Tran Nam_DHSPHN CC BI TP IN HNH V TM CNG THC PHN T HP CHT HU C A.

Nhc s qua v l thuyt :

THIT LP CNG THC PHN T CHT A c dng CxHyOzNt

M A 12 x y 16 z 14t = = = = mhchc mC m H mO m N M A 12 x y 16 z 14t CCH 2 = = = = 100 %C % H %O % N

CCH 1 CCH 3 qua CT thc nghim (CaHbOdNd)n,

x: y : z :t =

mC mH mO mN : : : , khi bit MA suy ra n. 12 1 16 14

0 y z y )O2 t xCO2 + H 2 O 4 2 2

CCH 4 phng php th tch (phn ng chy)

C x H y Oz + ( x +

TM QUA CNG THC N GIN B1. PHN TCH NGUYN T Dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t, bo ton khi lng A (C, H, O, N) + O2 CO2 + H2O + N2 Bo ton cacbon Bo ton hiro Bo ton nit Bo ton oxy

nC ( A) = nCO2 mC ( A) n N ( A ) = 2n N 2 m N

n H ( A) = 2n H 2O m H ( A) nO ( A) + nO ( PU ) = nO ( H 2O ) + 2nO ( CO2 )

Cng th da vo cng thc mA = mC + m + m + mO H N Khi ch bit t l CO2 v H2O dng cng thc nh lut bo ton khi lng m A + mO ( pu ) = mCO2 + m H 2O Khi chuyn ha Nit thnh NH3, ri cho NH3 tc dng H2SO4 th nh phn ng 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 nh lng CO2 bng phn ng vi kim phi ch bi ton CO2 nh lng nc bng cch s dng cc cht ht nc nh: CuSO4 khan (khng mu) CuSO4 + 5H2O CuSO4.5H2O (mu xanh) CaCl2 khan chuyn thnh CaCl2.6H2O P2O5 c phn ng P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4 H2SO4 c chuyn thnh dung dch c nng long hn. CaO hoc kim KOH, NaOH c Nu dng cht ht nc mang tnh baz th khi lng bnh tng l khi lng ca CO2 v ca H2O Nu dng cht mang tnh axit hay trung tnh (CaCl2, P2O5, H2SO4) hp th sn phm chy th khi lng bnh tng ln ch l khi lng ca H2O. B2. THIT LP CNG THC N GIN Sauk hi xc nh s mol mi nguyn t; xc nh cng thc n gin t cng thc ca A l CxHyOzNt Ta c

%C %H %O %N x : y : z : t = nC : nH : nO : nN = : : : = : b : c : d trong a : b : c : d l t l nguyn ti gin a 12 1 16 14

CTG ca A l CaHbOcNd, cng thc phn t ca A c dng (CaHbOcNd)n vi n 1 nguyn. B3. XC NH CH S n TRONG CNG THC THC NGHIM C 2 cch ph bin tm ch s n DA VO KHI LNG MOL PHN T (MA) Khi bit MA ta c: (12a + b + 16c + 14d).n = MA C th tm MA theo mt trong nhng du hiu sau nay Da vo khi lng ring hay t khi li cht kh.

Tran Nam_DHSPHN
Da cng thc tnh MA =

mA nA
m m RT

A A Da vo phng trnh Meneleep : PV = nRT = M .RT M A = PV A Da vo h qu ca nh lut Avogaro ( cng mt iu kin v nhit v p sut, t l v th tch kh hay hi cng l t l v s mol). Khi cho VA = k.VB

nA = k.nB

mA m m .M = k. B MA = A B MA MB k.m B

n gin nht l khi k=1 (th tch bng nhau). Da vo nh lut Raun vi biu thc ton hc Da vo quan h mol phn ng c th theo tnh cht ca A (xt sau khi c tnh cht ho hc) BIN LUN TM n Cn c vo iu kin ca ch s n 1, nguyn. Thng dng c s ny khi cho gii hn ca MA, hay gii hn ca dA/B Dng bt bo ho theo cng thc tnh hoc iu kin ca n 0 v nguyn. Cn c vo gii hn s nguyn t nguyn t trong tng loi hp cht vi c im cu to ca n hoc iu kin tn ti cht . Da vo cng thc tng qut ca tng loi hp cht bng cch tch nhm chc ri ng nht 2 cng thc (mt l CTTQ v mt l cng thc trin khai c chi s n).

B. Bi tp
Cu 1: Xc nh CTPT ca mt cht A c t l khi lng cc nguyn t nh sau :mC: mH : mN: mS = 3 : 1 : 7 : 8 : bit trong phn t A c 1 nguyn t S. Gii : Gi CTPT ca A c dng CxHyNtSr ta c : x:y:t:r=

3 1 7 8 : : : = 0.25 : 1 : 0.5 : 0.25 = 1 : 4 : 2: 1 ( thng chia cho s nh nht 0.25 ) 12 1 14 32

Cng thc dn gin nht : (CH4N2S)n v theo CTPT ca A ch cha 1 S nn CTPT A l CH4N2S Cu 2 : t chy hon ton a g mt cht hu c cha C , H , Cl thu c 0,22g CO2 , 0,09g H2O. Khi phn tch ag hp cht trn c mt AgNO3 th thu c 1,435g AgCl . Xc nh CTPT bit t khi hi ca hp cht so vi NH 3 l 5. Gii : Gi CTPT cht A l CxHyClv ( ko c oxy ). Khi c xong bi nn hnh dung tng cch lm trc nu vn cha hiu th c l ri hnh thnh ng li theo gii tip. Vi bi ny th bi ti gii nh sau : Theo bo ton nguyn t th : nC = nCO2 = 0.22/44 = 0.005 mol nH2 = nH2O = 0.09/18*2 = 0.01 mol nAgCl = nCl =0.01 mol ( y ti lp t l theo s mol cho nhanh cc bn c th lp theo khi lng x : y : v = 0.005 : 0.01 : 0.01 = 1:2:2 CT n gin nht : (CH2Cl2)n . Ta c MA = 5*17 = 85 n= 1 Vy CTPT cht A l : CH2Cl2 Cu 3 : t chy hon ton a g cht A cn dng 0,15 mol oxi , thu c 2,24 lt CO 2 (kc) v 2,7g H2O . nh CTPT A. Gii : Gi CTPT cht A l CxHyOz ( c th c O hoc khng). c xong bi ta nn ch d kin cho cn dng 0,15 mol oxi lm g. xc nh CTPT A ta phi tnh bng cch : mA + mO = mCO2 + mH2O mA = mCO2 + mH2O mO = 2.24/22.4*44 + 2.7 0.15*32 = 2.3 g Ta c mC = 2.24/22.4*12 = 1.2 g ; mH = 2.7/18*2 = 0.3 g mO = 2.3 - 1.2 0.3 = 0.8 g x : y : z = 1.2/12 : 0.3/1 : 0.8/16 = 2:6:1 CT n gin A : C2H6O Cu 4 : t chy hon ton 0,01 mol mt hidrocacbon ri dn ton b sn phm sinh ra vo bnh cha dd Ca(OH)2 d thy bnh nng thm 4,86g ng thi c 9g kt ta to thnh . Xc nh CTPT.

Tran Nam_DHSPHN
Gii : V l hidrocacbon nn ch c CxHy . khi t chy CxHy nht thit phi to ra { CO2 & H2O } lu l cho ton b 2 sp ny vo Ca(OH)2 d thy bnh nng thm 4,86g ng thi c 9g kt ta to thnh. +bnh nng thm 4,86g : khi lng bnh nng thm = m { CO2 + H2O } +9g kt ta to thnh ( CaCO3) : nCO2 = nCaCO3 = 0.09 mol. nC = 0.09 mol Kt hp hai iu ny ta c : mCO2 = 0.09*44 = 3.96 g mH2O = 4.86 3.96 = 0.9 nH2 = 0.9/18*2 = 0.1 mol x : y = 0.09 : 0.1 = 9:10 CT n gian nht C9H10. Ngoi ra ta c M = m/n = ( 1.08+0.1)/0.01 = 118 CTPT ca A l C9H10.

Cu 5 : Khi t 1 lt cht X cn 5 lt oxi thu c 3 lt CO2 , 4 lt hi nc (th tch cc kh o cng iu kin t , p). Xc nh CTPT ca X. Gii : V (th tch cc kh o cng iu kin t , p) nn ta c t l v th tch cng chnh l t l v s mol. VC = 3 lit ; VH=8 V O = 0 v VO2 ban u = 5/2 = 10 lit = VO2 sau phn ng = 2* VC + V H Cng thc tng qut : CxHy ta c x:y = 3:8 C3H8. Cu 6 : t chy hon ton hn hp 6.72 lit (dktc) { CO 2 v 1 ankan X }. Tong hn hp sau t chy c 7.2 g H 2O v 11.2 lit CO2. CTPT ca X l ?. Gii : Gi a, b lll s mol ca CO2 v X : CnH2n+2 ta c cc pt sau :
a + b = 0.3 Gii bn + a = 0.5 (2n + 2) * 2 = 0.8

ci ny ra n=3 C3H8 .

Cu 7 : A l cht hu c cha C, H, O c M = 74 vC. Tm CTPT A ?. Gii : bi ny thuc dng bin lun : + Gi s A ch c 1 O CxHy c M = 74-16 = 58. Ta c : 12x + y = 58 y = 58 12x. k : 2 x + 2 y 2 x + 2 58 12 x x 4 . V x l s nguyn x =4 CTPT C4H10O. + Tng t ta gi s c 2 O, 3 O cc bn t gii tip p s : C4H10O ; C3H6O2 ; C2H2O3. 3 Cu 8 : Cho hp cht hu c A gm C, H, O t chy 224 cm CO2 v 0.24 g H2O. T khi A vi He l 19. Tm CTPT A. Gii : y l bi ton rt hay. Bi ny nu c gng suy ngh theo li c s rt kh tm ra. Gi CTPT A : CxHyOz. ta c mC = 0.12 g ; mH = 2/75 x:y = (0.12/12) : ( 2/75 ) = 3/8 ( cng chia cho 2/75) CTPT A c dng (C3H8)nOz. V mO vn cha bit nn ta phi bin lun : Ta c M = 19*4 = 76 dvC (12*3+8)n + 16z = 76 44n + 16z = 76. 44n < 76 n < 1.7 n =1 ( s nguyn ) 16z = 76 44*1 z = 2 CTPT C3H8O2. Cu 9 : ( H khi A 2008 ) t chy hon ton 1 lt hn hp kh gm C2H2 v hirocacbon X sinh ra 2 lt kh CO2 v 2 lt hi H2O (cc th tch kh v hi nc cng iu kin nhit , p sut). Cng thc phn t ca X l : A.C2H6. B. C2H4. C. CH4. D. C3H8. Gii : Bi gii nhanh rt hay ca L Phm Thnh : S nguyn t C trung bnh = 2/1 = 2 X c 2C. Do : V(CO2) = V(H2O) nn X l ankan. Tm li X l C2H6. Cu 10 : Cht Y cha C, H, O, N khi t chy hon ton thu c CO2, H2O v N2. Cho bi nH2O = 1.75 nCO2 ; tng s mol CO2 v s mol H2O bng 2 ln s mol O2 tham gia phn ng. Phn t khi Y < 95. Tm CTPT Y. A. C3H6O2N B. C2H7 O2N2 C. C2H7 O2N D. C3H5 ON2 Bi lm : Vit pt ta thy : CxHyOzNt + ( x+ y/4 - z/2 ) O2 xCO2 + y/2 H2O + t/2 N2 Theo ta c y= 3.5x (1) v x + y/2 = 2( x + y/4 z/2 ) x = z (2) T (1) v (2) B. C2H7O2N2
y > 0 58 12 x > 0 x < 4.83

Tran Nam_DHSPHN