Trng THPT Hng Ho

gv: L Ch Thnh

PHN HAI

HA HC V C
CHNG VII

I CNG V KIM LOI

I. PHN L THUYT

1. V TR CA KIM LOI TRONG H THNG TUN HON. CU TO CA KIM LOI

1. V tr - Phn nhm chnh nhm I, II - Phn nhm ph nhm I n nhm VII - H Lantannit v h actinit - Mt phn cc phn nhm chnh III, IV, V, VI 2. Cu to ca nguyn t kim loi 1. Nguyn t ca hu ht kim loi u c t electron (1, 2 hoc 3e) phn lp ngoi cng. 2. Trong cng chu k nguyn t ca nguyn t kim loi c bn knh nguyn t ln hn v in tch ht nhn nh hn so vi nguyn t ln hn v in tch ht nhn nh hn so vi nguyn t ca nguyn t phi kim. 3. Cu to ca n cht kim loi - Tinh th kim loi c cu to mng - Mng tinh th gm ion dng dao ng cc nt mng - Cc electron t do chuyn ng. 4. Lin kt kim loi Lin kt kim loi l lin kt sinh ra do cc electron t do gn vi cc ion dng kim loi vi nhau.

2. TNH CHT VT L CA KIM LOI

1. Tnh cht vt l chung - Tnh do, tnh dn in, tnh dn nhit c nh kim Nhng tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi ni trn l do cc electron t do trong kim loi gy ra. 2. Tnh cht vt l ca kim loi Kim loi khc nhau th c: t khi, nhit nng chy, tnh cng khc nhau.

3. TNH CHT HA HC CHUNG CA KIM LOI

1. c im v cu to ca nguyn t kim loi - Bn knh nguyn t tng i ln so vi cc nguyn t phi kim - S electron ha tr thng t (t 1 n 3e) so vi phi kim

Trng THPT Hng Ho

gv: L Ch Thnh

- Lc lin kt gia ht nhn v electron ha tr tng i yu nn nng lng tch cc electron ha tr ra khi nguyn t nh. 2. Tnh cht ha hc chung ca kim loi Tnh cht c trng l tnh kh (d b oxi ha) M - ne Mn+ a. Tc dng vi phi kim - Vi O2: 4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3 4M + nO2 - 2M2On - Vi Cl2: 2Fe + 3Cl2 = 2FeCl3 2M + nCl2 = 2MCln b. Tc dng vi axit - Dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long Nhiu kim loi kh c ion H+ thnh H2 Zn + 2H+ = Zn2+ + H2 - Dung dch HNO3, H2SO4 c Hu ht cc kim loi (tr Pt Au) kh c +5 +6 N c mc oxi ha +5( N ) v S c mc oxi ha +6 ( S ) ca cc axit ny n mc oxi ha thp hn. Th d:
Cu + 4H N O3 = Cu(NO3 )2 + 2H2O + 2 N O2 Cu + 2H2 SO4 = CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
+6 +4 +5 +4

(c nng) c. Tc dng vi dung dch mui Kim loi c th kh c ion ca kim loi khc trong dung dch mui thnh kim loi t do. V d: Fe + CuSO4 = FeSO4 + Cu Hay Fe + Cu2+ = Fe2+ + Cu

4. DY IN HA CA KIM LOI
L mt dy nhng cp oxi ha kh c sp xp theo chiu tng tnh cht oxi ha ca cc ion kim loi v chiu gim tnh cht kh ca kim loi. Tnh cht oxi ha ca ion kim loi tng. Tnh cht kh ca kim loi gim. ngha: - Cho php ta d on c chiu phn ng gia hai cp oxi ha kh. - Cht oxi ha mnh nht s oxi ha cht kh mnh nht, sinh ra cht oxi ha yu hn v cht kh yu hn. Cu2+ Zn Cu0 Zn2+ Cht oxi Cht kh + = Cht kh + Cht oxi ha ha mnh yu yu mnh

5. HP KIM
1. nh ngha

Trng THPT Hng Ho

gv: L Ch Thnh

Hp kim l cht rn thu c sau khi nung nng chy mt hn hp nhiu kim loi hc nhau, hoc hn hp kim loi v phi kim loi. 2. Cu to ca hp kim - Tinh th hn hp: gm nhng tinh th ca cc n cht trong hn hp ban u nng chy tan vo nhau. V d: Hp kim Ag = Au - Tinh th hp cht ha hc: l tinh th ca nhng hp cht ha hc c to ra khi nung nng chy cc n cht trong hn hp. V d: Hp kim Al - C to hp cht Al4C3, Fe - C to hp cht Fe3C... Cc hp kim thng cng, gin hn cc n cht ban u, nhng tnh dn nhit, dn in km cc n cht ban u.

6. N MN KIM LOI V CHNG N MN KIM LOI

1. S n mn kim loi S ph hy kim loi hoc hp kim do tc dng ha hc ca mi trng xung quanh gi l s n mn kim loi M - ne Mn+ a. n mn ha hoc n mn ha hc l s ph hy kim loi do kim loi phn ng ha hc vi cht kh hoc hi nc nhit cao. S n mn thng xy ra nhng thit b ca l t, chi tit ca ng c t trong hoc thit b tip xc vi hi H2O nhit cao. V d: + Bn cht: L qu trnh oxi ha kh trong electron ca kim loi c chuyn trc tip sang mi trng tc dng. b. n mn in ha L s ph hy kim loi do kim loi tip xc vi dung dch cht in li to nn dng in. V d: Kim loi tip xc vi khng kh m ... + Bn cht ca s n mn in ha L mt qu trnh oxi ha kh xy ra trn b mt in cc. c. Cch chng s n mn - Cch li kim loi vi mi trng - Dng hp kim chng g (hp kim inoc) - Dng cht chng n mn (cht km hm) 3Fe + 2H2O = Fe3O4 + 4H2
t0

7. IU CH KIM LOI
1. Nguyn tc Kh ion kim loi thnh nguyn t kim loi Mn+ + ne M0 2. Phng php iu ch a. Phng php thy luyn Dng kim loi t do c tnh kh mnh hn kh ion kim loi khc trong dung dch mui. V d: Zn + CuSO4 = ZnSO4 + Cu Phng php ny dng iu ch nhng kim loi hot ng yu.

Trng THPT Hng Ho

gv: L Ch Thnh

b. Phng php nhit luyn Dng cht kh CO, H2, C, Al... kh ion kim loi trong oxit nhit cao. V d: Fe2O3 + 3CO =2Fe + 3CO2 Phng php ny dng iu ch nhng kim loi ng sau Al trong dy Bektp c. Phng php in phn Dng dng in 1 chiu trn catt (cc m) kh ion kim loi trong hp cht. V d: - in phn mui CaCl2 nng chy Catt CaCl2 nng chy ant Ca2+ ClCa2+ + 2e = Ca 2Cl- - 2e = Cl2 CaCl2
in phn Nng chy

Ca + Cl2 CHNG VIII

KIM LOI CC PHN NHM CHNH I, II, III

I. PHN L THUYT

1. KIM LOI PHN NHM CHNH NHM I (KIM LOI KIM)

1. V tr, tnh cht vt l ca kim loi kim a. V tr Kim loi kim l nhng nguyn t thuc phn nhm chnh nhm I trong bng HTTH gm cc nguyn t Liti (Li), Natri (Na), Kali (K), Rubii (Rb), Xsi (Cs), Franxi (Fr). Cc nguyn t ny ng u cc chu k (tr chu k I). b. Tnh cht vt l ca kim loi kim + Nhit nng chy, nhit si thp + Khi lng ring nh + cng thp 2. Tnh cht ha hc ca kim loi kim - Nng lng cn dng ph v mng tinh th lp phng tng i nh. - Kim loi kim l nhng nguyn t nhm S (electron ha tr l y phn lp S). C bn knh nguyn t tng i ln. Nng lng cn dng tch electron ha tr (nng lng ion ha) tng inhor. Nguyn t kim loi d nhng mt electron ha tr M - 1e M+. Kim loi kim l cht kh mnh nht trong s cc kim loi. a. Tc dng vi phi kim Vi oxi: 4Na + O2 = 2Na2O 4M + O2 = 2M2O Vi Clo: 2Na + Cl2 = 2NaCl 2M + Cl2 = 2MCl b. Tc dng vi axit Natri d kh H+ trong dung dch axit thnh H2 t do. 2Na + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2 2Na + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + H2 Phng trnh ion rt gn

Trng THPT Hng Ho

+ +

gv: L Ch Thnh

2M + 2H = 2M + H2 c. Tc dng vi nc 2Na + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2 2M + 2H2O = 2MOH + H2 d. Tc dng vi dung dch mui Kim loi kim tc dng vi H2O trong dung dch V d: Natri tc dng vi dung dch CuSO4 + Na tc dng vi H2O trong dung dch 2Na + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2 2NaOH + CuSO4 = Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 3. iu ch kim loi kim Nguyn tc: Kh cc ion kim loi kim M+ + 1e = M in phn mui halogenua hoc Hiroxit ca chng dng nng chy. ie pha n n 2NaCl 2Na + Cl2 nc ie pha n n 4NaOH 4Na + O2 + 2H2O nc

2. MT S HP CHT QUAN TRNG CA NATRI

1. Natri hiroxit (NaOH) Natri hiroxit l baz mnh, khi tan trong nc phn li hon ton thnh ion. NaOH = Na+ + OHa. Tc dng vi axit NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O OH- + H+ = H2O b. Tc dng vi oxit axit NaOH + CO2 = NaHCO3 2NaOH + CO2 = Na2CO3 + H2O Nu t l mol CO 1 to mui NaHCO3 2 Nu t l mol CO 2 to mui Na2CO3 2 T l mol
NaOH NaOH 1 < s mol CO < 2, to 2 mui CO2 2 NaOH NaOH

c. Tc dng vi dung dch mui 2NaOH + CuSO4 = Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 2OH- + Cu2+ = Cu(OH)2 iu ch NaOH bng phng php in phn dung dch NaCl NaCl Katt (H2O) Ant + Na , H2O Cl-, H2O 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH2Cl- - 2e Cl2 Phng trnh in phn dung dch NaCl ie pha n n 2NaCl + H2O H2 + Cl2 + 2NaOH 2. Mui ca kim loi Natri - Natri clorua: NaCl

Trng THPT Hng Ho

gv: L Ch Thnh

- Natri cacbonat Mui Natri hirocacbonat NaHCO3 Mun NaHCO3 t tan trong H2O, b nhit thng, b phn hy nhit cao. t 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O Tc dng vi axit mnh NaHCO3 + HCl = NaCl + CO2 + H2O Tc dng vi kim NaHCO3 + NaOH = Na2CO3 + H2O - Mui Natri cacbonat Na2CO3 Na2CO3 l mui ca axit yu, khng bn (axit cacbonic). Tc dng vi axit mnh. Na2CO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O Dung dch Na2CO3 trong nc c phn ng kim mnh Na2CO3 + H2O = NaHCO3 + NaOH 2 CO3 + H2O = HCO3- + OH3. Cch nhn bit mui Natri Dng dy Platin sch, nhng vo hp cht natri, ri em t trn ngn la n cn ngn la s c mu vng.
0

3. KIM LOI PHN NHM CHNH NHM II

1. V tr trong bng h thng tun hon, tnh cht vt l a. V tr Kim loi phn nhm II gm: Beri (Be) Magi (Mg) Canxi (Ca) Stronti (Sr) Bari (Ba) v Rai (Ra) Trong cc chu k cc nguyn t ny ng lin sau khi loi kim. b. Tnh cht vt l - Nhit nng chy nhit soi thp - L kim loi mm (mm hn nhm) - Khi lng ring tng i nh 2. Tnh cht ha hc Cc nguyn t phn nhm chnh nhm 2 c: - 2 electron ha tr (S2) - C bn knh nguyn t ln - L nhng cht kh mnh M - 2e M2+ Trong cc hp cht cc nguyn t ny c s oxy ha +2. a. Tc dng vi phi kim - Vi oxi khi t nng 2M + O2 = 2MO (M l nguyn t kim loi) 2Ca + O2 = 2CaO - Vi Cl2 M + Cl2 = MCl2 Mg + Cl2 = MgCl2 b. Tc dng vi axit - D dng kh ion H+ trong dung dch axit (HCl, H2SO4) thnh H2 t do. M + H2SO4 = MSO4 + H2 M + 2H+ = M2+ + H2

Trng THPT Hng Ho

gv: L Ch Thnh
(+4) (+2)

- C th kh N trong HNO3 thnh N (NO2), N (NO)

N(N2 ) hoc N (NO2 ), N (NH4NO3 )
0 (+ 4) (-3)

(+5)

4M + 10HNO3 = 4M(NO3)2 + 3H2O + NH4NO3 c. Tc dng vi H2O Trong H2O, Be khng phn ng, Mg kh chm, cc kim loi cn li kh mnh. M + 2H2O = M(OH)2 + H2 Ca + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + H2 d. Tc dng vi dung dch mui - Mg y cc kim loi hot ng yu hn ra khi dung dch mui Mg + CuSO4 = MgSO4 + Cu - Cc kim loi cn li tc dng vi H2O trong dung dch 3. iu ch in phn mui Halozen dng nng chy ie phanogcha n n n y MX2 M + X2 X: halozen

4. MT S HP CHT QUAN TRNG CA CANXI

1. Canxi oxit: CaO Caxi oxit l oxit baz - Tc dng mnh lit vi H2O to baz CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2 - Tc dng vi nhiu axit to mui tng ng CaO + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O - Tc dng vi oxit axit to mui tng ng CaO + CO2 = CaCO3 - Canxi oxit c iu ch bng phng php phn hy mui cacbonat. t CaCO3 CaO + CO2 2. Canxi hiroxit: Ca(OH)2 L cht rn t tan trong H2O Dung dch Ca(OH)2 c tnh baz yu hn NaOH - Tc dng vi axit v oxit axit to mui tng ng Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2 = Ca(HCO3)2
0

Ca(OH )2 1 to mui axit CO2 2 Ca(OH )2 Nu t l mol CO 1 to mui trung tnh 2 Ca(OH )2 1 m Ca(OH )2 ol < 1 to ng thi 2 mui Nu t l mol CO trong khong 2 < CO2 2

Nu t l mol

- Tc dng vi dung dch mui Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + 2NaOH

Trng THPT Hng Ho

gv: L Ch Thnh

Ca + CO = CaCO3 3. Canxi cacbonat CaCO3 Canxi cacbonat l cht rn mu trng khng tan trong H2O CaCO3 l mui ca axit yu v khng bn CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH = Ca(CH3COO)2 + H2O + CO2 nhit thp CaCO3 tan dn trong H2O c CO2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 = Ca(HCO3)2 4. Canxi sunfat: CaSO4 CaSO4 cn gi l thch cao, mu trng, t tan trong H2O CaSO4. 2H2O: thch cao sng 2CaSO4.H2O: thch cao nung nh la CaSO4: thch cao khan
2+
2 3

5. NC CNG
1. Nc cng Nc c cha ion Ca+2, Mg2+ l nc cng. Nc khng cha hc cha t nhng ion trn, gi l nc mm. 2. Phn loi nc cng Nc cng chia thnh 3 loi 1. Nc cng tm thi: l nc cng c cha ion HCO32. Nc cng vnh cu: l nc cng c cha ion Cl- hoc SO24 3. Nc cng ton phn: L nc cng c cha ng thi aninon HCO 2 hoc Cl4 3. Tc hi ca nc cng - X phng khng tan - Vi si mau mc nt - Nu thc n lu chn, gim mi v - To cht cn trong ni hi lm lng ph nhin liu 4. Cch lm mm nc Nguyn tc: Lm gim nng cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ trong nc bng cch chuyn nhng ion t do ny vo thnh phn cht khng tan. Phng php: Phng php ha hc v phng php trao i ion. a. Phng php ha hc * i vi nc cng tm thi. un nng trc khi dng t Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Lc b cht khng tan, c nc mm - Dng Ca(OH)2 va Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 = 2CaCO3 + 2H2O Lc b cht khng tan c nc mm * i vi nc cng vnh cu v nc cng hon ton Dng dung dch Na2CO3 CaSO4 + NaCO3 = CaSO3 + Na2SO4 Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + 2NaHCO3 2Ca2+ + CO3 = CaCO3 b. Phng php trao i ion
0

Trng THPT Hng Ho

gv: L Ch Thnh

Cho nc cng i qua cht trao i ion (ionit) cht ny s hp th cc ion Ca 2+ v Mg2+ th vo l ion Na+, H+ ta c nc mm.

6. NHM
1. V tr v tnh cht vt l a. V tr Nhm l nguyn t thuc phn nhm chnh nhm III chu k 3. Nhm c 13 e v nguyn t c sp xp theo cu hnh: 1s12s22p63s13p1 (Nhm nguyn t nhm P) V nguyn t ca nhm c 3 lp; lp K = 2L = 8M = 3 Lp ngoi cng c 3 electron ha tr b. Tnh cht vt l Lm kim loi nh, mu trng, nng chy nhit khng cao lm (6600C) Nhm dn in, dn nhit tt 2. Tnh cht ha hc ca nhm Nhm c 3 electron ha tr, d dng nhng 3 electron c ha tr 3+; nhom c tnh kh mnh. Al - 3e Al3+ a. Tc dng vi phi kim - Vi O2: 4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3 + Q - Vi Cl2: 2Al +3Cl2 = 2AlCl3 b. Tc dng vi axit Al kh d dng ion H+ trong dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long thnh H2 t do. 2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2 2Al + 2H2SO4 = Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 2Al + 6H+ = 2Al3+ + 3H2 Al tc dng vi H2SO4 c nng Al kh S trong H2SO4 xung s oxi ha
+ 4

S(SO) 2S, S(H 2S)

+ 6 + 4

-2

Th d: 2Al + 6H2S O4 = 2(SO4 )3 + 2 + 2O Al 3SO 6H c nng + 5 Al tc dng vi HNO3Al kh N (trong HNO3) xung s oxi ha
N(NO2)
+ 4

N(NO)

+ 2

N(N2O)

+ 1

N(N2 )

V d: + 5 + 2 Al + 4H NO3 = Al(NO3 )3 + 2O+NO 2H 8Al + 3OH NO3 = 8Al(NO3)3 + 15H2O + 3N2O Al khng tc dng vi H2SO4 v HNO3 c ngui c. Tc dng vi oxit kim loi (phn ng nhit nhm) nhit cao Al kh c nhiu ion kim loi trong oxit Fe2O3, Cr2O3 thnh kim loi t do.
t 2Al + Fe2O3 = Al2O3 + 2Fe + Q t 2yAl + 3FxOy = yAl2O3 + 3xFe d. Tc dng vi H2O
0 0

+5

+1

Trng THPT Hng Ho

gv: L Ch Thnh

Vt bng nhm khng tc dng vi nc v c mt lp oxit nhm bn vng ph kn mt ca nhm. Nu ph b lp oxit th nhm tc dng vi nc Al + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 Al(OH)3 cht khng tan, l lp bo v khng cho Al tip xc vi H2O phn ng dng li nhanh chng.

7. HP CHT CA NHM
1. Nhm oxit Al2O3 Nhm oxit l cht rn mu trng khng tan v khng tc dng vi H2O a. Al2O3 l hp cht rn bn Al2O3 l hp cht ion rt bn vng - Nng chy nhit cao (trn 20000C) - S kh Al2O3 thnh Al rt kh khn (Khng th dng C, Co, H2 kh c) b. Al2O3 l cht lng tnh - Tc dng vi axit mnh Al2O3 (c tnh cht ca oxit baz) Al2O3 + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2O - Tc dng vi dung dch baz mnh (Al2O3 c tnh cht ca oxit axit). Al2O3 + 2NaOH = 2NaAlO2 + H2O 2. Nhm hiroxit: Al(OH)3 Trong nc nhm hiroxit l cht kt ta keo mu trng. iu ch Al(OH)3 bng phn ng trao i gia mui nhm vi dung dch baz. Al3+ + 3OH- = Al(OH)3 t a. Al(OH)3 l hp cht km bn 2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O b. Al(OH)3 l hp cht lng tnh - Tc dng vi axit (c tnh cht ca baz) Al(OH)3 + 3HCl = AlCl3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3H+ = Al3+ + 3H2O - Tc dng vi baz (c tnh cht ca axit) Al(OH)3 + NaOH = NaAlO2 + 2H2O Al(OH)3 + OH- = AlO-2 + 2H2O Al(OH)3 c th vit di dng HAlO2.H2O HAlO2.H2O + OH- = AlO-2 + 2H2O Cc vt dng bng nhm b ph hy trong dung dch kim. Trc ht Al2O3 b ha tan bi dung dch kim Al2O3 + 2NaOH = 2NaAlO2 + H2O (1) Sau , Al kh H2O to Al(OH)3, Al(OH)3 tan trong dung dch kim 2Al + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 (2) Al(OH)3 + NaOH = NaAlO2 + 2H2O (3) Cc phn ng (1) (2) (3) k tip nhau = phng trnh tng qut 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O = NaAlO2 + 3H2 3. Mui nhm a. Mui AlCl3 tan trong H2O tc dng vi baz AlCl3 + 3NaOH = 3NaCl + Al(OH)3 AlCl3 + 3NH4OH = Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl b. Mui sunfat: Al2(SO4)3 tan trong nc Phn K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3. 24H2O tc dng c vi dung dch kim. c. Mui Natri aluminat (NaAlO2) l mun tan. NaAlO2 l mui ca axit yu. Trong nc NaAlO2 + 2H2O = Al(OH)3 + NaOH
0

Trng THPT Hng Ho

gv: L Ch Thnh

Tc dng vi axit NaAlO2 + CO2 + H2O = Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3

9. SN XUT NHM
1. Nguyn liu Nguyn liu sn xut nhm l qung bxt Al2O3.nH2O (c ln Fe2O3, SiO2). 2. Nguyn tc Kh ion Al3+ thnh Al t do. Al3+ + 3e Al 3. Phng php in phn Al2O3 (tan trong Crylolit) Al2O3 nng chy = 2Al+3 + 3O2 catt ant 3+ 4Al + 12e 4Al 6O2- - 12e 3O2 ie phanogcha n n n y 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2 CHNG IX

ST
I. PHN L THUYT

1. V TR - CU TO - TNH CHT CA ST
1. V tr, cu to v tnh cht vt l a. V tr St l nguyn t phn nhm ph nhm VIII, chu k 4. S hiu 26. b. Cu to in tch ht nhn ca st l +26 v nguyn t c 26e c sp xp theo cu hnh. 2 1s 2s22p63s23p64s23d6. V nguyn t c 4 lp, lp K = 2; L = 8; M = 14; N = 2. C th vit 3d64s2 (st l nguyn t nhm d) c. Tnh cht vt l Kim loi mu trng mu, do, nhit nng chy 1450 0C, d = 7,9g/cm3. St dn in dn nhit tt c tnh nhim t. 2. Tnh cht ha hc St c th nhng 2e ngoi cng c ha tr 2+ Fe - 2e Fe2+ St c th nhng thm 1e phn lp 3d Fe - 3e Fe3+ St c tnh kh, nguyn t st c th b oxi ha thnh ion Fe2+, Fe3+ a. Tc dng vi phi kim * Tc dng vi O2 3Fe + 2O2 = Fe3O4 t * Tc dng vi Cl2 2Fe + 3Cl2 = 2FeCl3
0

t * Vi lu hunh Fe + S = FeS b. Tc dng vi dung dch axit * Vi axit HCl, H2SO4 long St kh cc ion H+ ca dung dch ny thnh kh H2, st b oxi ha thnh Fe2+ Fe + H2SO4 = FeSO4 + H2 Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2 Hay Fe + 2H+ = Fe2+ + H2

Trng THPT Hng Ho

gv: L Ch Thnh

* Vi HNO3, H2SO4 c nng St c th kh N+5 v S+6 trong cc axit xung mc oxi ha thp hn. Cc axit ny cng oxi ha st thnh Fe3+ V d:
Fe+ NO3 = 4H Fe(NO3)3+ 2O+NO 2H 2Fe+ 2 SO4 =Fe2 (SO4 )3 + 6H 3SO2 + 2 O 6H
a c + 6 t0 + 4 + 5 + 2

St khng tc dng vi HNO3, H2SO4 c ngui c. Tc dng vi dung dch mui St kh c ion ca cc kim loi ng sau n thnh kim loi t do. Trong phn ng ny st b oxi ha thnh Fe2+ Fe + CuSO4 = FeSO4 + Cu d. Tc dng vi H2O - nhit thng Fe khng tc dng vi H2O - nhit cao
t <570% 3Fe+ 2O Fe3SO4 + 2 4H 4H t <570% Fe+ 2O FeO+ 2 H H
0 0

2. HP CHT CA ST
1. Hp cht st II Hp cht st II gm mui, hiroxit, oxit st II a. Tnh cht ha hc Tc dng vi cht oxi ha b oxi ha thnh hp cht st III Fe2+ - 1e Fe3+ Tnh cht ha hc chung ca hp cht st II l tnh kh V d: nhit thng (trong khng kh) 4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 = 4Fe(OH)3 (trng) (nu ) * Cho kh Cl2 qua mui FeCl3 2FeCl2 + Cl2 = 2FeCl3 * Ha tan FeO trong dung dch HNO3 long
3FeO+ 10H N O3= 3Fe(NO3)3+ 2O+N O 5H
+ 2 + 5 + 3 + 2

b. iu ch Fe(OH)2 : Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2 t FeO: Fe(Oh)2 FeO + H2O 2. Hp cht st III Hp cht st III tc dng vi cht kh chng s b kh thnh hp cht st II hoc ct t do. Fe3+ + 1e Fe2+ Fe3+ + 3e Fe0 St III (Fe3+) c tnh cht oxi ha t V d: Fe2O3 + 2Al = Al2O3 + 2Fe 2FeCl3 + Fe = 3FeCl2 t 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O
0 0 0

4. SN XUT GANG

Trng THPT Hng Ho

gv: L Ch Thnh

1. Nguyn liu Qung st (khng cha hoc cha rt t S, P), cht chy 2. Nguyn tc Dng Co kh dn dn Fe2O3 thnh Fe
+ CO + CO + CO Fe2 O3 Fe3 O4 FeO Fe t0 t0 t0 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 2

3. Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut gang Phn ng to cht kh CO t C + O2 = CO2

0

t CO2 + C = 2CO Phn trn thn l 4000C n 12000C 3Fe3O3 + CO = 2Fe3O4 + CO2 Phn gia ca thn l nhit (5000C - 6000C) Fe3O4 + CO = 3FeO + CO2 Phn di thn l nhit (700 - 8000C) FeO + CO = Fe = CO2

5. SN XUT THP
1. Nguyn liu Gang trng, gang xm, st ph liu Khng kh hoc oxi Nhin liu: du madt hoc kh t Cht chy: canxi oxit 2. Nguyn tc Oxi ha cc tp cht trong gang (Si, Mn, S, P, C) thnh oxit nhm lm gim hm lng ca chng trong thp. 3. Nhng phn ng ha hc xy ra a. Phn ng to thp Oxi khng kh s oxi ha cc tp cht trong gang Trc ht Si + O2 = SiO2 2Mn + O2 = 2MnO Tip n C b oxi ha thnh Co (1.2000C) 2C + O2 = 2CO Sau S + O2 = SO2 4P + 5O2 = 2P2O5 Mt phn Fe b oxi ha 2Fe + O2 = 2FeO Sau khi cho thm lng gang giu Mangan Mn l cht kh mnh hn Fe s kh ion st trong FeO thnh st. FeO + Mn = Fe + MnO b. Phn ng to x - nhit cao SiO2, P2O5 tc dng vi CaO to x d nng chy, c t khi nh ni trn thp. 3CaO + P2O5 = Ca3(PO4)2 CaO + SiO2 = CaSiO3