DC LIU CHA CARBOHYDRAT

MC TIU HC TP

1.

NH NGHA & CU TRC HO HC CA - TINH BT - CELLULOSE V CC DN CHT - GM V CHT NHY

2.

PHNG PHP NHN BIT CC DC LIU CHA CC THNH PHN TRN MT S DC LIU CHA TINH BT, CELLULOSE, GM V CHT NHY

3.

CARBOHYDRAT
- Carbohydrat l mt hp cht rt quan trng i vi c th sng. - L nhm hp cht hu c c nhm carbonyl (ald hoc ceton) v a nhm chc hydroxyl. - Trong cy : c th tn ti di dng - nguyn t h tr : nh cellulose l cht to nn thnh t bo sng, - d tr nng lng di dng polymer nh tinh bt - l cht ca nhiu qu trnh chuyn ho nh acid nucleic, coenzym, - l tin cht cho tt c cc qu trnh tng hp cc cht chuyn ha bc hai. u tin c hnh thnh bi qu trnh quang hp gia kh CO2 v nc, n l cht c bn cho vic hnh thnh v tng hp cc hp cht hu c khc trong c th sng. Qua s tng hp ta thy carbohydrat hay cn c gi l glucid (ng).

CO2 Erythrose-4 phosphate

H2O
Quang hp

Mono-, oligo-, polyosid

Glucose GLYCOSID Phospho -enol pyruvate

shikimate

Flavonoid, Anthrocyanin, tanin

phenol, quinon, macrolid, acid bo, du, m

pyruvate SHIKIMATES Acetyl-CoA Amino acid

Cinnamate, lignan, coumarin, quinon protein
Chu trnh Krebs

POLYACETAT

TERPEN & STEROID

Tinh du,sesqui- v diterpen, saponin, cardenolid, caroten

ALKALOID

CARBOHYDRAT
nh ngha : l nhm hp cht hu c, gm nhng monosaccharid, nhng dn cht v sn phm ngng t ca chng. Cu trc : Monosaccharid : polyhydroxyaldehyd (aldose) v polyhydroxyceton (cetose) - tn ti dng mch h hoc mch vng bn acetal. Phn loi : 3 nhm - monosaccharid - oligosaccharid : l nhng carbohydrat khi thy phn cho t 1 n 6 ng n gin hn. - polysaccharid : c phn t rt ln, gm nhiu monosaccharid ni vi nhau, nh tinh bt, cellulose, gm, pectin, cht nhy.

DC LIU CHA CARBOHYDRAT

Monosaccharid : c cng thc cu to chung l Cn(H2O)n, c nhm ald hoc ceton (nhm carbonyl) v (n-1) nhm OH. Monosaccharid tn ti trong t nhin c s nguyn t carbon thng 5 v 6 (pentose hay hexose), c th tn ti t 3 n 9 carbon (t tetrose n nonose). l nhng ng n khng th cho carbohydrat n gin hn khi b thy phn.
1CHO H HO H H 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C OH
H H 1 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C OH H OH O O H HO H H OH HO 1 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C OH H

OH O
H OH O O

H
HO

HO

OH

OH
H

HO OH

OH

6CH OH 2

6CH OH 2

6CH OH 2

D-Glucose

-D-Glucose

-D-Glucose

TINH BT
I. 1. nh ngha : - Tinh bt l sn phm quang hp ca cy xanh, trong t bo ht lp khng mu. -Tinh bt c gi trong cc b phn ca cy nh c, r, qu, ht, thn : 2 70 % (trong l : 1 2 %). - Tinh bt tn ti di dng ht, kch thc v hnh dng khc nhau, khng tan trong nc lnh, un vi nc tinh bt b h ha. - Trong cy, tinh bt b thy phn bi cc enzym thnh nhng ng n gin dng ha tan v c chuyn n cc b phn khc nhau ca cy.

TINH BT

I. 2. Cu trc ha hc : 2 loi Polysaccharid : amylose v amylopectin Amylose : chui -D-Glucose, ni (14), gm 500 20.000 n v chui thng, t phn nhnh - thng to chui xon n - oxi nm quay ra pha ngoi vng - vi TT iod cho mu xanh m

TINH BT
Amylopectin : phn t lng ln, 5.000 50.000 n v -D-Glucose, ni (14) v (16) mch nhnh. Vi TT iod cho mu tm

Mnh cu trc ca amylopectin

TINH BT

Mi nhnh c khong 30 n v Glucose

Vng v nh hnh Vn tng trng

Vng tinh th S phn nhnh

TINH BT
II. Thu phn tinh bt Thy phn bng acid : sn phm cui cng l Glucose C6H1206 (C6H10O5)n + nH2O (n+1) C6H12O6 Amylose d b thy phn hn amylopectin v dy ni (1 4) d b ct hn dy ni (1 6) Thy phn bng enzym : 2 loi chnh -amylase v -amylase Cc enzym khc : nm mc (Aspergillus niger) thy phn tinh bt glucose (k ngh chuyn tinh bt thnh Glucose) V d : amyloglucosidase, glucoamylase, -amylase Enzym c kh nng tc ng ln dy ni (1 6) gi l anzym tch nhnh. V d : R-enzym, isoamylase (nm men bia)

-amylase
T nhin Ht ng cc ny mm, nm mc, dch ty. to : 70 oC pH trung tnh Ct ngu nhin dy ni (1 4) Amylose 90 % maltose + t Glucose Amylopectin : khng tc dng ln dy ni (1 6)

-amylase
Khoai lang, u nnh v mt s ng cc to : 50 oC pH acid (pH = 3,3) Ct dy ni (1 4) Amylose 100 % maltose Amylopectin: gp mch nhnh th dng li

Kh nng tc dng

Sn phm thu Tinh bt ch yu l maltose c + Glucose + dextrin phn t b

Maltose (50-60 %) + dextrin

TINH BT
III. Hnh dng tinh bt - tn ti di dng ht, c hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau kim nghim - hnh cu, hnh trng, hnh nhiu gc - kch thc t 1 100 m (ng knh) - cu to bi nhiu lp ng tm xp xung quanh mt im gi l rn ht

TINH BT
Trong nc lnh hnh dng tinh bt khng thay i. Khi tng dn nhit : xy ra 3 giai on -Tinh bt ngm mt t nc (lm kh, tinh bt tr v trng thi ban u) - t : 60 85 oC, tinh bt n ra, ngm nhiu nc, dy ni hydro b t (khng quay li trng thi ban u). - to cao hn chuyn thnh h tinh bt

Ht tinh bt khoai ty

TINH BT
IV. Ch tinh bt Nguyn tc chung : - Lm nh nguyn liu, gii phng tinh bt ra khi t bo - Nho vi nc, lc qua ry, ly phn di ry - Cho ln men (phn hy gluten, protein) - Ra nc, phi kh c : cch ch tinh bt m v tinh bt go

TINH BT
V. nh tnh v nh lng - nh tnh : dd iod mu xanh tm (xc nh t chc cha tinh bt) dng h tinh bt pht hin ra iod. - nh lng : phng php thu phn acid - Thy phn trc tip (HCl) : p dng cho nguyn liu ch yu l tinh bt. - Thy phn bng enzym ri tip theo bng acid - Phng php da trn c s ca Purse : (c) - nh lng : phng php khng thy phn - dng phn cc k : CaCl2 c, nng ha tan tinh bt, o []20
D

- to phc vi iod

TINH BT
VI. CNG DNG - Cng nghip thc phm : - Nguyn liu cha nhiu tinh bt l cc ht ng cc, cc loi c nh khoai, sn, c mi, c ao. - Tinh bt sn : Manihot esculenta Crantz. L nguyn liu sn xut Glucose, bnh ko, maltodextrin (sa). - Ngnh Dc : t dc vin nn - Cng nghip ha cht : cn ethylic

DC LIU CHA TINH BT

1. Ct cn 2. Mch nha 3. d 4. Sen 5. Hoi sn 6. Trch t

 D 1. Coix lachryma jobi L. var. ma-yuen h La (Poaceae) 2. c im thc vt phn b 3. B phn dng - ch bin
- Ht hnh trng, mu trng c. - Thu hoch thng 12, thng 1. - p ly qu, phi kh.

4. Thnh phn ha hc
Tinh bt 2 cht chng ung th : coixenolid v -monolinolein

5. Cng dng - Y hc c truyn : cha tiu ha, vim

rut. Thng tiu trong trng hp ph. Thuc bi dng, b phi. 10 30 g

CELLULOSE
I. NH NGHA V CU TO - Cellulose l thnh phn chnh ca t bo thc vt. - Trong g cha khong 5% cellulose, si bng 97-98 %, si lanh, si gai 81-90%, si ay 75% - l polysaccharid mch thng, gm cc n v -D-Glucose bng dy ni (1 4) - Khi thy phn khng hon ton cho cellotetraose, cellotriose, cellobiose. - Thy phn hon ton th cho Glucose. - s lng n v Glucose : 3000 10.000

CELLULOSE

- Cc phn t cellulose kt hp to thnh micel tc b si c ng knh 2-20 nm v chiu di 100 - 40 000 nm. - Cc micel to thnh b microfibril (quan st c di knh hin vi)

CELLULOSE

c lin kt (O3-HO5' v OH6-O2'), (O6-HO3') - Cc phn t cellulose trong micel nh c nhiu lin kt hydro nn to c si bn chc.

CELLULOSE

Tnh cht : - Cellulose khng tan trong nc v dung mi hu c - Tan trong dung dch Schweitzer (hydroxyd ng trong ammoniac Cu(CH3)4(OH)2 - Tan trong dd km chlorid m c

CELLULOSE
II. DN CHT CELLULOSE V CNG DNG 1. Cellulose vi tinh th : t cellulose thy phn mt phn. Bt mu trng, khng tan trong nc, phn tn trong nc cho gel Bt cellulose dng trong bo ch lm t dc r (cu trc mao qun) T dc a nng : dnh v trn lm n nh cc nh dch v hn dch

2. Cellulose kim : Cellulose + NaOH cellulose kim (OH bc 1 ca Glucose phn ng vi NaOH) lm cu trc ca si micel thay i. p dng trong k ngh dt lm si bng lng v d bt mu.

CELLULOSE
3. Cellulose xanthat : Cellulose + Carbon disulfit (CS2) - dd cellulose xanthat c nht cao. - cellulose c ti sinh (cellulose + H2SO4 v nn p) di dng si nh pp sn xut si cellulose tng hp.

4. Methylcellulose (MC) : methyl ha cc nhm OH ca cellulose - Ch bin : to cellulose kim + Methylchlorid (CH3Cl) ta methylcellulose bng MeOH, phi, sy kh. - Tnh cht : bt trng, to vi nc dd gi c nht ph thuc vo nng , mc alkyl ha, ln phn t. - Bo ch : nh dch v hn dch, thuc m, t dc dnh v r cho vin nn. - C th to ethylcellulose, methylethyl cellulose

DC LIU CHA CELLULOSE

Cy bng thuc chi Gossypium, h Bng, Malvaceae Lai to t 4 loi chnh : G. herbaceum L. G. arboreum L. G. barbadense L. G. hirsutum L.

DC LIU CHA CELLULOSE

c im thc vt :
-Cy nh cao 1 3 m, hng nm v nhiu nm. - l so le c cung di, phin l chia 5 thy, gn l chn vt. - Hoa mc nch l, 5 cnh, c mu sc thay i. - Qu nang, hnh trng, c 3 5 , mi c 5 7 ht. - ht c bao bc bi si bng mu trng (c th c mu vng, vng cam) - Bng trng thng 1-2, thu vo thng

5-6. - sn lng 10 triu tn, n , Ai cp

- Vit nam : ninh thun, ng nai, ty ninh

DC LIU CHA CELLULOSE

B phn dng v cng dng 1. Si bng : l lp bng bn ngoi v ht, mi ht mang 5000 10.000 bng di : 30 50 mm trung bnh : 25 30 mm ngn : < 25 mm - si bng rng gia to thnh mao qun (KHV) ht nc (loi cht bo thnh t bo lng) - si bng tan trong dd ng oxyd/amoniac cutin - si bng nhum hng tm trong dd km chloroiodid - thnh phn ch yu cellulose 98 %, t cht v c, protein, cht bo. Y hc chia bng lm 2 loi : bng x v bn ht nc - bng x : bng t nhin, c cn, khng ch bin. Khng ht nc dng lm m khi bng b, nt cc ng. - bng ht nc : ty cht bo, c ht nc. Bng b vt thng.

2. Ht bng : du 15 % (lai na kh), acyl glycerol ca acid bo cha no. - du bng lm x phng, pha sn. 3. L bng : cha 5 7 % acid citric 4. V r : gossypyl (1 2%) c tc dng gim tinh trng v testosteron 5. Hoa : Flavonoid (4,5 %)

GM - CHT NHY
I. Ngun gc v vai tr sinh l ca gm v cht nhy - Gm c ngun gc bnh l, cy tit ra gm l phn ng i vi iu kin khng thun li. - Cht nhy l thnh phn cu to ca t bo bnh thng. - Khng c ranh gii r rt gia gm v cht nhy. - Gm l sn phm thu c di dng rn t k nt t nhin hay vt rch ca cy, cn cht nhy l sn phm c th chit ra t nguyn liu bng nc. - Gm v nha : phn bit (t, tnh tan, ha hc)

GM - CHT NHY
Phn loi : gm v cht nhy thnh 3 nhm theo cu to ha hc 1. Nhm trung tnh : Galactomannan hoc Glucomannan - Galactomannan : polysaccharid ca D-mannose v D-galactose - Glucomannan : polysaccharid ca D-mannose v D-glucose Mch chnh gm D-mannopyranose Mch nhnh gm D-galactopyranose. 2. Nhm acid, thnh phn c acid uronic : i din gm arabic - Gm arabic c PTL ln : 250.000, phn nhnh nhiu - Cu to : D-galactopyranose, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, acid Dglucuronic (t l 3:3:1:1). Mch chnh gm D-galactopyranose theo dy ni (13) 3. Nhm acid, c thnh phn gc sulfat : i din thch Agar

GM - CHT NHY
Tnh cht : - Gm v cht nhy ho tan trong nc to dung dch c t nht cao - Khng tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh ether, benzen, chloroform - tan trong cn thp (ph thuc loi gm, cht nhy) - b ta bi ch acetat trung tnh hoc kim - Gm v cht nhy c cu to thng th d to mng, t dnh. Ngc li, cu to phn nhnh th kh to mng nhng c tnh dnh cao. - nht thay i theo pH (nhm acid), t thay i theo pH (nhm trung tnh) - Cht nhy bt mu xanh vi methylen (nh tnh trn vi phu)

GM - CHT NHY
III. nh gi dc liu cha gm hoc cht nhy - Phng php o nht - Ch s n - Nghin cu thnh phn monosaccharid ca gm v cht nhy : thu phn hon ton. IV. ng dng - Thc phm - Cha ho, lm lnh vt thng, vt lot. - T dc trong bo ch : t dc r trong vin nn, cht n nh trong nh dch, kem v thuc m. - M phm

DC LIU CHA GM - CHT NHY

1. Gm arabic 2. Gm adragant 3. Sm b chnh 4. Bch cp 5. M 6. Thch

GM ARABIC
Acacia senegal (L.) Willd., Mimosaceae Tn ng ngha : A. verek Guill et Perr. Tn nc ngoi : Gum arabic, senagal gum c im thc vt: Phn b : Sudan (40.000 tn/nm), Ty, Nam xa mc Sahara (Moritani, Mali, Senegal, Nigeria). Thu hoch : cy >3 tui (5-7), ma kh, o cy thnh tng bng. 500-800g gm/1 cy

c im dc liu : trn khng u, rn, d= 2 3 cm, vng hay vng nu. Gm tan trong nc to dd keo, dnh. Thnh phn ha hc : polysaccharid thuc nhm acid. 3-4 % ch v c (Ca, K, Mg). Mch chnh cu to bi Dgalactose; mch nhnh cu to bi acid D-glucuronic acid. PTL: 200,000 - 300,000. Cng dng : -Thc phm - Bo ch - M phm

K HOCH BI GING
Thi gian : 3 tit Tit 1 : - nh ngha, cu to v tnh cht ca tinh bt - mt s dc liu cha tinh bt Tit 2 : - nh ngha, cu to v tnh cht cellulose - Cy bng Tit 3 : - Gm v cht nhy - Dc liu cha gm v cht nhy Phng php ging dy : Ging vin : Hc vin : ging, hi, ni v hng dn t c ti liu mt s mc s dng thit b : my chiu nghe, ghi v tr li cu hi