H THC LNG TRONG TAM GIC

A
1. CC H THC LNG TRONG TAM GIC: b
1.1. nh l cosin: c
a
2
= b
2
+c
2
-2bc. cosA C
b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
2ac.cosB
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
-2ab.cosC M a B
H qu:

bc
a c b
A
2
cos
2 2 2
+

ac
b c a
B
2
cos
2 2 2
+

ab
c b a
C
2
cos
2 2 2
+

1.2. nh l sin:
R
C
c
B
b
A
a
2
sin sin sin

(vi R l bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic)
1.3. nh l ng trung tuyn:
4
2 2
2 2 2
2
a c b
m
a
+

4
2 2
2 2 2
2
b c a
m
b
+

4
2 2
2 2 2
2
c b a
m
c
+

2. CC DNG BI TP:
2.1. Dng 1: Tnh cc yu t trong mt tam gic
Bi 1: Tam gic ABC c <B=60
o
; <C= 45
0
; BC= a
a / Tnh di hai cnh AB, AC
b / Chng minh: cos 75
0
=
4
2 6
Bi 2: Tam gic ABC c BC =12, CA=13, trung tuyn AM =8
a / Tnh din tch tam gic ABC
b / Tnh gc B
Bi 3: Cho ta gic ABC c di 3 ng trung tuyn bng 15; 18 ;27
a / Tnh din tch tam gic
b / Tnh di cc cnh ca tam gic
2.2. Dng 2: Chng minh h thc gia cc yu t trong mt tam gic
Bi 1: Chng minh trong mi tam gic ABC u c
R
abc
c b a
C B A
2 2 2
cot cot cot
+ +
+ +
Gii : Ta c

R
abc
c b a
R
c
ab
c b a
R
b
ac
b c a
R
a
bc
a c b
C
C
B
B
A
A
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
cos
cotC cotB cotA
+ +

+
+
+
+
+

+ + + +

Bi 2: Chng minh rng: (b-c) cot A/2 +(c-a) cot B/2 + (a-b) cot C/2 =0
CM:

(1) ) cos (cos 2
2
sin
2
sin 4
2
cos
2
sin
)
2
sin
2
cos 4 (
2
sin
2
cos
) sin 2 sin 2 (
2
cot ) (
A B R
B A B A
R
B A
B A
B A B A
R
C
C
B R A R
C
b a

+

+
+
+

Tng t
(3) ) cos (cos 2
2
cot ) (
(2) ) cos (cos 2
2
cot ) (
C A R
B
a c
B C R
A
c b


Cng v theo v (1),(2),(3) => pcm
Bi 3: Chng minh rng: r = 4R .sin A/2 .sin B/2 .sin C/2
CM

2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 4
2 2 2
2
sin sin sin
R
)
2 2
(
2
sin sin sin
R
2 2
2
2 2
2
sin sin sin
R 2
) ( 2
sin sin sin
4R
2
sin sin sin 2 sin sin sin 2
pr nC sinAsinBsi 2R S
2
2 2
2
C B A
R
C
Cos
B
Cos
A
Cos
C B A
B A
Cos
B A
Cos
C
Cos
C B A
C
Cos
C
Sin
B A
Cos
B A
Sin
C B A
SinC SinB SinA R
C B A
c b a
C B A R
p
C B A R
r

+
+

+
+

+ +

+ +


2.3. ng dng h thc lng trong tam gic gii bi ton thc t
Bi ton 1: o chiu cao
Trn nc mt ta nh c mt ct ng ten cao 5 m. T v tr quan st A cao 7 m so vi mt t,
c th nhn thy nh B v chn C ca ct ng ten di gc 45
0
v 60
0
so vi phng nm ngang. Tnh
chiu cao ca ta nh
Bi ton 2: Tnh khong cch
Tnh khong cch mt con tu ngoi bin ti t lin
D
C
B
A
2.4. Nhn dng tam gic:
Dng 1: Nhn dng tam gic u

2
cos
2
cos
2
cos sin sin sin
C B A
C B A + + + +
Dng 2: Nhn dng tam gic cn

C
B
C
B
tan
tan
sin
sin
2
2

Dng 3: Nhn dng tam gic vung

C B
a
C
c
B
a
sin . sin cos cos
+
Dng 4: Tm c im ca tam gic
Nhn dng tam gic ABC nu cc gc ca n ta mn: (1+cotA)(1+cotB)=2
BI TP
Bi 1: Cho tam gic ABC cnh y a, cnh bn b, gc nh bng
0
20 .CMR
2 3 3
3ab b a +
Gii
Ta c

2 0 3 0 3 0 0 3 3
0 0 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 3 3
0 0 0 0 0 0
3 10 sin 6 ) 10 sin 4 10 sin 3 10 sin 4 ( 2
) 30 sin 10 sin 4 ( 2 )
2
1
10 sin 4 ( 2 ) 10 sin 2 ( a
10 sin 2 10 80 2 10 10 4 20 2 2
ab b b
b b b b b
b Sin RSin Cos RSin RSin RSinA a
+
+ + + +

Bi 2: CMR din tch tam gic ABC c th tnh bi
) 2 sin 2 sin (
4
1
2 2
A b B a S +
CM Ta c

S SinC Sin Sin SinBCosA SinACosB SinB SinA
SinACosA B Sin R SinBCosB A Sin R A b B a
+
+ +
B A 2R ) ( 2R
) 2 . 4 2 . 4 (
4
1
) 2 sin 2 sin (
4
1
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

Bi 3: Cho ABC c

C B A 2 4
.
CMR a)
c b a
1 1 1
+
b)
4
5
cos cos cos
2 2 2
+ + C B A
C/M
a) Ta c
C R B R c b sin 2
1
sin 2
1 1 1
+ +
Ta la c
7
4
,
7
2
,
7
A
2 4

'

+ +
C B
C B A
C B A

,
`

.
|

+
7
2
sin
7
4
sin
7
2
sin
7
4
sin
2
1
7
4
sin 2
1
7
2
sin 2
1 1 1

R
R R
c b

a
R
R
1
7
sin 2
1
7
cos
7
sin
7
3
sin 2
7
cos
7
3
sin 2
2
1

(pcm)
b)
4
5
cos cos cos
2 2 2
+ + C B A

Ta c
+
+
+
+
+ +
2
2 cos 1
2
2 cos 1
cos cos cos
2 2 2
B A
C B A
C
2
cos
( ) C B A
2
cos 2 cos 2 cos
2
1
1 + + +

( ) ) cos( ) cos( cos 1 B A B A C + + + C B A cos cos cos 2 1
7
4
cos
7
2
cos
7
cos 2 1


t
7
4
cos
7
2
cos
7
cos 2

T
7
4
cos
7
2
cos
7
2
sin
7
4
cos
7
2
cos
7
cos
7
sin 2
7
sin

T T
) + + +

dpcm C B A
v
(
4
5
4
1
1 cos cos cos
4
1
- T
7
sin
4
1
7
8
sin
4
1
7
4
cos
7
4
sin
2
1
2 2 2
Bi 5: Cho ABC c ba cnh tho
4 4 4
c b a + .CMR ABC nhn v C B A tan tan sin 2
2

C/M
G/s a l cnh ln nht trong tam gic ABC. V
A
a
A
a
A
a
c
C
b
B
a
c
bc a
c b
bc a
ac
b c a
ac
b c a C B
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 4
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin 2
sin sin
2
sin sin
2
2b
sinBsinC
4
) ( a
sinBsinC
4
)
2
)(
2
(
sinBsinC
cos cos
sinBsinC
tanBtanC

+ +

==> ABC l tam gic nhn
Bi 6: Cho tam gic ABC c
1
c
b
m
m
b
c
. CMR 2cotA= cotB +cotC CM : Theo gi thit ta c
cot cot cot 2
sin sin
) sin(
cot 2
sin sin
sin cot 2
cos 2 cos 2 2 ) ( 2
) 2 2 ( 2 2 (
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
C B A
C B
C B
A
SinC
A
SinB
A
A A
bc
a
A A bc a a c b a
b c a b c b a c
c b a
b c a
b
c
m
m
b
c
m
m
b
c
c
b
c
b
+
+

+ +
+ +
+
+

Bi 7: Cho tam gic ABC CMR

2 2 2
2 2 2
tanB
tanA
)
a c b
b c a
a
+
+

CM: Ta c
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
)
2
)(
2
(
)
2
)(
2
(
tanB
tanA

a c b
b c a
bc
a c b
R
b
ac
b c a
R
a
SinBCosA
SinACosB
CosB
SinB
CosA
SinA
+
+

+
+

CotC cotB cotA )
2 2 2
abc
c b a
R b
+ +
+ + CM bi 1 dng 2
CotB 2 cotC cotA 2 )
2 2 2
+ + b c a c
CM Ta c

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 ) ( 2 ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin
cosB
2
sin
cosC
sin
cosA
CotB 2 cotC cotA
c a b b c a c b a a c b
ac
S
ac
b c a
ab
S
ab
c b a
bc
S
bc
a c b
B C A
+ + + + +
+

+
+
+

+ +
Bi 8: CMR:
r h h h
c b a
1 1 1 1
+ +
Gii Ta c:
a
S
h ah S
a a
2
2
1

,
VP
r pr
c b a
S
c b a
c
S
b
S
a
S
VT
+ +

+ +
+ +
1
2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
Bi 10: Cho tam gic ABC c AA, BB l cc trung tuyn. Chng minh rng:
AAvung gc vi BB
) cot (cot 2 cot B A C +
Gii
Gi G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC. V AAvung gc vi BB
) 1 ( '
9
4
'
9
4
) '
3
2
( ) '
3
2
(
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
AB AA BB
AB AA BB
AB AG BG
+
+
+
M AA, BB l cc trung tuyn nn
4
2 2
' ;
4
2 2
'
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
b c a
BB
a c b
AA
+

Thay vo (1) ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
5 9 2 2 2 2 )
4
2 2
(
9
4
)
4
2 2
(
9
4
c b a c b c a a c b c
b c a a c b
+ + + +
+
+
+
Li c:

) cot (cot 2
sin . sin
) sin( 2
sin . sin . sin 4
sin 8
sin
2
cot
2 cos 4 cos 2 cos 2 cos
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
A B
B A
B A
C B A R
C R
C ab
c
C
c C ab c C ab sC ab c b a C
ab
c b a
+
+

+
+
Bi 11: Cho tam gic ABC, chng minh:
a)
4
) )( (
2
c
b p a p
b)
8
) )( )( (
abc
c p b p a p
c) r R 2
Gii
a)
b) p dng Bt ng thc Ci cho tng cp:

) 1 (
2
) )( ( ) )( ( 2 ) ( ) (
c
b p a p b p a p b p a p +

) 2 (
2
) )( ( ) )( ( 2 ) ( ) (
a
c p b p c p b p c p b p +

) 3 (
2
) )( ( ) )( ( 2 ) ( ) (
b
c p a p c p a p c p a p +
(1)x(2)x(3) ta c iu phi chng minh
c) Ta c:
pabc
c p b p a p p
pabc
S
R
r
c p b p a p p pr
R
abc
S
) )( )( ( 4 4
) )( )( (
4
2


2
1
8
4
8
) )( )( ( co
abc
abc R
r abc
c p b p a p Ta
Bi 12: CMR
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
CotC cot cotA
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
C B A
c b a
B
c b a

,
`

.
|
+ +
+ +
Ta c

(1) cot 4
cot sin 2 cos 2 a
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
A S c b
A A bc c b A bc c b
+
+ +
Tng t B S c a cot 4 b
2 2 2
+ (2)
C S b a cot 4 c
2 2 2
+ (3)

Cng v theo v (1)(2)(3) ta c :

( ) (*) 4
cot cot cot
b a
) cot cot (cot 4 b a
3
3
2 2 2
2 2 2
S
C B A
c
C B A S c

,
`

.
|
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
4
) )( ( ) )( (
2
) )( ( 2
2
) )( ( 2
2 2
) )( ( 2 ) ( ) (
2
c
b p a p b p a p
c
b p a p
b c a a c b
b p a p b
c b a
a
c b a
b p a p b p a p

+ + +

+ +
+
+ +
+
Mt khc ta c

(1) 4
2
tan
4
2
sin
2
cos
sin
2
4
2
sin 2
sin
2
sin 2 2 ) cos 1 ( 2 cos 2 a
2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
S
A
a
S
A
A
a
A
bc
A
A a
A
bc a A bc A bc c b

+
Tng t:
(2) 4
2
tan
2
S
B
b

,
(3) 4
2
tan
2
S
C
c

Nhn v theo v (1)(2)(3) ta c:

3
2 2 2
) 4 (
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
S
B
c
B
b
B
a

(**)
T (*)(**) ta c
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
CotC cot cotA
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
C B A
c b a
B
c b a

,
`

.
|
+ +
+ +
Bi 13: Cm:
R m m m
c b a
2
9
+ +
CM: Theo Bunhiacopki:

deu A BC r a x ay " "
2
9
9
4
9
) ( (*)
3
cos C - 1 Cos C
1 B) - cos ( A
r a x ay " " Da u
9 ))
2
c o s 1 c o s
( 2 ( 4
)) c os 1 ( co s 2 ( 4
) c os ) 2 c o s 2 (co s
2
1
2 ( 4
) co s 1
2
2 c os 1
2
2 co s 1
( 4 ) s in s in (s in 4 :
m r a x ay " " Da u
) (
4
9
) (
) (
4
9
4
2 2
4
2 2
4
2 2
( 3 ) ( 3 ) (
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + +

'

'

+
+
+
+
+

+ + + +

+ + + +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+ + + +
D au R m m m R m m m Tu
C
B A
R
C C
R
C C R
C B A R
C
B A
R C B A R c b a k h ac M at
m m
c b a m m m
c b a
c b a b a c a c b
m m m m m m
c b a c b a
c b
c b a
c b a c b a
Bi 14:
a) CM: S m m m
c b a
3 3
2 2 2
+ +
4 2
;
4 2
;
4 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
c b a
m
b c a
m
a c b
m
c b a

+

+

+

) (
4
3
4 2 4 2 4 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
c b a
c b a b c a a c b
m m m
c b a
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
Li c: S=
) )( )( ( c p b p a p p
p dung BT Csi ta c:
(*)
3 12
) (
3 3
27
) )( )( (
27
) )( )( ( 27
) )( )( ( 3
2
) )( )( ( 3 c) - b)(p - (p a) - (p
2 2 2
2 3 2 2 3
3
3 3
c b a
s
p
s
p
p
s
p
s
c p b p a p
p
c p b p a p p
c p b p a p
c b a
c p b p a p
+ +



+ +
+
p dng csi cho
2
) ( c b a + + ta c ) ( 3 ) (
2 2 2 2
c b a c b a + + + +
S m m m S c b a
c b a c b a
s
c b a
3 3 3 3 ) (
4
3
3 12
) ( 3
3 12
) (
(*)
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + +
+ +

+ +

b) CM: ( ) c b a abc
m m m c b a
+ + + +
4
3 2 2 2
T trn:
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
4
3
c b a
m m m c b a
+ + + +
( ) ( )( ) c b a c b a + + + + + +
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
( ) ( )
2
4
9 c b a c b a + + + +
M ( ) ( )( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 c b a c b a + + + + + +
( ) ( )
2 2 2
4
27 c b a c b a + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) c b a abc
c b a abc c b a
c b a c b a c b a
m m m c b a
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
4
3
27 27
27
2 2 2
2 2 2
3
2 2 2