TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).

2010

KHO ST THNH PHN LOI V PHN B CA RONG BIN TI C LAO CHM QUNG NAM
A SURVEY ON THE SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF SEAWEEDS IN CU LAO CHAM QUANG NAM inh Th Phng Anh
i Hc Nng

Hong Th Ngc Hiu

Cng ty TNHH MTV Mi trng th Nng
TM TT

Rong bin l mt hp phn quan trng ca ngun li sinh vt bin, chng l bi v ni c tr cho cc loi ng vt bin, c kh nng hp th kh nng hp thu mnh cc cht dinh dng trong mi trng, ch bin v s dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh thc phm, y dc, m phm, nng nghip..., v c th cn bng sinh thi bn vng. Trong bi vit ny, cc tc gi cp n thnh phn loi, a dng cc loi rong bin v phn b ca rong bin ti C Lao Chm Qung Nam. Kt qu kho st xc nh c 4 ngnh: ngnh Vi khun Lam (Cyanobacteria), ngnh rong (Rhodophyta), ngnh rong Nu (Heterokontophyta), ngnh rong Lc (Chlorophyta) vi 6 lp, 18 b, 21 h, 49 loi, trong c 31 loi c gi tr kinh t. Chng phn b t vng triu cao n vng di triu lun ngp nc. Nn y phn b vng triu cao vi gi th cng l tng, vng gia triu v triu thp vi gi th cng l tng v gi th mm l san h cht thnh cc mnh vn c pha ct, ln bn. ABSTRACT Seaweeds are important components of marine creatures. They are the breeding grounds and habitats for marine animals and can strongly absorb nutrients in the marine environment. They are processed and used as food, medicine, cosmetics and in agriculture Furthermore, they can balance ecological sustainability. In this article, the authors want to mention their species composition, diversity of species and distributions in Cu Lao Cham, Quangnam Province. The survey results show that four phylums have been identified: the Cyanobacteria phylum, the Rhodophyta phylum, the Heterokontophyta phylum, the Chlorophyta phylum with 6 classes, 18 sets, 21 families, 49 species, which include 31 species of economic value. They are distributed from the high tide zone to the lower tide zone where it is always flooded. In the high tide zone, the bottom distribution is firm with large rocks, in the betweentide-and-low- tide zone, the bottom distribution is firm with large rocks and soft bottom with dead coral fragments mixing into sand and mud.

1. t vn C Lao Chm l mt cm o thuc x o Tn Hip, thnh ph Hi An, tnh Qung Nam, nm cch b bin Ca i 15km, C Lao Chm l ni c ngun ti nguyn sinh vt phong ph, nht l rong bin. Tuy nhin vic nghin cu v rong bin y cha nhiu. Chng ti tin hnh nghin cu thnh phn loi v phn b ca rong bin ti y nhm gp thm vo c s d liu v ti nguyn rong bin vng nghin cu v lm c s khoa hc cho vic xut qun l v bo tn ngun li rong bin ca a phng.
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2. Phng php nghin cu 2.1. Phng php nghin cu thnh phn loi Thc hin theo Quy phm Vit Nam (1981), Qui phm tm thi iu tra tng hp bin, Phn rong bin. [5] * Ngoi thc a: - Kho st theo tuyn v thu thp mu vt theo lch thy triu, su mc nc t 12m. - Ton b mu vt sau khi thu thp a vo chai l hoc ti nilon, c nh bng formol 5%, em v lm tiu bn p kh. * Trong phng th nghim: - Ln tiu bn mu rong theo phng php lm trong nc ca Quy Phm Vit Nam (1981). Dng giy ba cng p mu rong. - S dng cc kha phn loi ca Dawson (1954), Nguyn Hu i (1997), Nguyn Hu i (2007), Phm Hong H (1969), Tseng, C. K. (1983). - Mu rong c dn nhn tn khoa hc, tn Vit Nam (nu c), ni, ngy thu hi v c thm nh bi PGS-TS Nguyn Hu i, Vin Hi Dng hc Nha Trang. * So snh a dng loi: So snh theo h s Sorensen, 1948, phn nh mc ging nhau gia 2 khu vc. [6] 2.2. Phng php xc nh phn b ca rong bin Tin hnh xc nh nn y v su xc nh phn b ca rong bin theo Quy phm Vit Nam (1981), Qui phm tm thi iu tra tng hp bin, Phn rong bin. [5] 3. Kt qu nghin cu 3.1. Thnh phn loi rong bin ti C Lao Chm 3.1.1. Danh mc thnh phn loi rong bin Qua qu trnh iu tra vi 9 t kho st ti vng bin C Lao Chm (mi t 4 - 5 ngy), chng ti thu c hn 200 mu rong. Kt qu gim nh xc nh c 49 loi rong bin thuc 4 ngnh, 6 lp, 18 b, 21 h. Trong : - Ngnh Vi khun Lam (Cyanobacteria): 1 loi, chim 2%; - Ngnh rong (Rhodophyta) 20 loi, chim 40%; - Ngnh rong Nu (Heterokontophyta) c 15 loi, chim 31%; - Ngnh rong Lc (Chlorophyta) c 13 loi, chim 27%. 3.1.2. a dng cc bc taxon ca rong bin Phn tch mc a dng cc bc taxon ca rong bin C Lao Chm c ghi nhn trong bng 1:
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Bng 1. a dng cc bc taxon ca rong bin thuc 4 ngnh rong C Lao Chm

STT 1 2 3 4

Tn ngnh Cyanobacteria Rhodophyta Heterokontophyta Chlorophyta

S lp 1 2 1 2

S b 1 8 3 6

S h 1 10 4 6

S loi 1 20 15 13

T l % 2 40 31 27

27%

2% 40% Cyanobacteria Rhodophyta Heterokontophyta Chlorophyta 31%

Hnh 1. T l cc ngnh rong vng ven bin C Lao Chm Qung Nam

Phn tch cc bc taxon ca rong bin khu vc C Lao Chm Qung Nam cho thy: - bc Ngnh: ngnh c s lp nhiu nht l Ngnh rong (Rhodophyta), sau l Ngnh rong Lc (Chlorophyta) vi 2 lp, chim 66,6%. - bc Lp: Ngnh rong (Rhodophyta) vi 2 lp c s b nhiu nht l 8 b, chim 44,4%, sau l Ngnh rong Lc (Chlorophyta) vi 2 lp c s b nhiu th hai l 6 b, chim 33,3%. - bc H: Ngnh rong (Rhodophyta) c 2 lp, 8 b, vi s h nhiu nht l 10 h, chim 47,6% Ngnh rong Lc (Chlorophyta) c 2 lp, 6 b, vi s h nhiu nh l 6, chim 28,6%. - bc Loi: Ngnh rong (Rhodophyta) c 2 lp, 8 b, 10 h, vi s loi nhiu nht l 20 loi, chim 40%, ngnh rong Nu (Heterokontophyta) c 1 lp, 3 b, 4 h, c s loi nhiu th hai l 15 loi, chim 31%; 3.1.3. So snh s a dng cc loi rong bin gia khu vc C Lao Chm Qung Nam vi vng ln cn: lm r s a dng rong bin vng nghin cu, chng ti tin hnh so snh s a dng cc loi rong bin khu vc C Lao vi 2 khu vc: Nam v Bi Rn Thnh ph Nng vng ln cn, kt qu c ghi nhn bng 2 v bng 3: * So snh s a dng loi rong bin khu vc CLC Qung Nam vi khu vc Bi Rn Nng:
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Bng 2. So snh s a dng loi rong bin khu vc CLC Qung Nam vi khu vc Bi Rn Nng:

Bc quan h Ngnh Lp B H Loi

C Lao Chm 4 6 18 21 49

Bi Rn 3 4 14 16 39

Trng nhau 3 4 11 8 14

H s S 0,85 0,80 0,68 0,43 0,32

Nhn xt: Qua bng 2 ta nhn thy: Rong bin CLC c so snh vi rong bin Bi Rn Nng. H s S cng cao th mc gn nhau cng ln. H s ging nhau cc mc : Ngnh, Lp, B, H v Loi. Mc ging nhau Ngnh, Lp, B kh cao gia hai khu vc tng ng vi h s S l 0,85, 0,80. Trong , Ngnh rong Lam khng tm thy khu vc so snh; Ngnh rong Nu Bi Rn chim u th hn; Ngnh rong v ngnh rong Lc th CLC chim u th hn. Tuy nhin mc H v Loi th h s ging nhau thp tng ng 0,43 v 0,32, s h v loi 2 vng ging nhau thp. S loi ca khu vc CLC nhiu hn, a dng hn. * So snh s a dng loi rong bin khu vc CLC Qung Nam vi khu vc Nam Nng:
Bng 3. So snh s a dng loi rong bin khu vc CLC Qung Nam vi khu vc Nam Nng:

Bc quan h Ngnh Lp B H Loi

C Lao Chm 4 6 18 21 49

Nam 3 3 11 17 27

Trng nhau 3 3 9 12 14

H s S 0,85 0,67 0,62 0,63 0,37

Nhn xt: Qua bng 3 ta nhn thy: Rong bin C Lao Chm c so snh vi rong bin Nam Nng. H s ging nhau cc mc : Ngnh, Lp, B, H v Loi. Mc ging nhau Ngnh, Lp, B, H kh cao gia hai khu vc tng ng vi h s S l 0,85, 0,80, 0,80, 0,63. Trong , Ngnh rong Lam khng tm thy khu vc so snh; Ngnh rong Nu Ngnh rong v ngnh rong Lc CLC u chim u th hn. Tuy nhin mc Loi th h s ging nhau thp l 0,37 vi s loi ging nhau gia hai vng thp. S loi ca khu vc CLC nhiu hn, a dng hn khu vc Nam .
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3.2. Cc loi rong bin kinh t ti C Lao Chm Trong 49 loi rong bin thu thp c, c 31 loi c gi tr kinh t. Trong , ngnh Rong c 11 loi c gi tr kinh t dng lm thc phm cho con ngi, chit xut cc loi keo v dc phm; ngnh rong Nu c 15 loi c gi tr kinh t dng lm dc phm, chit rt cc loi keo v dng trong nng nghip; ngnh rong Lc c 5 loi c gi tr kinh t dng lm thc phm v trong nng nghip. Cc loi rong kinh t trn c chia thnh 4 nhm theo cng dng sau: lm thc phm cho con ngi; lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip ch bin keo; lm dc liu; dng trong nng nghip: thc n cho gia sc v lm phn bn cho cy trng. 3.2.1. Rong dng lm thc phm cho con ngi bao gm Porphyra crispata (Rong Mt dng), Dermonema frappierii (Rong Bng trang), Dermonema sp (Rong Bng trang), Gelidiella acerosa (Rong Cu R tre), Grateloupia phuquocensis (Rong Ct lit Ph quc), Gracilaria salicornia (Rong Cu t), Hypnea boergesenii (Rong ng gai), Hypnea pannosa (Rong ng dy), Hypnea japonica (Rong ng mc cu), Hypnea sp, Ulva kylinii, Ulva intestinalis, Caulerpa racemosa (Rong Cu lc chm). 3.2.2. Rong dng lm nguyn liu ch bin cc loi keo rong bao gm + Rong dng cho sn xut Agar nh: Gelidiella acerosa (Rong Cu R tre), Gelidium sp, Gracilaria salicornia (Rong Cu t), Hypnea boergesenii (Rong ng gai), Hypnea pannosa (Rong ng dy), Hypnea japonica (Rong ng mc cu), Hypnea sp + Rong dng cho sn xut Alginat nh: Hydroclathrus clathratus (Rong Rut heo), Colpomenia sinuosa (Rong Bao t), Chnoospora minima (Rong Mao t nh), Dictyota sp (Rong Vng to), Dicctyoteris woodwardi (Brown) J.Ag, Turbinaria ornata (Rong Chy dip p), Sargassum binderi (Rong M binderi, Sargassum namoense (Rong M Nam ), Sargassum oligocystum, Sargassum crassifolium, Sargassum serratum, Sargassum flavicans, Sargassum mcclurei (Rong M Mcclurei), Sargassum sp. + Rong dng cho ch bin Carrageenan: Hypnea boergesenii (Rong ng gai), Hypnea pannosa (Rong ng dy), Hypnea japonica (Rong ng mc cu), Hypnea sp. 3.2.3. Rong dng lm dc liu: Porphyra crispata (Rong Mt dng), Gelidiella acerosa (Rong Cu R tre), Sargassum binderi (Rong M binderi, Sargassum namoense (Rong M Nam ), Sargassum oligocystum, Sargassum crassifolium, Sargassum serratum, Sargassum flavicans, Sargassum mcclurei (Rong M Mcclurei), Sargassum sp. 3.2.4. Rong dng trong nng nghip: Dictyota sp (Rong Vng to), Dicctyoteris woodwardi (Brown) J.Ag, Turbinaria ornata (Rong Chy dip p), Sargassum binderi (Rong M binderi, Sargassum
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namoense (Rong M Nam ), Sargassum oligocystum, Sargassum crassifolium, Sargassum serratum, Sargassum flavicans, Sargassum mcclurei (Rong M Mcclurei), Sargassum sp, Ulva intestinalis, Ulva sp 1, Ulva sp 2. Kt qu kho st cho thy, rong bin kinh t khu vc C Lao Chm ch yu c ngi dn dng lm thc phm (ph bin l cc chi rong Cu, rong ng, rong Mt) v mt phn Rong m c ngi dn khai thc bn cho thng li. Qua qu trnh kho st chng ti cng xc nh c cc khu vc c cc loi rong c gi tr kinh t phn b vi mt cao nh Bi ng: Padina australis ; Bi

Lng: Sargassum binderi, Sargassum oligocystum, Sargassum serratum ; Vng Bn: Sargassum crassifolium, Porphyra crispata, Vng Bao : Sargassum flavicans t xut kin v khai thc, s dng, qun l v bo v pht trin
bn vng ngun li rong bin phc v cho s pht trin kinh t x hi cng nh bo v mi trng sinh thi ca a phng. 3.3. S phn b ca cc loi rong bin S phn b ca rong bin ph thuc vo nn y v su ca mc nc (vng triu). C th: 3.3.1. Phn b theo nn y: Rong bin ti C Lao Chm phn b ch yu trn 3 loi nn y: - Loi nn y ch yu l tng: C 13 loi rong bin, chim 26,5% - Loi nn y ch yu l san h cht: C 29 loi rong bin, chim 59,2% - Loi nn y ch yu ct, bn: c 6 loi rong bin, chim 12,2% Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh nghin cu chng ti thy c 1 loi Hypnea jaonica (Rong ng mc cu) bm ci qun vo rong M, chim 2,9%. 3.3.2. Phn b theo vng triu: Kt qu kho st ca rong bin ti C Lao Chm theo vng triu: - Tng trn triu: c 1 loi rong bin, chim 2,9%. - Tng triu: - Vng triu thp: c 12 loi rong bin, chim 24,5 % - Tng di triu: c 3 loi rong bin, chim 6,1% Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh nghin cu chng ti thy c mt s loi phn b trung gian gia cc vng triu, bao gm: - Vng triu cao v triu gia: c 6 loi rong bin, chim12,2% - Vng triu gia v triu thp: c 5 loi rong bin, chim 10,2%. - Vng triu gia n di triu: c 1 loi rong bin, chim 2,9%. - Vng triu thp v vng di triu: 24 loi rong bin, chim 41,2%. Ngoi ra, rong bin cng c phn b in hnh cho tng khu vc nh ti Vng
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Bn rong bin phn b ch yu l cc loi chu c sng p mnh, nn y l : Porphyra crispata, Dermonema sp, Dermonema frappierii, Gracilaria salicornia, Hypnea jaonica, Sargassum crassifolium, Chaetomorpha antennina; cc loi rong bn Liagora orientalis, Liagora divaricata, Liagora sp ch mc mt s khu vc yn sng l Bi Bc v Bi ng; mt s loi rong ch phn b khu vc c dn c sinh sng nh bi ng, Bi Lng, Bi Hng: Ulva kylinii, Ulva intestinalis f. Ulvaiforme, Ulva sp1, Ulva sp2. 4. Kt lun Kt qu nghin cu thnh phn loi v s phn b ca cc loi rong bin ti C Lao Chm Qung Nam t thng 3 n thng 8 nm 2010, chng ti rt ra kt lun sau: 4.1. Thnh phn loi rong bin C Lao Chm Qung Nam kh a dng. xc nh c 49 loi rong bin thuc 4 ngnh, 6 lp, 18 b, 21 h. Trong : - Ngnh Vi khun Lam (Cyanobacteria) c 1 lp, 1 b, 1 h v 1 loi, chim 2%; - Ngnh rong (Rhodophyta) c 2 lp, 8 b, 10 h v 20 loi, chim 40%; - Ngnh rong Nu (Heterokontophyta) c 1 lp, 3 b, 4 h v 15 loi, chim 31%; - Ngnh rong Lc (Chlorophyta) c 2 lp, 6 b, 6 h v 13 loi, chim 27%. 4.2. S a dng ca cc loi rong bin ti khu vc nghin cu (49 loi) vi khu vc Nam (27 loi), mc ging nhau v loi gia hai khu vc thp vi h s ging nhau l 0,37 v khu vc Bi Rn Nng (39 loi) vi h s ging nhau l 0,37, mc ging nhau v loi gia hai khu vc thp. 4.3. xc nh c 31 rong bin kinh t ti vng nghin cu. Trong , ngnh Rong c 11 loi c gi tr kinh t dng lm thc phm cho con ngi, chit xut cc loi keo v dc phm, ngnh rong Nu c 15 loi c gi tr kinh t dng lm dc phm, chit rt cc loi keo v dng trong nng nghip. Ngnh rong Lc c 5 loi c gi tr kinh t dng lm thc phm v trong nng nghip. 4.3. Phn b ca rong bin * Phn b theo nn y: Rong bin phn b ch yu trn 3 loi nn y: phn b nhiu nht trn nn y l san h cht (29 loi), t nht trn nn y ch yu ct, bn: c 6 loi. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh nghin cu chng ti thy c 1 loi Hypnea jaonica (Rong ng mc cu) bm ci qun vo rong M. * Phn b theo tng triu: Cc loi rong bin C Lao Chm Qung Nam phn b t rong bin C Lao Chm phn b c 3 tng triu: tng trn triu (1 loi), tng triu (12 loi) v tng di triu (3 loi). Ngoi ra, mt s loi phn b rng cc vng triu, bao gm: vng triu cao v triu gia (6 loi); vng triu gia v triu thp (5 loi rong bin); vng triu gia n di triu (1 loi), vng triu thp v vng di triu (24 loi).
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TI LIU THAM KHO [1]. Nguyn Hu i (2007), Thc vt ch Vit Nam Tp 11, B rong M Fucales Kylin. NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni. tr. 1-117. [2]. Nguyn Hu i (1997), Rong M Vit Nam. Ngun li v s dng, NXB Nng nghip, TP HCM. [3]. Phm Hong H (1969), Rong bin Vit Nam (Marine algae South Vietnam), Trung tm hc liu Si Gn xut bn. [4]. Trn Ngc Lm (2006), iu tra thnh phn cc loi rong bin thng gp ven bin vng Nam - Thnh ph Nng, Lun vn tt nghip, Khoa Sinh - Mi trng, Trng i hc S phm, H Nng. [5]. Qui Phm Vit Nam (1981), Qui phm tm thi iu tra tng hp bin, Vin Nghin Cu Bin bin son, UBKH v KTNN xut bn, NXB H Ni, Phn rong bin, QPVN 17 - 19 QPVN, tr 21 - 79. [6] V Trung Tng (2000), C s sinh thi hc, NXB Gio dc. [7]. Nguyn Th Phng Tr (2007), iu tra thnh phn loi rong bin thng gp Bi Rn - bn o Sn Tr - Nng, Lun vn tt nghip, Khoa Sinh - Mi trng, Trng i hc S phm, H Nng. [8]. Dawson E.Y. (1954), Marine plants vincinity Institute Oceanography Nha Trang VietNam, Pac. Sci., vol.8, No4, pp.373 - 481. [9]. Tseng, C. K. (1983), Common seaweeds of China, Science, Beijing Press.