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L Phm Thnh C nhn Cht Lng Cao Ha Hc HSP H Ni Nhn gia s mn Ha Hc
Copyright 2007 L Phm Thnh E-mail: thanh.lepham@gmail.com

Phone: 0976053496
Trang 1/14

CHNG I. CC PHNG PHP GIP
GII NHANH BI TON HA HC

Phng php l Thy ca cc Thy (Talley Rand Talley Rand Talley Rand Talley Rand)

1 11 1. . . . PHNG PHP S PHNG PHP S PHNG PHP S PHNG PHP S NG CHO NG CHO NG CHO NG CHO

Vi hnh thc thi trc nghim khch quan, trong mt khong thi gian tng i ngn hc sinh phi
gii quyt mt s lng cu hi v bi tp kh ln (trong bi tp ton chim mt t l khng nh). Do
vic tm ra cc phng php gip gii nhanh bi ton ha hc c mt ngha quan trng.
Bi ton trn ln cc cht vi nhau l mt dng bi hay gp trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng.
Ta c th gii bi tp dng ny theo nhiu cch khc nhau, song cch gii nhanh nht l phng php
s ng cho.
Nguyn tc: Trn ln 2 dung dch:
Dung dch 1: c khi lng m
1
, th tch V
1
, nng C
1
(C% hoc C
M
), khi lng ring d
1
.
Dung dch 2: c khi lng m
2
, th tch V
2
, nng C
2
(C
2
> C
1
), khi lng ring d
2
.
Dung dch thu c c m = m
1
+ m
2
, V = V
1
+ V
2
, nng C (C
1
< C < C
2
), khi lng ring d.
S ng cho v cng thc tng ng vi mi trng hp l:
a) i vi nng % v khi lng:

m
1
C
1
|C
2
- C|
C
m
2
C
2
|C
1
- C|

(1)
| C C |
| C C |
m
m
1
2
2
1
=
b) i vi nng mol/lt:

V
1
C
1
|C
2
- C|
C
V
2
C
2
|C
1
- C|

(2)
| C C |
| C C |
V
V
1
2
2
1
=
c) i vi khi lng ring:

V
1
d
1
|d
2
- d|
d
V
2
d
2
|d
1
- d|

(3)
| d d |
| d d |
V
V
1
2
2
1
=

Khi s dng s ng cho ta cn ch :
*) Cht rn coi nh dung dch c C = 100%
*) Dung mi coi nh dung dch c C = 0%
*) Khi lng ring ca H
2
O l d = 1 g/ml

Sau y l mt s v d s dng phng php ng cho trong tnh ton pha ch dung dch.

Dng 1: Tnh ton pha ch dung dch
V d 1. thu c dung dch HCl 25% cn ly m
1
gam dung dch HCl 45% pha vi m
2
gam dung
dch HCl 15%. T l m
1
/m
2
l:
A. 1:2 B. 1:3 C. 2:1 D. 3:1

Hng dn gii:
p dng cng thc (1):
1
2
10
20

| 5 2 15 |
| 5 2 45 |
m
m
2
1
= =
= p n C.

V d 2. pha c 500 ml dung dch nc mui sinh l (C = 0,9%) cn ly V ml dung dch NaCl
3%. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 150 B. 214,3 C. 285,7 D. 350


Phone: 0976053496
Trang 2/14
Hng dn gii:
Ta c s : V
1
(NaCl) 3 |0 - 0,9|
0,9
V
2
(H
2
O) 0 |3 - 0,9|

(ml) 150 500
0,9 2,1
0,9
V
1
=
+
= p n A.

Phng php ny khng nhng hu ch trong vic pha ch cc dung dch m cn c th p dng cho
cc trng hp c bit hn, nh pha mt cht rn vo dung dch. Khi phi chuyn nng ca cht
rn nguyn cht thnh nng tng ng vi lng cht tan trong dung dch.

V d 3. Ha tan 200 gam SO
3
vo m gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
49% ta c dung dch H
2
SO
4
78,4%.
Gi tr ca m l:
A. 133,3 B. 146,9 C. 272,2 D. 300,0

Hng dn gii:
Phng trnh phn ng: SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4

100 gam SO
3
5 , 122
80
100 98
=
gam H
2
SO
4

Nng dung dch H
2
SO
4
tng ng: 122,5%
Gi m
1
, m
2
ln lt l khi lng SO
3
v dung dch H
2
SO
4
49% cn ly. Theo (1) ta c:
44,1
29,4
| 4 , 8 7 122,5 |
| 4 , 78 49 |
m
m
2
1
=
= (gam) 300 200

29,4
44,1
m
2
= = p n D.

im l th ca s ng cho l ch phng php ny cn c th dng tnh nhanh kt qu
ca nhiu dng bi tp ha hc khc. Sau y ta ln lt xt cc dng bi tp ny.

Dng 2: Bi ton hn hp 2 ng v
y l dng bi tp c bn trong phn cu to nguyn t.
V d 4. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca brom l 79,319. Brom c hai ng v bn: Br
79
35
v Br.
81
35

Thnh phn % s nguyn t ca Br
81
35
l:
A. 84,05 B. 81,02 C. 18,98 D. 15,95
Hng dn gii:
Ta c s ng cho:
Br (M=81)
35
81
Br (M=79)
35
79
A=79,319
79,319 - 79 = 0,319
81 - 79,319 = 1,681

% 100
319 , 0 681 , 1
319 , 0
Br %
681 , 1
319 , 0
Br %
Br %
81
35 79
35
81
35
+
= = % 95 , 15 Br %
81
35
= p n D.

Dng 3: Tnh t l th tch hn hp 2 kh
V d 5. Mt hn hp gm O
2
, O
3
iu kin tiu chun c t khi i vi hiro l 18. Thnh phn %
v th tch ca O
3
trong hn hp l:
A. 15% B. 25% C. 35% D. 45%
Hng dn gii:
p dng s ng cho:

V M
1
= 48 |32 - 36|
M = 18.2 =36
V M
2
= 32 |48 - 36|
O
2
O
3


Phone: 0976053496
Trang 3/14
% 25 % 100
1 3
1
%V
3
1

12
4
V
V
3
2
3
O
O
O
=
+
= = = p n B.

V d 6. Cn trn 2 th tch metan vi mt th tch ng ng X ca metan thu c hn hp kh
c t khi hi so vi hiro bng 15. X l:
A. C
3
H
8
B. C
4
H
10
C. C
5
H
12
D. C
6
H
14

Hng dn gii:
Ta c s ng cho:
V M
1
= 16 |M
2
- 30|
M = 15.2 =30
V M
2
= M
2
|16 - 30|
M
2
CH
4

28 | 30 - M |
1
2

14
| 30 - M |
V
V
2
2
M
CH
2
4
= = = M
2
= 58 14n + 2 = 58 n = 4
Vy X l: C
4
H
10
p n B.

Dng 4: Tnh thnh phn hn hp mui trong phn ng gia n baz v a axit

Dng bi tp ny c th gii d dng bng phng php thng thng (vit phng trnh phn ng,
t n). Tuy nhin cng c th nhanh chng tm ra kt qu bng cch s dng s ng cho.

V d 7. Thm 250 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1,5M. Mui to thnh v
khi lng tng ng l:
A. 14,2 gam Na
2
HPO
4
; 32,8 gam Na
3
PO
4
B. 28,4 gam Na
2
HPO
4
; 16,4 gam Na
3
PO
4

C. 12,0 gam NaH
2
PO
4
; 28,4 gam Na
2
HPO
4
D. 24,0 gam NaH
2
PO
4
; 14,2 gam Na
2
HPO
4

Hng dn gii:
C: 2
3
5
0,2.1,5
0,25.2
n
n
1
4 3
PO H
NaOH
< = = < To ra hn hp 2 mui: NaH
2
PO
4
, Na
2
HPO
4
S ng cho:
Na
2
HPO
4
(n
1
= 2) |1 - 5/3|
n
NaH
2
PO
4
(n
2
= 1) |2 - 5/3|
5
3
=
2
3
1
3
=
=

1
2
n
n
4 2
4 2
PO NaH
HPO Na
=
. 2n n
4 2 4 2
PO NaH HPO Na
= M 3 , 0 n n n
4 3 4 2 4 2
PO H PO NaH HPO Na
= = + (mol)
=
=
(mol) 0,1 n
(mol) 0,2 n
4 2
4 2
PO NaH
HPO Na
= =
= =
(g) 12,0 0,1.120 m
(g) 28,4 0,2.142 m
4 2
4 2
PO NaH
HPO Na
p n C.

Dng 5: Bi ton hn hp 2 cht v c ca 2 kim loi c cng tnh cht ha hc

V d 8. Ha tan 3,164 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO
3
v BaCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d, thu c 448
ml kh CO
2
(ktc). Thnh phn % s mol ca BaCO
3
trong hn hp l:
A. 50% B. 55% C. 60% D. 65%
Hng dn gii:
(mol) 0,02
22,4
0,448
n
2
CO
= = 2 , 158
0,02
3,164
M = =
p dng s ng cho:
BaCO
3
(M
1
= 197) |100 - 158,2| = 58,2
M=158,2
CaCO
3
(M
2
= 100) |197 - 158,2| = 38,8


Phone: 0976053496
Trang 4/14
60% 100%
38,8 58,2
58,2
%n
3
BaCO
=
+
= p n C.

Dng 6: Bi ton trn 2 qung ca cng mt kim loi
y l mt dng bi m nu gii theo cch thng thng l kh di dng, phc tp. Tuy nhin nu s
dng s ng cho th vic tm ra kt qu tr nn n gin v nhanh chng hn nhiu.
c th p dng c s ng cho, ta coi cc qung nh mt dung dch m cht tan l
kim loi ang xt, v nng ca cht tan chnh l hm lng % v khi lng ca kim loi trong
qung.

V d 9. A l qung hematit cha 60% Fe
2
O
3
. B l qung manhetit cha 69,6% Fe
3
O
4
. Trn m
1
tn
qung A vi m
2
tn qung B thu c qung C, m t 1 tn qung C c th iu ch c 0,5 tn gang
cha 4% cacbon. T l m
1
/m
2
l:
A. 5/2 B. 4/3 C. 3/4 D. 2/5

Hng dn gii:
S kg Fe c trong 1 tn ca mi qung l:
+) Qung A cha: (kg) 420
160
112
1000
100
60
=
+) Qung B cha: (kg) 504
232
168
1000
100
6 , 69
=
+) Qung C cha: (kg) 480
100
4
1 500 = |
\
|

S ng cho:
m
A
420 |504 - 480| = 24
480
m
B
504 |420 - 480| = 60

5
2
60
24
m
m
B
A
= = p n D.

************************************************

2. 2. 2. 2. PHNG PHP B PHNG PHP B PHNG PHP B PHNG PHP B O TON KH O TON KH O TON KH O TON KH I L I L I L I L NG NG NG NG

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng (LBTKL): Tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng
bng tng khi lng cc sn phm gip ta gii bi ton ha hc mt cch n gin, nhanh chng.

V d 10. Hn hp A gm 0,1 mol etylenglicol v 0,2 mol cht X. t chy hon ton hn hp A
cn 21,28 lt O
2
(ktc) v thu c 35,2 gam CO
2
v 19,8 gam H
2
O. Tnh khi lng phn t X (bit X
ch cha C, H, O).

Hng dn gii:
Ta c cc phng trnh phn ng chy:
2C
2
H
6
O
2
+ 5O
2
4CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
X + O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
p dng LBTKL: ( )
2 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 2
O O H C O H CO X O H CO O O H C X
m m m m m m m m m m + + = + = + +
(gam) 18,4 32
22,4
21,28
62 0,1 19,8 35,2 m
X
= |
\
|
+ + =
Khi lng phn t ca X: (g/mol). 92
0,2
18,4
M
X
= =


Phone: 0976053496
Trang 5/14
V d 11. Ha tan hon ton 3,34 gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat kim loi ha tr II v ha tr III bng
dung dch HCl d ta thu c dung dch A v 0,896 lt kh bay ra (ktc). Tnh khi lng mui c trong
dung dch A.
Hng dn gii:
Gi 2 mui cacbonat l: XCO
3
v Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
. Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
XCO
3
+ 2HCl XCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2

Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 6HCl 2YCl
3
+ 3H
2
O + 3CO
2

(1)

(2)
S mol kh CO
2
bay ra: (mol) 0,08 04 , 0 2 2n n (mol) 04 , 0
22,4
0,896
n
2 2
CO HCl CO
= = = = =
p dng LBTKL:
mui
m m m m ) m (m
O H CO HCl ) (CO Y XCO
2 2 3 3 2 3
+ + = + +
) m m ( m ) m (m m
O H CO HCl ) (CO Y XCO
2 2 3 3 2 3
+ + + =
mui

(gam). 3,78 ) 44 04 , 0 18 04 , 0 ( 5 , 36 08 , 0 34 , 3 m = + + =
mui

V d 12. Kh m gam hn hp A gm cc oxit CuO, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
bng kh CO nhit
cao, ngi ta thu c 40 gam hn hp cht rn X v 13,2 gam kh CO
2
. Tm gi tr ca m.

Hng dn gii:

Phn tch: vi bi ton ny, nu gii theo cch thng thng, tc t s mol ca cc oxit ln lt l x,
y, z, t th c mt kh khn l ta khng th thit lp 4 phng trnh gii ra c cc n. Mt khc,
chng ta cng khng bit lng CO cho c kh ht cc oxit v kim loi hay khng? l cha
k n hiu sut ca phn ng cng l mt vn gy ra nhng kh khn! Nhng nu chng ta dng
phng php bo ton khi lng s gip loi b c nhng kh khn trn v vic tm ra gi tr ca m
tr nn ht sc n gin.

Cc phng trnh phn ng c th xy ra:
3Fe
2
O
3
+ CO 2Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
2

Fe
3
O
4
+ CO 3FeO + CO
2

FeO + CO Fe + CO
2

CuO + CO Cu + CO
2

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)
Ta c: (gam) 8,4 3 , 0 . 28 m (mol) 3 , 0
44
13,2
n n
CO CO
2
= = = = =
(p) p) ( CO

Khi lng cht rn: m
r
= 40 (gam)
p dng LBTKL:
(p) p) CO CO r A B r A
m m m m m m m m
2
+ = + = +
( CO

(gam). 8 , 4 4 4 , 8 2 , 3 1 0 4 m m
A
= + = =

V d 13. Thu phn hon ton 14,8 gam hn hp 2 este n chc l ng phn ca nhau thy cn va
200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, thu c m gam hn hp 2 mui v 7,8 gam hn hp 2 ru. Tm m.

Hng dn gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca 2 este l: R' COO R
Phng trnh phn ng xy ra: OH R' COONa R NaOH R' COO R + +
Theo bi ra ta c: (gam) 8 .0,2 0 4 m (mol) 2 , 0 1 . 2 , 0 n
NaOH NaOH
= = = =
p dng LBTKL:
OH R'
NaOH
R' COO R COONa R OH R' COONa R
NaOH
R' COO R
m m m m m m m m + = + = +
(gam). 15 7,8 8 14,8 m m
COONa R
= + = =

************************************************


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Trang 6/14

3. 3. 3. 3. PHNG PHP TNG GI PHNG PHP TNG GI PHNG PHP TNG GI PHNG PHP TNG GI M KH M KH M KH M KH I L I L I L I L NG NG NG NG

Nguyn tc ca phng php: Da vo s tng gim khi lng (TGKL) khi chuyn t 1 mol cht A
thnh 1 hoc nhiu mol cht B (c th qua cc giai on trung gian) ta d dng tnh c s mol ca cc
cht hoc ngc li.
Chng hn:
a) Xt phn ng: MCO
3
+ 2HCl MCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
Theo phn ng ny th khi chuyn t 1 mol MCO
3
1 mol MCl
2
, khi lng hn hp tng thm
71 60 = 11 gam v c 1 mol CO
2
c gii phng. Nh vy, khi bit lng mui tng ta c th tnh
c s mol CO
2
sinh ra hoc ngc li.
b) Xt phn ng: RCOOR + NaOH RCOONa + ROH
C 1 mol este RCOOR chuyn thnh 1 mol mui RCOONa, khi lng tng (hoc gim) |23 R| gam
v tiu tn ht 1 mol NaOH, sinh ra 1 mol ROH. Nh vy, nu bit khi lng ca este phn ng v
khi lng mui to thnh, ta d dng tnh c s mol ca NaOH v ROH hoc ngc li.
C th ni hai phng php bo ton khi lng v tng gim khi lng l 2 anh em sinh
i, v mt bi ton nu gii c bng phng php ny th cng c th gii c bng phng php
kia. Tuy nhin, ty tng bi tp m phng php ny hay phng php kia l u vit hn.

V d 14. Gii li v d 12 bng phng php tng gim khi lng.
Hng dn gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
XCO
3
+ 2HCl XCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2

Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 6HCl 2YCl
3
+ 3H
2
O + 3CO
2

(1)

(2)
S mol kh CO
2
bay ra: (mol) 04 , 0
22,4
0,896
n
2
CO
= =
Theo (1), (2): khi chuyn t mui cacbonat mui clorua, c 1 mol CO
2
sinh ra, khi lng hn hp
mui tng thm 71 60 = 11 gam. Vy khi lng hn hp mui tng ln l: m = 0,04.11 = 0,44 gam.
Khi lng ca mui trong dung dch: =
mui
m 3,34 + 0,44 = 3,78 (gam).

V d 15. Gii li v d 13 bng phng php tng gim khi lng.
Hng dn gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng c th xy ra:
3Fe
2
O
3
+ CO 2Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
2

Fe
3
O
4
+ CO 3FeO + CO
2

FeO + CO Fe + CO
2

CuO + CO Cu + CO
2

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)
Ta c: (gam) 8,4 3 , 0 . 28 m (mol) 3 , 0
44
13,2
n n
CO CO
2
= = = = =
(p) p) ( CO

Khi lng cht rn: m
r
= 40 (gam)
Theo (1), (2), (3), (4): c 1 mol CO phn ng 1 mol CO
2
, khi lng hn hp A gim l:
m = 1 (44 28) = 16 gam. Vy khi lng hn hp A b gim l: 16 0,3 = 4,8 (gam)
Khi lng ca hn hp A ban u l: m = 40 + 4,8 = 44,8 (gam).

V d 16. Nhng mt l nhm vo 200 ml dung dch CuSO
4
, n khi dung dch mt mu xanh ly l
nhm ra cn thy nng hn so vi ban u l 1,38 gam. Xc nh nng ca dung dch CuSO
4
dng.
Hng dn gii:
Phng trnh phn ng xy ra: 2Al + 3CuSO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Cu (*)

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Trang 7/14
Theo (*): c 2 mol Al phn ng ht vi 3 mol CuSO
4
, sinh ra 3 mol Cu, khi lng thanh nhm tng
ln: m = 3.64 2.27 = 138 (gam).
Vy s mol CuSO
4
tham gia phn ng l: (mol) 0,03 3
138
1,38
n
4
CuSO
= =
Nng ca dung dch CuSO
4
: (M). 0,15
0,2
0,03
C
M
= =

Ch : Khi nhng thanh kim loi A vo dung dch mui ca kim loi B (km hot ng hn A). Sau khi
ly thanh kim loi A ra, khi lng thanh kim loi A ban u s thay i do:
1) Mt lng A b tan vo dung dch
2) Mt lng B t dung dch c gii phng, bm vo thanh kim loi A
3) Tnh khi lng tng (hay gim) ca thanh A phi da vo phng trnh phn ng c th.

V d 17. Cho 11 gam hn hp 3 axit n chc thuc cng dy ng ng tc dng hon ton vi kim
loi Na d, thu c 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Tnh khi lng mui hu c to thnh.
Hng dn gii:
S mol kh H
2
to thnh: (mol) 0,1
22,4
2,24
n
2
H
= =
Gi cng thc chung ca 3 axit n chc l: COOH. R Phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
2
H COONa R 2 Na 2 COOH R 2 + + (*)
Theo (*): c 2 mol COOH R phn ng 2 mol COONa R v 1 mol H
2
, khi lng mui tng ln
so vi khi lng ca axit l: m = (gam) 44 45)] R ( 23) 44 R 2.[( = + + +
Khi lng mui hu c ln hn axit l: m = 44.0,1 = 4,4 (gam)
Vy, khi lng mui hu c to thnh l: 11 + 4,4 = 15,4 (gam).

************************************************

4. 4. 4. 4. PHNG PHP B PHNG PHP B PHNG PHP B PHNG PHP B O TON NGUYN T O TON NGUYN T O TON NGUYN T O TON NGUYN T

Nguyn tc chung ca phng php ny l da vo nh lut bo ton nguyn t (BTNT): Trong
cc phn ng ha hc thng thng, cc nguyn t lun c bo ton.
iu ny c ngha l: Tng s mol nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X bt k trc v sau phn ng l lun
bng nhau.

V d 18. Hn hp cht rn A gm 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
v 0,1 mol Fe
3
O
4
. Ha tan hon ton A bng dung
dch HCl d, thu c dung dch B. Cho NaOH d vo B, thu c kt ta C. Lc ly kt ta, ra sch
ri em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn D. Tnh m.

Hng dn gii:
Cc phn ng ha hc xy ra:
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8HCl FeCl
2
+ 2FeCl
3
+ 4H
2
O
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H
2
O
2NaOH + FeCl
2
2NaCl + Fe(OH)
2

3NaOH + FeCl
3
3NaCl + Fe(OH)
3

4Fe(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
O + O
2

0
t
4Fe(OH)
3

2Fe(OH)
3

0
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)
Theo cc phng trnh phn ng ta c s :
3 2
4 3
3 2
O Fe
mol 0,1 : O Fe
mol 0,1 : O Fe
)
`
(rn D)

Phone: 0976053496
Trang 8/14
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi Fe: (mol) 0,5 0,1.3 0,1.2 n
D) (trong Fe
= + =

(gam). 40 0,25.160 m (mol) 0,25
2
0,5
n
D D
= = = =

V d 19. Tin hnh crackinh nhit cao 5,8 gam butan. Sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh X
gm CH
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
10
. t chy hon ton X trong kh oxi d, ri dn ton b sn phm
sinh ra qua bnh ng H
2
SO
4
c. Tnh tng khi lng ca bnh H
2
SO
4
c.
Hng dn gii:
Cc s phn ng xy ra:
C
4
H
10

crackinh
CH
4
+ C
3
H
6

(1)
C
4
H
10

crackinh
C
2
H
6
+ C
2
H
6

(2)
CH
4

0
t
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
(3)
C
2
H
4

0
t
2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
(4)
C
2
H
6

0
t
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
(5)
C
3
H
6

0
t
3CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
(6)
C
4
H
10

0
t
4CO
2
+ 5H
2
O
(7)
tng khi lng ca bnh H
2
SO
4
c chnh l tng khi lng H
2
O sinh ra trong phn ng t chy
hn hp X.
Theo bi ra ta c: (mol) 0,1
58
5,8
n
butan
= =
T phng trnh phn ng, c: H
(butan ban u)
H
(nc)
v C
4
H
10
10H 5H
2
O
p dng nh lut BTNT i vi hiro: = =
O) (H H (butan) H
2
n n 10 0,1 = 1 (mol)
(gam). 9 18.0,5 m m (mol) 0,5
2
1
n
O H O H
2 2
= = = = =

V d 20. Hn hp kh A gm mt ankan, mt anken, mt ankin v hiro. Chia A thnh 2 phn c th
tch bng nhau ri tin hnh 2 th nghim sau:
Phn 1: em t chy hon ton ri dn sn phm chy ln lt qua bnh 1 ng H
2
SO
4
c, bnh 2
ng nc vi trong d. Sau phn ng cn thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 9,9 gam, bnh 2 tng 13,2 gam.
Phn 2: dn t t qua ng ng bt Ni nung nng thu c hn hp kh B. Sc kh B qua bnh ng
nc vi trong d, thy khi lng bnh nc vi trong tng m gam. Tm gi tr ca m.
Hng dn gii:
Phn tch: V 2 phn c th tch bng nhau nn thnh phn ca chng l nh nhau. V sn phm t
chy ca 2 phn l hon ton ging nhau! y, vic dn phn 2 qua bt Ni, nung nng hn hp
B, sau mi em t chy B ch l mt bc gy nhiu, khin chng ta b ri m thi, v thnh phn cc
nguyn t ca B v phn 2 l hon ton ging nhau. Chnh v vy, khi lng bnh nc vi trong tng
th nghim 2 chnh bng tng khi lng ca nc v CO
2
sinh ra trong th nghim 1!
Vy: m = m
bnh 1
+ m
bnh 2
= 9,9 + 13,2 = 23,1 (gam).

************************************************

5. 5. 5. 5. PHNG PHP B PHNG PHP B PHNG PHP B PHNG PHP B O TON ELECTRON O TON ELECTRON O TON ELECTRON O TON ELECTRON

Nguyn tc ca phng php: Khi c nhiu cht oxi ha hoc cht kh trong hn hp phn ng
(nhiu phn ng hoc phn ng qua nhiu giai on) th tng s mol electron m cc phn t cht kh
cho phi bng tng s mol electron m cc cht oxi ha nhn. y chnh l ni dung ca nh lut bo
ton electron trong phn ng oxi ha kh.


Phone: 0976053496
Trang 9/14
iu quan trng nht khi p dng phng php ny l vic phi nhn nh ng trng thi u v
trng thi cui ca cc cht oxi ha v cc cht kh, nhiu khi khng cn quan tm n vic cn bng
phn ng ha hc xy ra.
Phng php ny c bit l th i vi cc bi ton phi bin lun nhiu trng hp xy ra.

V d 21. Ho tan hon ton 19,2 gam kim loi M trong dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 8,96 lt (ktc)
hn hp kh gm NO
2
v NO c t l th tch 3:1. Xc nh kim loi M.
Hng dn gii:
S mol ca hn hp kh: (mol) 0,4
22,4
8,96
n
kh
= =
V (mol) 0,1 0,4
4
1
n (mol); 0,3 0,4
4
3
n 1 : 3 n : n 1 : 3 V : V
NO NO NO NO NO NO
2 2 2
= = = = = =
Gi n l ha tr ca M. Qu trnh nhng electron:
n 0
M ne M
+
(1)
S mol electron nhng l: (*) (mol) n
M
19,2
n =
nhng e

Qu trnh nhn electron:
2 4 5
N N 3 6e N 4
+ + +
+ + (2)
Tng s mol electron nhn l: (**) (mol) 6 , 0 1 , 0 6 n = =
nhn e

p dng nh lut bo ton electron, ta c: 32n M 0,6 n
M
19,2
n n = = =
nhn e nhng e

n = 2; M = 64. Vy kim loi M l ng (M
Cu
= 64).

V d 22. Ha tan hon ton 11,2 gam Fe vo HNO
3
d, thu c dung dch A v 6,72 lt hn hp kh
B gm NO v mt kh X, vi t l th tch l 1:1. Xc nh kh X.
Hng dn gii:
S mol ca hn hp kh B: (mol) 0,15 n n (mol) 0,3
22,4
6,72
n
X NO B
= = = =
Qu trnh nhng electron: 3e Fe Fe
3 0
+
+
(1)
S mol electron nhng l: (*) (mol) 0,6 3
56
11,2
n = =
nhng e

Qu trnh nhn electron ca NO:
2 5
N 3e N
+ +
+ (2)
S mol electron do NO nhn l: (**) (mol) 45 , 0 15 , 0 3 n = =
nhn) (NO e

p dng nh lut bo ton electron, ta c:
nhn) (X e nhn) (NO e nhng e nhn e nhng e
n n n n n + = =

(mol) 0,15 0,45 0,6 n n n = = =
nhn) (NO e nhng e nhn) (X e

Gi n l s electron m X nhn. Ta c:
n) (5 5
N ne N
+ +
+ (3)
n = . 1
15 , 0
15 , 0
= T suy ra X l NO
2
.

V d 23. m gam phoi bo st A ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn hp B c khi
lng 12 gam gm Fe v cc oxit FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
. Cho B tc dng hon ton vi axit nitric d thy
gii phng ra 2,24 lt kh duy nht NO. Tnh khi lng m ca A?
Hng dn gii:
S cc bin i xy ra:
Fe B NO
Fe
FeO
Fe
3
O
4
Fe
2
O
3
dd HNO
3
m
A
gam 12 gam 2,24 lt (ktc)


Phone: 0976053496
Trang 10/14
Qu trnh nhng electron: 3e Fe Fe
3 0
+
+
(1)
S mol electron nhng l: (*) (mol) 3
56
m
n =
nhng e

Cc qu trnh nhn electron:
+) T st oxit: O
2
+ 4e 2O
-2
(2)
S electron do O
2
nhn l: (mol)
8
m 12
4
32
m 12
n

=
=
nhn) (O e
2

+) T oxit mui Fe
3+
:
2 5
N 3e N
+ +
+ (3)
S electron do N nhn l: (mol) 3 , 0 1 , 0 3 n = =
nhn) (N e

Tng s electron nhn l: (**) (mol) 0,3
8
m 12
n +
=
nhn e

p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c 0,3
8
m 12
56
m
3 n n +
= =
nhn e nhng e

m = 10,08 (gam).

************************************************

6 66 6. P . P . P . PHNG PHP B HNG PHP B HNG PHP B HNG PHP B O TON I O TON I O TON I O TON I N TCH N TCH N TCH N TCH

Nguyn tc ca phng php: Trong mt dung dch nu tn ti ng thi cc ion dng v m th
theo nh lut bo ton in tch: tng s in tch dng bng tng s in tch m.
y chnh l c s thit lp phng trnh biu din mi lin h gia cc ion trong dung dch.

V d 24. Kt qu xc nh nng mol/lt ca cc ion trong mt dung dch nh sau:

Ion:
+
Na
+ 2
Ca
3
NO
Cl
3
HCO
S mol: 0,05 0,01 0,01 0,04 0,025

Hi kt qu ng hay sai? Ti sao?
Hng dn gii:
Tng s in tch dng: 0,05 + 2.0,01 = 0,07 (mol)
Tng s in tch m: 0,01 + 0,04 + 0,025 = 0,075 (mol)
Ta thy tng s in tch dng tng s in tch m kt qu xc nh trn l sai!

V d 25. Lp biu thc lin h gia a, b, c, d trong dung dch cha a mol Na
+
, b mol Ca
2+
, c mol
3
HCO v d mol Cl .
Hng dn gii:
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch, ta c: a + 2b = c + d.

************************************************

7. 7. 7. 7. PHNG PHP PHNG PHP PHNG PHP PHNG PHP KH KH KH KH I I I I L L L L NG NG NG NG MOL MOL MOL MOL TRUNG BNH TRUNG BNH TRUNG BNH TRUNG BNH

Khi lng mol trung bnh (KLMTB) ca mt hn hp l khi lng ca mt 1 mol hn hp :
=
=
= =
n
1 i
i
n
1 i
i i
hh
hh
n
.n M
n
m
M

Trong :

+) m
hh
l tng s gam ca hn hp
+) n
hh
l tng s mol ca hn hp
+) M
i
l khi lng mol ca cht th i trong hn hp
+) n
i
l s mol ca cht th i trong hn hp


Phone: 0976053496
Trang 11/14

Ch : +)
max min
M M M < <
+) Nu hn hp gm 2 cht c s mol ca hai cht bng nhau th khi lng mol trung bnh
ca hn hp cng chnh bng trung bnh cng khi lng phn t ca 2 cht v ngc li.
Phng php ny c p dng trong vic gii nhiu bi ton khc nhau c v c v hu c, c bit
l i vi vic chuyn bi ton hn hp thnh bi ton mt cht rt n gin v ta c th gii mt cch d
dng. Sau y chng ta cng xt mt s v d.

V d 26. Ha tan 2,97 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO
3
v BaCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d, thu c 448
ml kh CO
2
(ktc). Tnh thnh phn % s mol ca mi mui trong hn hp.
Hng dn gii:

Cc phn ng xy ra: CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(1)
BaCO
3
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(2)
T (1), (2) (mol) 0,02
22,4
0,448
n n
2
CO hh
= = =
Gi x l thnh phn % v s mol ca CaCO
3
trong hn hp
(1 x) l thnh phn % v s mol ca BaCO
3

Ta c: 5 , 0 x
0,02
2,97
x) 197.(1 00x 1 M2 = = + = mui %. 50 n % %n
3 3
CaCO BaCO
= =

V d 27. Ha tan 16,8 gam hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat v sunfit ca cng mt kim loi kim vo
dung dch HCl d, thu c 3,36 lt hn hp kh (ktc). Xc nh tn kim loi kim.
Hng dn gii:
Gi kim loi kim cn tm l M

Cc phn ng xy ra: MCO
3
+ 2HCl MCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(1)
MSO
3
+ 2HCl MCl
2
+ H
2
O + SO
2
(2)
T (1), (2) n
mui
= n
kh
= 112
15 , 0
16,8
M (mol) 0,15
22,4
3,36
= = = mui
Ta c: 26. M 16 80 2M M 60 2M < < + < < + V M l kim loi kim nn M = 23 (Na).

V d 28. Trong t nhin Brom c hai ng v bn l: Br
79
35
v Br.
81
35
Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca
Brom l 79,319. Tnh thnh phn % s nguyn t ca mi ng v.
Hng dn gii:
Gi x l thnh phn % v s nguyn t ca ng v Br
79
35

(100 x) l thnh phn % v s nguyn t ca ng v Br
81
35

Ta c: 15,95 x 100 84,05; x 79,319
100
x) 81(100 79x
ABr = = =
+
=
Vy trong t nhin, ng v Br
79
35
chim 84,05% v ng v Br
81
35
chim 15,95% s nguyn t.

V d 29. Cho 6,4 gam hn hp 2 kim loi k tip thuc nhm IIA ca bng tun hon tc dng vi
dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, d thu c 4,48 lt H
2
(ktc). Xc nh tn 2 kim loi.
Hng dn gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca 2 kim loi nhm IIA l M. Ta c phng trnh phn ng:
(*) H M 2H M
2
2
+ +
+
+

Theo (*): 32
2 , 0
4 , 6
M (mol) 0,2
22,4
4,48
n n
2
H
M
= = = = = Hai kim loi l Mg (24) v Ca (40).


Phone: 0976053496
Trang 12/14

8 88 8. . . . BI T BI T BI T BI T P V P V P V P V N D N D N D N D NG NG NG NG

I.1. thu c dung dch CuSO
4
16% cn ly m
1
gam tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O cho vo m
2
gam dung
dch CuSO
4
8%. T l m
1
/m
2
l:
A. 1/3 B. 1/4 C. 1/5 D. 1/6

I.2. Ha tan hon ton m gam Na
2
O nguyn cht vo 40 gam dung dch NaOH 12% thu c dung dch
NaOH 51%. Gi tr ca m (gam) l:
A. 11,3 B. 20,0 C. 31,8 D. 40,0

I.3. S lt nc nguyn cht cn thm vo 1 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
98% (d = 1,84 g/ml) c dung dch
mi c nng 10% l:
A. 14,192 B. 15,192 C. 16,192 D. 17,192

I.4. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng l 63,54. ng c hai ng v bn: Cu
63
29
v Cu
65
29
. Thnh phn
% s nguyn t ca Cu
65
29
l:
A. 73,0% B. 34,2% C. 32,3% D. 27,0%

I.5. Cn ly V
1
lt CO
2
v V
2
lt CO iu ch 24 lt hn hp H
2
v CO c t khi hi i vi metan
bng 2. Gi tr ca V
1
(lt) l:
A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8

I.6. Thm 150 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo 120 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
0,1M. Khi lng cc mui thu
c trong dung dch l:
A. 10,44 gam KH
2
PO
4
; 8,5 gam K
3
PO
4
B. 10,44 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 12,72 gam K
3
PO
4

C. 10,24 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 13,5 gam KH
2
PO
4
D. 13,5 gam KH
2
PO
4
; 14,2 gam K
3
PO
4

I.7. Ha tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO
3
v MgCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d, thu c 0,672 lt kh
iu kin tiu chun. Thnh phn % s mol ca MgCO
3
trong hn hp l:
A. 33,33% B. 45,55% C. 54,45% D. 66,67%

I.8. A l khong vt cuprit cha 45% Cu
2
O. B l khong vt tenorit cha 70% CuO. Cn trn A v B
theo t l khi lng T = m
A
/m
B
nh th no c qung C, m t 1 tn qung C c th iu ch c
ti a 0,5 tn ng nguyn cht. T bng:
A. 5/3 B. 5/4 C. 4/5 D. 3/5

I.9. t chy hon ton m gam mt hn hp gm C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
thu c 4,4 gam CO
2
v 2,52 gam
H
2
O. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 1,34 gam B. 1,48 gam C. 2,08 gam D. 2,16 gam

I.10. Dung dch X c cha a mol Na
+
, b mol Mg
2+
, c mol Cl v d mol
2
4
SO . Biu thc no di y l
ng?
A. a + 2b = c + 2d B. a + 2b = c + d C. a + b = c + d D. 2a + b = 2c + d

I.11. Crackinh 5,8 gam C
4
H
10
thu c hn hp kh X. Khi lng H
2
O thu c khi t chy hon ton
X l:
A. 4,5 gam B. 9 gam C. 18 gam D. 36 gam

I.12. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm CH
4
, C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
10
thu c 4,4 gam CO
2
v 2,52 gam
H
2
O, m c gi tr l:

I.13. Cho 11,2 lt (ktc) axetilen hp H
2
O (HgSO
4
, 80
o
C). Khi lng CH
3
CHO to thnh l:
A. 4,4 gam B. 12 gam C. 22 gam D. 44 gam

I.14. Oxi ha 12 gam ru n chc X thu c 11,6 gam anehit Y. Vy X l:
A. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH B. CH
3
CH
2
OH C. CH
3
CH(OH)CH
3
D. Kt qu khc


Phone: 0976053496
Trang 13/14
I.15. Cho 0,896 lt hn hp hai anken l ng ng lin tip (ktc) li qua dung dch brom d. Khi
lng bnh brom tng thm 2,0 gam. Cng thc phn t ca hai anken l:
A. C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
B. C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
8
C. C
4
H
8
v C
5
H
10
D. Khng phi A, B, C.

I.16. Ly m gam bt st cho tc dng vi clo thu c 16,25 gam mui st clorua. Ha tan hon ton
cng lng st trong axit HCl d thu c a gam mui khan. Gi tr ca a (gam) l:

I.17. Ha tan hn hp gm 0,2 mol Fe v 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
vo dung dch HCl d c dung dch A. Cho
dung dch A tc dng vi NaOH d thu c kt ta. Lc kt ta, ra sch, sy kh, nung trong khng
kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l bao nhiu?
A. 16 gam B. 30,4 gam C. 32 gam D. 48 gam

I.18. Thi t t V lt hn hp kh A gm CO v H
2
i qua hn hp bt CuO, Fe
3
O
4
, Al
2
O
3
trong ng s
un nng. Sau phn ng thu c hn hp B gm kh v hi, nng hn hn hp A ban u l 0,32 gam.
Gi tr ca V (ktc) l bao nhiu?
A. 0,112 lt B. 0,224 lt C. 0,336 lt D. 0,448 lt

I.19. Ha tan hon ton 13,92 gam Fe
3
O
4
bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c 448 ml kh N
x
O
y
(ktc). Xc
nh N
x
O
y
?
A. NO B. N
2
O C. NO
2
D. N
2
O
5

I.20. Cho 1,24 gam hn hp hai ru n chc tc dng va vi Na thy thot ra 336 ml H
2
(ktc) v
m gam mui. Khi lng mui thu c l:

I.21. Khi cho 0,1 mol C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
v 0,1 mol CH
3
COOH nguyn cht, ring bit. Khi cho 2 cht trn tc
dng vi Na d, tng th tch kh H
2
thu c (ktc) l:
A. 3,66 lt B. 4,48 lt C. 5,6 lt D. 6,72 lt

I.22. Cho 3,38 gam hn hp Y gm CH
3
OH, CH
3
COOH, C
6
H
5
OH tc dng va vi Na thot ra 672
ml kh (ktc). C cn dung dch th thu c hn hp rn Y. Khi lng Y l:

I.23. kh hon ton 17,6 gam hn hp Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
cn va 2,24 lt CO (ktc). Khi
lng Fe thu c l:
A. 14,4 gam B. 16 gam C. 19,2 gam D. 20,8 gam

I.24. Cho 4,4 gam mt este no, n chc tc dng ht vi dung dch NaOH thu c 4,8 gam mui natri.
Cng thc cu to ca este l:
A. CH
3
CH
2
COOCH
3
B. CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
3

C. HCOOCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
D. Khng c este no ph hp

I.25. t chy hn hp hai este no, n chc ta thu c 1,8 gam H
2
O. Thy phn hon ton hn hp 2
este trn ta thu c hn hp X gm ru v axit. Nu t chy 1/2 hn hp X th th tch CO
2
thu c
l bao nhiu?
A. 1,12 lt B. 2,24 lt C. 3,36 lt D. 4,48 lt

I.26. Cho 2,46 gam hn hp gm HCOOH, CH
3
COOH, C
6
H
5
OH tc dng va vi 40 ml dung dch
NaOH 1M. Tng khi lng mui khan thu c sau khi phn ng l:
A. 3,52 gam B. 6,45 gam C. 8,42 gam D. kt qu khc

I.27. Ly 2,98 gam hn hp X gm Zn v Fe cho vo 200 ml dung dch HCl 1M, sau khi phn ng hon
ton ta c cn (trong iu kin khng c oxi) th c 6,53 gam cht rn. Th tch kh H
2
bay ra (ktc) l:
A. 0,56 lt B. 1,12 lt C. 2,24 lt D. 4,48 lt

I.28. Cho 29 gam ru n chc Y tc dng ht vi natri to ra 5,6 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Vy X l:
A. C
2
H
5
OH B. C
3
H
7
OH C. C
3
H
5
OH D. CH
3
OH


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I.29. t chy mt este no, n chc, mch h thu c 1,8 gam H
2
O. Th tch kh CO
2
thu c l:
A. 2,24 lt B. 3,36 lt C. 4,48 lt D. 6,72 lt

I.30. Cho 18,8 gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng
vi Na d, to ra 5,6 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Cng thc phn t ca hai ancol l:
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH
C. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH D. C
4
H
9
OH v C
5
H
11
OH

I.31. Cho m gam mt hn hp Na
2
CO
3
v Na
2
SO
3
tc dng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
2M d th thu c
2,24 lt hn hp kh (ktc) c t khi so vi hiro l 27. Gi tr ca m l:

I.32. Mt hn hp gm O
2
, O
3
iu kin tiu chun c t khi i vi hiro l 20. Thnh phn % v th
tch ca O
3
trong hn hp s l:
A. 40% B. 50% C. 60% D. 75%

I.33. em nung mt khi lng Cu(NO
3
)
2
sau mt thi gian dng li, lm ngui ri em cn thy khi
lng gim 0,54 gam. Vy khi lng mui Cu(NO
3
)
2
b nhit phn l:

PP giaitoanHH

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= (gam) 300 200

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