Mch dao ng in t - Nng lng ca mch dao ng

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Mch dao ng in t - Nng lng ca mch dao ng

1. Mch dao ng in t LC Gm mt t in mc ni tip vi mt cun cm thnh mch kn. Nu r rt nh ( 0): mch dao ng l tng. Mun mch hot ng tch in cho t in ri cho n phng in to ra mt dng in xoay chiu trong mch. Ngi ta s dng hiu in th xoay chiu c to ra gia hai bn ca t in bng cch ni hai bn ny vi mch ngoi. 2. S bin thin in tch v dng in trong mch dao ng in t LC a. Kho st mch LC Xt mch dao ng LC nh hnh v Ban u kha K cht A, ngun tch in cho t in, in tch q ca t tng t 0 n gi tr cc i Q0, t in ngng tch in. Chuyn kha K sang cht B to thnh mch kn gia L v C gi l mch dao ng, t in phng in v c dng in qua cun cm. Xt khong thi gian t v cng nh th dng in trong mch tha mn i = q Trong cun dy c t thng bin thin lm pht sinh sut in ng t cm e = -Li' = -Lq' , (1) Cun cm ng vai tr nh mt my thu, theo nh lut m i vi on mch cha my thu ta c , m R = 0 nn u = e T (1) v (2) suy ra t Vy in tch trong mch dao ng LC l mt hm bin thin iu ha theo thi gian t. Do i = q nn , vi , (2)

* Nhn xt : - Do i v q u l cc hm bin thin iu ha theo thi gian t nn dao ng trong mch LC c gi l dao ng iu ha - T biu thc ca i v q ta thy i nhanh pha hn q mt gc - p dng cng thc tnh hiu in th bn t in nh sau: b. Chu k v tn s dao ng ring ca mch LC Ta c: Chu k dao ng ring ca mch LC l: Tn s dao ng ring ca mch LC l: * KT LUN: Vi dao ng ca mch dao ng LC ta cn nh: - Cc biu thc ca in tch, dng in v hiu in th: hay

ta cng c th vit c biu thc ca hiu in th gia hai vi

- Quan h v pha : q v u cng pha v cng chm pha hn i gc

- Cc mi quan h v bin :

- Cc cng thc v chu k, tn s ring:

* Ch : Trong cng thc tnh tn s gc, tn s v chu k dao ng ring ca mch LC

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Mch dao ng in t - Nng lng ca mch dao ng

th C l in dung ca b t in. - Nu b t gm C1, C2, C3,... mc ni tip, in dung ca b t tnh bi , khi :

- Nu b t gm C1, C2, C3,... mc song song, in dung ca b t l C = C1 + C2 + C3 +..., khi :

CC V D IN HNH V d 1: Nu iu chnh in dung ca mt mch dao ng tng ln 4 ln th chu k dao ng ring ca mch thay i nh th no ( t cm ca cun dy khng i)? * Hng dn gii: C hai gi tr ca in dung: C v C = 4C, tng ng vi hai gi tr chu k v

Vy chu k tng 2 ln. * Nhn xt : Khi lm bi trc nghim, khng phi trnh by v tit kim thi gian, ta c nhn nh sau: T biu thc tnh chu k ta thy T t l vi cn bc hai ca in dung C v t cm L. Tc l: - Nu C tng (hay gim) n ln th T tng (hay gim) ln - Nu L tng (hay gim) m ln th T tng (hay gim) Nh bi tp trn, do C tng 4 ln, suy ra ngay chu k tng ln. Ngc li vi tn s f. ln.

V d 2: Nu tng in dung ca mt mch dao ng ln 8 ln, ng thi gim t cm ca cun dy i 2 ln th tn s dao ng ring ca mch tng hay gim bao nhiu ln? * Hng dn gii:

Vy tn s gim i hai ln. * Nhn xt : C th suy lun: C tng 8 ln, L gim 2 ln suy ra tn s thay i ln. Tng hai ln.

V d 3: Mt mch dao ng gm c mt cun cm c t cm L = 10 H v mt t in c in dung iu chnh c trong khong t 4pF n 400pF (cho bit 1pF = 10-12F). Mch ny c th c nhng tn s ring nh th no? * Hng dn gii: T cng thc suy ra

-3

Theo bi ra lun dng, ta suy ra

ta c

, vi tn s f

* Nhn xt : Vi cch suy lun nh trn th rt cht ch nhng s bin i qua li kh rc ri, mt nhiu thi gian v hay nhm ln. T cng thc ta nhn thy tn s lun nghch bin theo C v L, nn

fmax ng vi Cmin, L min v fmin ng vi Cmax v Lmax. Nh vy ta c:

tc l tn s bin i t 2,52.10 Hz n 2,52.10 Hz V d 4: Mt cun dy c in tr khng ng k mc vi mt t in c in dung 0,5F thnh mt mch dao ng. H s t cm ca cun dy phi bng bao nhiu tn s ring ca mch dao ng c gi tr sau y: a. 440Hz b. 90Mhz * Hng dn gii:

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Mch dao ng in t - Nng lng ca mch dao ng

T cng thc a. f = 440Hz

suy ra cng thc tnh t cm:

b. f = 90MHz = 90.10 Hz

V d 5: Mt mch dao ng gm cun dy L v t in C. Nu dng t C1 th tn s dao ng ring ca mch l 60kHz, nu dng t C2 th tn s dao ng ring l 80kHz. Hi tn s dao ng ring ca mch l bao nhiu nu: a. Hai t C1 v C2 mc song song. b. Hai t C1 v C2 mc ni tip. * Hng dn gii: Bi ton cp n mch dao ng vi 3 b t khc nhau, ta lp 3 biu thc tn s tng ng:

Khi dng C1:

Khi dng C2:

a. Khi dng hai t C1 v C2 mc song song, in dung ca b t C = C1 + C2

Suy ra

b. Khi dng hai t C1 v C2 mc ni tip, in dung ca b t c xc nh bi

Suy ra 3. Nng lng trong mch dao ng in t LC a. Nng lng in trng L nng lng tch ly trong t in, k hiu l WC v tnh bi cng thc:

b. Nng lng t trng L nng lng tch ly trong cun cm, k hiu l WL v tnh bi cng thc:

c. Nng lng in t L tng ca nng lng in trng v nng lng t trng, k hiu l W:

Vy trong mch dao ng LC th nng lng c th chuyn ha qua li gia nng lng in trng v nng lng t trng nhng tng ca chng l nng lng in t lun c bo ton Bng cc php bin i n gin ta c cc cc cng thc tnh ton ca nng lng in t:

* Nhn xt T cc cng thc tnh trn ta thy nng lng in t bng nng lng t trng cc i v cng bng nng lng in trng cc i Cng ging nh ng nng v th nng ca dao ng c, nu mch dao ng bin thin tun hon vi chu k T, tn s f th nng lng in trng v nng lng t trng bin thin tun hon vi tn s l 2f v chu k l Khi mch dao ng LC m cun cm c in tr thun r th nng lng ca mch s b mt do hiu ng Jun-Lenxo. V th dao ng ca mch gi l dao ng tt dn. b li phn nng lng b mt chng ta c

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Mch dao ng in t - Nng lng ca mch dao ng

hai cch cp nng lng ban u cho mch dao ng: + Cch 1: Cp nng lng in ban u Ban u kha k cht (1), t in c tch in (nu thi gian di) n hiu in th bng sut in ng E ca ngun. Nng lng in m t tch c l .

Chuyn kha k sang cht (2), t phng in qua cun dy. Nng lng in chuyn dn thnh nng lng t trn cun dy....mch dao ng. Nh vy hiu in th cc i trong qu trnh dao ng chnh l hiu in th ban u ca t U0 = E, nng lng in ban u m t tch c t ngun chnh l nng lng ton phn (nng lng in t) ca mch dao ng + Cch 2: Cp nng lng t ban u Ban u kha k ng, dng in qua cun dy khng i v c cng (nh lut m cho ton mch): Nng lng t trng trn cun dy khng i v bng: .

Cun dy khng c in tr thun nn hiu in th hai u cun dy (cng chnh l hiu in th gia hai bn t in) bng khng. T cha tch in. Khi ngt kha k, nng lng t ca cun dy chuyn ha dn thnh nng lng in trn t in...mch dao ng. Nh vy, vi cch kch thch dao ng nh th ny, nng lng ton phn (nng lng in t) ng bng nng lng t ban u ca cun dy , cng dng in cc i trong mch dao ng ng bng

cng dng in ban u qua cun dy CC V D IN HNH :

V d 1: Mch dao ng l tng gm t in c in dung C = 1F v cun dy c t cm L = 1mH. Trong qu trnh dao ng, cng dng in qua cun dy c ln ln nht l 0,05A. Sau bao lu th hiu in th gia hai bn t in c ln ln nht, ln bng bao nhiu? * Hng dn gii: Thi gian t lc cng dng in t cc i n lc hiu in th t cc i l (T l chu k dao

ng ring ca mch). Vy thi gian cn tm l Nng lng in cc i bng nng lng t cc i trong qu trnh dao ng

V d 2: Mch dao ng LC c cng dng in cc i I0 = 10mA, in tch cc i ca t in l Q0 = 4.10-8C. a. Tnh tn s dao ng trong mch. b. Tnh h s t cm ca cun dy, bit in dung ca t in C = 800pF. * Hng dn gii: Tn s dao ng in tch cc i Q0 v cng dng in cc i I0 lin h vi nhau bng biu thc: Suy ra ;

H s t cm L:

V d 3: Mch dao ng LC l tng dao ng vi chu k ring T = 10-4s, hiu in th cc i gia hai bn t U0 = 10V, cng dng in cc i qua cun dy l I0 = 0,02A. Tnh in dung ca t in v h s t cm ca cun dy. * Hng dn gii:

T cng thc

, suy ra

, (1)

Chu k dao ng

, suy ra
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, (2)

Gii h (1) v (2) ta c L = 7,9.10 H v C = 3,2.10 F. V d 4: Ti thi im cng dng in qua cun dy trong mt mch dao ng c ln l 0,1A th hiu in th gia hai bn t in ca mch l 3V. Tn s dao ng ring ca mch l 1000Hz. Tnh cc gi tr

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Mch dao ng in t - Nng lng ca mch dao ng

cc i ca in tch trn t in, hiu in th hai u cun dy v cng dng in qua cun dy, bit in dung ca t in 10F. * Hng dn gii: T cng thc , suy ra

Vi

, thay vo ta c:

Hiu in th cc i: Cng dng in cc i: V d 5: Mt mch dao ng LC, cun dy c t cm L = 2mH v t in c in dung C = 0,2F. Cng dng in cc i trong cun cm l I0 = 0,5A. Tm nng lng ca mch dao ng v hiu in th gia hai bn t in thi im dng in qua cun cm c cng i = 0,3A. B qua nhng mt mt nng lng trong qu trnh dao ng. * Hng dn gii: Nng lng in t ca mch

p dng cng thc tnh nng lng dao ng:

, suy ra

V d 6: Cng dng in tc thi trong mt mch dao ng LC l tng l i = 0,08cos(2000t)A. Cun dy c t cm l L = 50mH. Hy tnh in dung ca t in. Xc nh hiu in th gia hai bn t in ti thi im cng dng in tc thi trong mch bng gi tr cng dng in hiu dng. * Hng dn gii: T cng thc tnh tn s gc:

T cng thc nng lng in t

, vi

, ta c

V d 7: Mch dao ng LC c cun dy thun cm vi t cm

, t in c in dung

. B qua in tr dy ni. Tch in cho t in n gi tr cc i Q0, trong mch c dao ng in t ring. a. Tnh tn s dao ng ca mch. b. Khi nng lng in trng t in bng nng lng t trng cun dy th in tch trn t in bng my phn trm Q0? * Hng dn gii:

a. Tn s dao ng:

b. Khi nng lng in bng nng lng t hay

V d 8: Cho mch dao ng l tng nh hnh v bn. T in c in dung 20F, cun dy c t cm 0,2H, sut in ng ca ngun in l 5V. Ban u kha k cht (1), khi t in tch y in, chuyn k sang (2), trong mch c dao ng in t. a. Tnh cng dng in cc i qua cun dy. b. Tnh cng dng in qua cun dy ti thi im in tch trn t ch bng mt na gi tr in tch ca t khi kha k cn (1). c. Tnh hiu in th gia hai bn t in khi mt na nng lng in trn t in chuyn thnh nng lng t trong cun dy. * Hng dn gii: a. Cng dng in cc i

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Mch dao ng in t - Nng lng ca mch dao ng

Khi k (1), t in tch c nng lng in: Khi k chuyn sang (2), nng lng ny l nng lng ton phn ca dao ng trong mch, ta c:

b. Cng dng in tc thi T cng thc tnh nng lng in t

Trong , in tch bng na gi tr ban u

, thay tr li ta c

hay i = 43mA c. Hiu in th tc thi Khi mt na nng lng in trng chuyn thnh nng lng t trng, ta c WC = WL = , hay

V d 9: Cho mch in nh hnh v bn. Cun dy thun cm c t cm L = 4.10 H, t in c in dung C = 0,1F, ngun in c sut in ng E = 6mV v in tr trong r = 2. Ban u kha k ng, khi c dng in chy n nh trong mch, ngt kha k. a. Hy so snh hiu in th cc i gia hai bn t in vi sut in ng ca ngun cung cp ban u. b. Tnh in tch trn t in khi nng lng t trong cun dy gp 3 ln nng lng in trng trong t in. * Hng dn gii: a. Hiu in th cc i Ban u k ng, dng in qua cun dy in tr cun dy bng khng nn hiu in th hai u cun dy, cng chnh l hiu in th gia hai bn t in bng 0, t cha tch in. Nng lng trong mch hon ton dng nng lng t trng trong cun dy:
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Khi ngt k, mch dao ng vi nng lng ton phn bng W, ta c

Vy, hiu in th cc i gia hai bn t in trong qu trnh dao ng ln gp 10 ln sut in ng ca ngun in cung cp. b. in tch tc thi :

V d 10: Trong mt mch dao ng, in tch ca t in bin thin theo quy lut: q = 2,5.10-6cos(2.103t)(C). a. Vit biu thc cng dng in tc thi trong mch. b. Tnh nng lng in t v tn s dao ng ca mch. Tnh t cm ca cun dy, bit in dung ca t in l 0,25F. * Hng dn gii: Biu thc cng dng in trong mch

Nng lng in t

t cm ca cun dy T cng thc tnh tn s gc: , suy ra

4. Mi lin h gia dao ng c v dao ng in t

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Mch dao ng in t - Nng lng ca mch dao ng

Khi vt qua VTCB (x = 0) th vn tc t cc i vmax, ngc li khi bin, xmax = A, v = 0. Tng t, khi q = 0 th i = I0 v khi i = 0 th q = Q0. c bit nn vn dng s tng quan gia dao ng iu ha v chuyn ng trn u gii quyt cc bi ton lin quan n thi gian chuyn ng. CC V D IN HNH V d 1: Mch dao ng l tng gm cun dy c t cm L = 0,2H v t in c in dung C = 20F. Ngi ta tch in cho t in n hiu in th cc i U0 = 4V. Chn thi im ban u (t = 0) l lc t in bt u phng in. Vit biu thc tc thi ca in tch q trn bn t in m thi im ban u n tch in dng. Tnh nng lng in trng ti thi im * Hng dn gii: in tch tc thi Trong : , T l chu k dao ng.

Khi t = 0: Vy phng trnh cn tm: q = 8.10-5cos500t (C) Nng lng in trng

Vo thi im

, in tch ca t in bng

, thay vo ta tnh c nng

lng in trng

V d 2: Mch dao ng LC l tng thc hin dao ng in t. Hy xc nh khong thi gian, gia hai ln lin tip, nng lng in trng trn t in bng nng lng t trng trong cun dy. * Hng dn gii: Khi nng lng in trng trn t bng nng lng t trng trong cun dy, ta c: hay

Vi hai v tr li

trn trc Oq, tng ng vi 4

v tr trn ng trn, cc v tr ny cch u nhau bi cc cung

C ngha l, sau hai ln lin tip WC = WL, pha dao ng bin thin c mt lng l: (Pha dao ng bin thin c 2 sau thi gian mt chu k T) Tm li, c sau thi gian nng lng in li bng nng lng t.

Nhn xt: Ngoi cch trn ta cng c th gii phng trnh lng gic tm t. V d 3: Biu thc in tch ca t trong mt mch dao ng c dng q = Q0sin(2.106t)(C). Xc nh thi im nng lng t bng nng lng in u tin. * Hng dn gii: Phng trnh in tch v coi q nh li ca mt vt dao ng iu ha. Ban u, pha dao ng bng , vt qua v tr cn bng theo

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Mch dao ng in t - Nng lng ca mch dao ng

chiu dng. WC = WL ln u tin khi , vect quay ch v tr cung ,

tc l n qut c mt gc ng vi thi gian .

tng

Vy thi im bi ton cn xc nh l t =

V d 4: ( thi i hc 2003): Trong mch dao ng (h.v) b t in gm 2 t C1 ging nhau c cp nng lng W0 = 10-6J t ngun in mt chiu c sut in ng E = 4V. Chuyn K t (1) sang (2). C sau nhng khong thi gian nh nhau: T 1= 10-6s th nng lng in trng trong t in v nng lng t trng trong cun cm bng nhau. a. Xc nh cng dng in cc i trong cun dy. b. ng K1 vo lc cng dng in cun dy t cc i. Tnh li hiu in th cc i trn cun dy. * Hng dn gii: Theo v d 2 ta c thi gian nng lng in trng v nng lng t trng bng nhau l

Do C1 ni tip C2 v C1 = C2 nn C1 = C2 = 2C = 0,25.10-6F

a. T cng thc nng lng

b. Khi ng k1, nng lng trn cc t in bng khng, t C1 b loi khi h dao ng nhng nng lng khng b C1 mang theo, tc l nng lng in t khng i v bng W0.

5. Dao ng in t tt dn Trong cc mch dao ng thc lun c tiu hao nng lng, v d do in tr thun R ca dy dn, v vy dao ng s dng li sau khi nng lng b tiu hao ht. Quan st dao ng k in t s thy bin dao ng gim dn n 0. Hin tng ny gi l dao ng in t tt dn. R cng ln th s tt dn cng nhanh, R rt ln th khng c dao ng. 6. Dao ng in t duy tr. H t dao ng: Mun duy tr dao ng, ta phi b v ng phn nng lng b tiu hao trong mi chu k.Ta c th dng tranzito iu khin vic b nng lng t pin cho khung dao ng LC n nhp vi tng chu k dao ng ca mch. Dao ng trong khung LC c duy tr n nh vi tn s ring 0 ca mch, ngi ta gi l mt h t dao ng 7. Dao ng in t cng bc. S cng hng Dng in trong mch LC buc phi bin thin theo tn s ca ngun in ngoi ch khng th dao ng theo tn s ring 0 c na. Qu trnh ny c gi l dao ng in t cng bc. Khi thay i tn s ca ngun in ngoi th bin ca dao ng in trong khung thay i theo, n khi = 0 th bin dao ng in trong khung t gi tr cc i. Hin tng ny gi l s cng hng. BI TP LUYN TP Bi 1: Mt mch dao ng in t l tng gm cun dy c t cm L v t in c in dung C = 0,02F. Khi dao ng trong mch n nh, gi tr cc i ca hiu in th gia hai bn t in v cng dng in cc i trong mch ln lt l U0 = 1V v I0 = 200mA. Hy tnh tn s dao ng v xc nh hiu in th gia hai bn t in ti thi im cng dng in trong mch c gi tr bng 100mA. S: 1,59.106Hz; 0,866V. Bi 2: Mt khung dao ng gm mt t in v mt cun dy thun cm c ni vi mt b pin in tr trong r qua mt kha in k. Ban u kha k ng. Khi dng in n nh, ngi ta m kha v trong khung c dao ng in vi chu k T. Bit rng hiu in th cc i gia hai bn t in ln gp n ln sut in ng ca b pin, hy tnh theo T v n in dung C ca t in v t cm L ca cun dy. S:
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Bi 3: Mt mch dao ng LC l tng, dao ng vi nng lng in t l 5.10 J. Hiu in th cc i

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Mch dao ng in t - Nng lng ca mch dao ng

gia hai bn t in v cng dng in cc i trong cun dy ln lt l 5V v 1mA. a. Xc nh in lng chuyn qua cun dy trong thi gian gia hai ln lin tip hiu in th c ln cc i. b. Chn t = 0 lc hiu in th gia hai bn t in bng khng. Xc nh thi im nng lng in trn t gp 3 ln nng lng t trong cun dy ln u tin. Bi 4: Mt mch dao ng LC , t in 25pF v cun cm 10 H. Bit thi im ban u ca dao ng, cng dng in c gi tr cc i v bng 40mA. Tm biu thc ca cng dng in, ca in tch trn bn cc ca t in v hiu in th gia hai bn cc ca t in. Bi 5: Mt mch dao ng LC c nng lng l 36.10-6J v in dung ca 3 t in l 2,5F. Tm nng lng tp trung ti cun cm khi hiu in th gia hai bn cc ca t in l 3V. Bin son Thy ng Vit Hng - BK H Ni
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