PHP TRIN PHNG PHP BO TON ELECTRON GII NHANH CC BI TON VI CHT KH L KIM LOI V AXIT C TNH OXI

HA() Vi hnh thc thi trc nghim hc sinh thng mt nhiu thi gian khi gii nhng bi tp tnh ton. gii quyt vn cn tim ra nhng phng php gii nhanh nhm tit kim thi gian. Vi bi tp hn hp kim loi phn ng vi hn hp axit c tnh oxi ha l nhng bi ton kh gip hc sinh gii nhanh loi bi tp ny ti a ra phng php() I. C s l thuyt: Xt kim loi M c s oxi ha khi tham gia phn ng oxi ha kh l +n vi (n>0) v axit HNO3. * Gii s mol electron kim loi M nhng l a (a R +) qu trnh oxi ha M M+n +n.e ta a + x c nM= . Gi s N+5 b kh xung N+x ( x Z) qu trnh kh N+5 + (5-x)e N+x ta c nN = n a (1) 5 x a V s mol NO3- cn to mui gp n ln s mol ca kim loi M nn nNO 3 = n. n (2). T (1) v (2) ta c mi quan h gia s mol NO3- to mui v s mol N+x c biu th bng biu thc sau:

nNO
3

nN +x

a = 5-x(*) 5 x

S mol electron trao i gp bao nhiu ln s mol in tch ca anion to mui th s mol ca anion to mui gp by nhiu ln s mol ca N+x Tng t i vi cht oxi ha l axit H2SO4 c. a +x Gi s S+6 b kh xung S+x( x Z) qu trnh kh S+6 + (6-x)e S+x ta c nS = 6 x (1) n a a S mol SO42- to mui = . = (2) 2 n 2 T (1) v (2) ta c mi quan h gia s mol SO42- to mui v s mol S+x l:

nSO 2
4

nS +x

S mol electron trao i gp bao nhiu ln s mol in tch anion to mui th s mol ca anion to mui gp by nhiu ln s mol ca S+x Vy s mol electron trao i gp bao nhiu ln s mol in tch ca anion to mui th s mol ca anion to mui gp by nhiu ln s mol ca cht c s oxi ha +x( cht kh yu hn) II. Mt s v d V d 1. Cho m(g) kim loi Fe tc dng va vi 100ml dung dch HNO3 x(M) thu c 2,24 lt kh NO(ktc). Tnh gi tr x? Gii Phng php thng thng: Phng trnh phn ng: Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2O t phng trnh ta c: nHNO 3 =4nNO =4. 2 ,4 = 0,4 mol 2
2,2 4

a 6 x 2 = = (**) a 2 6x

x = 0,1 =4M
Phng php xut:

0,4

Phng php gii nhanh Ho hc

Phng trnh nhn electron: N+5 + 3e mol in tch anion to mui nn nNO
3 tomui

N+2 ta thy s mol electron trao i gp 3 ln s

= 3nNO m nHNO 3 = nNO

+ nNO = 3nNO + nNO =4.nNO

0,4 x = 0,1 =4M

Vi phng php ny hc sinh khng cn phi vit phng trnh phn ng ch cn lp t s gia s mol electron trao i v s mol ca in tch anion to mui v thc hin mt s php tnh dn gin v vy s tit kim c rt nhiu thi gian. V d 2. Cho m(g) kim loi X tc dng va vi 100ml dung dch HNO3 x(M) thu c 2,24 lt kh NO(ktc). Tnh gi tr ca x? Gii Vi v d ny bng phng php thng thng khng gii c nhng bng phng php xut trn bi ton tr nn rt n gin ch vi vi php tnh: Phng trnh nhn electron: N+5 + 3e N+2 ta thy s mol electron trao i gp 3 ln s mol in tch anion to mui nn nNO
3

= 3nNO m nHNO 3 = nNO

+ nNO = 3nNO + nNO =4.nNO

0,4 x = 0,1 =4M

Vi phng php ny chng ta c th dng gii nhanh bi tp ph hp ra kim tra trc nghim khch quan vi cc cu hi dng: nng , khi lng mui to thnh,s mol axit tham gia phn ng, V d 3. Ha tan va 6g hn hp 2 kim loi X, Y c ha tr tng ng I, II vo dung dch hn hp 2 axit HNO3 v H2SO4, th thu c 2,688 lt hn hp kh B gm NO2 v SO2 (ktc) nng 5,88g. C cn dung dch sau cng th thu c m(g) mui khan. Tnh m? Gii n B=
2,688 = 0,12 mol 22 ,4

Gii s mol ca NO2 l x s mol ca SO2

Phng trnh nhn electron: S+6 +2e S+4 Ta c nSO nNO

2 4 tomui=

x + y = 0,1 2 x = 0,1 l y ta c gii ra ta c x 4 6 + 6 4y = 5,8 8 y = 0,0 2

N+5 +1e N+4

2 2 2 .nSO =0,2 mol => khi lng anion sunfat to mui l: 96.0,02 = 1,92g

3 tomui

1 = 1 .nNO 2 = 0,1 mol => khi lng anion nitrat to mui l: 62.0,1= 6,2g

Vy khi lng mui khan thu c l: m = 6 + 1,92 + 6,2 = 14,12g u im ca phng php ny l s kim loi ty bao nhiu cng c, cng nhiu kim loi phng php cng t ra vt tri so vi phng php thng thng V d 4. Cho 12g hn hp hai kim loi X, Y ha tan hon ton vo dung dch HNO3 thu c m(g) mui v 1,12 lt kh khng duy tr s chy(ktc). Tnh gi tr ca m? Gii Kh khng duy tr s chy l N2 Phng trnh nhn electron: N+5 +5e N0 1,12 0 nN =2nN 2 = 2. 22 .4 = 0,1mol. 5 0 nNO 3 tomui = 1 nN = 5.0,1 = 0,5 mol => khi lng anion nitarat to mui l: 0,5.62 = 31g. Vy khi lng mui khan thu c l: 31+ 12= 43g V d 5. Ha tan hn hp gm Mg, Fe v kim loi X vo dung dch HNO3 thu c hn hp kh gm 0,03 mol NO2 v 0,02 mol NO. S mol HNO3 tham gia phn ng l bao nhiu?

Phng php gii nhanh Ho hc

Phng trnh nhn electron: N + 3e N+2 N+5 +1e N+4

+5

Gii

nNO 3

tomui

1 3 + 4 + 2 = 1 nN + 1 nN = nNO 2 +3nNO =0,03 + 3.0,02 = 0.09 mol

nHNO 3 phnng = nNO 3 tomui + nNO 2 + nNO = 0,09 + 0,03 + 0.02 = 0,14 mol V d 6. Ha tan hon ton 5,04g hn hp gm 3 kim loi X, Y, Z vo 100ml dung dch HNO3 x(M) thu c m(g) mui 0,02 mol NO2v 0,005 mol N2O. Tnh gi tr x v m? Gii Phng trnh nhn electron: N+5 + 4e N+ N+5 +1e N+4 1 4 + 4 + 1 nNO 3 tomui = 1 nN + 1 nN = nNO 2 + 4.(2nN 2 O )= 0,02 + 4.(0,005.2) = 0.02 + 0,04 = 0,06 mol

mNO 3

tomui

=0,06.62 = 3,72g

tomui 3 NO tomui

m =mKL+ mNO 3
nHNO 3 tham gia phn ng = n

= 5,04 + 3,72 = 8,76g + nN

+ 4

+ nN

+ 1

= 0,06 + 0,02 + 0,005.2 = 0,09 mol

x= CM HNO

0.0 9 = 0,1 =0,9M

Phng php gii nhanh Ho hc