Cng sut trong mch in xoay chiu

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Cng sut trong mch in xoay chiu

I. Cng sut ca mch in xoay chiu 1. Biu thc ca cng sut Xt mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v - in p hai u mch: - Cng dng in tc thi trong mch: - Cng sut tc thi ca mch in xoay chiu: =, vi l lch pha ca u v i trong mch. Gi tr trung bnh ca cng sut in trong 1 chu k l: Trong do l hng s khng ph thuc vo t. Cn l mt hm tun hon ca t, vi chu k bao T/2. Trong tng khong thi gian T/2 hoc T, hm cos(2t + u + i ) lun c nhng gi tr bng nhau v tr tuyt i, nhng tri du ti thi im t, t + T/4.

Vy cng sut tiu th trung bnh trong mt chu k (hay cn gi l cng sut ca mch in xoay chiu) l: P = UIcos n v ca cng sut l ot, (W). Nu thi gian dng in t >> T, th P cng l cng sut tiu th in trung bnh ca mch trong thi gian (U, I khng thay i). 2. in nng tiu th ca mch in in nng tiu th ca mch in l W = P.t, vi t l thi gian dng in chy trong mch, n v giy, (s). II. H s cng sut ca mch in xoay chiu 1.Khi nim h s cng sut i lng cos trong cng thc tnh cng sut P = UIcos c gi l h s cng sut ca mch in xoay chiu. 2. Cng thc tnh h s cng sut a. Theo khi nim h s cng sut ta c: b. Theo gin vc t ta c: (*) l cng thc tnh gi tr ca h s cng sut trong cc bi ton thng gp * Nhn xt: - Cng sut P l cng sut tiu th trn ton mch, nu mch in c cha in tr R hoc mt phn on mch c cha in tr th cng sut cung cp cho mch b tiu hao mt phn do s ta nhit trn in tr c biu thc . Cng sut ta nhit cn c gi vi tn gi cng sut hao ph (Php). V vy cn phn bit c r rng gia cng sut tiu th trn mch vi cng sut ta nhit trn in tr ca mch. - Da vo tnh cht mch in m chng ta c cng thc tnh ton nhanh cho h s cng sut Mch ch c L: Khi Mch ch c t C : Khi Mch ch c in tr R: Khi . . Vy mch in ch c t C th cng khng tiu th cng sut . Vy mch in ch c cun cm thun L th khng tiu th cng sut

Cng thc trn cho thy rng khi mch in ch c in tr R th tiu th cng sut ln nht v cng sut ny cng bng khi dng in trong mch l dng in khng i. Mch RL trong cun dy thun cm: - H s cng sut:

- Cng sut ca mch:

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Cng sut trong mch in xoay chiu

- Cng sut hao ph do ta nhit trn R (cng l trn ton mch) l: Mch RC: - H s cng sut:

- Cng sut ca mch:

- Cng sut hao ph do ta nhit trn R (cng l trn ton mch) l: Mch RL trong cun dy c thm r: - H s cng sut:

- Cng sut ca mch:

- Cng sut hao ph do ta nhit trn R l:

- Cng sut hao ph do ta nhit trn cun dy c r l: Mch RLC trong cun dy c thm r: - H s cng sut:

- Cng sut ca mch:

- Cng sut hao ph do ta nhit trn R l:

- Cng sut hao ph do ta nhit trn cun dy l: * Ch : - Cng sut P = UIcos l cng sut tiu th trn ton mch in, cn cng sut l cng sut ta nhit khi mch c in tr R, mt phn cng sut ca mch b hao ph di dng cng sut ta nhit cn phn ln l cng sut c ch, khi : M T cng thc tnh cng sut hao ph trn cho thy lm gim i cng sut hao ph th ngi ta tm cch nng cao h s cng sut. V trong thc t th khng s dng nhng thit b m c h s cng sut cos < 0,85. - Hiu sut ca mch in (thit b tiu th in) l: III. V d in hnh V d 1 : Cho mch in RL. Nu t vo hai u mch in hiu in th 220V , tn s 50Hz th dng in qua mch l 2A, lch pha so hiu in th gc a. Tm R, L. b. Tm cng sut tiu th ca mch. * Hng dn gii : a. Tac: Mt khc ta li c: b. Cng sut tiu thu ca mch: V d 2 : Cho mch in nh hnh v: Dng in c tn s 50 Hz, t c iu chnh c gi tr a. Tnh tng tr ca mch. b. Tnh cng hiu dng ca mch c. Tm C cng qua mch cc i. d. Tnh h s cng sut trong hai trng hp trn. * Hng dn gii : Ta c: a. Tng tr ca mch: . , .

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Cng sut trong mch in xoay chiu

b. Cng hiu dng: c. Biu thc tnh cng dng in hiu dng:

d. H s cng sut: Khi: Khi

V d 3: Mt mch in gm mt cun dy c t cm in c in dung

, mt t

v mt in tr thun R = 50 mc nh hnh

v. in tr cun dy nh khng ng k. in p gia hai u on mch AB c tn s f = 50Hz v c gi tr hiu dng U = 100V. a. Tnh tng tr v cng sut tiu th ca on mch. b. Tnh lch pha ca in p gia hai im A v N i vi in p gia hai im M v B. * Hng dn gii: a. Ta c: Tng tr ca mch: Cng hiu dng ca mch: Cng sut tiu th ca mch l: b. lch pha ca in p hai im AN v i tha mn lch pha ca in p hai im MB v i tha mn:

Theo cng thc chng pha ta c lch pha gia hai im AN vi hai im MB l:

V d 4: Mt mch in AB gm mt in tr thun R = 50, mc ni tip vi mt cun dy c t cm v in tr hot ng r = 50. t vo hai u on mch in p xoay chiu . a. Tnh tng tr ca on mch. b. Vit biu thc cng dng in tc thi i qua on mch v biu thc in p tc thi hai u cun dy. c. Tnh cng sut ta nhit trn in tr, ca cun dy v ca on mch. d. Mun cho cng dng in tc thi cng pha vi in p tc thi hai u on mch th phi mc ni tip thm vo on mch ni trn mt t in c in dung C bng bao nhiu ? Tnh cng sut ta nhit ca on mch in lc . * Hng dn gii: a. Ta c cm khng ca mch: Tng tr ca mch b. Vit biu thc ca i v ud Gi biu thc cng dng in trong mch l: Cng cc i ca dng in trong mch: lch pha ca u v i tha mn: Vy biu thc ca i l: Tng tr ca cun dy in p cc i hai u cun dy l lch pha ca ca ud v i tha mn M Vy biu thc in p hai u cun dy l c. tnh cng sut tiu th Trn in tr R: Trn cun dy c in tr r:

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Cng sut trong mch in xoay chiu

Trn ton mch: d. Khi mc thm vo mch mt t c in dung C th lch pha ca u v i tha mn u v i cng pha th Khi th xy ra hin tng cng hng in v cng hiu dng ca dng in t gi tr cc i nn cng sut ta nhit ca mch cng t gi tr cc i BI TP LUYN TP Bi 1: Cho mch in nh hnh v. Bit mt hiu in th xoay chiu in tr ampe k v dy ni. a. Tnh gi tr ca L. b. S ch ca ampe k. c. Vit biu thc cng dng in. p s: a. hoc , b. I = 1A, c. v cun thun cm L. t vo hai u on mch . Bit h s cng sut ton mch l . B qua

Bi 2: Cho mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v. Vi

, L c th thay i c.

a. Tnh L h s cng sut ca an mch ln nht. Tnh cng sut tiu th khi . b. Nu cho L tng t 0 th cng sut thay i nh th no? p s: a. L = 0,318H, P = 200W b. P tng t 100W n 200W ri gim Bi 3: hai u on mch RLC mc ni tip c mt hiu in th U = 127V. lch pha gia hiu in th v cng dng in l 600, in tr thun bng 50. Tnh cng sut ca dng in qua on mch . p s : P = 80,6W Bi 4: Cho mch in nh hnh v. in p hai u A v B n nh c biu thc: Cun cm c t cm

; in tr thun r = R = 100 ; t in

c in dung Co. H s cng sut ca mch in l cos = 0,8. a. Bit in p u sm pha hn dng in i trong mch. Tnh Co. b. cng sut tiu th t cc i, ngi ta mc thm mt t in c in dung C1 vi t Co c b t in c in dung C thch hp. Xc nh cch mc v gi tr C1. Bi 5: Cho mch in nh hnh v. Trong cun dy thun cm c t cm L thay

i c. in p gia hai u on mch l u = 200cos(100t) (V). Xc nh t cm ca cun dy trong cc trng hp sau : a. H s cng sut ca mch cos = 1. b. H s cng sut ca mch

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Cng sut trong mch in xoay chiu

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