Nguyn Hi Qunh: Phng GD&T huyn V Xuyn H Giang

Ngi gi: Nguyn Hi Qunh. Ni cng tc: Phng GD&T huyn V Xuyn tnh H Giang. Chc v: Ph trng phng Hng dn hc sinh gii nhanh bi tp trc nghim phn ru ( Phn i) gii nhanh bi tp ho hc phn ru yu cu hc sinh phi xc nh nhim v cn gii quyt i vi mi th loi bi tp, qua mi dng bi cn rt ra nhng phng php c trng cho mi th loi, d on cc kh nng ph c th xy ra. Nm r tnh cht ho hc ca ru. Khi gii bi tp phn ru lu p dng cng thc tng qut ph hp m bi yu cu, p dng cc nh lut bo ton khi lng, bo ton nguyn t, cc suy lun logic. + Vit cng thc chung cc loi ru: CnH2n+2-m-2a(OH)m T cng thc chung ta c th vit cc cng thc ca cc loi ru: - Ru no, n chc, mch h: CnH2n+1OH vi n 1 - Nu no, n chc bc 1: CnH2n+1CH2OH vi n 0 - Ru khng no n chc, mch h: CnH2n+1-2aOH Nu ru no, mch h: CnH2n+2-m(OH)m ( n 1, m n (v 1 nguyn t C khng cha qu 1 nhm -OH). V d 1: Cng thc phn t ca mt ru A l: CnHmOx. A phi l ru no th m phi c gi tr: a. m=2n b. m=2n+2 c. m=2n-1 d. m=2n+1 Gii: p dng cng thc ca cc loi ru ==> p n ng: b V d 2: t chy hon ton 1 mol ru no X mch h cn 3,5 mol O2. CTCT thu gn ca X l: a. C2H4(OH)2 b. C3H5(OH)3 c. C2H5OH d. C4H9OH Gii: Gi cng thc ca ru no l: CnH2n+2-m(OH)m CnH2n+2-m(OH)m + 1 mol
3n + 1 m to O2 n CO2 + n+1 H2O 2

3n + 1 m ==> = 3,5 ==> 3n - m = 6; m = 3n 6 (*) 2 Mt khc ta c 1 m n 1 3n - 6 n 7/3 n 3

3,5 mol

Chn n = 3 p n: b.

thay vo (*) c m = 3

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+ Nu tch nc t 1 phn t ru to ra anken, ta suy ra ru ban u l ru no, n chc (CnH2n+1OH). Ngc li vi trng hp hirat ho. V d1: Mt hn hp X gm 2 ru A,B lin tip trong cng dy ng ng khi b kh nc hon ton thu c 2 anken. Cho bit khi lng X l 5,978 gam, khi lng 2 anken l 4 gam. CTPT ca 2 ru l: a. CH3OH; C2H5OH c. C2H5OH; C3H7OH b. C3H7OH; C4H9OH d. C4H9OH; C5H11OH

Gii: V tch nc hn hp X thu c 2 anken ==> hn hp X gm 2 ru no, n chc gi cng thc trung bnh ca 2 ru l: C n H2 n +1OH H SO C n H2 n +1OH C n H2 n 14 n + 18 (g) 14 n (g) 5,978 (g) 4(g) ==> n = 2,6 p n: c V d 2: Cho m gam mt ancol no, n chc, mch h bc mt tc dng vi Na d thu c 4,48 lt H2 (ktc).Cn khi tch nc ni phn t t m gam ancol thu c 22,4 gam mt anken phn nhnh.Hy xc nh cng thc cu to ca ancol:
2 4

a. (CH3)2CHCH2OH b. (CH3)2CH CH2CH2OH c. (CH3)2CHOH d. Kt qu khc Gii: V ancol no, n chc, mch h bc mt tc dng vi Na nn s mol ru gp i s mol H2; n = 2x 22, 4 = 0,4 mol n anken = n ru _= 0,4 mol ==> M anken = 22,4/0,4 = 56 Gi cng thc phn t ca anken l: CnH2n ==> 14n = 56 ; n=4 p n: a + Nu tch nc t 1 phn t ru n chc A ta thu c cht hu c B - Nu dB/A > 1 ==> B l ete - Nu dB/A < 1 ==> B l hirocacbon khng no. V d: un ru no, n chc, mch h X vi dung dch H2SO4 c iu kin thch hp thu c cht hu c Y. Trng hp 1: d Y/X = 0,7. CTPT ca X l:
ru
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4, 48

Nguyn Hi Qunh: Phng GD&T huyn V Xuyn H Giang

a. CH3OH

b. C2H5OH

c. C3H7OH

d. C4H9OH

Trng hp 2: dY/X = 1,6087. CTPT ca X l: a. CH3OH b. C2H5OH c. C3H7OH d. C4H9OH

* Trng hp 1: Gii: V d Y/X = 0,7 vy tch nc thu c anken: CTPT ca X c dng: CnH2n+1OH, ta c: H SO CnH2n+1OH CnH2n + H2O C dY/X = 0,7 ==> n = 3. p n ng l c. * Trng hp 2: Nu dY/X = 1,6087. vy tch nc thu c ete: Cng thc ete: (CnH2n+1)2O
2 4

28n + 18 = 1, 6087 ==> n = 2. p n ng l b. 14n + 18

+ Da theo phng trnh phn ng chy: Nu t chy mt ru thu c s mol H2O ln hn s mol CO2 => Ru cho l ru no, mch h, n chc hoc a chc c cng thc: CnH2n+2-m(OH)m (vi n 1, m n) hoc CnH2n+2Om. Nu ru no, mch h th tng mol ru bng tng s mol nc tr tng s mol CO2 V d : t chy hon ton 10,6g hn hp 2 ru n chc, ng ng lin tip thu c 11,2 lit CO2 (ktc) v 12,6g H2O. CTPT 2 ru l: a. CH3OH v C2H5OH b. C2H5OH v C3H7OH c. C3H7OH v C4H9OH d. C4H9OH v C5H11OH Hng dn: S mol CO2 = 0,5 mol S mol H2O = 0,7 mol 0,2 (mol)

nH O > nCO . ==> Ru no => S mol hn hp ru = 0,7 - 0,5 =

2 2

==>

10, 6 M = 0, 2 = 53 . Vy CTPT 2 ru l

C2H5OH v C3H7OH.

p n: b. + Khi tch nc t hn hp ru n chc to thnh hn hp ete: T n ru ta thu c

n.( n + 1) ete. 2

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mete = mru - mH2O n H2O = 1/2 n hn hp ru V d 1: un hn hp 4 ru no n chc vi H2SO4 m c nhit 1400C th s ete ti a thu c l: a. 10 b. 12 c. 15 d. 20 Gii: Gi s c cc ru AOH, BOH, COH, DOH th cc ete thu c l: AOA, BOB, COC, DOD, AOB, AOC, AOD, BOC, BOD, COD. Hoc p dng cng thc: p n: a. V d 2: Mt hn hp 2 ru n chc c khi lng 28,09 gam. Nu cho hn hp trn tc dng vi Na d thu c 5,936 lt kh (ktc). Nu cho hn hp trn un vi H2SO4 m c nhit 1400C th lng ete thu c ti a l bao nhiu gam? a. 22,5 g b. 24,8 g c. 23,32 g d. 22,78 g Gii: nH2 = 5,936 /22,4 = 0,265 mol ==> Tng s mol hn hp ru l: 0,265x2= 0,53 mol Khi tch nc to ete s mol nc l:0,53/2 = 0,265 mol p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng: mete = mhn hp ru - mnc = 28,09 - 0,265x18 = 23,32 gam p n: c. V d 3: Cho m gam hn hp 3 ru no, n chc. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp thu c 4,48 lit CO2 (ktc). Tch nc m gam hn hp thu c hn hp cc anken. t chy hon ton cc anken thu c a gam H2O. Gi tr ca a l: a. 1,8g b. 3,6g c. 4,8g d. Khng xc nh c Gii: S mol CO2 khi t anken = S mol khi t hn hp ru S mol H2O khi tch ru = S mol CO2 khi t = 0,2 (mol) ==> Khi lng H2O = 3,6 gam. p n: b. V d 4: un 41,4g hn hp gm 3 ru no, n chc mch h vi H2SO4 c 140oC thu c 33,3g hn hp cc ete c s mol bng nhau. S mol mi ete l: a. 0,075 b. 0,15 c. 0,3 d. Kt qu khc
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n.( n + 1) 4.5 = = 10 ete. 2 2

Nguyn Hi Qunh: Phng GD&T huyn V Xuyn H Giang

Gii: S mol hn hp ete = S mol nc ===> Khi lng H2O = Khi lng hn hp ru - Khi lng hn hp ete = 41,4 - 33,3 = 8,1 gam ==> S mol H2O = 0,45 mol = S mol hn hp ete. m 3 ru to thnh 6 ete ==> S mol mi ete = (mol) p n: a. V d 5: un nng mt hn hp gm 2 ru no n chc vi H2SO4 c 1400C thu c 21,6 gam nc v 72 gam hn hp 3 ete. Bit 3 ete thu c c s mol bng nhau v phn ng xy ra hon ton. Cng thc cu to ca hai ru l: a. CH3OH v C3H7OH. b. C2H5OH v C3H7OH. c. C2H5OH v CH3OH. d. Cu a ng Gii: n hn hp ete = n nc = 21,6/18 = 1,2 Vy s mol mi ete = 0,4 mol ==> Gi cng thc 2 ru l: CnH2n+1OH v CmH2m+1OH Cng thc ca 3 ete l (CnH2n+1)2O; ( CmH2m+1)2O; CnH2n+1OCmH2m+1 ==> n+m = 3 p n: c.
0, 45 = 0, 075 6

Mt s cu hi v bi tp trc nghim phn ru

Cu 1: un nng ru X vi H2SO4 m c nhit thch hp thu c mt olefin duy nht. Cng thc tng qut ca X l: a. CnH2n+1CH2OH b. CnH2n+1OH c. RCH2OH d. CnH2n+2O Cu 2:Sn phm chnh ca phn ng tch nc iu kin 180 0 C vi H2SO4 m c ca (CH3)2CHCH(OH)CH3 ? a. 2MetylButen-1 b. 3MetylButen-1 c. 2MetylButen-2 d. 3MetylButen-2 Cu 3: Anken sau CH3-CH(CH3)-CH=CH2 l sn phm loi nc ca ru no di y? a. 2- MetylButanol-1 b. 2- MetylButanol-2 c. d. 3-MetylButanol-1
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2,2imetylPropanol-1 Cu 4: un hn hp 6 ru no n chc vi H2SO4 m c nhit 1400C th s ete thu c l: a. 10 b. 21 c. 15 d. 20 Cu 5: Trong cc dn xut ca benzen c cng thc phn t C7H8O c bao nhiu ng phn va tc dng vi Na, va tc dng vi NaOH : a. 1 b.2 c. 3 d. 4 Cu 6: Khi t chy cc ng ng ca mt loi ru mch h, d s nguyn t cacbon tng, s mol CO2 lun bng s mol nc. Dy ng ng ca ru trn l: a.Ru no b. Ru n chc cha no cha mt lin kt i c. Ru cha no cha mt lin kt i d. Kt qu khc Cu 7: X l ankanol. dx/o2 = 2,3125. bit rng X tc dng CuO (t0) cho sn phm l xeton. X l: a. Ru n-butylic b. Ru isobutylic c. Ru isoamylic d. Ru secbutylic Cu 8: Cho Glixerol tc dng vi HCl thu c sn phm B cha 32,1% Clo. CTCT ca B l: a. CH2OCl-CH2OH-CH2Cl b. CH2Cl-CHOH-CH2OH c. CH2OH-CH2Cl-CH2OH d. b v c u ng Cu 9: Ru etylic c iu ch trc tip t: a. Etilen b. Etanal c. d. Tt c u Etylclorua ng Cu 10: Cng thc phn t ca mt ru A l: CnHmO3. A phi l ru no ch cha nhm chc ru th iu kin ca m, n l: a. m=2n, n=3 b. m=2n+2, c. m=2n-1 d. m=2n+1, n 3 n3 Cu 11: t chy 23 gam mt hp cht hu c A thu c 44 gam CO2 v 27 gam nc.A tc dng vi Na gii phng H2.CTCT ca A l: a. CH3OH b. CH3 - CH2OH c. CH3 - O- CH3 d. C3H7OH Cu 12: Mt hn hp X gm 3 ru n chc thuc cng mt dy ng ng. t chy m gam hn hp X thu c 4,4 gam CO2 v 2,7 gam H2O. Cng thc tng qut ca 3 ru ny l:
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Nguyn Hi Qunh: Phng GD&T huyn V Xuyn H Giang

a. CnH2n-3OH c. CnHn+1OH Gi tr ca m l: a. 2,3 gam c. 1,6 gam

b. CnH2n-1OH d. CnH2n+1OH b. 2,5 gam d. 3 gam

Cu 13: 140 gam mt hn hp X gm C2H5OH v C6H6 . ly 1/10 hn hp cho tc dng vi Na d thu c 1,12 lt H2 (ktc). % ru trong hn hp l: a. 32,5 % b. 8,325 % c.32,85 % d. 3,285 % 0 Cu 14: Cho 1 lt cn etylic 92 tc dng vi Na d. ( etylic c d = 0,8 g/ml). th tch H2 (KTC) to ra l: a. 22,4 lt b. 228,98 lt c. 289,8 lt d. 822,98 lt Cu 15: Mt hn hp X gm 2 ru no n chc A,B lin tip trong dy ng ng khi b kh nc hon ton thu c 2 anken. Cho bit khi lng X l 10,6 gam, khi lng 2 anken l 7 gam. CTPT ca 2 ru l: a. CH3OH; C2H5OH b. C3H7OH; C4H9OH c. C2H5OH; C3H7OH d. C4H9OH; C5H11OH Cu 16: Mt hn hp gm 2 ru no n chc A, B ng ng k tip. m gam hn hp ny tc dng ht vi Na d thu c 5,6 lt H2(ktc). Kh nc m gam hn hp thu c 14,13 gam hn hp 3 ete v hn hp X gm 2 ru d v nc. Cho X phn ng vi Na d thu c 3,08 lt H2(ktc). 1, Cng thc ca 2 ru l: a. CH3OH; C2H5OH b. C3H7OH; C4H9OH c. C2H5OH; C3H7OH d. C4H9OH; C5H11OH 2, Gi tr ca m l: a. 15,6 gam c. 18,18 gam c. 20,2 gam d. 18,4 gam Cu 17: Khi thc hin phn ng tch nc i vi ru( ancol) X, ch thu c mt an ken duy nht. Oxi ho hon ton mt lng cht X thu c 5,6 lt CO2(ktc) v 5,4 gam nc. C bao nhiu cng thc cu to ph hp vi X ? a. 5 b. 4 c. 3 d. 2 Cu 18: un 12 gam axit axetic vi 13,8 gam etanol (c axit sunfuric c lm xc tc) n khi phn ng t ti trng thi
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cn bng, thu c 11 gam este. Hiu sut ca phn ng este ho l: a. 55% b. 50% c. 62,5% d. 75% Cu 19: Hp cht hu c X( phn t c vng benzen) c cng thc phn t l C7H8O2, tc dng c vi Na v NaOH. Bit rng khi cho X tc dng vi Na d, s mol H2 thu c bng s mol X tham gia phn ng v X ch tc dng c vi NaOH theo t l s mol 1:1. cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l: a. C6H5CH(OH)2 b. HOC6H4CH2OH c. CH3C6H3(OH)2 d. CH3OC6H4OH Cu 20: un nng mt hn hp gm 2 ru no n chc vi H2SO4 c 1400C thu c 21,6 gam nc v 72 gam hn hp 3 ete. Bit 3 ete thu c c s mol bng nhau v phn ng xy ra hon ton. Cng thc cu to ca hai ru l: a. CH3OH v C3H7OH. b. C2H5OH v C3H7OH. c. C2H5OH v d. Cu a ng CH3OH. Cu 21: un nng hn hp hai ru mch h vi H2SO4 c c hn hp cc ete. Ly X l mt trong cc ete em t chy hon ton th ta c t l: nX : nO2 : nCO2 : nH2O = 0,25 : 1,375 : 1 : 1 Tm cng thc cu to thu gn ca hai ru: a. C2H5OH v C3H7OH. b. C3H7OH v CH 2= CH- CH 2OH. c. C2H5OH v C4H9OH. d. CH3OH v CH 2= CH- CH 2OH Cu 22: Mt ete R1-O-R2 c iu ch t s kh nc hn hp hai ru R1OH v R2OH. t chy 0,1 mol ete thu c 13,2 gam CO2. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ru bit: R2=R1+ 14. a. C2H5OH v C3H7OH. b. C3H7OH v C4H9OH. c. CH3OH v d. C4H9OH v C5H11OH. C2H5OH. Cu 23: Cho m gam mt ancol no, n chc, mch h bc mt tc dng vi Na d thu c 4,48 lt H2 (ktc).Cn khi tch nc ni phn t t m gam ancol thu c 22,4 gam mt anken phn nhnh.Hy xc nh cng thc cu to ca ancol: a. (CH3)2CHCH2OH b. (CH3)2CH CH2CH2OH c. (CH3)2CHOH d. Kt qu khc Cu 24: Mt hp cht hu c M mch h cha C,H,O v ch cha mt loi nhm chc. Khi t chy mt lng M thu c s mol nc gp i s mol CO2, cn khi cho M tc dng vi Na d cho s mol H2 bng 1/2 s mol M tham gia phn ng.Cng thc cu to ph hp ca M l:
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Nguyn Hi Qunh: Phng GD&T huyn V Xuyn H Giang

a. C3H7OH. c. CH3OH.

b . C2H5OH. d. C4H9OH.

Cu 25: Cho mt lng hn hp A gm mt ru no n chc v mt ru no hai chc tc dng vi Na d thu c 0,616 lt H2(ktc). t chy hon ton mt lng gp i A thu c 7,92 gam CO2 v 4,5 gam H2O. Xc nh cng thc cu to thu gn ca hai ru: a. CH3OH v C2H4(OH)2 b. C2H5OH v C2H4(OH)2 c. C2H5OH v d. C3H7OH v C2H4(OH)2 C3H6(OH)2 Cu 26: Khi phn tch ru A n chc th ta c mc + mH = 3,5mO. Cng thc phn t ca A l: a. C2H5OH b. C3H7OH c. CH3OH d. C4H7OH Cu 27: t chy hon ton 2,7 gam hp cht hu c A phi dng va ht 4,76 lt O2 (ktc). Sn phm thu c ch gm CO2 v H2O c m CO2 - m H2O = 5,9 gam.MA< M glucoz.A cha nhn thm, tc dng vi Na,NaOH. CTCT thu gn ca A l: a. CH3C6H4OH b. CH3OC6H4OH c. CH3C6H3(OH)2 d. Kt qu khc Cu 28: t chy hon ton ru A no n chc thu c s mol H2O bng s mol O2 em t. CTPT (A) l cng thc no sau y ? a. CH3OH b. C2H5OH c. C3H7OH d. C4H9OH Cu 29: un 132,8 gam hn hp 3 ru no n chc vi H2SO4 c 140 oC cho n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 111,2 gam hn hp cc ete c s mol bng nhau. Tnh s mol mi ete? a. 0,1 b. 0,2 c. 0,3 d. Kt qu khc Cu 30: t chy hon ton 1 mol ru no X mch h cn 3,5 mol O2. CTCT thu gn ca X l: a. C2H4(OH)2 b. C3H5(OH)3 c. C2H5OH d. C4H9OH

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