 7g.
Cng thc phn t ca 2 olefin l:
A - C2H4 v C3H6

B - C3H6 v C4H8 C - C4H8 v C5H10

C5H10 v C6H12

M=

7
= 35 => M1 < 35 < M2; M1, M2 l ng ng k tip.
0,2

M1 = 28 => C2H4

M2 = 42 => C3H6

Vy p n( A) ng.
VD 10: A, B l 2 ru no, n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Cho hn hp
gm 1,6g A v 2,3g B tc dnght vi Na thu c 1,12 lt H2(ktc). Cng thc phn t ca 2
ru l:
A - CH3OH, C2H5OH

B - C2H5OH, C3H7OH

D - C4H9OH, C5H11OH
* Cch gii nhanh: Theo phng php M

C - C3H7OH, C4H9OH

1
C n H 2n +1OH + Na C n H 2n +1ONa + H 2
2
n R = n H2 = 0,1mol
MR =

3,9
= 39 M1 < M < M 2
0,1

M1 = 32

Cng thc ca 2 ru CH3OH v C2H5OH

M2= 46
=> p n (A) ng

IV. p dng phng php ng cho trong bi ton trn ln hai dung dch, hai cht.
VD 12: T khi hi ca hn hp kh C3H8 v C4H10 i vi hiro l 25,5
Thnh phn % th tch ca hn hp l:
A - 50%;50%

B - 25%; 75% C - 45% ; 55%

D - 20% ;

80%
p dng qui tc ng cho ta c :
VC H
3 8

44
51

T l 1:1
7

VC H
58
4 10

p n (A) ng
VD 13: Cho hn hp X gm 2 este c CTPT l C4H8O2 v C3H6O2 tc dng vi NaOH
d thu c 6,14g hn hp 2 mui v 3,68g ru B duy nht c t khi so vi oxi l 1,4375.
S gam ca C4H10O2 v C3H6O2 trong A ln lt l:
A - 3,6g v 2,74g

B - 3,74g v 2,6g

C - 6,24g v 3,7g

D - 4,4g v 2,22g

nmui = nru = 0,08 mol

M mui =

3,68
= 76,75 ( g / mol )
0,08

p dng quy tc ng cho:

x mol CH3COONa

82
76,75

y mol HCOONa

68

5,25

x 5 x = 0,05 m C 4 H7O2 = 4, 4(g)

=

y 3 y = 0,03 m C3H6O2 = 2,22(g)

V. Da vo phng trnh t chy hp cht hu c.

V d 39: t chy hon ton hn hp hai hirocacbon mch h trong cng dy ng

ng thu c 11,2l CO2 (ktc) v 9g H2O. hai hirocacbon thuc dy ng ng no.
A. Ankan

B. Anken

C. Ankin

D. Azen

* Cch gii nhanh: Ta c s mol CO2 = s mol H2O

Da vo phng trnh t chy 2 hp cht l anken.

p n (B) ng.

V d 40: t chy hon ton 0,15 mol hn hp 2ankan thu c 9,45g H2O. Cho sn
phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2d th khi lng kt ta thu c l:
A. 37,5g

B. 52.5g

C. 15g

D. 42,5g

Theo phng trnh t chy ankan ta c:

nankan = n H2O n CO2

n CO2 = n H2O n ankan = 0,525 0,15 = 0,375(mol)

n CaCO3 = n CO2 = 0,375 mol m CaCO3 = 37,5(g)
Vy p( A ) ng.
V d 41: t chy hon ton hn hp gm 1 ankan v 1 anken. Cho sn phm chy ln
lt i qua bnh 1 ng P2O5 d v bnh 2 ng KOH rn, d, sau th nghim thy khi lng
bnh 1 tng 4,14g bnh 2 tng 6,16g. S mol ankan c trong hn hp l:
A. 0,06mol

B. 0,09mol

C. 0.03mol

D. 0,045mol

Theo phng trnh t chy ankan v anken ta thy

n H2O(ankan) > n CO2

n H2O(anken) = n CO2

Vy nankan = n H2O n CO2 = 0,23 0,4 = 0, 09 mol

Vy p n (B ) ng.
V d 42: t chy hon ton 0,1mol hn hp gm CH4, C4H10 v C2H4 thu c 0,14
mol CO2 v 0,23mol H2O. S mol ca ankan v anken c trong hn hp ln lt l:
A. 0,09 v 0,01

B. 0,01 v 0,09

C. 0,08 v 0,02

D. 0,02 v 0,08

Theo phng trnh t chy ankan v anken. S mol ankan =s mol H2O s mol CO2 =
0,23 - 0,14 = 0,09 (mol)
M tng n = 0,1mol nanken = 0,01 (mol)

Vy p n (A) ng.

V d 43: t chy hon ton m(g) hn hp X gm 2 ru A v B thuc cng dy ng

ng thu c 6,27lt CO2 (ktc) v 7,65g H2O. Mt khc m(g) hn hp X tc dng vi Na d
thu c 2,8lt H2 (ktc). Bit t khi hi ca mi cht trong X so vi H2 u nh hn 40.
CTCT ca A v B l:

A. C2H6O v CH4O

B. C2H6O v C3H8O

C. H6O2 v C3H8O2

D.

C3H8O2 v C4H10O2
Ta c

n CO2 = 0,3mol
n H2O = 0, 425mol

n H2O > n CO2 Hn hp X gm hai ru no cng dy ng

ng
CnH2n+2 + O2 nCO2 + (n + 1) H2O

Theo phng trnh t chy:

S mol X = s mol H2O s mol CO2 = 0,125mol

M n H2 = 0,125mol X : ru

no hai chc.

MA MB < 80

A: C2H6O2

B. C3H8O2

Vy p n (C )ng

V d 44: t chy hon ton a g hn hp hai ru thuc dy ng ng ca ru etylic

thu c 70,4g CO2 v 39,6g H2O. a c gi tr l:
A. 3,32g

B. 33,2

C. 6,64g

D. 66,4g

t CTTQ chung 2 ru:

C n H n +2O +

3n
O2 n CO2 + ( n + 1)H 2 O
2

n O2 = 1,5n CO2 = 1,5 1,6 = 2,4(mol)

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng. a = 70,4 + 39,6 - 2,4 x 32 = 33,2 (g)

Vy p n

(B) ng.
V d 45: Chia hn hp X gm hai ru no n chc A, B thnh hai phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1: b t chy hon ton thu c 5,6lt CO2(ktc) v 6,3g H2O.
- Phn 2: tc dng ht vi Na kim loi thu c Vlt kh (ktc).
1. V c gi tr l:
A. 1,12lt

B. 0,56lt

C. 2,24lt

D. 1,18lt

2. Nu 2 ru n chc trn l ng ng k tip th cng thc cu to ca A v B l:

A. CH3OH v C2H5OH

B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH

C. C3H7OH v C4H9OH

D. C4H9OH v C5H11OH
Da vo phng trnh t chy ru no n chc ta c.

nx =

n H2O n CO2 = 0,35 0,25 = 0,1(mol)

V x l ru no n chc.

1
1. n H2 = n x = 0, 05(mol) VH2 = 0,05 22,4 = 1,12l (ktc)
2

2. C x H 2x +2O + O 2 xCO2 + (x + 1)H 2O

Ta c: x =

n CO2
nX

0,25
= 2,5
0,1

x1 = 2 C2H5OH

x2 = 3 C3H7OH

p n (D) ng

V d 46: t chy hon ton 5,8g anehit X thu c 5,4g H2O v 6,72 l CO2 (ktc)
Vy CTPT ca X l
A. C2H4O

B. C4H6O2

C. C3H6O

D. C4H8O

Ta c n H2O = n CO2 = 0,3mol X l anehit no n chc.

CnH2nO + 3 n

1
O 2 n C O 2 + n H 2O
2
5,8
0,3
=
n = 3 C T X : C 3H 6O
14n + 16
n

p n( C )ng
V d 47: Mt hn hp lng X gm ru etylic v 2 hirocacbon ng ng k tip
nhau. Chia hn hp X thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1: cho bay hi th thu c V ng bng th tch ca 3,3g CO2 (cng iu kin).
- Phn 2: t chy hon ton th cn 6,44 lt O2 (ktc). Sn phm chy qua bnh 1 ng
H2SO4, ri qua bnh 2 ng Ca(OH)2 d sau th nghim thu c 17,5g kt ta. Cng thc
ca hp cht l:
A - CH4 v C2H6

B - C2H4 v C3H6

C - C2H6 v C3H6

v C3H4
Da vo phng trnh (2): phng trnh t chy ru:
Ta c:

n O2
n CO2

= 1,5

M theo u bi t s mol chung ca hn hp

0, 2875
= 1, 64 > 1,5
0,175

nn 2 hirocacbon phi l ankan.

ta c phng trnh iu ch:

2 n + 2

3 n 1
O
2

nC O

n 2H.C = n O2 /c hn hp n CO2 hh x1,5 x 2

= [0,2875 - (0,175 x 1,5)] x 2 = 0,05 (mol)

n C H OH = 0, 075 0, 05 = 0, 025(mol) n CO (R t o ra) = 0, 05(mol)
2

n CO2 (2H.C) = 0,175 0, 05 = 0,125(mol)

(n

+ 1

)H

D - C2H2

n=

n 1 = 2 C 2 H 6
0,125
= 2,5

0, 05
n 2 = 3 C 3 H 8

=> Cng thc ca 2 hp cht l C2H6 v C3H8

=> p n( C) ng.
VI. Da vo quan h t l s mol ca cc hp cht hu c trong phng trnh phn ng.
Da vo t l s mol gia hp cht hu c vi s mol brom hoc hidro xc

nh s lin kt pi trong hp cht

Da vo t l s mol gia hiro vi s mol ca ru trong phn ng th bi kim

loi kim:
Da vo phn ng trng gng ca anehit vi AgNO3 trong dd NH3
Da vo phn ng trung ha ca axit
Da vo phn ng x phng ha ca este
i vi axit amin a vo phn ng trung ha

V d 48: Mt hn hp kh gm 1ankan v 1anken c cng s nguyn t cacbon trong

phn t v c cng s mol. Ly m(g) hn hp ny th lm mt mu va 80g dung dch Br2
20% trong dung mi CCl4. t chy hon ton m g hn hp thu c 0,6 mol CO2. Cng
thc phn t ca ankan v anken l:
A - C2H6

B - C3H8, C3H6

C - C4H10, C4H8

D - C5H12 , C5H10

* Cch gii nhanh: nanken = n Br2 = 0,1 mol

O2
nCO2
anken CnH2n

0,1
0,1n =

0,1n

0,6
= 0,3 n = 3
2

Vy p n (B) ng

V d 49: t chy hon ton m(g) hn hp 2 ru ng ng lin tip thu c 0,66g

CO2 v 0,45g H2O
Nu tin hnh oxi ha m(g) hn hp ru trn bng CuO, sn phm to thnh cho tc
dng vi AgNO3/NH3 d s thu c lng kt ta Ag l:
A - 10,8g

B - 43,2g

C - 2,16g

D - 1,62g

S mol 2 ru = n H O n CO = 0,025 0,015 = 0,01(mol)

2

[ ]
AgNO3.......................
R
Anehit
2Ag
O

0,01

0,02

 mAg = 2,16 (g) p n( C) ng

V d 50: Cho hn hp HCHO v H2 i qua ng ng bt Ni nung nng. Dn ton b

hn hp thu c sau phn ng cc cht c th tan c, thy khi lng bnh tng 23,6g. Ly
dung dch trong bnh cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thu c 43,2g Ag kim
loi.
Khi lng CH3OH to ra trong phn ng cng hp hiro ca HCHO l:
A - 16,6g

B - 12,6g

C - 20,6g

D - 2,06g

Ni
PTP: HCHO + H2
CH3OH
t0

hn hp sn phm thu c gm CH3OH v HCHO c khi lng l 23,6g. Cho hn

hp sn phm tc dng AgNO3/ NH3
NH3
HCHO + Ag2O
CO2 + H2O + 4Ag

1
1
nan = 4 nAg = 4 x 0,4 = 0,1 mol
m CH OH = 23,6 3 = 20,6(g)

mHCHO = 0,1 x 30 = 3 (g)

Vy p n (C) ng

V d 51: Chia hn hp X gm 2 axit (A l 1 axit no n chc, B l axit khng no n

chc cha 1 lin kt i). S nguyn t (trong A, B bng nhau. Chia X thnh 3 phn bng
nhau:
- Phn 1 tc dng ht vi 100ml dung dch NaOH 2M. trung ha lng NaOH d
cn 150ml dung dch H2SO4 0,5M.
- Phn 2: Phn ng va vi 6,4g Br2
- Phn 3: t chy hon ton thu c 3,36 lt CO2(ktc)
1. S mol ca A, B trong X l:
A - 0,01 v 0,04

B - 0,02 v 0,03

C - 0,03 v 0,02

C - C4H8O2 v C4H6O2

0,04 v 0,01
2. Cng thc phn t ca A v ca B l
A - C2H4O2 v C2H2O2

B - C3H6O2 v C3H4O2

C4H6O4 v C4H4O4
1. Da vo cu to 2 axit. V 2 axit u n chc:
nX = nNaOH = 0,2 - 0,15 = 0,05 mol

B c 1 lin kt i nB = n Br = 6,4 = 0,04 (mol)

2

160

2. V A v B u c cng s nguyn t C

nA = 0,05 - 0,04 = 0,01 mol

y
CxHyO2 + O2 xCO2 + 2 H2O
x=

n Cl2
nX

C 3 H 6 O 2
0,15
= 3 CTPT A,B
0,05
C 3 H 4 O 2

p n B ng

V d 52: Cho X l 1 amino axit. Khi cho 0,01mol X tc dng vi HCl th dng ht
80ml dung dch HCl 0,125M v thu c 1,835g mui khan. Cn khi cho 0,01mol X tc dng
vi dung dch NaOH th cn dng 25g dung dch NaOH 3,2%. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
NH2
A. C3H6

B.

C2H5

COOH

NH2
COOH

C - H2NC3H5(COOH)2

(H2N)2C3H5COOH
S mol X = nHCl = 0,01mol X c 1 nhm NH2
1
nX = 2 nNaOH X c 2 nhm COOH
Vy trong 4 phng n trn ch c C tha mn
Vy p n (C ) ng.

D-