Bi ging c s l thuyt ho hc

Chng VIII: cc qu trnh in ho

I.Nguyn tc bin ha nng thnh in nng

1. Phn ng oxy ho kh V d: Xt phn ng oxy ho kh thng thng xy ra trong dung dch khi nhng thanh Zn vo dd CuSO4 Zn + CuSO4 = ZnSO4 + Cu Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu DHo = -230 KJ

2e
Cu2+ trc tip n thanh Zn nhn e Zn-2e =Zn2+ Qu trnh xi ha Cu2+ +2e = Cu Qu trnh kh c im ca phn ng xi ha kh: - e trc tip t cht kh sang cht xi ha. - Nng lng phn ng xi ha kh gii phng di dng nhit. Trong phn ng oxy ho kh ny cht kh v cht oxy ho c tip xc vi nhau, cc electron s c chuyn trc tip t cht kh sang cht oxy ho v nng lng ca phn ng ho hc c to ra di dng nhit. Nhng nu ta thc hin qu trnh oxy ho Zn v qu trnh kh Cu2+ 2 ni ring bit v cho e chuyn t Zn sang Cu2+ bng 1 dy dn in, c ngha l to nn mt dng e nht nh th nng lng ca phn ng ny c chuyn thnh in nng, lm xut hin trong dy dn 1 dng in ngc chiu vi dng electron. cng l qu trnh xy ra trong mi pin. 2. Nguyn tc bin ha nng thnh in nng Thc hin qu trnh xi ha 1 ni, qu trnh kh mt ni khc. Cho e chuyn t cht kh sang cht xi ha nh dy dn in th nng lng ca phn ng ha hc (gii phng di dng nhit) s bin thnh in nng c gi l 1 pin. Pin l 1 dng c thc hin nguyn tc bin ha nng thnh in nng. 3.Cu to hot ng ca pin Cu-Zn a. Cu to: gm 2 in cc + Mt cc l Zn nhng vo dung dch ZnSO4 + Mt cc l Cu nhng vo dung dch CuSO4 Hai in cc ny c ni vi nhau bng 1 dy dn in. Hai dung dch ZnSO4 v CuSO4 c ni vi nhau bng mt mng ngn. -

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Bi ging c s l thuyt ho hc

Thanh Zn c d e ( d tch -) hn thanh Cu => thanh Zn l cc m (-),, thanh Cu l in cc dng (+). b. Hot ng Cc (-):xy ra qu trnh oxy ho: Zn - 2e Zn2+ in cc Zn b n mn dn (in cc mn dn) v Zn2+ tng dn. Cc (+): xy ra qu trnh kh: Cu2+ + 2e Cu2+ . in cc Cu dy thm , nng Cu2+ gim Phn ng tng cng xy ra trong pin: Zn + Cu2+ = Zn2+ + Cu * K hiu pin: Vt liu lm Dd nhng Dd nhng Vt liu in cc 1 in cc 1 in cc 2 lm in cc 2 => s pin Cu-Zn: (-)Zn | ZnSO4 || CuSO4 | Cu (+) Khi ni in cc Cu v Zn bng 1 dy dn, cc e s chuyn t cc Zn (-) sang cc (+) do gia 2 cc c s chnh lch th, lm xut hin mt dng in di chuyn ngc chiu vi dng electron. Nh vy, to dng in trong pin th gia 2 in cc phi xut hin mt hiu s in th.
II. Cc loi in cc

1. in cc kim loi:

+ +

+ +

Khi nhng thanh kim loi M vo nc th do tng tc ca cc phn t nc c cc ->cc ion kim loi b tch ra khi b mt kim loi i vo dung dch cn cc e li trong thanh kim loi. Kt qu thanh kim loi s tch in m, cn dung dch st kim loi s tch in dng, to thnh mt lp in tch kp. Trong dung dch tn ti cn bng: M Mn+ + ne

Nu thm mui cha ion Mn+ vo dung dch trn th cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch v s c mt s ion Mn+ t dung dch chuyn vo thanh kim loi v cn bng trn vn c thit lp. Khi cn bng, gia b mt kimloi- dung dch xut hin 1 hiu s in th gi l th in cc kim loi. Th in cc kim loi ph thuc vo: bn cht cu KL v dung mi, nng ion kim loi M v nhit . Nu xt cng 1 nhit , cng 1 dung mi, th in cc kim loi c trng cho bn cht kim loi: nu th in cc c gi tr cng (-) th kim loi hat ng cng mnh v ngc li. 2. in cc tr nhng trong dung dch cha cp oxy ho kh
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Bi ging c s l thuyt ho hc

- Cu to in cc tr: Kim loi lm in cc tr v mt ha hc. V d Au, Pt.. - V d: xt in cc oxy ho kh l mt thanh kim loi Pt c nhng vo dung dch cha cp oxy ho kh FeCl2, FeCl3. Khi Fe3+ s ly e ca thanh Pt v chuyn thnh Fe2+: Fe3+ + e Fe2+, nn thanh Pt s tch in dng, cn dung dch d Cl- s tch in m. Mt khc, thanh Pt tch in (+) s ngn cn Fe3+ tip tc ly thm e, nhng li c kh nng nhn thm e ca FeCl2 bin Fe2+ thnh Fe3+: Fe2+ - e Fe3+. Nh vy: cn bng Fe3+ +e Fe2+ nhanh chng c thit lp, do trn danh gii gia in cc v dung dch s xut hin mt hiu s in th, c trng cho tnh hot ng ca cp oxy ho kh. Hiu s in th ny ph thuc vo bn cht ca cp oxy ho kh, nng ca cht oxy ho, cht kh v nhit . 3. in cc kh: in cc kh l in cc tip xc vi kh v dung dch cha dng xi ha( hoc dng kh) ca n. iu kin: 1. Kim loi lm in cc tr 2. Khng tc dng ho hc vi kh 3. C kh nng hp ph kh v lm xc tc cho phn ng gia kh v ion ca n V d: in cc kh H2 c lm bng 1 thanh Pt trn c ph mt lp mui Pt c tc Pt dng hp ph kh H2 v c nhng vo dung dch H2SO4 in cc c cn bng sau:

H2
2H3O+ +2e H2 + 2H2O Gia in cc v dung dch cng xut hin mt hiu s in th ph thuc vo nng ca ion H3O+, p sut ca H2 v H2 nhit . - in cc H2 chun: V khng th xc nh c gi tr tuyt i ca hiu s in th gia in cc v dung dch, nn phi quy c ly 1 in cc no lm chun v gn cho n mt gi tr hiu s in th. Ngi ta quy c ly in cc chun hidro lm chun. l in cc kh H2 c thm iu kin sau: P H = 1atm v [H3O+]=1M. Trong iu kin nh vy, hiu s
2

in th ca in cc vi dung dch nhit bt k c quy c bng 0,00(V) v c k hiu l e 0 * iu kin chun ca cc loi in cc: Nng cc dng tham gia phn ng in cc bng 1M, nu l cht kh th P= 1atm.
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Bi ging c s l thuyt ho hc

- nhit xc nh. V d in cc kim loi Cu2+ + 2e = Cu [Cu2+] = 1M hay in cc chun ca Cu l thanh Cu nhng trong dung dch Cu2+ nng 1mol/l.
IV. Sut in ng ca pin

1. nh ngha: Sut in ng (s) ca pin l gi tr hiu s in th ln nht gia 2 in cc ca pin, c o bng (V), k hiu l E. E = e(+) - e(-) Trong : e(+)- in th ca in cc dng e(-)- in th ca in cc m (Nu theo quy c trn E lun dng, trng hp tng qut E = in th in cc phi in th in cc tri) 2. Cc yu t nh hng n E- Cng thc Nernst Xt pin: (-) Pt | Sn4+, Sn2+ || Fe3+, Fe2+ | Pt (+) Cc (-): Xy ra qu trnh xi ha : Sn2+ - 2e = Sn4+ Cc (+): Xy ra qu trnh kh : 2Fe3+ + 2e = Fe2+ Phn ng trong pin l phn ng tng cng 2 qu trnh 2 in cc: 2Fe3+ + Sn2+ 2Fe2+ + Sn4+ (*) Nu pin lm vic thun nghch nhit ng T, P =const th:
' G = Wmax = -n.E .F

Trong :

n- l s e trao i gia cht kh v cht oxy ho F- Hng s Faraday, F = 96.500 C.mol-1 E- Sut in ng ca pin.

DG 0 G nu iu kin chun => E 0 = E=nF n.F

0 Vi phn ng (*) c DG T = DG T + RT ln

[ Sn 4 + ][ Fe 2 + ]2 [ Sn 2+ ][ Fe 3+ ]2

Chia c 2 v cho 2F c:
G T G o T RT [ Sn 4+ ][ Fe 2 + ]2 =ln 2.F 2F 2F [ Sn 2+ ][ Fe 3+ ]2
o

RT Sn 2 + Fe 3+ E=E + ln 2F Sn 4 + Fe 2 +

[ [

][ ][

] ]

2 2

Tng qut: Phn ng xy ra trong pin l: aA + bB <=> cD +dD ( A, B, C, D l cht tan trong dung dch)
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Bi ging c s l thuyt ho hc

C E = E 0 +

RT [ A]a [ B ]b ln nF [C]c [ D]d

-> Cng thc Nernst biu th E =f(C,T).

cc yu t nh hng n E l: Nng v nhit . T = 298K, thay R = 8,314 J.K-1.mol-1, F = 96.484 C.mol-1 v i sang logarit thp phn.
E = E0 + 0.059 [ A]a [ B ]b lg n [C ]c [ D]d

V. Th in cc (th kh)

1. Cp xi ha kh: V d: Trong dung dch tn ti Cu2+ nhng trong phn ng th Cu2+ + 2e = Cu gi Cu2+/Cu l 1 cp xi ha kh. * nh ngha: Cp xi ha kh l mt cp gm cht xi ha v cht kh, chng c th bin i ln ra nhau trong qu trnh phn ng. - K hiu cp xi ha kh l cht xi ha/cht kh hoc cht xi ha, cht kh. - Vi cch quy c ny phn ng in cc bao gi cng l qu trnh kh xi ha + ne = Kh - Cp xi ha kh chun: L cp xi ha kh khi [xi ha] =[kh] = 1M ( nu l cht kh P= 1atm). 2. Th kh Quy c qu trnh in cc l qu trnh kh dng: Oxh + ne -> Kh Th o c gi l th kh ca cp oxiha kh. K hiu l e ox

Kh

* Th kh l i lng c trng cho kh nng xi ha kh ca cp xi ha kh - Nu e ox c gi tr cng ln (cng dng) -> dng oxi ha hot ng mnh, dng kh
Kh

yu. Nu e ox yu.

Kh

c gi tr cng nh (cng m) -> dng kh hot ng mnh, dng xi ha

Th kh ca 1 cp oxiha kh chun gi l th kh chun e 0 ox Kh * Cch xc nh th kh chun ca mt cp oxiha kh: Vic xc nh gi tr tuyt i th kh ca cc in cc l khng th lm c, nhng nu quy c th kh ca mt in cc no lm chun v bng cch so snh s xc nh c th kh ca cc in cc khc
2

- Quy c: Chn in cc kh hydro lm in cc so snh vi [H 3 O + ] = 1M, PH = 1atm v gn cho n gi tr in th = 0 mi nhit , k hiu

oH3O+/H2 = 0,00 (V). Hiu s in

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th ny tng ng vi cn bng in cc: 2H3O+ + 2e H2 + 2H2O

Bi ging c s l thuyt ho hc

xc nh th kh ca mt in cc ngi ta ghp in cc ny vi in cc chun H2 thnh mt pin, ri xc nh sut in ng ca pin to thnh. Gi tr sut in ng ca pin chnh l th in cc chun ca in cc cn xc nh in th. N c gi tr dng nu th ca in cc xc nh cao hn th ca in cc chun H2 v ngc li. VD: Pt, H2(1atm) || Cu2+ | Cu
2+

0 o c E0= 0,34 (V) = e Cu

-0=0,34 (V). (v Cu l in cc dng ca pin)

Cu

Bng phng php ny ngi ta xc nh c th kh chun ca nhiu cht v lp thnh bng th kh chun. Vi cc nguyn t c nhiu mc xi ha khc nhau-> tnh e 0 ca 1 cp da vo
e 0 ca cc cp khc bng cch lp chu k kh kn:
0 e Fe 0 e Fe 0 e Fe

VD: Fe3+ + 1e Fe2+ , Fe2+ + 2e Fe Fe3+ + 3e Fe tnh e 0 ,lp chu trnh kh kn:

3+

Fe 2 +
2+

= 0,77( V ) = e 10
0 = -0,44( V ) = e 2

Fe
3+

=?
Fe

S xi ha (+) cao nht DG10 +n1e

+ne
DG 0

S xi ha (+) thp nht

0 DG 2

+n2e

S xi ha (+) trung gian

0 DG 0 = DG10 + DG 2

( DG 0 = -nE 0 F = - n e 0 F ) => e 0 =
0 n1e 10 + n 2 e 2 n

0 => - ne 0 F = -n1e 10 F - n 2 e 2 F

C th v d trn:
Fe
3+

DG 0

+3e

Fe

DG10

+1e Fe2+

+2e D G 0 2

0 DG 0 = DG10 + DG 2 0 1e 10 + 2e 2 0,77 + 2(-0,44) = = -0,036(v) 3 3

=>

e0 =

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Bi ging c s l thuyt ho hc

3. Cc yu t nh hng n th in cc T v d trn vi phn ng: 2Fe3+ + Sn2+ 2Fe2+ + Sn4+ C E = E o +

RT Sn 2 + Fe 3+ ln 2F Sn 4 + Fe 2 +

[ [

][ ][

] ]

2 2

M E = e + - e - v E 0 = e 0 + - e 0 - nn c:
e+ -e- = e
0 +

-e

RT Fe 3+ (ln + 2F Fe 2 +

=> e + = e

e - = e 0-

[ [ RT [Sn + ln 2F [Sn

RT Fe 3+ + ln 2F Fe 2 +
4+ 2+

] ] ] ]

[ [

] ]

2 2

- ln

[Sn ]) [Sn ]
4+ 2+

2 2

Tng qut: C phn ng in cc: axh + ne bKh => e i = e 0 i +

0

RT [Oxh] ln nF [Kh]b
0 i

25 C: e i = e

0,059 [Oxh] + lg n [Kh]b

* i vi in cc kim loi: Mn+ + ne M

0,059 lg[M n+ ] n * i vi in cc kh: v d : O2(k) + 4 e + 4 H+ 2H2O

e =e0 +

e =e0 +

0,059 lg([H + ]4 . pO2 ) 4

* i vi in cc tr trong dung dch xi ha kh: Nu trong phn ng kh c mt H+, OH=> pH thay i => pH lm thay i th kh. VD1: Sn
2+

+ 2e Sn

4+

e =e

0,059 Sn 4+ + lg 2 Sn 2+
-

[ [

] ]

VD2: MnO4- + 5e + 8H+ Mn2+ + 4 H2O

0,059 [ MnO4 ][ H + ]8 e =e0 + lg 5 [ Mn 2 + ]

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Bi ging c s l thuyt ho hc

V. Chiu v trng thi cn bng ca phn ng xi ha kh xy ra trong dung dch nc.

1. Chiu ca phn ng oxy ho kh: i vi phn ng oxy ho kh da vo mi lin h gia DG v E xt chiu, bit rng DG = -n.E.F. phn ng xy ra th DG < 0 hay -n.E.F <0 E > 0 m i vi phn ng oxy ho kh th E = eox - ekh eox > ekh Trong : eox - Th kh ca cp oxy ho kh c dng oxy ho tham gia phn ng ekh - th kh ca cp c dng kh tham gia phn ng Quy tc v chiu ca phn ng oxy ho kh: C 2 cp oxy ho kh ox1/kh1 v ox2/kh2, nu chiu: ox1 + kh2 ox2 + kh1. iu kin chun: DGo = - n.Eo.F < 0 Eo >0 eoox > eokh Ch : Trong trng hp tng qut xt chiu ca phn ng oxy ho kh th phi tnh th kh ca cc cp oxy ho kh trong iu kin phn ng ri mi so snh v rt ra kt lun Theo cng thc Nernest th kh ca mt cp oxy ho kh ph thuc vo nng cc dng oxy ho, dng kh, ph thuc vo nhit v pH ca mi trng, nn khi thay i mt cc thng s trn th th kh ca cc cp s thay i v c th dn n lm thay i chiu ca phn ng oxy ho kh. Di y xt mt vi v d v chiu ca phn ng oxy ho kh. V d 1: Cho bit cn bng sau 25oC trong dung dch nc: 2Cr2+ + Cd2+ 2Cr3+ + Cd, bit o Cr
3+

eox / kh >eox / kh
1 1 2

th phn ng xy ra theo

/Cr 2 +

= - 0,41V , o Cd 2 + /Cd = -0,4V

a. iu kin chun phn ng xy ra theo chiu no ? b. Trn 25 ml dung dch Cr(NO3)3 0,4M vi 50 ml dung dch Cr(NO3)2 0,02M, 25 ml dung dch Cd(NO3)2 0,04M v bt Cd. Hi chiu phn ng iu kin ny ? Gii: a. eoox = o Cd2 + /Cd = -0,4V ; eokh = o Cr
3+

/Cr 2 +

= - 0,41V

eoox > eokh, vy iu kin chun phn ng xy ra theo chiu thun b. Tnh nng ca cc dng oxy ho v dng kh
, 0 . [Cr ] = 0,4.00,1025 = 0,1M ; [Cr ] = 0,02.,1,05 = 0,01M ; [Cd ] = 0,04001,025 = 0,01M 0 ,
3+ 2+ 2+

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Bi ging c s l thuyt ho hc

Cr 3+ /Cr 2 + = o Cr 3+ /Cr 2 + + Cd 2 + /Cd = o Cd 2 + /Cd +

0,059 Cr 3+ 0,1 lg = -0,41 + 0,059lg = -0,351V 2+ 1 0,01 Cr

[ [

] ]

0,059 0,059 lg Cd 2 + = -0,4 + lg0,01 = -0,459V 2 2

ox = Cr 3 + /Cr 2 + = -0,351V ; kh = Cd 2 + /Cd = -0,459V , vy iu kin ny phn ng xy ra

theo chiu nghch. V d 2: nh hng ca nng ca dng oxy ho v dng kh ln chiu ca phn ng oxy ho kh Cu2+ + e Cu+ ; Sn4+ + 2e Sn2+; iu kin chun do Cu+ + Sn4+

o Cu2+/Cu+ = 0,153V
o Sn4+ /Sn2+ = 0,15V
+ oCu2+/Cu > oSn /Sn
4+ 2+

nn phn ng xy ra theo chiu Cu2+ + Sn2+

Nu tng nng ca [Sn 4 + ] hoc [Cu + ] th:

Sn4+ /Sn2+ = Cu2+ /Cu+ =

n khi

Sn /Sn

4+

2+

Cu /Cu

2+

[ ] [ ] [Cu ] + 0,059lg [Cu ]

2+ +

0,059 Sn4+ + lg 2+ 2 Sn

+ Sn4+/Sn2+ > Cu2+/Cu

hay

+ oSn4+/Sn2+ > Cu2+/Cu

th phn ng s xy ra theo chiu

nghch. 2. Trng thi cn bng ca phn ng oxy ho kh Phn ng oxy ho kh t n trng bng khi G = -n.ET .F = 0 ET = 0 hay eox = ekh. T Hng s cn bng ca phn ng xi ha kh:
DG 0 = - RT ln K

mt khc DG 0 = -nFE 0 => - RT ln K = -nFE 0 lnK =

n.E o .F (phn ng trong dung dch th K=Kp=KC). RT
n.E o 0,059

T = 298K lgK =

Trong o: n- l s e trao i gia dng oxy ho v dng kh

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Bi ging c s l thuyt ho hc

Eo = eoox- eokh V d: Tnh hng s cn bng K ca phn ng sau: 2Fe3+ + Sn2+ 2Fe2+ + Sn4+ ;

o Fe3+ /Fe2 + = 0,77V ; o Sn

4+

/Sn 2 +

= 0,15V

2 oox = oFe3+/Fe2+ ; okh =oSn4+/Sn+

lg K =

2.(0,77 - 0,15) = 21 K= 1021 0,059

VI. Qu trnh in phn

1. nh ngha: in phn l qu trnh oxy ho v qu trnh kh xy ra trn b mt in cc khi cho dng in mt chiu i qu dung dch cht in ly hoc cht in ly nng chy. V d: in phn dung dch CuCl2 Khi cho dng in mt chiu i qua dung dch CuCl2 th di tc dng ca in trng cc cation Cu2+ i v cc m, cn anion Cl- i v cc dng. Ti cc in cc s xy ra hin tng phng in. Catt (-): Cu2+ + 2e Cu Ant (+): 2Cl- -2e Cl2 Cu2+ + 2Cl- Cu+ Cl2 y chnh l phn ng oxy ho kh xy ra khi in phn dung dch CuCl2. Phn ng ny khng t xy ra c, m n ch xy ra c di tc ng ca ngun in mt chiu bn ngoi. Do qu trnh in phn l qu trnh bin i in nng thnh ho nng. 2. S phn cc: Khi in phn trng thi in ca in cc (th v mt in tch ca lp in tch kp) b thay i. Th ca in cc s khc vi th ca n lc cn bng (khi cha c dng in). Hin tng ny c gi l s phn cc. Tu thuc vo tnh cht ca qu trnh lm thay i th ca in cc c 3 loi phn cc khc nhau: a. S phn cc v nng : Khi in phn nng ca cc ion catt v ant b thay i. ant do kim loi b ho tan, nng ca ion tng ln, cn catt xy ra s kh nn nng ca ion gim i, dn n th ca in cc gim. Nu mt dng in cng ln th s bin i nng ca cc ion cng ln, do s phn cc cng ln. Cn khuy mnh gim s phn cc. b. S phn cc ho hc:

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Bi ging c s l thuyt ho hc

Khi in phn cc sn phm thot ra cc in cc dn ti s to thnh 1 pin c chiu ngc vi chiu dng in c. S phn cc in ho: Khi nhng 2 in cc vo dung dch cht in ly v ni 2 in cc vi ngun in mt chiu th cc e s di ant (+) ti catt (-) nhng cc e khng t i qua dung dch c, nn nu trn cc in cc khng xy ra cc qu trnh in ho th mt in cc s tch in () do tha e, cn in cc kia tch in (+) lm cho cc lp in tch kp cc in cc b thay i, do gia 2 in cc s xut hin mt hiu s in th c chiu ngc vi chiu ngun in bn ngoi. V d: in phn dung dch CuCl2 (+) Ant: (-) Catt: 2Cl- -2e Cl2 Cu2+ +2e Cu Xut hin Cl2/ClCu2+/Cu Sn phm thot ra cc in cc dn ti s to thnh mt pin Epin = th phn cc = Efc. 3. Th phn hu: S in phn ch xy ra mt in p hon ton xc nh. in p ti thiu gia 2 in cc s in phn bt u xy ra c gi l th phn hu. Nh vy, v mt l thuyt th Efh = sut in ng ca pin to bi cc sn phm thot ra ant v catt = Efc, nhng thc t Efh > Efc v Efh = Efc + h h = Efh - Efc, h c gi l qu th. h ph thuc vo bn cht ca in cc, trng thi b mt in cc, thnh phn dung dch, mt dng, ... 4. S in phn cht in ly nng chy Khi cho dng in mt chiu i qua cht in ly nng chy th cc cation i v catt (-), cn cc anion i v ant v xy ra hin tng phng in. V d: in phn nng chy NaCl (-): Na+ (+): ClNa+ + e Na Cl- -e 1/2Cl2 NaCl Na + 1/2 Cl2 5. in phn dung dch cc cht in ly: Trong dung dch ngoi cc ion do cht in ly phn ly ra cn c ion H3O+ v OH- do nc in ly ra. Khi cho dng in mt chiu i qua dung dch cc cation kim loi Mn+ v ion H3O+ s i v catt cn cc anion gc axit v ion OH- s i v ant (-). a. Qu trnh catt: Xy ra phn ng kh cc cation Mn+ theo phn ng: Mn+ + ne M (1) hoc ion H3O+ theo phn ng 2H3O+ + 2e H2 + 2H2O (2) tu thuc vo kh nng oxy ho ca chng c
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Bi ging c s l thuyt ho hc

nh gi bng th kh. Trong dung dch c pH = 7 th kh ca hydro l :

H O + /H = -0,059.pH = -0,413V . V pH =7 phng trnh (2) c vit di dng 2H2O 3 2

+ 2e -> H2 + 2OH Cc kim loi c th kh Mn + /M > H3O+ /H2 = -0,413V th b kh catt theo (1). Theo bng dy th in cc tiu chun l nhng kim loi ng sau st, nhng do qu th ca hydro nn b y n cc kim loi ng sau Al (khng k Al) b kh catt. Trng hp ngc li: Cc ion kim loi t Al tr v trc dy th kh s khng b kh m ion H3O+ s b kh theo phng trnh (2). b. Qu trnh ant: Xy ra s oxy ho hoc anion, hoc ion OH- hoc cht lm in cc tu thuc vo kh nng kh ca chng. Nu l in cc kim loi: Do kim loi c kh nng kh mnh cht nn ant s b tan ra thao phn ng: M- ne Mn+ Nu ant l in cc tr: Xy ra qu trnh oxi ho anion gc axit hoc ion OH- tu theo kh nng kh ca chng gim dn theo dy sau: S2- > I- >Br- > Cl- > F- > OH- > anion cha oxy. V d 1: Vit s in phn dung dch Na2SO4 dng graphit lm in cc( ant tr).
Catt H2O , 2Na+ 2H2O + 2e = H2 + 2OHNa2SO4 2Na+ + SO42Ant SO42- ,H2O 3H2O - 2e = 2H3O+ + 1/2 O2

T s inphn trn ta thy thc cht l s in phn nc. Vai tr ca Na2SO4 y ch l cht dn in. V d 2: Vit s in phn dung dch CuSO4 dng ant bng ng.
Catt H2O , Cu2+ Cu2+ + 2e = Cu Cu to thnh bm vo catt CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42Ant (Cu) SO42- ,H2O Cu - 2e = Cu2+ Ant tan dn

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